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Surveying Romanian Migrants in Italy Before and After the EU Accession: Migration Plans, Labour Market Features and Social Inclusion

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Surveying Romanian Migrants in Italy Before and After the EU Accession: Migration Plans, Labour Market Features and Social Inclusion NORFACE MIGRATION Discussion Paper No. 2012-24 Surveying Romanian migrants in Italy before and after the EU Accession: migration plans, labour market features and social inclusion Isilda Mara www.norface-migration.org Wiener Institut für The Vienna Institute Internationale for International Wirtschaftsvergleiche Economic Studies Surveying Romanian migrants in Italy before and after the EU Accession: migration plans, labour market features and social inclusion 1 by Isilda Mara February 2012 Rahlgasse 3 Telefon: (+43-1) 533 66 10 E-Mail: [email protected] A-1060 Vienna Fax: (+43-1) 533 66 10-50 Website: www.wiiw.ac.at 1 This study is part of Tempo project. Financial support from NORFACE research programme on Migration in Europe - Social, Economic, Cultural and Policy Dynamics is acknowledged. The survey was carried out by ISMU, Milano 2011. We are thankful to Stephen Drinkwater and Michal Garapich for the design of the questionnaire and Alessandra Venturini for support, comment and suggestions in designing the questionnaire and finalization of the report. Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction and background information ............................................................... 1 2. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 3 a. The sampling and surveying method ....................................................................3 b. The design of the questionnaire ............................................................................3 3. Profile of recent Romanian migrants in Italy and migration plans ........................... 4 3.1 Main socio-demographic characteristics of migrants ............................................4 3.2 Pulling and pushing factors to migrate ..................................................................6 3.3 Migration plans .................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Change of migration plans .................................................................................. 15 3.5 Potential returnees .............................................................................................. 23 3.6 Basic characteristics and regional patterns ........................................................ 26 4. Labour market features ........................................................................................ 32 4.1 Employment ........................................................................................................ 32 4.2 Occupational distribution of Romanian migrants ............................................... 34 4.3 Occupational switches of Romanian migrants from the origin to destination country .......................................................................................... 41 5. Income and Remittances ..................................................................................... 46 5.1 Average level of income ...................................................................................... 46 5.2 Remittances ........................................................................................................ 59 6. Social features and self-assessment of migration experiences ............................ 67 6.1 Social indicators .................................................................................................. 67 6.2 Self – assessment of migration experiences ...................................................... 69 6.3 Access in social security and health system and the effect on migration plans ............................................................................................... 82 7. Main findings and conclusions ............................................................................. 89 7.1 Main results of the survey ................................................................................... 89 7.2 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................ 96 Annex 1: List of Tables ............................................................................................... 99 Annex 2: The questionnaire ...................................................................................... 126 List of Tables and Figures Table A 1 Basic demographic characteristics by duration of stay ............................................. 5 Table A 2 Matching matrix of current and upon arrival migration plans .................................. 15 Table A 3 Employment status by gender ................................................................................ 32 Table A 4 Employment status by age ..................................................................................... 33 Table A 5 Employment status by region ................................................................................. 33 Table A 6 Occupational distribution by gender ....................................................................... 35 Table A 7 Irregular employment by gender ............................................................................. 39 Table A 8 Irregular occupation by gender ............................................................................... 39 Table 1 Migration motives, location choice, previous migration experience by duration of stay ................................................................................................... 99 Table 2 Seasonal and temporary work intentions in Italy .................................................. 100 Table 3 Migration intentions by duration of stay in the host country.................................. 101 Table 4 Current migration intentions by gender and duration of stay, in % ....................... 102 Table 5 Upon arrival migration intentions by gender and duration of stay, in % ............... 102 Table 6 Current versus upon arrival migration intentions and change of plans by gender ................................................................................................ 103 Table 7 Current versus upon arrival migration intentions by duration of stay and change of plans by arrival time ...................................................................... 104 Table 8 Change of migration plans: motives by gender .................................................... 106 Table 9 Regional distribution by areas of origin................................................................. 107 Table 10 Regional distribution by socio-demographic characteristics, I .............................. 109 Table 11 Occupational distribution by region and gender ................................................... 110 Table 12 Matching educational level to current occupation by gender................................ 111 Table 13 Average income/earnings distribution by gender ................................................. 111 Table 14 Average income/earnings distribution by age groups ........................................... 112 Table 15 Average income/earnings distribution by gender and region ............................... 112 Table 16 Income/earnings distribution by gender and level of education ........................... 113 Table 17 Average income/earnings by gender and level of education ................................ 113 Table 18 Average income/earnings distribution by gender and occupation ........................ 113 Table 19 Frequency of sending remittances, amounts by gender and age ........................ 114 Table 20 Means of transfer and purposes ........................................................................... 114 Table 21 Frequency of sending remittances, amounts by migration intentions .................. 115 Table 22 Frequency of sending remittances, amounts by duration of stay ......................... 115 Table 23 Frequency of sending remittances, amounts and means of transfer by level of education ............................................................................................. 116 Table 24 Average amount of remittances by level of earnings ............................................ 116 Table 25 Frequency of sending remittances, amounts by areas of origin and destination ........................................................................................ 117 Table 26 Social indicators by age, gender and region ........................................................ 118 Table 27 Social indicators and current migration intentions ................................................ 119 Table 28 Dis/satisfaction with migration experience indicators by socio-demographic characteristics ................................................................... 121 Table 29 Dis/satisfaction with migration experience indicators by current migration intentions, duration of stay ................................................... 123 Table 30 Perceived match of the job to qualifications by occupation .................................. 125 Table 31 Satisfaction with life-migration experience in Italy by return intentions ................ 125 Figure 1 Migration motives - Male ......................................................................................... 7 Figure 2 Migration Motives - Female ..................................................................................... 7 Figure 3 Motives of choosing a particular location by duration of stay: male ......................... 8 Figure
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