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Farm Data Management, Sharing and Services for Agriculture Development ©Adobe Stock/Only Kim Farm Data Management, Sharing and Services for Agriculture Development Chapter 0: Name of chapter A Farm data management, sharing and services for agriculture development ©Adobe Stock/only_kim Farm data management, sharing and services for agriculture development Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2021 Required citation: The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information FAO. 2021. product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Farm data management, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning sharing and services the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its for agriculture authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dashed development. Rome. lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be https://doi.org/10.4060/ full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, cb2840en whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-133837-7 © FAO, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/ mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications- [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao. org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Cover photograph: ©Adobe Stock/Kletr III Contents Preface V Acknowledgements VI About this book VII Abbreviations and acronyms IX 1. Data, services and applications 1 1.1 Data for agriculture 2 1.2 Farmer profiling 16 2. Data sharing principles 27 2.1 What is shared and open data 28 2.2 Challenges for smallholders in data value 32 2.3 Re sponsible data sharing in agricultural value chains 41 2.4 Personal data protection 52 3. Using data 61 3.1 Using open data 62 3.2 Quality and provenance 69 3.3 Data analysis and visualisation 77 3.4 Open data in policy cycles 84 4. Exposing data 89 4.1 Managing data for reuse 90 4.2 Guiding frameworks for data sharing 102 4.3 Introduction to data interoperability 110 4.4 Interoperability of farm data 119 4.5 Open licensing for data 129 References 135 ©Adobe Stock/V&P Photo Studio V Preface There is an exponential growth in data accompanying the digitalization of agriculture through the proliferation of mobile technology, remote sensing technologies and distributed computing capabilities. The effective management of data will open up new opportunities to better the lives and livelihoods of smallholder farmers by lowering cost and reducing information asymmetries. However, the lack of experience in data management or adoption of data driven services can limit the possibilities of digital transformation. Better access to markets can result from added value to the crop. For example, a coffee grown above a specific altitude can command a premium. Hence the data on the farm and associated tracking of that consignment can mean new customers and higher prices for the farmers. Yields can be improved by knowing more about the farmer and farm and targeting extension advice and provision of fertiliser. Tea growers in Uganda who were profiled benefitted from field mapping which was used to more accurately provide fertiliser on credit. By registering farmers and aggregating purchase of inputs smallholder farmers purchased inputs at a discount. Data can also be used to improve access to credit by registering the farmers’ sales and mapping their fields by recording their history providing a dossier which improves confidence in the lender. Improvements in the way the value chain is organized come from knowing the association or agribusinesses members through data and arranging better collection of the crop through mapping and jointly planning crop calendars with targeted groups and improving trust within the group. In this context, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has a long experience in data management, curriculum development and training together to produce a valuable introduction and foundation to farm data management. Together with the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) and the Pan African Farmers Organisation (PAFO), FAO has demonstrated how farm data management is key to farmers’ organizations supporting better access to markets, finance and inputs. These changes could improve productivity, farmer’s livelihoods and resilience. Insights from the data were also crucial in managing the value chain and informing food security policy. This has been materialized with the publication of this book. This book is a result of partnership between FAO, CTA and PAFO with the objective to develop a set of training programme for farmers to create awareness on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in agriculture, based on the experience from the Global Open Data in Agriculture and Nutrition Action Project (MTF / GLO/694/SDL). Whilst traditionally face to face workshops and training have been the key tools to disseminate knowledge on farm data management, FAO provided the opportunity to disseminate information and knowledge through a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). This book features the rich content of this course. The objective is to extend the audience to those interested in farm data management who were unable to attend the online course. In particular the book is aimed at those working in farmers’ organizations as administrators or staff for example those collecting farmer data and managing the data; and development practitioners and technology providers, who assist farmers’ organizations creating data services. They can benefit by applying some of the principles described in the book and hopefully benefit from some of the example lessons learnt. VI Acknowledgements The “Farm data management, sharing and services for agriculture development” was jointly prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), as a result of the work funded by CTA with the Pan African Farmers’ Organisation (PAFO). This book is dedicated to Hugo Besemer ©Adobe Stock/Jacob Lund Stock/Jacob ©Adobe VII About this book This book consists of four chapters, with fifteen sections, and provides a guide to understand the value of data, the different types and sources of data and identify the type of services that data enables in agriculture. The first chapter “Data, services and applications” focuses on the topics of value of data in agriculture to support farmers, how to increase their income and develop food production, digital farmer profiling and the strategies to design business models for profiling. The chapter two “Data sharing principles” takes the readers to the principles and benefits of shared data, the potential of using and publishing data in agriculture, responsible data sharing practices for farm data, ethical and legal sensitivities of data-driven services and data protection. In detail, it addresses challenges in data sharing for smallholder farmers, issues regarding data ownership and data rights, outlines different roles of public and private data sources, challenges in reusing them in services for farmers. The third chapter “Using data” guides readers on how and where to find open data, data quality elements, data analysis and visualisation with more technical background and in a broad sense, not only relevant for farm data. This chapter is based on the free online course on “Open data management in agriculture and nutrition” (GODAN Action, 2018). The last chapter of the book “Exposing data” provides an overview on conceptual frameworks for sharing data and outlines comprehensively the ways to make data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. The chapter goes deep into the interoperability and semantics as a key element in reuse of data by different systems at machine level.
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