The various commercial prepara Good management and competent tions available to the dairy farmer veterinary service are the answers should be used only on the advice of to successful mastitis prevention. a veterinarian. Mastitis can be pre Mastitis prevention is the best vented (See NDAC Extension Circu solution to the existing problem of lar A-219-Prevent Mastitis). antibiotic-adulterated milk for hu The main factors in mastitis con man consumption. trol are: ( 1) Use good milking prac tices. (2) Make routine use of the Bibliography strip cup, as a means of early detec 1. Thatcher, F. S., and Simon, W. tion of mastitis. (3) Milk out infect The Resistance of Staphylococci ed quarters at half hour intervals. and Streptococci Isolated From (4) Avoid highly advertised reme Cheese to Various Antibiotics. dies. (5) Call your veterinarian early Canadian J. Public Health, pp. -don't try advertised remedies first. 407 -409, Oct. 1955.
1 Published with the approval of the Director, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo. 2 Assistant Veterinarian. • •• CARAGANA VARIETIES FOR North Dakota
By Donald G. Hoag'
HE genus Caragana has been the soils of the northern Great T ·variously referred to as Pea Plains. tree or Peashrub. The latter name Although very limited numbers of seems more appropriate since, with Caragana species or varieties are out exception, the introduced species usually found in local commercial are shrubby in habit. listings, there are others of horti This hardy and relatively drouth cultural interest. At least one little resistant group of shrubs is native known variety has greater orna from Russia through Turkestan and mental value than the two or three Siberia to Manchuria and north species commonly found in com China. All species tested appear merce. resistant to lime induced chlorosis In the minds of many, the Si qnd are, therefore, well adapted to berian Peashrub (Caragana arbor- 9 Figure 1.-Globe Cara gana (C. frutex globosa). A promising new variety for landscape plantings . •
escens) is probably the classic type well to restrict its use to shelter of the genus Caragana. Widespread plantings. usage throughout the upper mid A variety of the Siberian Pea west and prairie provinces of. Cana shrub with narrower foliage and, da of this species in windbreaks and therefore, a finer texture, is C. shelterbelts has made its name sy arborescens Lorbergii. The very fine nc nymous with Caragana. texture is somewhat out of propor tion with the stature of the shrub Although valuable because of its and, consequently, there is little to size, vigor and hardiness in the windbreak planting, the Siberian recommend the use of this variety. Peashrub seldom should be con A more recent introduction is a sidered as truly ornamental. Early clone of C. arborescens from the in the season this large shrub (pro Forest Nursery Station, Sutherland, bably averaging 12 feet under vary Saskatchewan, known as the Suther ing conditions) may be attr.active land Caragana. This little known in new leaf with yellow flowers variety appears to be capable , of resembling smali pea blooms. How growth in height comparable with ever, its stature arid coarse habit the species but with a narrow, up · make it of doubtful value in the right habit. A mature shrub forms landscape picture. Add to this the a slender, fairly compact column - fact that the plant is subject to and because of its distinct habit of frequent attack by mites and blister growth may have value in the land beetles, with resultant partial or scape picture where a slende~ accent near complete defoliation in the is needed. latter part of many summers, its The Russian Peashrub (C. fru ornamental value is seriously im tex) with its shorter stature (6 to paired . .The home owner would do 8 feet) and darker green foliage 10 might have greater ornamental val ability of Globe Caragana in com ue than the Siberian species except merce is eagerly awaited by many. that its suckering habit makes it a The Littleleaf Caragana (C. mi nuisance in the home planting. H~w crophylla) is sprawling in habit, ever, in recent years, a more dwarf, coarse in growth and has nothing to non - suckering variety· known as recommend its use. An upright Glo.be Caragana (C. frutex globosa) selection of this species from the has been introduced from Manitoba. Morden Experiment station, Mor This variety, introduced by Dr. F. den, Manitoba, grows 6 to 7 feet L. Skinner of Dropmore, Manitoba tall but its very fine texture and may well be the most valuable shrub light green color contribute little introduction of this generation for or no ornamental value. Although the upper midwest. this selection, named "Tidy" Cara Globe Caragana is -slow growing, gana, is neater in habit than the rounded when young, and so com perent species, the name appears pact that most immature specimens overly complimentary. create the effect of having been The Pygmy Caragana (C. pyg carefully trimmed. Mature speci maea) has long been a popular mens, 3 to 4 feet in height, are ornamental in the northern Great more elliptical in shape and have Plains. Although the texture is very a spread of 2 to 2 and one-half feet. fine, its 3 to 4 foot height and round The slqw growth and very compact ed form when mature make it a habit should make this shrub nearly worth while addition to the land ideal for the low hedge, while its scape picture. The gray-green foli somewhat formal a p p e a r an c e age color is not ideal, but its bright recommends its use for the entrance yellow blossoms in the spring add foundation planting. General avail- to its ornamental' value in the bor-
Figure 2.-Pygmy Cara gana (C. p y gm a ea). A hardy favorite for hedge and foundation. planting . • 11 der. Pygmy Caragana may also be tive habit of growth might make recommended for use as a low trim Shagspine Peashrub of interest to med or untrimmed hedge. A closely a few who are interested in a bizarre rebted species, C. aurantica is landscaping effect, but its use should characterized b y orange - yellow be distinctly limited. blooms but is otherwise so similar to C. pygmaecr as to be easily con Closely related to the Peashrubs fused in the vegetative stages. There but actually not a member of the is a distinct possibility that some of genus Caragana is the Siberian Salt the material in commerce is mixed, tree (Halimodendron halodendron). as evidenced by specimens with This large shrub (to 8 feet) closely orange stained blooms. resembles the Siberian Peashrub The Shortleaf Caragana (C. brevi until midsummer when its rcsy jolia), closely related to Pygmy lavender flowers contribute con Caragana, is somewhat finer in tex siderable ornamental value. Unfor ture, has a slightly deeper green tunately, the species is inclined to color but may grow 4 to 5 feet in sucker, a characteristic which limits height. To some the Shortleaf Cara its value. Since the species is toler gana may be more valuable than ant of saline soils, it is perhaps best Pygmy Caragana, while to others its used foi; shelter planLngs under greater height will be a detriment. conditions of salinity exceeding the Further testing and trial are prob tolerance of other woody plants. ably indicated. Outstanding among the Caraganas A novelty in the Caragana genus for ornamental value are the Globe is the Shagspine Peashrub (C. juba Caragana and the Pygmy Caragana ta). Generally growing 5 to 8 feet and its close relatives. The former, tall, C. jubata is characterized by in particular, should be destined for long, s p a r i n g 1 y branched canes wide usage when generally avail which are densely clothed in stiff able. The Siberian Peashrub will spines and long, shaggy hairs. The doubtless continue to be of value in shrub without leaves is quite as shelter plantings because of its vigor striking as when in leaf. Its distinc- and hardiness.
1 Assistant Horticulturist.
usr= GLOB£: AND PYGMY CARAGANA IN YOUR HOMI: PLANTING-
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