“Hispano-Lusophone” Community Media: Identity, Cultural Politics and Difference Ana Stela de Almeida Cunha Miguel de Barros Rosana Martins (Editors) 17 Ana Stela de Almeida Cunha, Miguel de Barros, Rosana Martins (Eds.) ) Dirección José Luis Terrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Comité académico Carmen Echazarreta, Universitat de Girona Mònika Jiménez, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Jordi Farré, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Gustavo Cardoso, OberCom Rita Espanha, OberCom Nelson Zagalo, Universidade do Minho José Carlos Lozano, Texas A&M International University Tanius Karam, Universidad Autónoma Ciudad de México Laura Regil, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Angel Badillo, Universidad de Salamanca Marta Martín, Universidad de Alicante Fotografía portada: Ana Stela de Almeida Cunha Ana Stela de Almeida Cunha, Miguel de Barros, Rosana Martins (Eds.) (2018): “Hispano- Lusophone” Community Media: Identity, Cultural Politics and Difference. InCom-UAB Publicacions, 17. Bellaterra: Institut de la Comunicació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-948252-1-7 Institut de la Comunicació (InCom-UAB) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Campus UAB - Edifici N, planta 1. Despatx N-1003 E- 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona. Espanya http://incom.uab.cat ISBN: 978-84-948252-1-7 2 “Hispano-Lusophone” Community Media: Identity, Cultural Politics and Difference ) Acknowledgements We would like to thank each of the authors for their valuable contributions during this manuscript’s gestation period. We are grateful for their inspiring visions of Media Studies, and for the vigour with which they conduct their investigations into this fascinating and complex field. Without them, this book would not have been a possibility. We wish to express our gratitude to the many people who have assisted us at the various stages of the project. We are extremely grateful to Mr. José Luis Terrón Blanco and the InCom-UAB for his enthusiasm, help and guidance in taking our efforts to press. Ana Stela Cunha Miguel de Barros Rosana Martins Editors and institutional filiations: Ana Stela de Almeida Cunha is a Professor at Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Brazil, and a researcher at CRIA/ FCSH - Universidade Nova de Lisboa and CEI (International Center Studies) at ISCTE – Universidade de Lisboa. Miguel de Barros is a researcher at Centro de Estudos Sociais Amílcar Cabral (CESAC), Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (CEI/IUL-ISCTE), Centro de Estudios Internacionales Epistemología de Frontera y Economía Psicopolítica de la Cultura (Universidad de La Frontera) and Núcleo de Estudos Transdisciplinares de Comunicação e Consciência da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (NETCCON/URFJ). Rosana Martins is a Research Associate at the Centre for Research in Media and Journalism, New University of Lisbon, Portugal. 3 Ana Stela de Almeida Cunha, Miguel de Barros, Rosana Martins (Eds.) ) Contents Introduction 6 Contributors 13 Part I: “Hispanophone” Cultures and Community Media Activism 17 Chapter 1: Youth Movements and Identity in Cuba and Angola, by Ana Stela Cunha and Patrício Batsikama 18 Chapter 2: Citizen Participation in Popular, Alternative and Community Radio Stations in Maracaibo, Venezuela, by Maria Cristina Useche and Wileidys Artigas 31 Chapter 3: Media and Creative Industries: Legislation and TV Content Production in Brazil, by Othon Jambeiro, Fábio Ferreira, Kátia Morais and Natacha Canesso 44 Chapter 4: Five Strategies for a New Model of Community Television: A Proposal Based on the Colombian Experience, by Lizandro Angulo Rincón 58 Chapter 5: Digital Networks and 2011 Student Movement in Chile: Strategies of a generation that moved the virtual public space to the street and to the world, by Ximena Póo Figueroa 76 Part II: “Lusophone” Cultures and Social Media Communities 87 Chapter 6: Cyberspace and Cultural Memory: Case Studies in Brazil, Mozambique and Portugal, by Rosa Cabecinhas, Isabel Macedo and Lourdes Macedo 88 Chapter 7: Beyond the Walls: Peripheral Narratives and Audiovisual Practices in the Process of Self-Representation, by Rosana Martins 107 Chapter 8: Proximity and Local Construction: The Local Radio as a Space of Resilience, by Luis Bonixe 122 Chapter 9: Community Radios and Local Government in Mozambique: General Trends and Regional Differences in Citizens’ Participation, by Luca Bussotti and Mário Moisés da Fonseca. 134 Chapter 10: Freedom Without Borders: Politics, Media and Culture in Maranhão Hip- Hop, by Rosenverck Estrela Santos 150 Chapter 11: Luanda and Lisbon: Kuduro and Musicking in the Diaspora, by Garth Sheridan 163 Chapter 12: The Movies that Speak Portuguese: The Concept of National Cinema, Identity and Resistance, by Leandro Mendonça 179 4 “Hispano-Lusophone” Community Media: Identity, Cultural Politics and Difference ) Chapter 13: From Collected to Collective: Strategies for Social and Political Participation 189 Through the Use of Alternative Media in Equatorial Guinea, by Ana Lúcia Sá Chapter 14: Dynamics of Community Animation in the Construction of Citizenship: Mobilization, Awareness and Involvement of Local Communities in Urok, a Protected Marine Area in Guinea-Bissau, by Miguel de Barros, Paula Fortes and Boaventura 204 Santy 5 Ana Stela de Almeida Cunha, Miguel de Barros, Rosana Martins (Eds.) ) INTRODUCTION In recent years, the issue of identity has been the subject of an intensive analysis across different fields and disciplines. Indeed, in an era of accelerated social and technological changes under the phenomenon of globalization, with the rapid internationalization and expansion of urban centres across the world, this is of little surprise. According to Lyotard (2006), these sweeping changes have set a crucial moment in a much longer process of displacement, through which dominant narratives, traditions and structures have progressively lost their historic power. As a part of this social reconfiguration, institutions have dematerialized, while beliefs, traditions and cultural practices have gained flexibility through rapid and frequent changes. In such a context, we witness the advent of a new subject, whose identity is no longer fixed, as well as the development of new forms of inequality, as it all converges to modify the contemporary social and political landscape. In these terms, Arjun Appadurai (1996) uses the expression “global cultural economy” to describe the myriad of cultural meeting points and flows underpinning this new modern, globalized world. As the author explains, “the new global cultural economy has to be seen as a complex, overlapping, disjunctive order that cannot any longer be understood in terms of existing centre-periphery models” (Appadurai, 1996:32). Indeed, the ongoing renegotiation and traversal of traditional borders point towards a multiplicity of new, non-monolithic membership forms: collectivities in which the local and the global, as experiential entities, are intimately intertwined (Featherstone & Lash, 2002). With this in mind, we have operationalized the concept of ‘multi-territoriality’ as a guide for this book. Such an expression, initially proposed by Haesbaert (1994) but further developed by Augé (1995), Albagli and Maciel (2010), refers to the intensification of multiple territorial re-imaginings and repossessions. In this context, displacement does not mean the abandonment of already established territorial references, but rather the addition of new references, which come together to form a complex matrix of feelings of belonging and ownership, towards a multiplicity of places and spaces. The intense flow of people and information appears pivotal to this panorama. Hence, the proliferation of ‘differences’ establishes a strategic space for intervention, which goes beyond and onto a broader, non-universalizing understanding of culture. In this process, the differences and experiences are taken into consideration, creating the basic conditions for societies to be transformed and improved. One of the most notable consequences of these shifts is the current social reconfiguration, with the consequent surfacing of groups that were previously marginalized. Indeed, these groups find themselves now able to capitalize on new flows of information, communication and expertise. Consequently, novel social categories and relations of belonging are forged, extending both within and across national boundaries (Santos & Rodríguez, 2003). Inspired by the idea of ‘territory’ as a cultural construct, created, contested and transformed in various ways by media technologies (Canclini, 2001; Appadurai, 2001; Haesbaert, 1994), the works collected in this edition span and explore several of the community media projects, parts of a ‘space’1 named the ‘Hispano- Lusophone’ sphere. By mapping and exploring the creative and intellectual production in the context of the Hispano-Lusophone imaginary, this project consciously endeavours to disarm and overturn certain cultural and raced hierarchies within the global knowledge production. Its authors come from a large array of professional backgrounds: they have worked intensively to overcome the significant linguistic and geographical barriers to intellectual collaboration. In this respect, the authors draw into critical examination the established frontiers of knowledge production, as well as the main agents and processes that create and legitimate those borders. 1 The term ‘space’ referred hereof and throughout this book is not restricted to its primary semantic and geographical meanings. 6