Fornuft Og Følelser?

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Fornuft Og Følelser? Morten Haugdahl Fornuft og følelser? Forståelser og forvaltning av hval og hvalfangst Avhandling for graden philosophiae doctor Trondheim, mai 2013 Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Det humanistiske fakultet Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier NTNU Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet Doktoravhandling for graden philosophiae doctor Det humanistiske fakultet Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier © Morten Haugdahl ISBN 978-82-471-4348-3 (trykt utg.) ISBN 978-82-471-4349-0 (elektr. utg.) ISSN 1503-8181 Doktoravhandlinger ved NTNU, 2013:123 Trykket av NTNU-trykk In the whale, there is a man without his raincoat.1 Brian Eno 1 Brian Eno: Mother Whale Eyeless, Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy), Island Records 1974. 3 4 Forord At this moment, we are engaged in a showdown between life and death, good and evil, greed and compassion. It is a battle we must and will win!2 Dette arbeidet har vært en lang reise, som har utviklet seg i en særs annerledes retning enn jeg først hadde planlagt. Da jeg startet arbeidet i 2008, var ideen en ganske annen enn det jeg har endt opp med. Som en del av prosjektet ”Voices of Nature”, finansiert av MILJØ 2015 og Norges forskningsråd, begynte jeg å undersøke de mer radikale delene av miljøbevegelsen og deres forhold og bruk av vitenskap. 3 Arbeidstittelen for avhandlingen var ”Science and Monkeywrenching”. I en gjennomgang av publikasjoner fra miljøaktivistene i Earth First!, dukket hvalen og motstanden mot fangsten av den opp. Intensiteten i beskrivelsene av det jeg da først og fremst oppfattet som en symbolsk miljøkamp fascinerte meg, og jeg begynte å vurdere hvalfangsten som en case å ta med meg i det videre arbeidet. Høsten 2009 stilte jeg med en presentasjon ved den første verdenskongressen i miljøhistorie, som ble avholdt i København.4 Konfliktene omkring hvalfangsten var fortsatt kun en liten del av mitt prosjekt, og var for øvrig et tema jeg selv ikke hadde sterke meninger om. Paperet jeg presenterte inneholdt en tidlig analyse av bestemte aspekter ved kontroversene omkring hvalfangsten.5 Reaksjonene jeg fikk, både fra ikke-norske tilhørere og fra professoren som var sesjonsansvarlig, tydet på at de konkluderte med at jeg nødvendigvis måtte være en norsk motstander av hvalfangst. Dette skjedde selv om jeg på ingen måter hadde lagt en slik mening inn i det jeg presenterte. Som ”norsk nordmann” med kunnskap som i hovedsak stammet fra norske medier, men samtidig med sympati for den grønne bevegelsen, er det ikke urimelig å beskrive meg selv den gang som en moderat fangsttilhenger. Jeg spiste også hval med minimalt dårlig samvittighet hvis anledningen bød seg. Opplevelsen i København var en merkestein på veien som sakte men sikkert gjorde hvalen og hvalfangsten til avhandlingens hovedfokus. For hva var det med hvalen? Hvorfor var reaksjonene så annerledes når jeg diskuterte tematikken med utlendinger, enn de var blant nordmenn? Selv om jeg fortsatte med undersøkelser i forhold til min opprinnelige plan, vokste hvalen seg stadig større. Jeg begynte å lese meg opp på litteratur om hval og hvalfangst, og før jeg selv var klar over det var jeg inne i hvalens buk. Siden har det enkelte ganger føltes som en kamp for å komme ut av den i live. Mange, mangt og mye, både menneskelige og ikke-menneskelige aktører, har gjort denne avhandlingen mulig. Jeg vil i forordet holde meg til de mer menneskelige, og her må noen nevnes i sær. Først og fremst skal mine trofaste og tålmodige veiledere Per Østby og Stig Kvaal takkes for å ha holdt ut med meg. Deres kreativitet, språklige finesse og generelle genialitet kan ikke vurderes høyt nok, og de har gjennom hele prosessen vært med på å gi meg viktige puff i nye retninger. Uten dem hadde arbeidet aldri blitt gjennomført, ferdigstilt og innlevert. Tusen takk! 2 Miljøorganisasjonen Sea Shepherd om aksjoner mot japansk forskningsfangst av hval i Sørishavet i 2011. Sea Shepherd E-Newsletter #1, 2011, 14/1-2011. 3 ”Voices of Nature – Representing Nature in Environmental Policy Negotiations.” 4 http://wceh2009.org/. 5 Morten Haugdahl: War over Whales: Radical Environmentalist Organizations and Scientific Knowledge in Whaling Controversies, presentasjon WCEH 2009. 5 Takkes må også nåværende og tidligere ansatte på KULT for et godt arbeidsmiljø, for at de er flinke folk, og at de er en fantastisk gjeng. Blant disse må Terje Finstad trekkes fram. Han har vært en viktig samtalepartner, både faglig og over en sherry. Terje bidro dessuten med lesing, kommentarer og praktisk hjelp i sluttfasen av arbeidet. Han har samtidig vært en viktig medarbeider i miljøhistoriegruppa, og da skal også Finn Arne Jørgensen framheves. På flere måter var det Finn Arne som fikk meg inn i dette prosjektet, og han var dessuten en primus motor i oppstarten av den samme miljøhistoriegruppa. Håkon B. Stokland ble etter hvert med i samme gruppe, og fortjener også en spesiell takk. Håkon har vært helt ypperlig å dele kontor med, og han har dessuten taklet klaging og sukking fra meg på forbilledlig vis. Ikke minst fortjener administrasjonen på KULT en spesiell takk, og fantastiske Kari Bergheim i sær. Pluss i margen går også til de ansatte på HFs IT-seksjon som opptil flere ganger har reddet meg fra den bunnløse fortvilelse når teknologien gikk meg i mot. Tidlig i arbeidet var jeg så heldig at jeg fikk muligheten til å dra til hvalfangstmotstandens mekka, USA. Jeg hadde et givende og lærerikt opphold ved University of Virginia i Charlottesville, og derfra må spesielt professorene Bernie Carlson og Edmund P. Russell takkes. Deltagelsen og diskusjonene i sistnevntes “lab” av studenter var særs nyttig, og fortjener derfor å nevnes her. Overgangen fra vår ringe leilighet på Svartlamon til å nærmest bo i en ”southern mansion”, som attpåtil hadde en enorm hage fylt av murmeldyr og eksotiske fugler, må også med som en både interessant og surrealistisk opplevelse Det er mange flere som fortjener å takkes for å ha bidratt på ulike måter. Ingen nevnt, og få av dem er glemt. Jeg vil likevel ta med tidligere nestor i det norske forskningsprogrammet på sjøpattedyr, Lars Walløe, som stilte opp til foredrag og diskusjon i seminarrekken i miljøhistorie som vi i miljøhistoriegruppa arrangerte høsten 2010. Sekretariatet i IWC og i Miljøstiftelsen Bellona får også en takk. Begge var svært behjelpelige i forhold til mine forespørsler, på tross av at svært lite av materialet som sistnevnte bidro med endte opp med å bli brukt i det ferdige arbeidet. En spesiell takk skal også min søster Anne Cath ha. Hun leste korrektur og ga gode tilbakemeldinger på tekstene i en avgjørende fase. En stor takk går også til verdens beste svigers, som titt og ofte har stilt opp med litt av hvert, som med middagsinvitasjoner og som barnevakter. Foreldrene mine får også en takk. Størst takk går til min elskede Nora, som i tillegg til å være en fantastisk kjæreste og venn, har lest tekster og vært en støtte på alle måter fra start til mål. Hun må også ta en vesentlig del av æren for at to nye mennesker har kommet til under stipendiatperioden. Ola (4) og Truls (1 ½) fortjener nemlig også takk, ikke bare for de nettene de har latt meg sove, men først og fremst for å være de mest avsindig kule guttene jeg vet om. Med dem har jeg hatt lange, flotte og lærerike permisjoner som jeg ikke ville vært forruten. De har uten tvil vært med å gjøre stipendiatperioden lengre, men også rikere, mer givende og levelig. Tusen takk! Trondheim 28.10.2012 Morten Haugdahl 6 Innhold Forord ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Kap 1 Naturens forkjempere, hvalene og vitenskapen .................................................................. 11 Hva er en hval? ..................................................................................................................... 13 Tidligere forskning ............................................................................................................... 14 Miljøhistorie og STS ............................................................................................................ 20 Innramminger og definisjonsmakt ....................................................................................... 23 Kilder og metode .................................................................................................................. 25 Avhandlingens oppbygging .................................................................................................. 30 Kap 2 Hvalen som økonomi - Eventyret .......................................................................................... 33 Seieren over naturen: Teknologisk framgang og industriell jakt ......................................... 34 First we take Finnmark, and then we take the world............................................................ 36 Antarktis: Flytende kapitalisme og barske eventyr i ingenmannsland ................................. 38 Havets rikdommer: Alarmister og optimister ....................................................................... 41 Reguleringsforsøk og ekspansjon ......................................................................................... 46 Et industrieventyr og en nasjonal suksesshistorie ................................................................ 48 Kap 3 Hvalen som økonomi – Den regulerte hvalfangst ................................................................ 53 IWC – Internasjonalt forvaltningsorgan og klubb for hvalfangstindustrien .......................
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