Chicago-Kent Law Review

Volume 91 Issue 3 Nonprofit Oversight Under Siege Article 4

7-1-2015

Politics, Disclosure, and State Law Solutions for 501(c)(4) Organizations

Linda Sugin Fordham Law School

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview

Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons, Nonprofit Organizations Law Commons, Taxation- Federal Commons, Taxation-State and Local Commons, and the Tax Law Commons

Recommended Citation Linda Sugin, Politics, Disclosure, and State Law Solutions for 501(c)(4) Organizations, 91 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 895 (2016). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol91/iss3/4

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 35 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17                             ͻ͵ͳ ͳǣͳ͸  ǤǤǤǤͻʹͳ ǤǤǤǤǤͻʹ͹ ǤǤǤǤǤͻʹ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤͻͳ͹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻʹͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳͻ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻʹͲ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͲͶ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͲʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͻͻ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͵ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻʹͺ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͻͻ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳ͸ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳͳ  ǫǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻʹͺ  ‹‡‹••ƒƒ†‹– Š‡ŽŽƒ”’   ‡–ǯ• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž ‘Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͵ͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͻ͸  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͲ͹ ȗ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͳͺ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͲͶ       ͺͻͷ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ   

    ǫǣ      

 Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  ǫǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ        

 ͷͲͳȋȌȋͶȌ            ȋ     ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ      ‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘Š‹‡Ž†Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘ƒ‹–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘”‘–‡ –‘’”‘ˆ‹–•‘‘”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Š›ƒ†ƒ–‡‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǫǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘”‘–‡ –‘–‡”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ             ͶǤ ͵Ǥ ͳǤ ʹǤ Ǧ  

   ǡ ǡ        Ǥ‘Ž‹ ‡”‹˜ƒ–‡‡‡ˆ‹–•‹‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ”‘–‡ –‹‰‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘‘”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ‡†‡ˆ‹‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•†‡”–ƒ–‡ƒ™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ”‘–‡ –‹‰‘–‡”• ”‘ ”ƒ—†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡ –‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ”‹ –‹‘•ˆ‘”—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ–ƒ–‡‘‹ ‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ‡™‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ǤƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ  Ǥ”‡–ƒ–‡•ƒ ‘‘†‡•–‹‰ ”‘—†ˆ‘” ‡†‡”ƒŽ‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǫǤǤ Ǥ •‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘”–Š–Š‡”‘—„Ž‡ǫǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥƒšš‡’–‹‘‹•‘––Š‡ ••—‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘™‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ‘‡ƒ”‡„‘—– ‘”Ǧ”‘ˆ‹–•ǫǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ ‡†‡”ƒŽƒšƒ™‹•‡‰ƒŽŽ›‡ƒǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ        Ͳ͵                   

 Ǥ  Ǥ Ǥ ˆ‘”‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ–Š‹ ƒ‰‘Ǧ  ȗ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆƒ™ǡ ‘”†Šƒƒ™ Š‘‘ŽǤ ƒ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘‡Œƒ Ǥ ‡–•Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ  Ǥ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 35 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 35 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 35 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   ͸ ‡   ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ •Ǥdz ǡ ǤǤ ‡”‹ƒ ȋƒ› Š‡ ͳǣͳ͸  ͷ  

’Ž›‹‰ ‡†‡Ž‹Ǧ  Ǥdz ‰ƒ‹œƒǦ ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†   ‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ Ǥ Ž‡ –‹‘ Š‡  ‹”ƒ‡• ͵  ‹ ‡–Šƒ–  ͹  ǡ ‡ Ǧ ƒ–Ǧ —”„ǦʹͲͳ͸Ǧ   ȋƒ› ͳ͵ǡ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ͳͶȀŽ‡–•Ǧ„ƒ Ǧ—’ǦŠ‘™Ǧ  ‹•ǦƒǦͷͲͳ ͶǦƒ›™ƒ›ȀǤ   – ƒ† ‹–• ƒˆ–‡”ƒ–Šǡ •‡‡ ͵ˆ”Ǥ’†ˆǤ  Ǥ ͲȌǤ       ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵  ǡ  ’‡‘’Ž‡”—•Š‡†–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡•‡ Ǧ ʹ  

 Ǥǡ  ͺ    

  ͺͷͻȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ  ‡†‡”ƒŽŽƒ™†‡–‡”‹‡•–ƒš‡š‡’–‹‘ǡ  Ǥ Ǥ  ͳͲ ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘‘ˆȋ ȌȋͶȌ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ȅƒ†  †‡ ‹•‹‘ǡ  Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸   ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Ǥ    CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW Ǥ  Exile to Main Street: The I.R.S.’s Diminished Role in Overseeing Tax- Overseeing in Role Diminished I.R.S.’s The Street: Main to Exile     Š‡ƒ‰‡–•ǡ™Š‘™‡”‡‘–Žƒ™›‡”•ǡ—•‡†ƒ•Š‘”–Ǧ 

F.E.C. Can’t Curb 2016 Election Abuse, Commission Chief Says  ǤǦ Ͷ 

 What is a 501(c)(4), a is What Anyway? ȋ How is the IRSVet Supposed to 501(c)(4) Groups, Anyway? ǡͻͳ    Citizens United Citizens 

Citizens United ƒ”– Ǥ ƒ”– Ǥ  Ǣ ǤǤǤȚͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ Ǧ      ”‹  ‹ Š–„Žƒ—ǡ   ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ –• ƒ”‡ —†‹•’—–‡†ǣ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ƒ–ͷǤ  ͳ   Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ•ƒ–ƒ‹’ƒ••‡ǡ•‘‡•–ƒ–‡• See Id. See id. See infra See infra  ͻ  ͺͻ͸ Ͳ͵ ʹͲͳ͵ǡ–Š‡ –‡”ƒŽ‡˜‡—‡‡”˜‹ ‡ȋ Ȍ•—ˆˆ‡”‡†‹–•™‘”•– Š‡’‘•–Ǧ   ȋƒ› ʹǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͷȀͲͷȀͲ͵Ȁ—•Ȁ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ȁˆ Ǧ   • ƒ†ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡”‹–•–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ–‡ƒǦ’ƒ”–›”‡Žƒ–‡† œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™ƒ•Š‹‰–‘’‘•–Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁ–Š‡Ǧˆ‹šȀ™’ȀʹͲͳ͵ȀͲͷȀͳ͵Ȁ™Šƒ–Ǧ Šƒ† –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‹‰Š–„‡‹‰Dz‘’‡”ƒ–‡†‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘– ‡‡– –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ͳͶǡ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™ƒ•Š‹‰–‘’‘•–Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁ™‘Ȁ™’ȀʹͲͳ͵ȀͲͷȀ ‘—”–ǯ•ʹͲͳͲ    ˜‡Ž›”‘†›Ƭƒ” —•™‡•ǡ  ‘”ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ƒ†‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‹†‡ ͳǤ Organizations Exempt •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰’‘••‹„Ž‡‹‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•„›–Š‡ ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰Dzƒ–”‹‘–•dzƒ†DzͻȀͳʹdzȌǡ–Š‡ •Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡†‡–‡”‹ ‰‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”‡š‡’–‹‘„›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•• –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ ‡”‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ™ƒ• ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‡† „› ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› •–ƒ†ƒ”†˜‹†‡†Ž‹––Ž‡‰—‹†ƒ ‡Ǥ ’” ͺǤ ͹Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–”‡ƒ•—”›Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁ–‹‰–ƒȀƒ—†‹–”‡’‘”–•ȀʹͲͳ͵”‡’‘”–•ȀʹͲͳ͵ͳͲͲͷ  ʹǤ ‹–‹œ‡•‹–‡†˜Ǥ ‡†ǤŽ‡ –‹‘‘ǯǡͷͷͺǤǤ͵ͳͲȋʹͲͳ ͵Ǥ ‡ƒ —ŽŽ‹˜ƒǡ „—–•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™†‡ˆ‹‡• Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘” ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘„”‹†‰‡–Š‡‰ƒ’Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•†›•ˆ— –‹‘Ȅ†‹†‘–‰‘—‘–‹ ‡†„›–Š •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ –‹˜‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ –‹‡ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ•„‡‡’ƒ”ƒŽ›œ‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǡƒ†–Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘‹••‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡†‡ƒ†Ž‘ ‡†Ǥ ‹•Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ‹”•Ǧ•—’’‘•‡†Ǧ–‘Ǧ• ”—–‹‹œ‡ǦͷͲͳ Ͷ•Ǧƒ›™ƒ›ȀǤ ”‡ƒ•—”›™ƒ– Š†‘‰ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–Dzȏ–ȐŠ‡ —•‡†‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ”‹– –Šƒ–‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘””‡˜‹‡™‡ƒƒ”–›ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ’ ˆ‘”–ƒšǦ‡š‡’–•–ƒ–—•„ƒ•‡†—’‘–Š‡‹”ƒ‡•‘”’‘Ž‹ ›’‘•‹–‹‘  ͶǤ ”ƒ†Ž—‡”ǡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧƒ„—•‡Ǧ ‘‹••‹‘Ǧ Š‹‡ˆǦ•ƒ›•ǤŠ–ŽǤ ͷǤ ͸Ǥ ͻǤ ͳͲǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 35 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 35 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 36 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17  ǡ   ”Ǧ  —–     Ǥ Ǥ  ”‘ˆ‹– Š‘Ž‡ǡ ͳǣͳ͸ Žƒ™Ǥ  ’‘Ž‹Ǧ  •–ƒ–‡ ’–‹‘Ǧ ‡ ‹ƒ–‡

‹‰Š– protect ǡ͵Ͷ ‹ ‹‰‹• ‡†”‡‰—Ǧ ‹‰Š– „‡ ›•‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”› ‡”•ǡƒ†ȋ͵Ȍ ȋƒ›ͳ͸ǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ 

 ‘—”–•ˆ‘” ‘•–‹–—Ǧ ‡™‘”ƒ†  ͳʹ   ͹͸ͻ͹͹ͺǡƒ–ȗͳȋǤǤƒŽǤ ‡„Ǥ  †ƒ”Ǥͳ͸ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ ‹–Š–Š‡‘ Š„”‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‡”‹ ƒ• ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ȅ–‘ –Š‡   cf.  ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹•†ƒƒ‰Ǧ ‡‘Ž‹–‹ •˜Ǥ ƒ””‹•ǡ͹ͺͶ Ǥ͵†ͳ͵Ͳ͹ ‹•ƒ„‘—–”ƒ‹•‹‰”‡˜‡—‡ǤŠ‡›†‘ ͳͷ    ͺͻ͹ ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™’”‘„Ž‡ǡ‹ ǡ –‡”‡•–ǡ•–ƒ–‡ƒ––‘”‡ Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ •‡‡•–‘  ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ͳ͸ ͳͳ solely  –Š‡ ’—”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE ”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹’”‡Ǧ ȚȚͳʹͷͺͲǦͳʹͷͻͻǤͺȋ‡•–ʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ 501(c)4 vs501(c)3 vs 527  ͳ͹ –Š‡ –‡”ƒŽ‡˜‡—‡‡”˜‹ ‡‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‘––Š‡   ͳͶ    Political Activity Limits and Tax Exemption: A Gordian’s Knot A Gordian’s Tax Exemption: Limits and Activity Political  ǯ ȋ Ǥǡ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹”•Ǥ‰‘˜ȀŠƒ”‹–‹‡•ǦƬǦ‘Ǧ”‘ˆ‹–•Ȁ’’Ž›‹‰Ǧˆ‘”Ǧš‡ 

 Ǥ       ǡͺͲͻ Ǥ͵†ͷ͵͸ȋͻ–Š‹”ǤʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡”‡ ‡–Ž›’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ ƒ”– Ǥ‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡”—Ž‡•Šƒ•›‡–„‡‡–‡•–‡†‹–Š‡ ‡ –‹‘• ǤǡǤǤͶǤ ‡ –‹‘• ǡǤ Applying for Exemption – Difference Between Nonprofit and Tax-Exempt Status Tax-Exempt and Nonprofit Between Difference – Exemption for Applying ‘–‡͸Ǥ ǡƒ––‡”‹—•ǡ ǡ ǡ  Ǧ   ˆ”‘ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ supra  vacated  Ǥǡ   ͳ͵  See infra e.g. See, See infra See, e.g. See, See infra infra See See, e.g. See,   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ•• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• ƒ ȋƒ† •Š‘—Ž†Ȍ —•‡ •–ƒ–‡ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡”‡ƒ•‘•™Š›•–ƒ–‡ Šƒ”‹–›”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•‹‰Š–‹–‡    Ǥͳǡ͵ȋʹͲͳͶȌȋDz‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•ƒ„‘—–•’‡‡ Šǡƒ†–ƒšƒ–‹‘    ͳ͸Ǥ ͳ͹Ǥ ‘–•‡‡†‹”‡ –Ž› ‘‡ –‡†ǤdzȌǤ ͳͷǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡„‡Ž–™ƒ›Ǥ ‘ȀͷͲͳ ͶǦ˜•ǦͷͲͳ ͵Ǧ˜•Ǧͷʹ͹ȀǢ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›•’‡–„›‘’ ‘Ǧ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆȋ ȌȋͶȌ’‘Ž‹– ‘–ƒ”‡˜‡—‡‹••—‡ǡ   Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ƒ††‹• ‹’Ž‹‡–Š‡Ǥ  ͳͳǤ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡†‡–”‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹ –‹‘•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡‹”‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘ˆ—•‡ ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ ™‹–Š ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰ –‘ ƒ’’” –Š‡‹”Ž‡‰ƒŽ†‹•–‹ –‹‘Ǥ ͳ͵Ǥ –‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–‘ ‘’‡Ž ‘ ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”‹–› ‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ƒ› ‘’”‘ˆ‹– •‡ –‘” Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ƒ• ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• ™ charities –‘ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡ „‘–Š ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ •ƒ‡•‡ ”‡–‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ • ƒ†ƒŽƒ†’”‘’‘• ‘ ‡”• ƒ„‘ Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ™Š‹ Š ƒ•‡‹–™‘—Ž†„‡‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›‹–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ† ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•ǡ ƒ† ‘– ‹ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹ –‹ •–Šƒ–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǡ–Š‡”‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰„‡›‘†‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™ƒ–‹••—‡–Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ™ ƒ††”‡••Ǥ ‹†‡ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”Ǥƒ”‘‡›ƒ›„‡ ˜‡‡‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǣȋͳȌ–‘’”‘–‡ – Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡȋʹȌ–‘’”‘–‡ –˜‘– –‘’”‘–‡ –†‘‘”•–‘‘’ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǧ‡–™‡‡Ǧ‘’”‘ˆ‹–Ǧƒ†ǦƒšǦš‡’–Ǧ–ƒ–—•ȋŽƒ•–˜‹•‹–‡ ˆ‘””‘•’‡”‹–› ‘—†Ǥ˜Ǥ ƒ””‹•ǡ‘ǤʹǣͳͶǦ ˜ǦͻͶͶͺǦǦ ǡʹͲͳͷ ‘Ž›ƒ†‘––Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ȅ‘ˆ†‘‘”•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™ ‹Œ— –‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ–”Ǥˆ‘”‘’‡–‹–‹˜ ȋͻ–Š‹”ǤʹͲͳͷȌǤ  ͳͶǤ ‘‰‡”‘Ž‹˜ƒ—šǡ ͳʹǤ ʹ͵ǡʹͲͳͷȌǡ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 36 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 36 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 36 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 ˆ   ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹‘ǡ Ž‡••ǡ ‹–• ͳǣͳ͸ ǡ ƒ† ‡ ‹ˆ‹   – ‹•Ǧ ƒ”–  —–‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘• ‹–‘”•Ǥ ˆ ’‘–‡Ǧ ‹ ˆ”‘ šŽƒ™‹• ‡† •—„Ǧ ‡ƒ•‘ƒǦ ‘•‡’‘ŽǦ ’”‘–‡ – ’’”‘ƒ Š ›‘—•Ž› ‹ ƒŽ ƒǦ ‡•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡” –Š‡•–‡’• •–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ǡ˜‡‡”•ƒ™ƒ› „—–‹–Šƒ•ƒŽǦ ʹͳ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǢ‡ ǯ›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ†Ǥ as voters ”‰˜Ǥ‹–‹œ‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‡––‡”˜ǯ–ǡ — Š‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ Šƒ”‹–ƒǦ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ͳͺ Ǥ •‘‹ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡‡ Š‹• as voters ͳͻ ‘” Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ†—• ”—’—Ž‘—••‘Ž‹ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW  as donors    ȋ ƒ†‹‰ƒ˜Ǥ‡Ž‡ƒ”‡–‹‰••‘ •Ǥǡ  Ǥǡͷ͵ͺǤǤ͸ͲͲȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ   –ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š’”‡˜‡–Ǧ  ‡ –‹‘• ǤǡǡǤǤʹǦ͵Ǥ ʹͲ  ‡ –‹‘ ǤǤ ex rel. ex ʹʹ  Ǧ ‹Ž‡›˜Ǥƒ–ǯŽ ‡†ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹†‘ˆǤǤǡ  ǤǡͶͺ͹ǤǤ͹ͺͳ  ŽŽǤ   See infra See See infra See   ͺͻͺ Ͳ͵ Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’”‘ ‡‡†•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣŠ‡‡š–ƒ”–’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ„”‹‡ Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹  „ƒ ‰”‘—†–‘–Š‡ —””‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ–ƒ ‘––Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž‘ —•‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥˆ–‡”–Šƒ–ǡ †‡• ”‹„‡ –Šƒ– ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ƒ† ‡™ ‘” Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡†ƒ”‘‡›‹–Š‡‹”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š•–ƒ–‡•™‡”‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›•’ –‘ ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹ ‹†‡–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡•ˆ”‘ ‘•–‹–—‡ ‹‡•‘’’‘•‡†–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ† „‘–Š •–ƒ–‡• ˆƒ ‘•‹†‡”• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ •–ƒ–‡ Žƒ™ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ˆ‘” ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ †ƒ” ‘‡› ƒ”– ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›•‘Ž—–‹‘•–Šƒ– ‘””‡•’‘†–‘–Š  ͳͺǤ ˜‡–‹‰”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡–‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ ‘ „ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” „› ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ•–ƒ–‡• ƒ›  „‡ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ††‹– ‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• –‘ –Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹–•‡Žˆǡ‡‹–Š‡” Žƒ™‹•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –†‘‘”•ǡ Ž‘™‡†•–ƒ–‡•–‘’”‘•‡ —–‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‡”•ˆ‘”‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‹ƒŽ†‘‘”•Ǥ ‹‰ˆ”ƒ—†’‡”’‡–”ƒ–‡†„›„‘‰—• ‹–‹•ˆ”ƒ—†—Ž‡––‘’”‡–‡†–‘„‡•‘‡‘‡‡Ž•‡‘”–‘•’‡ƒƒ‘ ‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•‹‰Š–ƒ –Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ•ƒƒŽ‘‰‘—•–‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š’‘Ž‹– ’ƒ‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ƒ† Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •‘Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘••—‡•ǤŠ‡—’”‡‡‘—”–Šƒ•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›•–”— †‘™•–ƒ–—–‘”›Ž‹ ”ƒ‹•‡ ‹”•– ‡†‡ ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘—†‡”–Š‡ ‹”•–‡†‡–ǡ †‡•‹‰‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –†‘‘”•™Š‘‹‰Š–—™‹––‹‰Ž›•—’’‘”–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡‹ƒˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹ ”‘Ž‡Ǥ‘‘” ‘ˆ—•‹‘‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡•‹ ‡ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œ ƒ”‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†ƒ•Dz•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡dz‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǣ†‘‘”•ƒ›” „Ž›‡š’‡ ––Šƒ––Š‡‹”†‘ƒ–‹‘••—’’‘”–•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹ –Šƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰Ǥ ˜Ǥ ‘•‡’Š Ǥ—•‘‘ǤǡͶ͸͹ǤǤͻͶ͹ȋͳͻͺͶȌǢ‹ŽŽǤ‘ˆ Šƒ—„— ͶͶͶǤǤ͸ʹͲȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ ʹʹǤ  ͳͻǤ •—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡†‘‘”•ƒ”‡–‘ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ•‹ ‡•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™ ƒ” „Ž‡‰‹ˆ–•„›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰–Š‡Ǥ ʹͲǤ ʹͳǤ ˆ”‘ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• Žƒ™ ‹–‘ Ž‡ƒ”•–ƒ–‡ƒ––‘”‡›•‰‡‡”ƒŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹’”‡˜‡–‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ Žƒ™ –‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡ „‡‹‰‹•Ž‡†Ǥ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 36 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 36 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 37 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17   „‡ „› ‹•‡ ˆƒ”‡ ‹‘• „—– ǯ–„‡ ‘Ǧ ͳǣͳ͸ –ƒ–‡• ‡’Ǧ   ‡”ƒŽŽ› ʹͺ ƒ– –Š‡ ”†ƒ” ‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ‡‹Ǧ ‡š‡’– ’‡Ž›  ʹ͵ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ™  Šƒ–•‡ –‹‘ ʹȋƒ›ʹͲǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ  ʹ͸   —–‹ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒǦ ʹ͹ ‡ƒ•–ƒšƒ„Ž‡‡–‹–‹‡•ƒ†•‡‡ ‡†— –‹„Ž‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥ Šƒ– ‹ Ž‡αʹͶͻͳƬ ‘–‡š–αˆƒ ̴’—„•Ǥ ͷͺ͵ǡͷͻͷȋʹͲͳͷȌȋDz ˆ‘‰”‡••ǡ  ‘–”‹„—–‹‘—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡         ”— –—”‡–‘‡•—”‡†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡  Ǥ Ǥʹʹ͵ǡʹʹ͸ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ

 ‘„‘†›‹••—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ– ͺͻͻ Ǥ  ʹͷ  Ǥ      Ǥ     ǡͶͻ ‘–‡ͳͶǡƒ–ͷǤ   ǤǦ  and Taxable Entities: Will Taxable Entities Be the the Be Taxable Entities Entities: Will and Taxable 

supra ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡‡ ŠǤ ȌȋͶȌ  ǡͻͲ     Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  ͷͲͳȋ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE   Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• ‘– ƒ –ƒš ’”‘„Ž‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–    The Legal Quagmire of IRC § 501(c)(4) Organizations and the Con- and the Organizations § 501(c)(4) IRC of Quagmire Legal The ʹͶ A. Tax Exemption is Not the Issue is Not the A. Tax Exemption  ‘–‡ͳͶǤ  ǤǤǤȚͳ͹ͲȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ     See ǡ ǯ  ȋ supra         Ǥ    Ǥ Ǧ ‘Ž‹˜ƒ—šǡ  ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ ‘„‹ǡ ‹–‹œ‡• ‹–‡†    See See   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ –‹• —”‹‘—•–Šƒ–ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ–ƒšŽƒ™‹•–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆƒ––‡–‹‘ˆ‘ Š‡†ƒ”‘‡›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‡š’Ž‘†‡†”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ„—–•‡ –‹‘ ’‘”–ƒ– ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ‹ ƒ”–   ‡š’”‡••‡• •‡’–‹ ‹• •–ƒ–‡•ǯƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡ȋ ȌȋͶȌ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰‡••Ǥ ‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ‰‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡˜‡—‡ƒ–•–ƒ‡Ǥ ‡š‡’–• ‹˜‹  Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǯ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘–ƒšǤƒš‡š‡’–‹‘‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‹ ‘‡‡ƒ”‡† ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‡Ž ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‘–•—„Œ‡ ––‘ȋ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡Ȍ–ƒšǤ ʹ͹Ǥ ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌŠƒ•„‡‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‘‡–ƒš•‹ ‡ͳͻͳ͵Ǥ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ȋŽ‹‡ ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ  –‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ˆ”‘ –ƒšǡ ƒ• ƒ”‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ͷͲͳȋ Ȍ  ʹ͵Ǥ ‹ ‹‡•Ǥƒ”– •–‡’•„ƒ –‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡†‡•‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ—†‡”–ƒ‹‰–Š‹•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡• ƒƒ Š‹‡˜‡•‘ ’”‘„Ž‡• ™‹–Š • †‘‡•‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‰™Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡–ƒš‡†ƒ†™Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž† –ƒš‡†Ǣ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– †ƒ” ‘‡› ‹”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•–ƒš•–ƒ–—•Ǥ ’‘Ž‹–‹ • ™‘—Ž† ƒ” „›–ƒšǦ‡š‡’–‰”‘—’•ǡȏ‹†‡’‡†‡–‰”‘—’•Ȑƒ›•‹’Ž›”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ ™ƒ›•–‘Ž‹‹––Š‡‹”–ƒšŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤdzȌǢ‘Ž‹˜ƒ—šǡ –Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›‘”–Š‡‡”˜‹ ‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡ˆ‘”•–Š‡ —””‡–•– –‹‘ǡ •‘ ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ™‹–Š‘—–‡†‘™‡–•Ǥ‡†— –‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ†‘‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‹•‰‡ ‹• ‘– ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•‘™‡š‡’–‹‘ˆ”‘–ƒšǡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˆ‘” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ– –‹‘Šƒ•‘‹ ‘‡ǡ‹–”‡ ‡‹˜‡•‘‡ ‘‘‹ „‡‡ˆ‹–ˆ”‘–ƒš‡š †‡†— –‹‘‹•™‘”–Š”‡ƒŽ‘‡›–‘†‘‘”•Ȅ—’–‘–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ ʹͺǤ ‡ –‹‘ ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ†‘‘”ǯ•ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ–ƒš”ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ –‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ † Š––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘‘•ǤŽƒ™Ǥ—ƒ”›Žƒ†Ǥ‡†—Ȁ ‰‹Ȁ˜‹‡™ ‘–‡–Ǥ ‰‹ǫƒ”– ʹͷǤ ʹͶǤ  ǤǤǤȚȚͷͲͳǡͷʹ͹ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”‡–ƒšǡƒ†–Š •–”— –—”‡‰‘˜‡”‹‰‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—†‡”–Š‡–ƒšŽƒ™ƒ› –‘‘™‡ƒ–‘•—’’‘”–•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ  Elections in Money Dark of Rise sequential ʹ͸Ǥ ƒ‹‡ŽǤ‹”„›ǡ‘–‡ǡ New Stealth Dark Money Campaign Organizations? Campaign Dark Money New Stealth 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 37 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 37 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 37 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 Ǧ ‰ ͹   ‡”‡† ͳǣͳ͸ –‹‘•  ‡ǡƒ† ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‹œƒǦ ”‡ ‘– ”’—„Ž‹  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹Ǧ ’‘Ž‹–‹Ǧ ‹‰–Š‡ –Šƒ–Dz–Š‡ ‹–‹•’”‹Ǧ ‘ˆ†‘‘”•  ͵Ͳ ‘‰›Ǧ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡Ǧ‰”‘—’•Ǧ —––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹Ǧ ‘‘”•–‘ƒȋ ȌȋͶȌ  Š‹Ž‡ ‘– †‡ˆ‹‹‰ • ƒ† ͷʹ͹ ‘”‰•ǡ „—––Š‡ ‡› ͵͸ ʹͻ Ǥ ͵ͳ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ Ǥ  ͵͵ IRS Apologizes Conservative for Targeting Ž‡ –‹‘‡‡”‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‡”‡‰‡Ǧ ȀʹͲͳ͵ȀͲͷȀͳͲȀ‹”•Ǧƒ’‘Ž ͵Ͷ ’ƒ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡›’”‘˜‹†‡  Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ ͵͹   –‹‰Š–‡” †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” Dz•‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡dz ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘–— Š’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡ȋ ȌȋͶȌ ͵ͺ  ”‘ƒ–ƒš’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡†‹ˆˆ‡”Ǧ  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW  ͵ͷ ”›Ȁ‡™•Ȁ’‘Ž‹–‹ •  ‘–‡ͳͶǡƒ–ʹ͵Ǥ   ‘–‡ʹ͹ǡƒ–͸Ǥ ‘–‡ʹ͸ǡƒ–ʹʹͺǤ ȋ supra   supra supra  ǡ ȋƒ›ͳʹǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Citizens United Citizens       Ǧ  ‹”„›ǡ ‘Ž‹˜ƒ—šǡ  ”‡†”‡ƒ  Š‘—–‡ Ƭ ”‡‰‘”› ‘”–‡ǡ  ȚͳǤͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌȂͳȋƒȌȋʹȌȋ‹‹ȌǤ  Š‡’”‡ ‹•‡ ‘–‘—”•‘ˆ™Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ   ͵ʹ See See id. Id. See See See id. See   ǡ ͻͲͲ Ͳ͵ Š‡‡ƒƒ”–›• ƒ†ƒŽ‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡Ž‘ ‡ˆ‘”‡  Šƒ‰‡† •‹ ‡ ͳͻͷͻǡ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• —†‡” •‡ –‹‘ ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ „›•‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌȄ–Š‡›ƒ”‡„‘–Š–ƒšǦ‡š‡’–Ǥ ‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡”‡†„›•‡ –‹‘ͷʹ͹ƒ†‘‡ ‘˜ ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›™Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡•–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ƒ”˜‡‘—–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ ’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡†‘‡•‘–‹ Ž—†‡†‹”‡ –‘”‹†‹”‡ – ’ƒ–‹‘‘”‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•‘”‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‘”‹‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ƒ› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ˆ‘ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥdz ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”„‡‡†”ƒ™Ǥ ‹‰‘”‡†‹–Š‡ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†™ƒ•–‘‘˜ƒ‰— Ž‘™ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‹–Š‡ Šƒ†–‘‡š‡” ‹•‡†‹• ”‡–‹‘‹ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡† †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ʹͻǤ ͵ͲǤ ͵ʹǤ ͵ͳǤ ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‡‰ǤȚͳǤͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌȂͳȋƒȌȋʹȌȋ‹Ȍȋƒ•ƒ‡†‡†‹ͳͻͻͲȌ ͵͵Ǥ •‹ ‡ •‡ –‹‘ ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘– Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡›‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ ƒ –‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ –ƒšǦ†‡†— –‹„Ž‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘—•–—•‡ƒˆ–‡”Ǧ–ƒš†‘ŽŽƒ”•–‘ƒ‡‰‹ˆ–•Ǥ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œ ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡–‘‘Žˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰Ǥ ’‘”–ƒ–’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹†‡–‹–› –‘ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•”‡ƒ‹••‡ ”‡–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡†‘‘”•–‘ͷʹ͹‘”‰ –‹‘•ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›†‹• Ž‘•‡†Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ—•ƒ–‘†ƒ›Ǥ ‘Ȁ•–‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡–Šƒ–ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡š‡’–‹‘‘Ž›Dz‹ˆ ƒ”‹Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹’”‘‘–‹‰‹•‘‡™ƒ›–Š‡ ‘‘‰‘‘†ƒ†‰‡ ‡”ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥdz ͵ͶǤ ‡”ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ ‡†‹ƒ‘–Š‡”–›’‡‘ˆ‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ȅ•‡ –‹‘ͷʹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ʹͲͳʹǦ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ȀʹͳͶͻͻ͵ͻȀǤ ͵ͷǤ ’‘‹–ˆ‘”‘—”’—”’‘•‡•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡„‘–ŠŽƒ”‰‡Ž›–ƒšǦ‡š‡’– ͵͸Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡š‡’–‹‘• ˆ‘” ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰  ͵͹Ǥ  ǤǤǤȚͷʹ͹ȋŒȌȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ ͵ͺǤ Groups 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 37 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 37 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 38 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17     Ǧ ͶͲ Ͷͷ  ƒǦ  Ͷͺ Ǩ ‘ˆ ǡǤǤ ƒ–‡Ǧ ȋ ‡„Ǥ Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ ͳǣͳ͸ ‡‹  –‹‘•ǣ  Ž‡•‘ •’‡‡ Š ‡†–Šƒ– ‰ƒ‹œƒǦ  ǡ Ǥȋ‘˜Ǥʹ͸ǡ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ   Ǥ   Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ  ǡǤǤ  –Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–ƒ‡ ǡ Ͷͷͳ͹ͶͻͻͶǢ ƒ”Ž ‹”•Ǧ‡š’‡ –‡†Ǧ–‘Ǧ•–ƒ†Ǧ ʹʹʹͳͳͲͷͻͺͳͳͳͲ͹͸Ǥ ‹†‡•Ǧ‘„Œ‡ –Ǧ–‘Ǧ‹”•Ǧ’ŽƒǦ–‘Ǧ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡Ǧ‡Žƒ–‡† ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ”‡•–”‹ –‹˜‡ƒ†‘”‡’‡”‹••‹˜‡  ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡„ƒ”Ǧ Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–  ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ–ʹ͸Ǥ ǤǤ’–ǤͳȌǤ Ͷ͸ Ͷ͹ ͻͲͳ  ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ†„‡‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ǡ Ͷͳ •‡† ”—Ž‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ƒ›–Š‹‰ ƒ†’”‡˜‡–’ƒ”–‹•ƒ’”‡ˆ‡”‡  Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ †”ƒ™ ͵ͻ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ Ǥȋ ‡„ʹͷǡʹͲͳͶȌǡ  Ǥ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE   IRS Moves to Restrict Nonprofits’ Politicking Nonprofits’ Restrict to Moves IRS    Ͷ͵   Ǥ ȋ‘˜Ǥ ʹ͸ǡ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹”•Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁ—ƒ Ȁ‡™•”‘‘Ȁ”‡ƒ•—”›ǡǦ  ǡ   „—–ȋŽ‹‡„‡ˆ‘”‡Ȍ–Š‘•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‘—Ž†‘– ‘•–‹Ǧ  ȋ I.R.S. Expected Aside to Stand Nonprofits as IncreaseRolein 2016 Race Ͷʹ ‘–‡ʹ͸ǡƒ–ʹ͵ͷǤ      supra  Ǥ ȋƒ› ʹʹǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǡ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹”•Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁ—ƒ Ȁ‡™•”‘‘Ȁ Ǧ’†ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ Ǧ Treasury, IRS Will Issue Proposed Guidance for Tax-Exempt Social Welfare Organiza- Welfare Social Tax-Exempt for Guidance Proposed Issue Will IRS Treasury,    ƒ–͹ͳǡͷ͵ͺȋDzŠ‡”‡ƒ•—”›‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒ†–Š‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ– ƒ–͹ͳǡͷ͵͸Ǧ͵͹Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘˜‡”ͳ͸ͲǡͲͲͲ‘ˆ–Š‡Ȅ‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒ†‡˜‡”    ͶͶ Liberals the IRS vs. Id. See Id. Id. IRS Update on the Regulation Proposed New on 501(c)(4) Organizations    Left and Right Object to I.R.S.Left and Plan to Restrict Activity Political Nonprofits’ ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‹‡ ƒŽŽ –ƒš ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ‹˜‹–‡† ‘Ǧ ȋ —Ž›ͷǡʹͲͳͷȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͷȀͲ͹ȀͲ͸Ȁ—•Ȁ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ȁ ǡ   ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ͳʹǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͶȀͲʹȀͳ͵Ȁ—•Ȁ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ȁ„‘–ŠǦ• „”‹‰Š–Ž‹‡•ǡ”‡’Žƒ ‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ –•ƒ† ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™•ŒǤ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ȀͳͲͲͲͳͶʹͶͲͷʹ͹Ͳʹ͵ͲͶͶ͸ͷ͸ͲͶͷ͹ͻ ͶͶǤ‹”„›ǡ –‹‘•ƒ›–‹‡•‘‘ȋ‘”’‘••‹„Ž›‡˜‡”Ȍǡƒ†–Š‡ Šƒ•ƒ‘— ”ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›™‹–Š†”‡™–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Žƒ‹•–‘„‡™‘”‹‰‘”‡˜‹•‹‰–Š‡ǡ‘„‘†›‡š’‡ –•‡™”‡‰—Ž     ͵ͻǤ  —‹†ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ƒšǦš‡’– ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡Žˆƒ”‡ ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‘  ™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘•‹•–‡ › ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ’”‹‘” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‡Žƒ”‰‡† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ–‡‰‘”› ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘‡–•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡ –”— ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†–Š‡”— ‹”•–‡†‡–‰”‘—†•ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ž‹‹–‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹™Š‹ Šȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†‡‰ƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘ǡ‹‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ•—”›’”‘’‘•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ Dz —‹†ƒ ‡ˆ‘”ƒšǦš‡’–‘ ‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ†‹† „‡‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‘ ƒ ‘–‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘’‘ Ǧ‹ŽŽǦ ••—‡Ǧ”‘’‘•‡†Ǧ —‹†ƒ ‡Ǧˆ‘”ǦƒšǦš‡’–Ǧ‘ ‹ƒŽǦ‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǧ ‡–•Ǥ ”‘’‘•‡†Ǧ‡™Ǧ‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ‘ǦͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌǦ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Ͷ͸Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™•ŒǤ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ȀͳͲͲͲͳͶʹͶͲͷʹ͹Ͳʹ͵Ͳ͵͹ͲͶ͵ͲͶͷ͹ͻ͵ͺʹͻͺ͵ͻ —Ž•‡ǡ ͶͷǤ –—–‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ•‘ ‘—Ž†‘– ‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ‘” –‹‘ǯ•’”‹ƒ”›ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‹–Š‡•‡’”‘’‘•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”ǡƒ›„‡„‘–Š‘”‡ tions –Šƒ–Š‡ —””‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤǤǤǤdzȌǤ ͶʹǤ ͶͳǤ ƒ•‹†‡Ǧƒ•Ǧ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Ǧ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǧ”‘Ž‡Ǧ‹ǦʹͲͳ͸Ǧ”ƒ ‡ǤŠ–ŽǤ  –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ͹ͺ ‡†Ǥ‡‰Ǥ͹ͳǡͷ͵ͷȋ’”‘’‘•‡†‘˜ǤʹͻǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍȋ–‘„‡ ͶͲǤ ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–‹••—‡‡™‰—‹†ƒ ‡’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡ʹͲͳ͸’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‡ ‡Žƒ–‡† ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ  –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥdz ”‡•–”‹ –Ǧ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǦƒ –‹˜‹–›ǤŠ–ŽǤ Ͷ͹Ǥ ͶͺǤ”‹ ‹ Š–„Žƒ—ǡ  Ͷ͵Ǥ  ‘ŠǤ ‹‘‡–ƒŽǤǡ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 38 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 38 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 38 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   „Ǧ ǤǤǤ‹ ͳǣͳ͸  Š ’—„Ž‹  ‡‰‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‡‹” ‹‘ˆ‘” ‘”‰ƒǦ ǣ ‹–‹œ‡• ‡•–ƒ–‡• ƒŽ”‡‰—Ǧ ƒ”‡‘’Ǧ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘”’‘Ž‹–Ǧ ‡’‘™‡” –Šƒ– „‘”†‡”• —‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ȌȋͶȌ‘”Ǧ ‘– ‘Ǧ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ Š‡‹””‡‰—Ǧ —†‡”•‡ Ǧ  ‹–•‘•– ͷ͵ Š‡—’”‡‡ Ͷ͵ȂͶͶȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ ͷͳ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹• ƒ””›‹‰‘ ǤǤƒ†™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ˆ•–ƒ–‡‡–•Ȍǡƒ›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ͷͲ ‹ ‡ǤdzȌǤ ‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘ƒˆ—†ƒǦ  –ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‡–Š‡‘”›–Šƒ––Š‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ ͷʹ  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW  Regulation of Political Organizations and the Red Herring of Tax Tax of Herring Red the and Organizations Political of Regulation  Ǥͷ͵ͳǡͷ͵ʹȋʹͲͲ͸ȌȋDzŠ‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ–ƒš•—„•‹†›™ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ– B. Federal Tax Law is Legally Law is Tax B. Federal Weak    ȋ   ǯ      ǡͶ͸ͳǤǤƒ–ͷͷͲǤ ǡͷͻ  ‡†‡”ƒŽ ’‘™‡” ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ ‹” —• ”‹„‡† –Šƒ •–ƒ–‡ Ǧ ‡‰ƒ˜Ǥƒšƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•ŠǤǡͶ͸ͳǤǤͷͶͲǡͷ ‘‰‡”‘Ž‹˜ƒ—šǡ ƒ–ͷͶ͵ȂͶͶǤ Ͷͻ   Id. Regan See See   ͻͲʹ Ͳ͵ Ž‹‡–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ ˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡  ƒƒ‰‡• –‘ ”‡‹••—‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ‹•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡–ƒš•›•–‡Ǥ–ƒš‡š‡’–‹‘Šƒ•— ‘–Š–ƒš‡š‡’–‹‘•ƒ†–ƒšǦ†‡†— –‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ•—„•‹†› ͷ͵Ǥ ͷʹǤ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǡ‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ƒ––‡’–‹‰ǡ–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ͷͳǤ  ǤǤǤȚͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵ȌȋʹͲͳͶȌȋDz‘•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‹ǡ‘”‹–‡”˜‡‡‹ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‰‘ ‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆȋ‘”‹‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘Ȍƒ› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ‘ˆˆ ‡–ƒŽ”‹‰Š–Ȅˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Š‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽ‘„„›‹‰ǤdzȌǤ ͷͲǤ –Šƒ––Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ•—„•‹†›„›‘‰”‡••ǤǤǤŒ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡ ‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•†‡”‹˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡–ƒš•—„•‹†›‹–Š‡‹”‡š‡’–‹‘ǡ–Š ‹•–‡—‘—•ǤŠ‡ ‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‘ˆ–ƒš‡š‡’–‹‘ǡ„—––Š‡•–ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡‘”‡‡š’ƒ•‹˜‡Ž› –Š‡›†‘‘–‡‡†–‘•‡‹œ‡‘–Š‡–Š”‡ƒ†‘ˆ•—„•‹†›–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›– Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡„”‘ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–‘’”‘–‡ – ƒ†’”‡˜‡–ˆ”ƒ—†Ǣ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡’Ž‡ƒ”›’‘™‡”–‘Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡‹–Š‡ ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ ’‘™‡”ǡƒ†‹ˆ–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆȋ ‹ ƒŽ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘• ‘ ȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‘‡ –‡† –‘ ƒ †‡†— – ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ȋ•‹ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘†‡†— –‹‘ȌǤ ”‘—–‡‹•’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ „‡ ƒ—•‡Šƒ‰‹‰”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•‘–Š‡’”‹˜‹Ž ‡š‡’–‹‘‹•ƒ†—„‹‘—••–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ’‘™‡”ǡ–Š ƒ›„‡ƒˆ‹”•–Ǧ„‡•–•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡†ƒ”‘‡›’”‘„Ž‡‹ˆˆ‡†‡” Žƒ–‹‘†‡’‡†•‘ ‘†‹–‹‘‹‰ƒ–ƒšǦ„ƒ•‡†•—„•‹†›–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡† ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ‘—”–Šƒ•—’Š‡Ž†–Š‡•‡”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•‹•‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ†‡•’‹– „—”†‡‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡‡ ŠǤ ͶͻǤ Exempt Status Šƒ•†‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Œ‘„Ž‹‹–‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹ˆŽ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•„›Ž‹‹‰Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡Ž‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵ȌǤ—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡š‡’–‹‘ƒ•ƒ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ —†‡” •‡ –‹‘ ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ †‡’‡†• ‘ ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–ƒ‹‹‰ˆ”‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǡƒ†Ž‘„„›‹‰‘Ž›‹ˆ‹–†‘‡• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ƒ •–‹–—–‡ ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ”‹–›ǯ• ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡š’ƒ•‹˜‡‡„”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–ƒš‡š’‡†‹–—”‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–Š‡‘—”–•–ƒ–‡† †‡†— –‹‘‹•ƒ•—„•‹†›–Šƒ– ƒ„‡ ‘†‹–‹‘‡†ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡”‡ ’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”—•—„•‹†‹œ‡†•’‡‡ Š„›–Š‡•ƒ‡•’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 38 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 38 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 39 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17   Ǥ ǡ    ‹Ǧ  Ǥʹͺ͵ǡ ‘™  ͳǣͳ͸ Ǥ   –Š‡  ‹–› –‘   •Š‘—Ž† ’”‘ƒ Š    ”‡•–”‹ –Ǧ  Ǥ –‘ˆ •ƒ”‡ †‡”ƒŽ–ƒš  Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒǦ †—ƒŽǯ•  Ž‘„„›‹‰ ‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹– ȋ”„ƒ •–Ǥǡƒš  ǡ͸Ͷ  ǡ  ͷͶ Šƒ–ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•—„•‹†›‡š‹•–• ˜‡•–‡–•ƒ†™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘ Ž ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• „—‹Ž†Ǧ ŽŽƒˆˆ‡ –‘Ž›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–‘ˆ †ˆ•ȀͶͳ͵ͳͷʹǦŠ‡ǦƒšǦ ”‡–„‡‡ˆ‹–•Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ‘–•‡”‹‘—•Ž› —Žƒ–‘”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•–‡ƒ†ȌǤ  —””‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤdzȌǤ ͻͲ͵ ȋ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰‘–Š‡”Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ „ƒ•‡†  ‘”–Š‡•‡”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ•–ƒ–‡‘Ǧ ͷ͹  •‘ Šƒ‰‹‰ ‹”•– ‡†‡– ”‡Ǧ ͷ͸ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE  Charity Oversight: Alternative Approach Charity An   ‘–‡ͳͶǡƒ–͵͸Ǥ  Is Income Tax Exemption for Charities a Subsidy?  ȋ supra    Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‡–‹–Ž‡†–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‡†— –‹„Ž‡ ‘–”‹Ǧ  ͷͷ Ǧ ‘Ž‹˜ƒ—šǡ ƒ‹‡Ž ƒŽ’‡”‹ǡŠ‡ƒšš‡’–‹‘†‡”‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌͳǦʹ ƒ” —•Ǥ™‡•ǡ ƒ–ͷͶͶǤ   See See See Id. ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ†šǤ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤ͹ͻͳ͸ȀͺͳͷͶ ͳ   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‡Œ‘›˜‡”›‹‹ƒŽ‘”‘ Ž–Š‘—‰Š —•–‹ ‡‡Š“—‹•–†‡• ”‹„‡†„‘–Š‡š‡’–‹‘ƒ††‡†— Ǧ –ƒš‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘’ƒ›‘‹–•‹ ‘‡Ǥ‡†— –‹„Ž‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ •‹‹Žƒ”–‘ ƒ•Š‰”ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹ –Š‡•ƒ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –ƒ•ƒ ƒ•Š‰”ƒ––‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘— ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤ •Š‘”–ǡ‘‰”‡•• Š‘•‡‘––‘•—„•‹†‹œ‡ ƒ•‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•‹– Š‘•‡–‘•—„•‹†‹œ‡‘–Š‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—†‡”–ƒ‡–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ  ‘–„‡•‘’”‡ ƒ”‹‘—•–Šƒ–ƒ ‘—”–ǯ•”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•‹†›ƒ’ Ž‡ƒ˜‡•–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‡–‹”‡Ž›—”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ ʹͺͶȂͺͷȋʹͲͳͳȌȋDz  ‘‡–ƒš‡š‡’–‹‘ǡ‹‘•– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡ™‹ ‘ ‡”–Š‘•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–•’‡†‡ƒ”Ž›ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹”ˆ—†•‘ ͷ͸Ǥ •‡––‹‰ƒ•‹†‡ˆ—†•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‹‰ —” ͷͷǤ ‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–‘ˆ–ƒšǦ‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ƒ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡‰ „—–‹‘• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ•—„•‹†› ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰‡‘—‰Š–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ› ‹‰•’‡‡ ŠǤ •—„•‹†› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š‡’–‹‘ǡ •–”‹ –‹‘• ‘ –Šƒ– •—„•‹†› •‡‡••—’’‘”–ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡‰‹‡–Šƒ–‰‘˜‡”•‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ „—”†‡ ‡”‡ ‡š‡’–‹‘ ƒ‘– –‹‘ƒ••—„•‹†‹‡•ǡ‡š‡’–‹‘‹•‘Ž›ƒ•—„•‹†›ˆ‘”ƒ•—„•‡–‘ˆ –‹‘•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡†‡†— –‹‘ˆ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ‘ ‡†‘™‡–ǡ ‘ —”‡Žƒ–‡†˜‡•–‡–‹ ‘‡‡Œ‘›Ž‹––Ž‡‘”‘•—„•‹†›‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘ ‡š‡’–‹‘Ǥ ͷ͹Ǥ ‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†Šƒ”‹–‹‡•”‘Œ‡ –‘”‹‰ƒ’‡”ǡʹͲͳͶȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ—”„ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ•‹–‡•Ȁ†‡ˆƒ—Ž–Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•ȀƒŽˆ”‡• ‘Ȁ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ’   ͷͶǤ ’”‘ˆ‹–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡‘ˆ‹”‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽˆ‘‘–‹‰–Šƒˆ‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ—–Š‘” ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜‘–‡”•ǡ•–ƒ–‡••ƒ˜‡–Š‡†ƒ›ǫ †‘‘”• ƒ† Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ š‡’–‹‘Ǧ†‡”Ǧ‡ –‹‘Ȅ ǦǤ ǤȌȋDz ‘” Šƒ”‹–‹‡• †‡–‡”‹‡†– –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ ‹ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• —•‡† ˆ‘” ƒ’‹–ƒ ‘Ž›™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Š‡‡š‡’–‹‘ˆ‘”‹ ‘‡ˆ”‘—”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ ‹‰•ǤǤǤǤdzȌǢƒ‹‡Ž ƒŽ’‡”‹ǡ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 39 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 39 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 39 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   – Ǧ Ǥ   ƒ–‡  ‹Ǧ ̈́ͳͳ ͳǣͳ͸ ‰ƒ‹Ǧ  ‡ƒ•‡• ȀŽƒǦ‡Ǧ      ”‘–‡ – ”‹„—–‡ •‡ –Š‡ ‹ƒ„ƒŽǦ 

ˆ‹‡‘   ‹ƒǤǦ ‘—– ‘‡   ǡͶ͸      Ǥ’†ˆǤ ȋ ƒǤͶǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ  ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰Ϊ ΪƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ Š‘•‡”—Ž‡•”‡“—‹”‡ ‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ƒ–‹‘‹ʹͲͳ͵–‘ƒ ͷͺ –ƒšǦŠ‹‡‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ†•—’’‘”– ǡ       ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ‹–‹ ƒŽˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰Ǥƒ–ŠŽ‡‡ ‡”„‡”ǡ  Ǥ–‹–ǤʹǡȚͳͺͶʹʹȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ         „—–ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒŽƒ™‹’Žƒ ‡ƒ– ǫǣ  ͸͵   Ǥ      ǡ  ǯ A. California California Fines Groups $16 Million for Funneling Money Money Funneling for Million $16 Groups Fines California    Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸   CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW           ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ• ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ˆ‹ƒ ‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹”  ȋ –Ǥ ʹͷǡ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Š––’ǣȀȀƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǤŽƒ–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳ͵Ȁ‘ –ȀʹͷȀŽ‘ ƒŽ ȋ

ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋ‡•–ʹͲͳͶȌǢ ͸ʹ Chapter 16: Combating Dark Money in California Politics California in Dark Money Chapter 16: Combating Š‡‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‰”‘—’ǡ‡”‹ ƒ•ˆ‘”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡        ͸ͳ        ǯ      

Ǧ ǡ ǤǤ

  Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‡ƒ –‡†‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘ƒ‹ ‹†‡      Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– Dz–Š‡ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‘ˆ †‘‘”• ’”‘˜‹†‡•   ͳ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆ’’ Ǥ ƒǤ‰‘˜Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ†ƒȀˆ’’ ȀǦ ͸Ͳ  ͷͻ ͻͲͶ Ͳ͵ Š‡‡™”—Ž‡•ƒ’’Ž›–‘‡š’‡†‹–—”‡• ‘‡ –‡†–‘ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”  ʹͲͳͶǡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ƒ†‘’–‡† –Š‡ ‘•– ‡š’ƒ•‹˜‡ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ”‡Ǧ Ǥ͵͵ͷǡ͵͵ͻȂͶͲȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ    to Campaigns ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ†–‘„ƒŽŽ‘–‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‘” †‡”–Š‡”‡˜‹•‡†Žƒ™ǡ†‘‘”•–‘‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™Š‘ ‘– ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‘‡›‹–‡†‡†–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–™‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘” Ž‘– ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ ˜‘–‡”•™‹–Š˜‹–ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘™Š‘‹•ˆ—†‹‰ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǡ‹ ” –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › –‘ †‡–‡” ƒ –—ƒŽ ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‘””—’–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹• ƒ ͸ͲǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘†ƒ“Ǥ ‘Ȁ—‹–‡†•–ƒ–‡•ȀšȀʹͳͶͷͶʹȀŠƒ”‹–‹‡•Ϊ‘Ǧ ”‘ˆǦ ‹–•Ȁ”‘’‘•‡†Ϊ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ϊ‘—Ž†Ϊ‡“—‹”‡Ϊ‘’”‘ˆ‹–Ϊ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ϊ Ϊ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽΪƒ’ƒ‹‰•Ϊ‘Ϊ‹• Ž‘•‡ΪŠ‡Ϊ †‡–‹–›ΪˆΪŠ‡‹”Ϊ‘‘”•Ǥ ͸ʹǤƒ–”‹  ‘”†ǡ –Š‡–‹‡†‹†‘–”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ Šƒ‹‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•†‹• Ž‘ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ˆ—†‡”•Ǥ ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‹‰‘‡›Žƒ—†‡”‹‰ǡ ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘‹••‹‘ǡ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‹’‘•‡†ƒ̈́ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘  ͸͵Ǥ Š”‹•‡‰‡”‹ƒƬ–Š‘›‘”ǡ Dz—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•dzȄƒ ƒ–‡‰‘”›–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘” œƒ–‹‘•Ȅ–‘ †‹• Ž‘•‡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ• †‘‘”• ‹ ƒˆ‹Ž‹‰Ǥ ƒ†ƒ–‘”› •–   ͷͻǤ ͷͺǤ ǤǤʹ͹ǡʹͲͳͶ‡‰Ǥǡ‡‰Ǥ‡••ǤȋƒŽǤʹͲͳͶȌǤ  ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ȋȌǡŠƒ†”‡ ‡‹˜‡†̈́ͳͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–‡”–‘ Proposed Legislation Would Require Nonprofit Organizations Participating in California Political Participating in California Political Nonprofit Organizations Require Proposed Would Legislation Their Donors of the Identity Campaigns to Disclose ƒ‘–Š‡”„ƒŽŽ‘–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†–‘ —”„—‹‘•ǯ’‘Ž ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡ǡ™Š‹ Š—•‡†–Š‡‘‡›–‘‘’’‘•‡ƒ ͸ͳǤ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ™ƒ•’”‘’–‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ž›„›ƒ”‹œ‘ƒ‰”‘—’ǯ•̈́ͳͳ ‘ —‡–•ȀȀƒ’ƒ‹‰ΨʹͲ‘ —‡–•Ȁ—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ΨʹͲ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ–‹‡– ‹‰Š–•ǡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘ƒƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡†ƒǤ •‡ ”‡–Ǧ‘‡›ǦʹͲͳ͵ͳͲʹͷǤ ’‘”–ƒ–‡ƒ•‘ˆ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘†‡–‡ –’‘••‹„Ž‡˜‹‘Žƒ –‹‘•Ǥdz “—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”‘’”‘ˆ‹–•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰Ǥ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 39 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 39 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 40 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 Ǧ ƒ   †‹Ǧ –‘ –‹ ƒŽ ‡™ ͳǣͳ͸ Š‡Ǧ •ǯ ƒ–Ǧ  ”†‹•Ǧ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ƒ ‡ƒ• †‘‘”• –Š‡”‘Ž‡ ‘‘”• ‰ǤƒŽ‹Ǧ ‘˜‘Ž—–Ǧ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹Ǧ ‘–”‹„—Ǧ ͸Ͷ › ‘–”‹„Ǧ Ǥ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ –‘‡ –‹‘ͺͶͳͲͳ      ‰ΨʹͲ ‘”•ȀͶͳͲǤ’†ˆǢ „‡† ‹ ‡ –‹‘• ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ –‘ ‘”‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ǤǮ—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ ’‘•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡdzƒ ƒ–‡‰‘”› Ȍ•ƒ‡—’ƒŽƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ –ƒ–‡•‘†‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹•”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†ƒ† ‡š‡’–ˆ”‘–ƒšƒ–‹‘—†‡”‡ Ǧ –ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ–”ƒ†‡   ͳͻ͹ͳǤdzȌǤ ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋƒȌȋDz ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•  ‡”Šƒ’•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǧ ǡ‘”ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǯ•ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†  ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒˆ”ƒ–‡”ƒŽ ‹ˆƒ›ǤdzȌǤ ”‰”‘—’‘ˆ’‡”•‘•ƒ –‹‰‹ ‘ ‡”–ǡ  •‡ –‹‘ƒ•ƒ—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒǦ ǯ ͻͲͷ ͸ͷ   ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ͶͳͲǣ  ‘–‡͸ͲǤ  ͸ͺ ͸͸ See 

 supra ǡ ǡ  ǯ  ǯ     Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE        ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•‘Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘„›ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘   Š‡Žƒ™‡š’ƒ†‡†–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ’ƒ‹‰   ͸͹ ȋ               

 Ǥ Ǥ  ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋ ȌȋͷȌǤ ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋƒȌǤ   ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋ‡ȌȋͳȌȋȌȋDzŠ‡•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‹Ž‡†’—”•—ƒ– Ǧ   ǯ ǯ    ǯ      See See  

 ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹’‡–—•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‡†‡–•–‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•Žƒ™™ƒ• Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆ’’ Ǥ ƒǤ‰‘˜Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ†ƒȀˆ’’ ȀǦ‘ —‡–•ȀȀƒ’ƒ‹ •ŠƒŽŽ‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹•ˆ‹Ž‹‰’—”•—ƒ––‘–Š‹• –‹‘ƒ†•–ƒ–‡–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•‘’”‘ˆ‹––ƒš‡š‡’–•–ƒ–—•ǡ ͸͸Ǥ ˆ‹ƒ ‡ Žƒ™Ȅ™Š‹ Š ”‡“—‹”‡† †‘‘” †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‹ •‘‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ȅ–‘ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‹ Ž—†‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Dz—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•dz •— Š ƒ• ™Š‘‰‹˜‡–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‘—–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›•—’’‘”–‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ –‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›•—„Œ‡ ––‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡•‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– •’‡† •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘‡›–—”‡•—•–‹†‡–‹ˆ›†‘‘”•‰‹˜‹‰ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–̈́ͳͲͲͲǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‘•‡ ‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡ †‹†‘–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›†‘ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡†‹ ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•‡™”—Ž‡•”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ–‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹†‡–‹ˆ›– •‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• •— Šǡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡„›ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›–”ƒ  –Š‡‹” ˆ‹Ž‹‰• ˆ”‘ –Š‘•‡‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹ ͸ͺǤ   ͸ͶǤ Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ•–ƒ–—–‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘™Šƒ–‹– ƒŽŽ•Dz—Ž–‹’—” ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡†‹‰—•–„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹ˆ–Š‡ —–‡̈́ͳͲͲ‘”‘”‡–‘ƒ’ †ƒ‹•› Šƒ‹ ‘ˆ †ƒ” ‘‡› –Š”‘—‰Š ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ”—Ž‡•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘”‡“—‹”‡†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹–Šƒ– ‹” —•– –Š‡ ƒ’”‹ƒ”›’—”’‘•‡Ǥ Ž›ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•‡™Žƒ™ƒ––‡’–•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡†ƒ‹•› Šƒ‹‘ˆ –‹‘• ˆ”‘ ‘‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ „› ‡ƒ Š ‡š‡’– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‹ǡ–‡’–•–‘Š‹†‡–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›„›–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰ˆ—†•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰ †‘‘” –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ‡†™‡„‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Ǥ‘ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ̈́ͷͲǡͲͲͲˆ”‘‘‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ‘–Š‡”–”‹‰‰‡”‘–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘†‘‘ Ž‘•—”‡„›ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ ‹˜‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ͸ͷǤ –‹–Ž‡ǡ Ǯ—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͳͲȌǡ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒŽ‡˜‡—‡‘†‡ƒ†–Šƒ–‹• ‡ƒ• ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ †‡• ”‹–‹‘ͷͲͳȋƒȌ‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒŽ‡˜‡—‡‘†‡ǡƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‘”‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ• •‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ ‘‹––‡‡ǡƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†‹‡ –‹‘Ͷ͵ͳ‘ˆ‹–Ž‡ʹ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡† ˆ‹Ž‹‰”‡’‘”–•’—”•—ƒ––‘–Š‡ ‡†‡”ƒŽŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ’ƒ‹‰ –‘ˆ –Šƒ–‹•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘–Š‡”–Šƒƒ‹‰ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ†‘‡•‘–‹ Ž—†‡ƒ„—•‹‡••‡–‹–›ǡƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ͸͹Ǥ see also see ‘•–ƒ –‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•™‹–Š‹–Šƒ–†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ –Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•‘”‡–ŠƒŒ—•–ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–ȋ ȌȋͶ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 40 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 40 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 40 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   Ǥ •ǡ    ‘”  Šƒ– ‹Ǧ šǦ ͳǣͳ͸ ƒ• –‘ •’ƒ”Ǧ ‘Ǥ ˆ  ‘–Š‡” ͸ͻ ”‹‰‰‡” ‘’–‹‰ Ǥ ‰‡” „‡ Š‹Ž‡  ‡—•– ” ‡•‘ˆ •‘ –Šƒ– ƒ ‹”•–  ͹Ͷ ͹ʹ ‘•—”‡ –‘  ƒ•–ƒ–‡„ƒŽŽ‘– †‹• Ž‘•—”‡   ǡ public ‘–Šƒ–‡†ǡ–Š‡‡™ ͻ͹͹ǦŠ––’ǦŠ”‡ˆǤŠ–Žȋ•–ƒ–‡‡– ͹͵ ͲͲͲǡͲͲͲȌ‘”‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘–Š‡‘‹••‹‘ˆ‘”  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ‹„—–‘”•ǡƒ••’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†„›‘‹••‹‘ ƒ†Š‡Ž’•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘‰ƒ–ŠǦ ͹͸ Dz†‡–‡”•ƒ –—ƒŽ ‘””—’–‹‘ƒ† ͹ͷ •‡•ƒ”‡‡š‡’–ˆ”‘†‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǥ  ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• —•– —•‡ ƒ Žƒ•–Ǧ‹Ǧˆ‹”•–Ǧ ͹Ͳ Ǥ–‹–ǤʹǡȚͳͺͶʹʹȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸     CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW       Ǥ   ȋ O.C. Senator Introduces Bill to Illuminate ‘Dark Money’ ‘Dark to Illuminate O.C. Senator Bill Introduces  ‘‘”• ™Š‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•    ͹ͳ  ȚͺͶʹʹ͵ȋƒȌȋDz ‘‹––‡‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‘”‡†–‘•—’’‘”–‘”‘’’‘•‡ ȚͺͶʹʹʹǢ ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋ ȌȋͷȌǤ Ǧ    ǯ ǯ ǯ Țͳȋ ȌȋʹȌǤ ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋ‡ȌȋʹȌǤ ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋ‡ȌȋʹȌǡȋ‰ȌǤ      Id. Id. Id.   ͻͲ͸ Ͳ͵ ‡ –‹‘ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ–‡„‹ŽŽ•‡–‘—––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•’—”’‘•‡•‹ƒ† Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒŽƒ™ǯ••’‘•‘”•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–DzȏŽȐƒ—†‡”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ƒ›„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’—”’‘ –Š‡‡™Žƒ™‹ Ž—†‡•„”‘ƒ†”‡’‘”–‹‰ƒ††‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‘Ž›–Š‹•’”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒ‡• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹• –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ˜‘–‡”•ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ †‹• Ž –Š‡ƒ‡†‡–•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ’‘–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‹–‡”‡•–‹”‡‰—Žƒ–‹ –Š‡•‡‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ”‡ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•–ƒ–—–‡™‹ŽŽ™‹–Š•–ƒ† ‡†‡– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ”‡‰‹‡Ǥ Š‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ†‘‘”•Dz’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Š‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‹ŽŽ •–ƒ–‡• – ™Š‡”‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‘‡› ‘‡•ˆ”‘ǡdz ȋ‡ ǤͶǡʹͲͳʹȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘ ”‡‰‹•–‡”Ǥ ‘Ȁ–ƒš†‘ŽŽƒ”•Ȁ•–”‘‰ǦͶ͹ͺ Žƒ™’”‘˜‹†‡•–Šƒ–„ƒŽŽ‘–‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘‹––‡‡•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ †‡’‡†‡– ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡ ‘‹––‡‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡‘”‡—•–’”‘˜‹†‡–‘’ͳͲ ‘–”‹„—–‘”Ž‹•–•ˆ‘”’‘•–‹‰‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ”ƒ‹•‡† ̈́ͳ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‘” ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ —””‡–Ž‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘’ͳͲ ‘–”‹„—–‘”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘–Š‡‘‹••‹‘ǯ• –‡”‡–‡„•‹–‡ǤǤǤǤdzȌǤ ͹͸Ǥ ͹ͷǤ ǤǤʹ͹ǡʹͲͳͶ‡‰Ǥǡ‡‰Ǥ‡••ǤȚͳȋ ȌȋͳȌȋƒŽǤʹͲͳͶȌǤ ͹ͲǤ ‡ƒ•—”‡‘”•–ƒ–‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡–Šƒ–”ƒ‹•‡•‘‡‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•ȋ̈́ͳǡ •ŠƒŽŽƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡ǯ•–‘’ͳͲ ‘–”  ͸ͻǤ ‘™”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ƒ†–Š‡•‘— –Š‘•‡ˆ—†•ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹” ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȌ ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡• ‘” –Š‡ •‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ˆ—†• ƒ•Š –Š”‘—‰Š ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•–‘ Š‹†‡ ‘‡ǯ• –”—‡‹†‡–‹–› ™‹ŽŽ ‘’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒˆ–‡”›„‹ŽŽ‹•‡ƒ –‡†Ǥdz Ž‘ ‘—– ‡–Š‘† –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› †‘‘”• •—’’‘”–‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ• ‘•– ”‡ ‡– †‘‘”• ƒ”‡ †‡‡‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǣ‘Ž›†‘‘”•™Š‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡̈́ͳͲͲͲ‘”‘” –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’ƒ‹† ˆ „‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ͹͵Ǥ”‹ƒ ‘•‡’Šǡ ͹ʹǤ ͹ͳǤ ’‡†‹–—”‡•‘ˆ̈́ͷͲǡͲͲͲ‹‘‡›‡ƒ”‘”̈́ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲ‘˜‡”ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•– –Š‡ ”‡’‘”–‹‰ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ ƒ˜‘‹†•–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘””—’–‹‘„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–”ƒ ‡ ›‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ǡdz „›”ƒ‰‡‘—–›•–ƒ–‡‡ƒ–‘”‘—‘””‡ƒȌǤ ͹ͶǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 40 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 40 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 41 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17     ‡ Ǧ  ƒ–‡ ‘ †‡” —ŽƒǦ –ƒ–‡ ”‹ƒ  †‡Ǧ  • Ž‘Ǧ ‘” ͳǣͳ͸ –†‘Ǧ ”‰‹Ǧ  ȋ ƒǤ͵ǡ ‘Ǧ ƒǦ ”‡† ‹ ‘•–‹Ǧ ƒŽǤ ƒ •‡ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒŽ‡Ǧ  ǡǤǤ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ ‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ  ǡ–Š‡‹–Š  ǡ Dz ‡™‘”ǡƒ Ǧ›‘”Ǧƒ––‘”‡›Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒŽǦ ͺͳ –‹˜‡̴‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǦʹʹͲͷͶͶǦͳǤŠ–ŽǢ –Š‹”ǤʹͲͳͷȌǤ ͻͲ͹ Š‡ ‘—”–Š‡Ž†ǣDz‘ ƒ•‡Šƒ•‡˜‡” ͹ͺ Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ–‹••—‡‹–Š‡ȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ B. New York B. New York ͹ͻ States Target Politically Active Nonprofits Active Target Politically States Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE Ǥ–‹–Ǥͳ͵ǡȚͻͳǤ͸ȋ”‡’‡ƒŽ‡†ʹͲͳͶȌǤ         Ƭ    Ǥ ͹͹ ȋ Attorney General Seeks to Force Disclosure of More Political Donors Political More of Disclosure Force to Seeks General Attorney       Ǥ ǡŽ‹œƒ‡™Ž‹ƒ”‡›ǡ   Ǧ   Țͳȋ Ȍȋ͵ȌǤ ƒ–ͳ͵ͳ͸Ǥ   Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•”‡“—‹”‡†”‡’‘”–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ See, e.g. See, Id. Id.   ͺͲ ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵  —‡ʹͲͳ͵ǡ‡™‘”ƒ†‘’–‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•”‡“—‹”‹‰†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡‡™”—Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–›‡–„‡‡–‡•–‡†‹ ‘—”–ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘ –—–‡• ‹”•–‡†‡–‹Œ—”›Ǥdz ͺͳǤ Š‡Ž† ‘” ‹’Ž‹‡† –Šƒ– ƒ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‹ ƒ† ‘ˆ ‹–•‡Žˆ ȋ‡ Ǥ ͳͳǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳʹȀͳʹȀͳʹȀ›”‡‰‹‘Ȁ‡™ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡” –Š‡‘–Š‡” ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‘›‹–› –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ”‡“—‹”‡ †‘‘”• Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ — ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ”‡‰‹•–‡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡–Š‡‹”ƒŒ‘”†‘‘”•–‘–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡” †‡ ‹•‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ˆ‘”‡•Šƒ†‘™ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡–‹‘•ˆ‘”ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‡™ ”‡‰ ‹” —‹–Š‡Ž†ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹ƒƒ –‹‘„”‘—‰Š–„›ƒ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•– ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘ƒ˜‘‹††‘‘”†‹ •—”‡‘ˆ”‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‰”‘—†•Ǥ ƒ•‡”‡“—‹”‡††‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽǡƒ†‘––‘–Š „—– –Š‡ ‘—”– ”‡Œ‡ –‡† –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ• ƒ”‰—‡– –Šƒ–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ  Š‡†—Ž‡  –‘ ‘” ͻͻͲ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ˆ”‘ ƒ†‹‰–Šƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡–Šƒ ‘”•–‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†•—ˆˆ‡”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡”‡’‡” —••‹‘•ˆ” ‘’Ž›‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ „› ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–‹‘•Ǥ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ‡Ž ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•†‡˜‘–‡†–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǡƒ† †ƒ–‡† ’—„Ž‹  †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‘”•‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š‡™ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡ–‘„‡’‘•–‡†‘–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽǯ•™‡„•‹–‡Ǥ‹‡ ‹ƒǡ‡™‘”–ƒ–‡„‡ ƒ‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–•’‡†‹‰„›‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ• •‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹‡™‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ ͺͲǤǤǤ  ͹͹Ǥ ͹ͻǤ ͹ͺǤ –”Ǥˆ‘”‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‘Ž‹–‹ •˜Ǥ ƒ””‹•ǡ͹ͺͶ Ǥ͵†ͳ͵Ͳ͹ȋͻ ‡”Dz–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘†‡–‡ –˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‹– ˆ‘” –‘ˆͳͻ͹ͶǤdz ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ”‘ŽŽ ƒŽŽǤ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁ•–ƒ–‡•̴–ƒ”‰‡–̴’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›̴ƒ ‹ Š‘Žƒ•‘ˆ‡••‘”‡ǡ ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ƒŽŽ‡†‘‘‡•‡”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‹‹ Š‘†ǡ‹ ‹ƒǡ•‡–ƒ•Ž‡™‘ˆƒ‹Ž‡”•–‘ƒ›˜‘–‡”•ƒ––ƒ ‹‰–Š”‡‡•–ƒ–‡ •‡‡•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡š’‘•‡Ǧ‘”‡Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǦ†‘‘”•ǤŠ–ŽǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 41 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 41 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 41 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17  ‡ ‡   ͺ͹ ”‡† Š‡” ‡šǦ  ‘ˆ ͳǣͳ͸ ’”‘Ǧ  ”‘••Ǧ ‘•ǡȋʹȌ Šƒ–Š‡ Š‘”–Ž› ‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ ”ƒ‘—– ƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǥ –Šƒ̈́ͷͲ ͺ͵ ƒŽǡƒ†‘—– Š‡›™‡”‡ ͺͷ ’”‘ˆ‹–• Šƒ– ‰ƒ‰‡  ƒ™•ͷ͸͹ͻȋ ‹‡›ȌǢ ”‘’‘•‡†‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‡Ǧ ”‘’‘•‡†Ǧ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǧ ˆ‹–•Šƒ–‰ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧ ” —•–‹ ‡ƒ–ǤǤ‹˜Ǥ ŠǤ‘ˆ –Š‹ •‡ˆ‘”‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘‹‰•–Š‹ •‡ˆ‘”‡‰‹•ŽƒǦ ’‘”–• ‹Ž‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ––‘”‡› –ƒ–‡ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡Ǥǡ –ƒ–‡ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡Ǥǡ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ›‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ͺͻ ȋ’”‘’‘•‡†”—Ž‡ƒ‹‰ȌǤ  ͺͶ –Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ›–ƒš‡š‡’– Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ ͺͺ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW     ȋ ‘–‡ͺͳǤ     –Š‡•—‡”‘ˆʹͲͳʹǡ––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽ”‹  Š‡‹Ǧ supra Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽǯ•”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‹ Ž—†Ǧ ͺʹ  ͺ͸ Ǧ —„Ž‹  –‡‰”‹–›‡ˆ‘” –‘ˆʹͲͳͳǡ ŠǤ͵ͻͻǡʹͲͳͳǤǤ‡••Ǥ –‹–Ǥͳ͵ǡȚͻͳǤ͸ȋƒȌȋʹȌȋ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȌǤ    Id. See See   ͻͲͺ Ͳ͵ †‘’–‡†‹ —‡ʹͲͳ͵ǡ Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‡š Ž—†‡† •‡ –‹‘ ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒǦ ‡†ȋͳȌ’”‘–‡ –‹‰’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡†‘‘”•ˆ”‘‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰•‘Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹ ‰‹˜‹‰˜‘–‡”•‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–™Š‘‹•„‡Š‹†ƒ†•ǡƒ†ȋ͵Ȍ –‡ –‹‰–Š‡”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ™‹–Š–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ȌǤ †‡•‹‰‡†–‘„‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”– ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‡‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘”–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ’—„Ž‹  ‹–‡‰”‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡™ ‘” Šƒ† ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ƒ††”‡••‡†Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹ ‘– –‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ™‡”‡ –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –‘ ‘ǦͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ”‡‰‹•–‡ –Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ǡŠ‡ƒ‘— ‡†’”‘’‘•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹” ‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‹‡™‘”–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡ ‡”–ƒ‹ ’‡†‹–—”‡•ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ›†‘‘”•Ǥ ƒ™ǡ ‡•–‹‘› ‘ ‡™ ‘” ––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽ‰ƒ”†‹‰‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‡†‹‰„›‘’”‘ˆ‹–”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ȋ ƒǤͳͷǡ ”‹   Š‡‹†‡”ƒǯ• Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ„”‡ƒ ‡–‡”Ǥ‘”‰ȀƒƒŽ›•‹•Ȁ–‡•–‹‘›Ǧ‡™Ǧ›‘”Ǧƒ‰•Ǧ’   ͺʹǤ ƒ˜‹†ƒ”Ž‡›ǡ‘—•‡Žǡ‡‘ ”ƒ ›”‘‰”ƒǡ”‡ƒ–”Ǥˆ‘ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǥdz ”‘ƒ†• ǡ ‡”‹ ƒ  –‹‘‡–—”› ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡“—‡•–‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ†‘ —‡–•Ǥ ‡–™‘”ǡ ƒ† ‡”‹ ƒ ”‹†‰‡ ʹͳ•– †‡”ƒ •‡– Ž‡––‡”• –‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ –‹˜‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ȍƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•™Šƒ–’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡–Š‘•‡‡š’‡†‹–—” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‹‡™‘”–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ†‘ŽŽƒ ‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰•–ƒ–‡ǡŽ‘ ƒŽǡˆ‡†‡” –‘–ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ œƒ–‹‘•’‡†‹‰‘”‡–Šƒ̈́ͳͲǡͲͲͲ‘‡™‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•™‘—Ž†„ ”‡“—‹”‡†–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡–Š‡”‡ ‹’‹‡–•‘ˆƒŽŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•‰”‡ƒ–‡” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǦ•’‡†‹‰Ǧ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Ǥ ͺ͵Ǥƒ”‡›ǡ  ͺͻǤ –‹–Ǥͳ͵ǡȚͻͳǤ͸ȋ„ȌȋͳȌǤ ”‡••‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ†”‡™Ǥ—‘‘ǡ ‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆǤǤǡ ‘˜‡”‘”—‘ –‹‘ȋ—‰ǤͳͷǡʹͲͳͳȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǥ›Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁ’”‡••ȀͲͺͳͷʹͲͳͳ Žƒ ‘ˆ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡”—Ž‡•‹•†‹œœ›‹‰Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Š‡‹†‡”ƒ†‘’–•‡™‹• Ž‘•—”‡‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘”‘’”‘ ͺ͹Ǥ ”‡••‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ”‹ Ǥ Š‡‹†‡”ƒǡ––‘”‡› ‡ǤǡǤǤ‡‡”‹‰ȋ —‡ͷǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ͺͺǤ ͺ͸Ǥ  ͺͶǤ ”‡••‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ”‹ Ǥ Š‡‹†‡”ƒǡ––‘”‡› ‡ǤǡǤǤ ͺͷǤ Ǥ Ǥ  Š‡‹†‡”ƒ ‘— ‡• ‡™ ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ž‡ –‹‘‡‡”‹‰ȋ‡ ǤͳʹǡʹͲͳʹȌǢ‘–‡–•‘ˆ—ƒŽ ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‡ ‘” ‘ ‡‡”ƒŽ„›‡”–ƒ‹‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǡ͵ͶǤǤ‡‰Ǥʹͻȋ‡ Ǥʹ͸ǡʹͲͳʹȌ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 41 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 41 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 42 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17   –‘ –‘ ‘” †‡Ǧ †‡Ǧ ”ƒ–‡Ǧ –‹‘ Š‡ ͳǣͳ͸ „›ƒ  —Ž‡ƒ• ͻ͵ Ǥ ǡͲͲͲ‘” •–‹‰—‹•ŠǦ ‘ Šƒ”‹Ǧ Š‡‘Ǧ  –”‡“—‹”‡• ͻͳ ͻͷ –‡ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘•‘”ƒ –‹‘•Ǣ ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡ǡƒ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǧ ” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹•Ǧ ƒ‡‹••—‡ƒ†–Š‡•‡”‹‡•‹•‘– –Š‡––‘”‡› ‡Ǥǡ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ –‹‘‘ˆ‘†‡•ǡ—Ž‡•ƒ†‡‰—ŽƒǦ ‹ˆ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ”‡ ˆ ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǯ• ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ‘” „‹‘‰Ǧ ˆ‘”‡ƒ””‹˜‹‰ƒ–ƒ› ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǤdzȌǤ Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ›ǤdzȌǤ ’‘•ƒŽǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆƒ –‘”••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‘”ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘Ž‡‰‹•ŽƒǦ ͻͲͻ ȌŠ‡–Š‡”‹–•–‹‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—•–‘™ E ͻ͸  ͻ͹ ȌŠ‡–Š‡”‹–‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡„›ƒ‡‘” A ȌȋDz ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ†‡–‡”‹‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘–ƒ ‘—Ǧ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ i STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE Ȍȋ Ǥ–‹–ǤͻǡȚ͸ʹͲͲǤͳͲȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ 2  Ȍȋ  c       Ƭ    •‘ –Š‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• –‘‘ ƒ””‘™Ǥ Ǥ New York Governor Proposes Tax-Free ‘Hot Spots,’ Tougher Disclosure Disclosure Tougher Spots,’ ‘Hot Proposes Tax-Free York Governor New ȋ ͻʹ Ȍ ƒ•–Š‡‹••—‡”ƒ‹•‡†‹–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ•ƒ†‹ ȚͳͶǦͳͲ͹ȋ ‹‡›ʹͲͳͷȌǤ D ‡™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘‹†‡’‡†‡–‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•™‡–      ͻͶ    Ǥ  Ǥ ȋ ƒǤͳͲǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–ƒš‘–‡•Ǥ ‘Ȁ•–ƒ–‡Ǧ–ƒšǦ–‘†ƒ›Ȁ ‘”’‘    Ǧ      ȚͻͳǤ͸ȋ„ȌȋʹȌȂȋ ȌȋͳȌǤ ȚͻͳǤ͸ȋ‰ȌȂȋŠȌǤ Ț͸ʹͲͲǤͳͲȋ„ȌȋͳȌȋ‹Ȍȋ Ț͸ʹͲͲǤͳͲȋ†ȌǤ  Š‡‡™‘””—Ž‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘†‹• Ž‘•‡†„‡   ȌŠ‡–Š‡”‹–‡š’”‡••‡•ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘”†‹•ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽˆ‘”•ƒ‹† ƒ†‹†ƒ Id. Id. Id. Id.    ͻͲ B ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‡™‘”ǯ• ‘˜‡”‘”—‘‘ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ ‘Ǧ ǡ  ȌŠ‡–Š‡”‹–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ‘‰‘‹‰•‡”‹‡•„›–Š‡‰”‘—’‘–Š‡• C ‘”‡Ǥ ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘ –Š‡ ––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽǯ• ™‡„•‹–‡ǡ ™‹–Š ƒˆ”‘’—„Ž‹ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ƒ•Š‘™‹‰‘ˆ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŠƒ”Ǥ ‡š ‡’  ͻͶǤ ”‹ Ǥ Š‡‹†‡”ƒǡ––‘”‡› ‡ǤǡǤǤ–ƒ–‡ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ ‘–Š‡‡†‡––‘ƒ”–ͻͳ‘ˆ‹–Ž‡ͳ͵‘ˆ–Š‡ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‘’‹Žƒ –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡™‘”ȋ —Ž›͵ͳǡʹͲͳͶȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•›•Ǥ ‘Ȁ’†ˆ•Ȁͻͳ̴͸̴ ̴‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ’†ˆǤ ͻͷǤǤǤ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‘Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‡˜‡–ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǤƒ˜‘–‡‘ –‹‘„›ƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Š‘Ž†‡”™Š‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡˜‡ ˆ‘—†ǡ–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘—•–•–‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹ ‘–‡š–„‡ ’”‘ˆ‹–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡•‘‘’”‡‡’–‡†„› ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‡Žƒ™ ˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ –”‹„—–‹‘•–‘ƒ†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•„›ƒŽŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘–Œ—•– –ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǡ –ƒšƒ–‹‘Ȁ‡™Ǧ›‘”Ǧ‰‘˜‡”‘”Ǧ’”‘’‘•‡•Ǧ–ƒšǦˆ”‡‡ǦŠ‘–Ǧ•’‘–•Ǧ–‘—‰Š‡”Ǧ  ͻͲǤ ͻͳǤ ͻʹǤ› ƒ‹Ž–‘ǡ Law ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ‡ǡƒ††”‡••ǡƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡”‘ˆ†‘‘”•‰‹˜‹‰̈́ͳͲͲͲ ‘”‡–‘–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ †‹• Ž‘•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ̈́ͳǡͲͲͲ‘”‘”‡ƒ†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•‘ˆ̈́ͷ ‹–‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͷ–‘‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ™Ǥ ––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡˜‘‡†–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–” DzŽƒ”‰‡Ž› ”‡†—†ƒ–ǡdz •‘‡™Šƒ– Dz ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›dz ƒ† Dz„—”†‡•‘‡dz ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‹‡†–‘ƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǣȋ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǡ„—–•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘ǣȋ ȋ ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘”„ƒŽŽ‘–’”‘ ‘–Š‡” ‡ƒ• •— Š ƒ• ’ƒ”–› ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘”ƒ’Š›Ǣȋ ‘” †‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ ͻ͸Ǥ ‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ƒ‘‰•––Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•Ǣƒ†ȋ ͻ͹Ǥ ”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ „› ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ‹‰ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ǡ ˆ‹‡†ȋ‹’ƒ”–Ȍ„›ƒ•‡–‘ˆˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ™™ƒ•ƒ‡†‡†‹ —‡ʹͲͳͶ ”‡“—‹”‡“—‹ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ƒ†‡ ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–• Ž‘„„›‹‰ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘”‘–Š‡”ͷͲͳȋ Ȍ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ Žƒ™ȀʹͲͳ͵ȀͲͳȀͳͲȀͺͺͺͻ͸ȋDzȏȐ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ̈́ͷͲͲ–‘ƒ’ Ž‘•‡†–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™‹–Š‹ͶͺŠ‘—”•ǡƒ†™‹–Š‹ʹͶŠ‘—”•‡ƒ” ͻ͵ǤǤǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 42 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 42 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 42 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   —– •—‡ ‘” —ŽƒǦ ”—Ž‡ –Šƒ Ž• –‘ ͳǣͳ͸ ‘”Ǧ ˆ‘”ƒ  ‘ƒ†Ž› •–Šƒ– •ƒŽ•‘ •ƒ‡ ˆ‹‡† ƒ ƒ„‘—– ǡ„—–‹– ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡Ž‡ Ǧ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–‹‡•‹ ›•Ǥ‘•– ƒ”„ƒ Ǧ Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘’”‘ˆǦ Š‡•–ƒ–‡  ‘˜‡”•ƒ Šƒ–”—Ž‡†‡Ǧ ͻͻ ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘– ‡š’”‡••Ž› †‡’‡†‡–š’‡†‹–—”‡–Šƒ– ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ǡ ™‹–Š ‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›ƒ†‡™‹–Š‹ˆ‘”–›Ǧ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡‘”ƒ›‘ˆ‹–• –‹‘Ǣ ‘” ȋȌ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ› Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘–Šƒ–ǣȋȌ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ ‘ǡ”‡ˆ‡”‡†—‘”‘–Š‡”“—‡•–‹‘  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ †‡’‹ –•–Š‡ƒ‡ǡ‹ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‹‡‡••‘”  ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ „ ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•‰‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜ Š‡–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†ˆ‘””‡’‘”–‹‰•’‡†‹‰‹• ͻͺ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ Ǥ–‹–Ǥͳ͵ǡȚͻͳǤ͸ȋƒȌȋ͹Ȍȋ”‡’‡ƒŽ‡†ʹͲͳͶȌȋDzǮŽ‡ –‹‘–ƒ”‰‡–‡†‹•  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW       Ƭ    Ǥ ȋ       Ǥ   Ǧ       ͻͳͲ Ͳ͵ ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘’”‘˜‹•‹‘‹–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ™”‡‰ Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽǯ•”‡˜‘ ƒ–‹‘‘–‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ǧ ƒŽ•‘•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š‡”‹–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ™˜‡”•‹‘–Šƒ–Š‡ ‹–•˜‡”•‹‘ȋ̈́ͷǡͲͲͲ˜•Ǥ̈́ͷͲȌǤ ƒ†•‹‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‘’ƒ“—‡ƒ‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‹‘•ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘–Š‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽǯ•™‡„•‹–‡Ǥ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘Œ—†‰‡–Š‡ ‘–‡–‘ˆƒ „›†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‰™Š‹ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘” ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•’ƒ‹†ˆ‘”‹–Ǥ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ•’‡ ––‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡††‹• Ž‘•—”‡—†‡”–Š‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ™ ‹• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ž‘‘„‡Š‹†ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ™’”‘˜‹•‹‘”‡“—‹”‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ ƒ† ˆƒ‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹ Ž—†‡ƒ––”‹„—–‹‘••‘–Šƒ––Š‡’‡”•‘™Š‘’ƒ‹† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ•— Šƒ•ƒ –‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ ƒ†Ȍ ‹• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ’”‘ˆ‹–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡™”—Ž‡™‘—Ž†ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ•–Š‡”‡˜‘‡†”—Ž‡ǡ–Š‡–™‘”—Ž‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”‹‹’‘”–ƒ–™ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡˜‘‡†”—Ž‡™ƒ•–ƒ”‰‡–‡†–‘‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œ ƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜‘‹ ‡‘ˆ‘‡‘”‘”‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‹–Šƒ–‡Ž‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡–ǡ’”‘’‘•‹–‹ •—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡˜‘–‡”•‹–Šƒ–‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǤdzȌǤ –Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•‡ –‘”’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ Ž‡ †”‘’–‘–Š‘•‡”—Ž‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™”—Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡„” ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ƒ† ‘‡ –‡†–‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘”ƒ–Š‡” ‘’”‘ˆ‹–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›”‡“—‹”‡‡– †‹ˆˆ‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–”—Ž‡•™‡”‡ƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž›‘”‡”‹‰‘”‘—•ǤŠ –‹‘ƒ™ǯ•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ”‡’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ””‘™‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›–Šƒ†‹†–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘„ ‹–‹ Ž—†‡•‘Ž› ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Dz”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ƒ‰ƒ‹•–dzƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹ƒ‡™‘”‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡˜‘‡† ‹ Ž—†‡† Dz‡Ž‡ –‹‘ –ƒ”‰‡–‡† ‹••—‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›dz –Šƒ– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›Ǥ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‹†‡–‹  ͻͺǤǤǤ ’‡”•‘™Š‘’ƒ‹†ˆ‘”‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘”†‹•–”‹„—–‡†–Š‡ ”‡•’‡ – –‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ǡ –Šƒ–ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†‘””‡“—‡•–‡†„›ƒ› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǡ‘”„›ƒ› ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǯ• –Š‡ ‘— ƒ‰‡–•ȋͳͶǦͳͲ͹ȋʹȌȌǤdzȌǤ ‘‡‘”‘”‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‹–Šƒ–‡Ž‡ –‹‘ǢȋȌ  ‘•–•‘”‡–Šƒ̈́ͳǡͲͲͲ‹–Š‡ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ǡ•— Š ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ ͻͻǤ –‹–ǤͻǡȚ͸ʹͲͲǤͳͲȋ‰ȌȋͳȌȋDzŠ‡‡˜‡”ƒ›’‡”•‘ƒ‡•ƒ  ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›ǯȋ‹Ȍ‡ƒ•ƒ› ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡”–Šƒ‡š’”‡••‡Ž‡ –‹ ˆ‹˜‡†ƒ›•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ›’”‹ƒ”›‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘”‹‡–›†ƒ›•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ› 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 42 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 42 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 43 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17   

—– –ƒ–‡Ǧ ‘” ͳǣͳ͸ Ž› „‡ ‰‹‘—•  ƒ”‘Ǧ  ‡‘ˆ Žƒ™Ǥ †Ǧ„‡•– ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‹••‡ Ǧ ’”‡‡ ”‡‰—ŽƒǦ NITED •› Šƒ‹ ™‘Ǧˆ‘Ž†ǣ –Š‡ƒŽ‹Ǧ U ‘ˆ‡™ •–ƒ–‡ǦŽƒ™ ‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ –‹‘ƒ’• ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ITIZENS ͳͲͳ C — Šƒ•–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–Ǧ ǡ   ǫ   Ǥ ‹–•‡Žˆ•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ› ͲȋʹͲͳͶȌȋ†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡  •̴‹–‡†̴ΨʹͲ ‹˜‡̴‡ƒ”•̴ƒ–‡ ƒ›•‡‡ǡ‹–‹•‘–ƒƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡    Ǥ

  ͻͳͳ   ‡Ž‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡǯ‘”–‘Ǯ‡“—ƒŽǦ   ǤǤ  Citizens United Citizens   

ͳͲʹ ‹‘Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ‡˜‡–Š‡”‡˜‘‡†‡™      Ǥ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸    STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE   Ǥ A. Equalizing Political Power Power Political Equalizing A.  ‘‡›‡ƒ„Ž‡••‘‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒǦ  ͳͲͲ    ǡ ȋ        Ǥ  ƒ–ͷȋDz ʹͲͳͶǡ–Š‡–‘’ͳͲͲ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‘‘”••’‡–‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ• Ǧ ͷǦ͸ȋʹͲͳͷȌǡ     See id. See    ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡•–ƒ–‡ǦŽƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ Ž‡ –‹–•‘•–ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽǡ–Š‡†ƒ”‘‡›’”‘„Ž‡‹•ƒ„‘—–—‡Ǧ   ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘–‘”‡‡†›–Šƒ–‘•– ‡–”ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡™‘—Ž†ˆƒ ‡’”‘†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽ•–‘„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ǤŠ‡‹“—‹”›Š‡”‡‹•– •–ƒ–‡•—•–„‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ†™‹–Š‹• Žƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‘’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ™—•–„‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘•–ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘ Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–„‡ƒˆ‹”•–Ǧ„‡•–•‘Ž—–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡’” †ƒ”‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ‰‘ƒŽ• Ž‹‡ ’”‡˜‡–‹‰ ˆ”ƒ—† ƒ†•–ƒ–‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ •‘Ž—–‹‘• Šƒ”‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‘” ™‘”–Š †‘‘”•Ǥ ’—”•—‹‰ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡• –Š‡› ‹ˆ ƒ”‡ •‡ ‘ –Š‡› ƒ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‹–‡‰”‹–›‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•–‘‘†›•ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ–‘†‘ƒ›–Š‹‰‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ˆ –‹‘‡š’Ž‘”‡•’‘••‹„Ž‡•–ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹ ›‹–‡”‡•–•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡š–•‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘–‘–Š‡Ǥ “—ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ǥ ͳͲͲǤ   ™Š‘‹•„‡Š‹†–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ– –Š‹•‹•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡™‹–ŠDz„”‹‰Š–dz‘‡›ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ –‹‘•ƒ†‘’–‡†„›•–ƒ–‡•ƒ––‡’––‘”‡‡†›–Š‡‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡‹„ƒŽƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡” ƒ—•‡†„›‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ†‡” —””‡–— ‘—”–Œ—”‹•’”—†‡ ‡ǡ‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡” ƒ‘–”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„ –Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǣ ”Ǥ’†ˆǤ ͳͲͳǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ„”‡ƒ ‡–‡”Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ•‹–‡•Ȁ†‡ˆƒ—Ž–Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•ȀƒƒŽ›•‹•Ȁ‹–œ‡ –‹‘•–‘Šƒ˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ ‡†ͶǤ͹ͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘•ƒŽŽ†‘‘”•‹ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǤdzȌǤ  ͳͲʹǤ  —– Š‡‘˜Ǥ ‡†ǤŽ‡ –‹‘‘ǯǡͳ͵ͶǤ–ǤͳͶ͵ͶǡͳͶͷ ”—Ž‡ ‘—Ž†ˆƒ‹Ž–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ†ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ‘„• —”‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ„ƒ ‡”•Ǥ‡‹–Š‡”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘”ǯ•”—Ž‡ ‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡Ž‘‘Ǧ–Š”‘—‰Š”‡’‘”–‹‰‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ˆ‘”‹ƒ”—Ž‡Ǥ ‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†•ƒ›‹‰ǡDz‘ƒ––‡”Š‘™†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡‹– ‹œȏ‡Ȑ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ǤǯdzȌǤ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡–‘ǮŽ‡˜‡Ž–Š‡’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡǯ‘”–‘ǮŽ‡˜ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 43 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 43 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 43 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   ƒŽ ‰Ǥ ‘” •‘Ǧ †Ž‡• –Ǧ‘ˆǦ ”‘„Ǧ ƒŽ ‹• ͳǣͳ͸ ‘Ž›  • ƒŽ•‘ ‰ǡ ƒ† ˆ‡”‡‹ Ͷ ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ ƒ–‘–Š‡” ‡“—ƒŽ‹œǦ –‡• ‘—Ž† ‡‡„ƒ”Ǧ –ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ Ǧ •ǡƒ†‹– †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘  ‘—Ž†„‡ ’”‘–‡ –Ǧ –Š‹Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ͶͻȂͷͲ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ȋ”‡Œ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‡–‹–‹‡•ȌǤ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†‰”‘—’•–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Dz’”‡‹•‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘˜‡”Ǧ Buckley Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  ˆ‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡”‹•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW  ͳͲ͵    ȋ B. Creating Frictions for Out-of-State Voices Voices Out-of-State for Frictions B. Creating    ‘–‡•͸ͳǡͺͳƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ‹Ž‡ ‹‰‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‡††Ž‡”•‹•ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ””‘™Ǧ  Ǧ ͳͲͶ supra  ƒ’• ‡™ˆ‘—†Ȁ™ƒ–‘ƒǡ  Ǥ ˜Ǥ ‘™ ‘ˆ ƒ””‹•‘ǡ ͷʹͲ ǤǤ ͷ͸  ‡‹–Š‡”‡™‘”‘”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ‹’‘•‡•Š‡ƒ˜‹‡”„—”†‡•‘   See See   ͳͲͷ ͻͳʹ Ͳ͵ ‘–ŠƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†‡™‘”™‡”‡•’—””‡†–‘ƒ –‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‡ˆ‹‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›–Š‹•™ƒ›‹•ƒŽ•‘Ž‡‰ƒŽŽ› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹ ƒ–‹Ǧ†‹•–‘”–‹‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›‰‘ƒŽǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡†‘‘‡†–‘ˆƒ‹ŽǤ—–ƒƒ””‘™‡” ‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‘”‡Ž‹‹–‡†‹‹–•ƒ„‹–‹‘ǡ‹ ‘”‡ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ͳͲͷǤ ȋ†‘”ƒ– ‘‡” ‡ Žƒ—•‡’”‘Š‹„‹–•†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘—–Ǧ‘ ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǤǯdzȌǤ ͳͲͶǤ ‡–Šƒ•ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹Ǯ‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹†   ͳͲ͵Ǥ ‹–‹œ‡• ‹–‡† ˜Ǥ ‡†Ǥ Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘ǯǡ ͷͷͺ ǤǤ ͵ͳͲǡ ͵ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ Š—”†Ž‡•Ǥ ‡”Ȅƒ† ‘”‡ ’ƒ”‘ Š‹ƒŽȄ‰‘ƒŽ –Šƒ ƒ††”‡••‹‰ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •’‡†‹‰Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡƒƒ””‘™•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ‹‡†ƒ– ”‡ƒ–‹‰Š—” ˆ‘” ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ •–ƒ–‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǤŽ‹‡–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡”ǡ•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ‡•‡•‡™Š‡–Š‡‰‘ †‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ••–ƒ–‡•’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ˆ”‘—‹“—‡‹Œ—”‹‡•–Š •–ƒ–‡•†‘‘–•Šƒ”‡Ǥ•–ƒ–‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–‹ ‹‰‹–•‘™ ‹–‹œ‡•ˆ”‘‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡†ƒ‰‡”•„›‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ– ‰”‘—’•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–ŠŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹Ǧ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›„›‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰™‹ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ‹–†‘‡•‘‹Ǧ•–ƒ–‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡Ž›„‡— ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ–Š‡›†‹†Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ•–ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡†— ‡ǡ •Ž‘™ǡ ‘” ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ‹Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘‡‡”‹‰ „› •–ƒ–‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• „› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘—–‡ –Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‘–Š–ƒ‡ǤŠ‡‹”‡™”—Ž‡•”‡“—‹”‡”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡’‘”–‹ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ƒ† ‡™  †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘•–• ‘—–ǡ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ƒ„ ”ƒ••‹‰ǡƒ†•‘‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹‰Š–„‡Ž‡••‹ Ž‹‡†–‘‹–‡” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•™Š‡–Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘‡•ƒ–ƒŠ‡ƒ˜› ‘•– –‹‘•Ǥ Austin •–ƒ–‡ ˜‘‹ ‡• ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ȅ™‘—Ž† ˆƒ ‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡•Ǥ ’ ‹‡‘”‡ƒ„‹–‹‘—•’‘™‡”Ǧ‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡‘•–”‘„—•– Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡‹–‡”Ž‘’‡”•ȄŽ‹‡•‹Ž‡ ‹‰‘— 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 43 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 43 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 44 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17    Ǥ Ƭ ‹Ǧ   Ǥ   Š‡ ͳͲͺ ‰ – ƒ    –ƒǦ  Ǥ ͳǣͳ͸ Ǥͳ͵ͳʹǡ  Ǥ  ˆ †ƒ”  –• ‹ ƒ ‡‰—Žƒ–Ǧ ”•ƒ› •–‘‹Ǧ     ‹• Ž‘Ǧ Ǥ  Ǧ‘‡›Ǧ‹Ǧ ƒ†–Š‡‹” Ǥ  ͳͲ͹ Ǥ ǡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•  –‡ǦŽƒ™–‘‘Ž

˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ   ǡ ǡͳͲͳ Š‡ ‡™ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹ŽŽ Citizens United Citizens Šƒ• ƒ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ƒ ‘ˆ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ™Š‘‹••’‡†‹‰–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ First Amendment and theRight ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‹•  –‡” –‹‘ǯ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǤdzȌǤ –ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‹•Ǥ ˆ†‹• Ž‘•‡†ǡ•Šƒ”‡Ǧ ‘™”‡ˆ‘”ǡ‡†”—•™‹ŽŽ„‡—Ǧ ͳͲͻ ›ˆ”ƒ—†‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••ǤdzȌǤ › ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡•‡”‹‘—• ‘•–•ˆ‘”ȏ–Š‡ –‡†ǡ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†”‡ˆ‘”•–Šƒ– ͳͳͲ ƒƒ””‘™Ž›–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†Žƒ™ ‘—Ž†’ƒ•• ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǤdzȌǤ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–ˆ‹†— ‹ƒ”‹‡•–‘‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ǧ ͻͳ͵ Ǥͷͷͻǡ͸ͳͳȋʹͲͲͷȌȋDzȏȐ‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜ǤŽ˜ƒ”‡œǡͻ͹    Ǥ  –ƒ ‹‹‡ˆˆ”‹‰ǡ‘–‡ǡ ǤǦ

See ‡ ƒ—•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›‘„Œ‡ – Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ ǡͺͲ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE ͳͲ͸ There Ought to Be a Law: The Disclosure Focus of Recent Legis- Recent of Focus Disclosure The Law: Be a to Ought There   C. Protecting Voters from Fraud ȋ ƒǤͳ͵ǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Frictions as a Constraint on Tax Planning on Tax Constraint a as Frictions  Donors and Charities Need Protection as Secret Political Spending Spending Political Secret as Protection Need Charities and Donors  Shining Light on Dark Money in Campaign Finance Dark Money in Campaign Light on Shining  ȋ       Ǥǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ‹•’•Ǥ›ƒŽ‡Ǥ‡†—Ȁ‡™•Ȁ„Ž‘‰ȀʹͲͳͶȀͳͳȀ•Š‹‹‰ǦŽ‹‰Š–Ǧ‘Ǧ†ƒ”    Ǧ Ǥ ƒƒ”ƒƒ‡‹•‡”ǡ  ƒ”‡†‹Žˆ”‡†ǡ ƒ˜‹†ƒ”Ž‡›ǡ  Ǥƒ˜‹†Ǥ Š‹œ‡”ǡ    Cf See See See    ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ Š‡•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹’”‘–‡ –‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘ƒ”‡– ǡ  ǯ  –ƒ”‰‡–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘ˆ”ƒ—†Ǥ ‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡ ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‘’ƒ“—‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ˆŽ—‡ ‡˜‘–‡”•ƒ›”‹•‡–‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‡ˆ”ƒ—†‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹ ‘‡›‡ƒ„Ž‡•†‡ ‡’–‹‘Ǥ–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–‹” ‹‰ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡‹••–ƒ–‡‡–•‘ˆˆƒ –ƒ†’”‡•‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘’‹‹‘ ƒ• –Š‘—‰Š•’‡ƒ‡”ǯ•ƒ –—ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‹•Ž‡ƒ†Ǥ‘–‡ ‹– ™‡”‡ ˆƒ –Ǥ ‹•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‘— ‡””‘‡‘—•Ž› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘‡ ˆ”‘ ‘ ‡”‡† ‹– œ‡•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡˜‘‹ ‡‘ˆ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ ”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ›„‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‘•‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ –‘–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ†‹ ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡’‘”–‹‰”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ‹’‘•‹ –Š‘•‡ ‘•–• ƒ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•„‡ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š––’•ǣȀȀ’Š‹Žƒ–Š”‘’›Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ȁ‘‘”•Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǧ‡‡†Ȁͳͷͷ͸ͳͷ ȋDz ͳͲͶ͹ǡͳͲͷ͸Ȃ͸ͳǡͳͲ͹ͺȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ  ͳͲ͸Ǥ  ’Ž‹ƒ ‡ƒ†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›Ǥ •—”‡‹•”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘•–Ž›ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‘ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘•–•ƒ”‡‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‹ –‹‘•‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹•ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡•–ƒ –Šƒ– ƒŠ‡Ž’–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•™‹–Š•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡• •–ƒ–‡ǯ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡™‹–Š‘—–Ǥ ‘‘ǤdzȌǤ ͳ͵ͳͷȋʹͲͲͳȌȋDzŠ‡–Š‡”‹‰Š–‹†‘ˆˆ”‹ –‹‘”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡•ƒƒ”” ƒ‡‡™‘”ǯ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘•–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–„›‹ˆ‘”‹‰˜‘–‡”•ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹”˜‘–‡•ǤdzȌǤ Grows ͳͳͲǤ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǧˆ‹ƒ ‡͓Ǥ“ʹ” ȋŽƒ•–˜‹•‹–‡†ƒ”Ǥͳ͸ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌȋDzˆ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–Ȑ•‡ –‘”Ǥ—–ǡ–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Š‡•‡ ‘•–• ƒ„‡–‘Ž‡”ƒ ”‡ˆ‘”••Š‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› Š‘•‡ƒ†•‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǤŠ‡ ͳͲ͹Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ› •–ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ –”‹‡† –‘ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ˆƒŽ•‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹”•–‡†‡–‹••—‡•ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ– ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ• ”—–‹›ƒ†’”‘–‡ –˜‘–‡”•Ǥ Speech After Campaign False to Lie: Regulating Knowingly lative Proposals for Nonprofit Reform Nonprofit for Proposals lative Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ —•–‘‡”•ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‹‰Š–‡ƒ Š‘„Œ‡ ––‘ƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ  ͳͲͻǤ‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•”‹‰Š––‘˜‘–‡‹•‘–—†‡”‹‡†„ —”•‘ ˜Ǥ ”‡‡ƒǡ ͷͲͶ ǤǤ ͳͻͳǡ ͳͻͻ ȋͳͻͻʹȌ ȋDzȏȐ –ƒ–‡ ‰ƒ‹‡†–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•’‡†—Ž‹‹–‡†•—•ǡ„—–™‹–Š”‡’— ™‹ŽŽˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡ Ž›•‡ŽˆǦ‘‹–‘”ǡ‘”„‘–Šǡ ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†Žƒ•–‹‰ƒ ͳͲͺǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 44 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 44 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 44 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   ƒ ”‡ „› —Ǧ –‡”• –‡”• ‘Ǧ ‹ˆ‹  Ǥ Ǧ ‘Ž› ††‹Ǧ ͳǣͳ͸ ‰—ŽƒǦ ”‘•‡Ǧ “—‹”‡  ‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹œƒǦ ‡–‹‘ ‡Ȍǡ„—– ‘•‡ —Ǧ „‡ƒ ’‘Ž‹ › ‰’”‘Ǧ ˆ’”‘•‡Ǧ ‹œƒ–‹‘• —‹Ǧ ’’”‘ƒ Š ‡ˆ‘” ‡Ǧ  ‘—Ž†‹Ǧ ‡•„‡‹‰ •‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ȋDzȏȐ—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ •‘‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™‹•–Š‡‘„˜‹‘—• ͳͳͳ  ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‡”• ”ƒ‹•‡† ƒ„‘—–‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ƒ†‡„›‘”‰ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW     ȋ     Ǧ ”ƒ™ˆ‘”†˜Ǥƒ”‹‘–›ǤŽ‡ –‹‘†Ǥǡͷͷ͵ǤǤͳͺͳǡͳͻ͹ȋʹͲͲͺȌ   See   ͻͳͶ Ͳ͵ ”‘–‡ –‹‰ ˜‘–‡”• ˆ”‘ ˆ”ƒ—† ƒ› ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ”‡“—‹”‡ ’”‘•‡ —Ǧ –ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž†—•‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–‘‘Ž•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‹•’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽ Š‹Ž‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‡•—”‹‰‡Ž‡ –‹‘‹–‡‰”‹–›’”‘„ƒ„Ž›”‡“—‹”‡• ™Š‡–Š‡”‹–Š‡‹”‘’”‘ˆ‹–Ǧ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘””‘Ž‡‘”„”‘ƒ†‡”ˆ”ƒ—†Ǧ’”‡˜ ƒ›„‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–”‡•–”‹ –‹˜‡ȋˆ”‘ƒ ‹”•–‡†‡–’‡”•’‡ –‹˜ ‹– ‘—Ž†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽ‘™‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•–‘•™ƒ›˜‘ ™Š‘ƒ”‡‘Ž›’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ –‹‘•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹•’‡ ˆ”ƒ—†—Ž‡– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –ƒ–‡• ƒ› ‡˜‡ —•‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’”‘•‡ –‹‘•ƒ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‘‘•‹‰–‘’—”•—‡‘”‰ƒ –Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‡‹‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹•–‹–—–‹ ‡†—”‡•‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ –‘”ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’” –‹‘• ƒ”‡ –‹‡Ǧ ‘•—‹‰ ƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ „—– ˆ‘” –Š‡› ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‹’Ž›ƒ•ˆ”ƒ—†Ȅƒ†•‘Ž˜‹‰‹–™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ”ƒ—†’ •’‡‡ ŠǤ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ ”ƒ‹ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡ƒ––‘”‡›•‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ›„‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡ˆ‘” ‡”•‘ˆƒ –‘’”‘–‡ –˜‘–‡”•ˆ”‘ˆ”ƒ—†Ǥ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ›„‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ǥ”‘–‡ –‹‰˜‘–‡”•ˆ”‘ˆ”ƒ—†ƒ›”‡ ’—„Ž‹ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‹‘•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•ˆ—†•Ǥ–ƒ–‡• ”‡ƒ•‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ™‹–Š‘—– •‹Ž‡ ‹‰ ƒ›–Š‡› ˜‘‹ ‡•ǡ ‘‡ ‘ ˆ”‘ǡ „› ƒ––‡” ”‡“—‹”‹‰ ‘”‡ ™Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡Ǥ˜‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ –‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†‘––Š‡’—„Ž‹ ǡƒŽŽ‘™••‘‡‘˜‡”•‹‰Š–ǤŠƒ–ƒ —–‹‘•Ȅƒ˜‘‹†• –Š‡ ‘•– •‡”‹‘—• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ ‘ ™‹–Š•–ƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ–‹‘•–‘’”‡˜‡–ˆ”ƒ—†—Ž‡–•’‡‡ Š—•–„‡ƒ””‘™Ž›–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ ”‡ ’Žƒ ‡ –‘ •‹–—ƒ–‡ ‹–ǡ ‘– ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• Žƒ™Ǥ —– ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• Žƒ™ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡Ž‘ —•‹ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–Š‡‘ ƒ› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ǡ‘”‹ˆ–Š‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ‘ „”‘ƒ†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‰„‡‡‹–Š‡„—•‹‡••‘ —–‹‰ˆ”ƒ—†ǡ•‘–Š‡›ƒ›„‡‹ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡—•‡ˆ—Ž ‡–Ǥ Š‡–Š‡” ƒ ‡Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ‘” ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽˆ”‘ˆ”ƒ—†‹•ƒ„‘—–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‰”‹–›ǡ Žƒ™ǡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ ˜‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••ǤdzȌǤ ’”‘ ‡•• Šƒ• ‹†‡’‡†‡– •‹‰‹  ͳͳͳǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 44 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 44 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 45 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 •   Ǧ ‘ˆǦ –Š‡ ͳǣͳ͸ „‡•–  ˆ‹–•–Šƒ–  ˆ–Š‡ –‘–Š‡ ‡Ž›‘ ’‘Ž‹Ǧ ŽŽ ‘Ǧ •–Šƒ– Ž•‘ ‹ƒŽ ’”‡Š‡Ǧ ‰—Žƒ–‘”• ͳͳ͵ ˆ— –‹‘ǡ ‘–”ƒ”›ǡ     –‘–ƒ”‹•Š ––Š‡‡Ž‡ Ǧ Š‡”‡’—Ǧ  ”ƒ‹•‡ˆ—†• ͳͳͷ  ǡ  “ǦˆƒŽŽͳͳǦ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǧƒ••‡–•Ǧ  –‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•– ƒ —”–ƒ‹Ž  ‘‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǣ ƒ† ‹ˆ –Š‡ ”•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‹–‡”Ǧ ‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡†‹‰„›ƒˆ‡™ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ  –Ž›Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‹ˆ‹–‹•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘•–‹Ǧ  ǯ•‘’ƒ”–‹•ƒ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘•ǤdzȌǤ  ͻͳͷ Ǥ   ‰–Š‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‡ –‘”ƒ•ƒ‹  ˆ –‘‘ ‡š’ƒ•‹˜‡ǡ ƒ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ”‡Ǧ   ǯ ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•˜Ǥǯ”‹‡ǡ͵ͻͳǤǤ͵͸͹ǡ͵͹͹ȋͳͻ͸ͺȌ ͳͳʹ  See †‡‹ ’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹  Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE –ƒ–‡••Š‘—Ž† ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—–™Š‡–Š‡”‘’”‘ˆ‹–  ͳͳͶ   D. Protecting the Charitable Sector Sector Charitable the Protecting D.       ‘–‡ͳͳͲȋDzŠ‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒŽ•‘‰—ƒ”†–Š‡”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘’”‘  ȋ  ǯ  †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„ƒ†ƒ –‘”• ƒ–ƒ‹––Š‡™Š‘Ž‡•‡ –‘”ǯ•”‡’Ǧ ʹȂͶȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ    supra   ͳͳ͸  ǡ    Ǧ  ƒ”Ž‡›ǡ ƒ–ͳǤ    See id. See, e.g. See, See Id.   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š––”‡ƒ–’”‘–‡ –‹ Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡‰‘ƒŽ•Ȅ‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡”ǡ“—‹‡–‹‰‘—–Ǧ   ȋDzȏȐ‡–Š‹‹– Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹••—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ –—–‹‘ƒŽ’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–Ǣ‹ˆ‹–ˆ—”–Š‡”•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‘ ‡•–Ǣ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•– ‹• —”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •—’’”‡••‹ ‹ ‹†‡–ƒŽ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘ƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ‹”•–‡†‡–ˆ”‡‡†‘•‹• ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–‹–‡”‡•–ǤdzȌǤ Šƒ”–‘„‡’”‡˜‡–‡†„›”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ†ƒƒ‰‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •‡ –‘”ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– Žƒ™ ƒ›’Žƒ ‡–‘–”›–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‡••Ǥ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› „‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡˜‘‹ ‡•ǡƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‰˜‘–‡”•ˆ”‘ˆ”ƒ—†Ȅ ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘Ž—–‹‘‰‘„‡›‘†–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ• ‘’‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ™Ǥ‘–Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‡ –‘”‹•ƒ ‘”‡•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–ǦŽƒ™ ƒ†Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ˆƒŽŽ••“—ƒ”‡Ž›‘•–ƒ–‡ Šƒ”‹–›”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‘”•–ƒ–‡Ǥ —–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–ƒ–‡ƒ––‘”‡›•‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ”‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‹„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰–Šƒ –‹‘‡‡”‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Š”‡ƒ–‡ –‹ •Ǥ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‘•‡ —–‹‘•‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡Ž‡••‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡–Šƒ ‘ •‹˜‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡ ‰‹‡‹•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ‘˜‡”„”‡ƒ†–Š ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ—–”‡Ž›‹‰•‘Ž    ͳͳʹǤ  ‹”•–‡†‡–Œ—”‹•’”—†‡ ‡ƒ‡• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒ•—„•–ƒ •’‡‡ Šǡ„—–‘Ž›‹ˆ‹–‹•ƒ””‘™Ž›–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†Ǥ ”‡ –‡†’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›ƒ––Šƒ– ‘ ‡”Ǥ ͳͳ͸Ǥ ͳͳ͵Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ‡”‹ ƒ„ƒ”Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ†ƒȀƒ„ƒȀ‡˜‡–•Ȁ–ƒšƒ–‹‘Ȁ–ƒš‹ –ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ –‘”™Š‘Ž‡Ȅ™Š‡–Š‡” †‡’‡†• ‹– ‘’‡”ƒ–‡• ‘ ™‹–Š ‹–‡‰”‹–›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ† ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹’”‡••‹‘• ‹– ‡ƒ”• ’—„Ž‹ ǯ•–”—•–Ǥ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ –‘” ƒ ’‘”–ƒ–’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‡ –‘”’”‘˜‹†‡•˜‹–ƒ ‰‘‘†•ǡƒ†’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹•‡›–‘–Š‡•‡ –‘”ǯ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤǤǤƒ›‹ ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›–ƒ”‹•Š‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ͳͳͷǤ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹Ž‹––Ž‡‘”‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡†‹‰ǤŠ‡‡š’Ž‘•‹‘‹’‘Ž ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› „‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆƒˆ‡™Ǥ ƒ –Ǧ’ƒ’‡”Ǥƒ—–Š Š‡ †ƒǤ’†ˆǤ ͳͳͶǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 45 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 45 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 45 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17     See ‡”ƒŽ Žˆ ‹• ‡” ͳǣͳ͸  ‹‘‹•  ˜‡‘ ȋ ȌȋͶȌ š‡’– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ’‘—†Ǧ œƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ‘Ǧ •‡–Š‡› •Ȅ”‡Ž› ‹–Ǥ‡‘Ǧ ͳͳͻ ƒ”‡—Ǧ ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘ Ǥ Ž—‡ ‹‰ ˜‹ ‹‰ ’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ‘‰ ‰—Žƒ–‹‰–‘ ‡‰‘”›Ǥ˜‡ Ǥȋ‡’–ǤʹͺǡʹͲͳʹȌǡ  Ǥ ͵Ͷͷȋ ƒǤͳ͹ǡʹͲͳͳȌǡ  Ǥ Ǥ ͺ͵ͷǡ ͺͶͶȂͶͷǡ Ͷ͹ ʹͷʹͲͷ͹͵ͺ ȋ‰‹˜‹‰    Ǧ‡†— –‹‘•Ǥ’†ˆǤ   ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”‹–› ‘’‘‡– •– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰ŠǦ‹ ‘‡Ǥ  ǡ ”––Šƒ––Š‡‘‡›‹•„‡‹‰—•‡† ǡ ǡ ͺͻ   ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–†‡†— –‹„Ž‡ȌǤ ͸ͲȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–†‹•–‹ Ǧ ͳͳͺ  ‡ –‹‘•ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍƒ†ȋ ȌȋͶȌƒ”‡  ͳͳ͹ Who Itemizes Deductions? Itemizes Who    Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸   CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW ǡ  The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise Nonprofit of Role The Is Your Political Donation Deductible? Donation Your Political Is      ȋ   Ǥ    ‘–‡ͳ͹ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Šƒ•ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‰   ͳʹͳ Ǧ supra supra  ƒ—”ƒƒ—†‡”•ǡ  ‹‰ƒŽ‹‰Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‹•’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ƒ•ƒ   See See See  ͳʹͲ  ͻͳ͸ Ͳ͵ ’‹ŽŽ‘˜‡”†ƒƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡•‡ –‘”‹•ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡•–ƒ–‡ ‘ ˜‡‹ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍƒ†  ͳʹͳǤ  ‡”› Ǥ ƒ•ƒǡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–ǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–ƒš’‘Ž‹ › ‡–‡”Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ’Ž‘ƒ†‡† ȀͳͲͲͳͶͺ͸ǦŠ‘Ǧ –‡‹œ‡• ȋͳͻͺͲȌȋ ‘–”ƒ –ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡š‡’–‹‘‰‹˜‡•†‘‘”• ‘ˆ‘ ˆ‘”’”‘’‡”’—”’‘•‡•ȌǤ ͳͳͺǤ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ͳͳ͹Ǥ „ƒ”‡Ž›†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡–‘‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘‹• ‘ –Š‡ŠƒŽ‘–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ȅ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› Šƒ”‹–‹‡ —’‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”˜‡”›‡š‹•–‡ ‡ǤŠ‹•‹–‡”‡•–ƒ›„‡–Š‡‘•– ‘ ”‡ƒ•‘–‘Ž‘ ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™ ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡”‡Žƒ–‡†ȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—†‡”ƒ•‹‰Ž‡—„”‡ŽŽƒǤ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡†‡†— –‹„‹Ž‹–› Šƒ”‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ ƒ† ȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ’”‘‹‡–‘””‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ‡ ‹’‹‡–•‘ˆƒ‡••ƒ‰‡Šƒ ‹• ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‡ƒ•‘–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍˆ”‘ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ•‘–Š‡› –Š‡ ‘Ǧ Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‘–‹ ‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ‘’”‘ˆ‹–ˆ‹–•‹–‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ– †‘‘”•Ȅ™Š‘•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘Ž›†‡†— –‹„Ž‡‹ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ– ƒ ȋ Ȍȋ͵ȌȄ‹‰Š– ‘– ’ƒ› — Š ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǣ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–ƒš’ƒ›‡”•ǡ™Š‘ƒ”‡‘Ǧ‹–‡‹œ‡”• –Š‡ –ƒš †‹•–‹ –‹‘ ‹–•‡ ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•™‘—Ž†•–‹ŽŽ„‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‹”‡ ’”‘–‡ – –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– •‹‰ƒŽǤ ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ‹’”‹ƒ–—”‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ†–ƒšǦ‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ ͳʹͲǤ –Šƒ–•‹‰ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ†‘‘”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•™Š‘”‡•’‘†–‘ ’Ž‡™Š‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‘™–Šƒ–‘’”‘ˆ‹–•–ƒ–—•‹•ƒƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡ǡ –Š‡‹”•— ‡••‹•‘Ž‹ ‹–‹‰†‘ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘ ‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥš‡’–‹‘‹•ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡„”ƒ†ǡƒ†•–ƒ–‡ƒ––‘”‡›•‰‡ ƒ”‡‹–Š‡„‡•–’‘•‹–‹‘–‘†‡ˆ‹‡ƒ†’”‘–‡ ––Šƒ–„”ƒ†„‡ ƒ— Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™•ŒǤ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ȀͳͲͲͲͲͺ͹ʹ͵ͻ͸͵ͻͲͶͶͶͷͶͻʹͲͶͷ͹ͺͲʹʹʹͲͳͶ –Š‡ƒ†ƒ•‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡†— ™Š‹ Š‹•†‡†— –‹„Ž‡ƒ†ƒƒ –‹˜‹•–•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘  ͳͳͻǤ   ʹͲͳͲǡ ‘Ž› ͵ͲǤͳΨ ‘ˆ –ƒš —‹–• ‹–‡‹œ‡† †‡†— –‹‘•ǡ ‘ ‡Œƒ‹ Ǥ ƒ””‹•Ƭƒ‹‡Žƒ‡ƒǡ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 45 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 45 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 46 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 ‰   ƒ Ǧ †‘Ǧ –Šƒ– Žƒ™ǡ ͳǣͳ͸ œƒ–‹‘•  •™Š‘ ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‰ †ƒ” ƒ‡• ”‡—•‡† Š‡’”‘Ǧ Š‹•‰‘ƒŽ ‹’”‘Ǧ Š‡ƒ  ‘‘”• —”•—‹–‘ˆ •ƒ”‡ƒ–‘ ‹‡†‹Ǧ ’‘•‡•ȋ‘” ‘ˆƒ‘”Ǧ Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ͳʹʹ Š‡›ƒŽ•‘ ˜‹–‹‡•ǡ”‡‰—Ǧ ••–ƒ–‡‘Ǧ ͳʹͷ Ž‡ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ› ”‡Ǧ ͳʹͶ ‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ͳʹ͵ ƒ ›ȌǤ ͻͳ͹ ͶʹͷǡͶʹ͸ȋʹͲͳͳȌȋ†‹• —••‹‰Dz‹š‡†’—”’‘•‡dzͷͲͳȋ Ȍ  Ǥ    Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ Ǥ  STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE   E. Protecting Nonprofit Donors    A New Transparency: How to Ensure Disclosure from “Mixed-Purpose” “Mixed-Purpose” from Disclosure Ensure How to New Transparency: A ȋ ‘–‡ͳͳͲȋDz‘‘”•–‘‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ›„‡—ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹    supra  Ǧ ƒ”ƒ ƒŽŽ‘›ǡ ‹–‹œ‡•‹–‡†ǡͶ͸ǤǤ Ǥ  ȋDz‘‡†‘‘”•ƒ›–‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡‘”‡˜‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•— Šƒ –‹˜‹–›™Š‹   Id. Id. See   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–‘‡› ”‘–‡ –‹‰‘’”‘ˆ‹–†‘‘”•‹•ƒ ‘”‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ Šƒ”‹–› ƒ›„‡ ‘ˆ—•‡†„›–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ„‡Žƒ††—’‡†‹–‘•—’’‘”–‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Š‡›†‹†‘–‹–‡†–‘•—’’‘”–Ǥ ‰”‘—’•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹„‘–Š‹••—‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›ƒ† ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ†˜‘ ͳʹͷǤ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡’—”’‘•‡•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‰‘–‘•— Š’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ †‘‘”‰‹˜‡•–‘ƒ ƒ—•‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒ›„‡—ƒ™ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ •’‡†• ˆ—†• ‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ ƒƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•†‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡†‹‰ǤdzȌǤ  ͳʹʹǤƒ”Ž‡›ǡ ƒ”‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ†‡ˆ‹‹‰™Šƒ–‹–‹•ǤŠ‹•’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽŒ—•–‹ˆ‹‡ ’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ„—––Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ•— Š”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹•‘– ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ǥ•†‹• —••‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”‹’ƒ”–ǡ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹’ ‘ˆ–‡ ‘„‹‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹–Š”‡ƒŽ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡’—” •–ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡›†‘‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡š‡’–‹‘ȌǤ ’‘Ž‹ ›–‘’”‘–‡ –†‘‘”•‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‹–‡”‡•– –‡ –‹‰˜‘–‡”•„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹• ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–†‘‘” •—’’‘”–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡••ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ ˆ‘”•— Š’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ ƒ†•–ƒ–‡†’—”’‘•‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ†‹”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Ȁ‘”˜ƒ‰—‡Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ–‡Šƒ˜‡„Žƒ† •‘•–ƒ–‡ Šƒ”‹–›”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘†”‡ƒ•‘–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡‹–Š‹ ’”‘–‡ – †‘‘”• –‘ ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‹‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ Šƒ •‡ –‘”ǡ –Š‹• ’‘Ž‹ › ‰‘ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ •–”‘‰ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘”‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •–Š”‘—‰Š•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŽ‹‡– ƒ††”‡••‹ –‡ –‹‘‘ˆ˜‘–‡”•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡›‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘” ƒ””›‹‰‘—–– ”‡“—‹”‡•†‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ȅƒ–ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‹‡Ȅ‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ• –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•Ǥ ‘‹ŽǤdzȌǤ ͳʹ͵Ǥ –Š‹•’‘Ž‹ › ‘—Ž†–ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹ Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ•‘†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•†‘‘”•Ǥ ͳʹͶǤ Groups After 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 46 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 46 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 46 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 †   ‹Ǧ ‘–ƒŽ ‘•Ǥ ‹‘—• Š‹† ™ ‹ ‹ŽŽ–‘ ͳǣͳ͸ ƒ–‹‘  ”‡Ž‡Ǧ ‘” ••‹„Ž‡ ƒ˜‡–‘ –‡‘ˆ ™‡ŽŽƒ• –Š‡”‡Ǧ ”‡†”‡‰Ǧ ”‰ƒ‹œƒǦ –Šƒ––Š‡ ‘ ”‡–‡ –‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ ‹˜‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ  ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ „—–‹–•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡  ͳʹͻ  Š‡ ”‡˜‘‡†‡™  ͳ͵Ͳ

 ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵   ”‘–‡ –‹‰ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•‹•ƒŽ‡••     ƒ†‹–•ˆ‹”•–ƒ––‡’––‘ƒ†‘’–”—Ž‡•ƒ’Ǧ ͳʹͺ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ ‘–Š•–ƒ–‡•ǯ”—Ž‡•”‡˜‡ƒŽ ‘ ‡”ˆ‘”†‘‘”•     CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW   ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ƒ†˜‘–‡”•‹•–Š‡‰‘ƒŽǡ–Š‡ ͳʹ͸   ‡™ ‘” •–ƒ”–‡† •“—ƒ”‡Ž› ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Œ—”‹•†‹ Ǧ   Ǥ  ͳʹ͹ ȋ    ‘–‡͸ͻȂ͹Ͳǡͻ͵ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ‘–‡͸ͺƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ‘–‡ͺͲȂͺ͸ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ‘–‡ͺͷƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ‘–‡•ͻʹȂͻ͵ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ  Ǧ   See supra See supra See supra See supra See supra   ͻͳͺ Ͳ͵ Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ•”‡“—‹”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›•‘Ž—–‹ ˜‡–Š‘—‰ŠƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†‘’–‡† ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ• Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ†‘’–‡† „› ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ƒ† ‡™ ‘” ƒ”‡ ‰‘‘† ‘””—Ž‡”‡“—‹”‡†–Š‡‘•–‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‹‰Š–„‡ ˜ƒ––‘†‘‘”•„›ƒ†ƒ–‹‰ƒ’—„Ž‹ •–ƒ–‡‡–ƒ„‘—–„‘–Š–Š‡– ƒ‘—–ƒ†–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ǡƒ• ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™ǡ‹–•ˆ‘ —•‘—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹†‹ ƒ–‡• •–ƒ–‡™ƒ•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ – ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •Š‘—Ž† ”‡“—‹”‡ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘• „‡ ‘’ƒ“—‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ’”‘–‡ –‹‰†‘‘”•™‘—Ž ”‡“—‹”‡‘”‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ƒ„‘—–Ȅ‘”•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž‹‹–•‘Ȅ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ œƒ–‹‘ǯ•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†•’‡†‹‰ǡ„—–™‘—Ž†‘–’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‡‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‘–Š‡”†‘‘”•Ǥ ‰‘ƒŽǡ•‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†Š „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† „‡––‡” –‘ †‡•‹‰ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‹––Šƒ–‘–Š‹‰•Š‘”–‘ˆƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‹‰–™‘†‹•–‹ ––›’‡•‘ˆ‡š‡’–‘ ‹• ’‘ –‹‘•™‘—Ž†”‡ƒŽŽ›™‘”–‘’”‘–‡ – Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”™Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘™‡”ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ™ †‘Ǥ –ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‘‹ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ Žƒ™ ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡†ƒ”‘‡›’”‘„Ž‡ǤŽ‡ –‹‘Žƒ™‹•–Š‡‘•–‘„˜ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• Žƒ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡ǦŽƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‰”‡“—‹ ‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡’‘”–‹‰‘ˆ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•‘•–ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ǡƒ† ‡–ƒ‡†‡–•„—‹Ž†‘ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹’Žƒ ‡Ǥ Žƒ ‡‡–‹‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–„‘–ŠƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†‡™ ™‡”‡ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǦ‹–‡‰”‹–›‘”˜‘–‡”Ǧ’”‘–‡ –‹‘‰‘ƒŽǤ –‹‘‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹• Ž‡•• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ȋ ȌȋͶȌ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ͳʹ͹Ǥ –‘ ‘˜‡”‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›„‘–Š”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ–‘”‰ƒ‹œ ”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–•†‹• Ž‘•‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”•’‡†‹‰Ȅ–Š‡‡›‹ ‘ ‡” –‘ †‘‘”•Ǥ  ͳʹ͸Ǥ ’Ž‹‡†‘Ž›–‘‘Ǧ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ͳʹͺǤ ͳʹͻǤ ͳ͵ͲǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 46 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 46 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 47 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17   Ǧ   Ȅ † –Š‡ ‹‰Ǥ „‹–• ‘”ǯ• ‡Ž‡ Ǧ ͳǣͳ͸  › ƒ’Ǧ ”‘—‰Š Ž•ƒ† „‡†‹ ‹–—”‡• ‘ˆ †‹• Ž‘Ǧ Š†‹•Ǧ †‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ ‹‡•‡šǦ ‘„• —”‡  ‘”•ƒ†  ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• „—–‡™ •‘–•—ˆˆ‹Ǧ ͳ͵ʹ ͳ͵͵ ‘–‡ͳͶǡƒ–Ͷ͹ȂͶͻǤ supra ‹•–‘”‡“—‹”‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ǡ  ͳ͵Ͷ ‘–‡•ͻ͸Ȃͻ͹ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ ͻͳͻ Noncharitable Exempt Organizations Organizations Exempt Noncharitable see also supra also see A. Disclosure –›‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•„›’”‘–‡ –‹‰†‘ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE Ǥ Ǥ͵͸͵ǡͶͲ͵ȂͲͶȋʹͲͳͳȌǢ‘Ž‹˜ƒ—šǡ  ͳǤŠ›ƒ†ƒ–‡‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǫ       Regulating the Political Speech of Speech Political the Regulating ȋ  ‹‰Š‡”–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†•—†‡”–Š‡”—Ž‡•‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘’–Ǧ ͳ͵ͳ    ‘–‡͹Ͳƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–ȋˆ‘”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡† ‘–‡͸͸ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ‘–‡•ͺͺȂͻͲƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ  Ǧ   See supra See supra See See supra   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‡Žƒ™•‘ˆ‡™‘” ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†‡†„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘Ž› ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ •’‡†‹‰ „› ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ „‡ ƒ’’‡† ‹–‹œ‡•‹–‡†ǡͳͲ ƒ†ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡƒ†‡†‘”•‡†„›‘–Š‡”• Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ ‡†„›„‘–Š‡™‘”ƒ†ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ”‡Ž‡••’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆƒ†‘ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•—•‡‘ˆˆ—†•Ǥ ‘”ǯ•”—Ž‡• ‘–‹—‡–‘ƒŽŽ‘™†ƒ‹•› Šƒ‹•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–‘ –Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆˆ—†•Ǥ Ž‡••‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ††‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ȅ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–”‘Ž ’—„Ž‹ ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡ƒ•‘–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™Ǥ—–‹ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•’‘Ž –‡†–‘’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡‹–‡‰”‹ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ† Ž‘ —•‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•’ƒ”–‘™ ‘•‹†‡”••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘” ’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡƒ† ‘•‹†‡”•Š‘™‡ƒ Šƒ’’”‘ƒ Šˆ‹–•–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•†‡• ”‹ ’ƒ”– Ǥ  ͳ͵ͳǤ ‘•–†‹”‡ –Ž›‘–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‰†‘‘”•ǡ„—–•— Ž‘•—”‡ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘’”‘–‡ –‹‰˜‘–‡”•Ǥš’‡†‹–—”‡ •—”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ‡”–ƒ‹‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‘”•ǡƒ† –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ƒ„‘—– –Š‘•‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‰”‡ƒ–‡”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡‰”‹–›Ǥ—–‡š’‡†‹–—”‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ƒŽ‘‡‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ‘–”‹„—–‡ ‹‡––‘’”‘–‡ –˜‘–‡”•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‹–‡”‡•–‹’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡ –‘ ’”‘ ‡••ƒ†˜‘–‡”•ƒŽ•‘†‡ƒ†•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•„‡Š‹†–Š‡†ƒ”‘‡›ǤƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•‡™Žƒ™™ƒ•†‡ •‹‰‡† –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž› –Š‹• ˜‘–‡”Ǧ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‰‘ƒŽǡ ƒ‹–‡‹œ‡†• Š‡†—Ž‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡• ‘‡ –‡†–‘‡™‘” –‹‘•‘˜‡”̈́ͷͲǤ •‡‡•–‘„‡–Š‡ŠƒŽŽƒ”‘ˆ‘†‡””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹• Ž‘•—”‡’”‘Š‹ ̈́ͷͲǡͲͲͲ‹‘‡›‡ƒ”‘”̈́ͳͲͲǡͲͲͲ‘˜‡”ˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•ȌǢ ‘”‡’”‘’–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡„›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹  ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ƒ ƒ‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘”‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ ͳ͵ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ  ͳ͵ͶǤAfter ŽŽ‡ Ǥ ’”‹ŽŽǡ –‡š–ȋˆ‘”‡™‘”‹†‡’‡†‡–‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•‘ˆ̈́ͷǡͲͲͲ‘”‘”‡ȌǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 47 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 47 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 47 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17  ‡Ǧ  ‡ •–‹Ǧ ‘•‡ † –‘  ƒ ‡ ‹Ǧ ͳǣͳ͸ ‰ƒ—Ǧ ‘Ǧ ‡†–‘ Šƒ”‡Ǧ  –Š‡•‡ ’‡ƒǦ ‹–—”‡• ‡‰—ŽƒǦ ‹‰‘ –˜‘–Ǧ ’‡ƒŽ‘ˆ ͳ͵͹ ‘•‹–‹‘• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡‹”‡Ž‡ Ǧ ‹˜‡Ž‹‹–• Ž‘•—”‡ǡ‘” Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Ǧ •–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ǡ™Š‹ Š’”‡ ‹’Ǧ ‘‡ŽŽ˜Ǥ ‡†ǤŽ‡ –‹‘ ͸ͻȋʹͲͳͲȌȋDzŠ‡‘—”–Šƒ•‡šǦ ”‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ Citizens United Citizens  •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ”‡“—‹” Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW  ʹǤ‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘”‘–‡ –‘–‡”•     ȋ ͳ͵ͺ     Ǧ Š‡‘—”–‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡDzȏ†Ȑ‹• Žƒ‹‡”ƒ††‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡“—‹”‡Ǧ ƒ–͵͹ͲǤ ƒ–͵͸͹Ǥ ƒ–͵͸͸ȋ“—‘–‹‰— Ž‡›˜ǤƒŽ‡‘ǡͶʹͶǤǤͳǡ͸Ͷȋͳͻ͹͸Ȍƒ†  –Š‡Ž†–Šƒ–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–••–‡ˆ”‘ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡   ͳ͵ͷ Id. Id. Id.   ͳ͵͸ ͻʹͲ Ͳ͵ ˜‡‹ˆ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”‘–Š‡’”‘‹•‡‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹ Š‘‘•‹‰†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹• ‘ ”‘–‡ –‹‰˜‘–‡”•”‡“—‹”‡•‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ͳ͵ͺǤ ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–‡”‡•–‹Š‡Ž’‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•ƒ‡‹ˆ‘”‡† Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ ‘ǯǡͷͶͲǤǤͻ͵ǡʹͲͳȋʹͲͲ͵ȌȌǤ ͳ͵͹Ǥ   ͳ͵ͷǤ ‹–‹œ‡•‹–‡†˜Ǥ ‡†ǤŽ‡ –‹‘‘ǯǡͷͷͺǤǤ͵ͳͲǡ͵ ‘–Š‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ••—‡•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ’”‘ ‡••‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ „‡––‡” Š‘‹ ‡•‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡ƒ’ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡‰‹‡•‹•ƒƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡™‹ŽŽ’”‘†— ˆ‘”‡††‡ ‹•‹‘•„›–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ•˜‘–‡”•ǡ†‘‘”•ǡ‘”• Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ ‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‹• ”‹•‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’Žƒ ‡„›•–”‹‹‰†‘™•—„•–ƒ– ‘ ‹†‡’‡†‡– •’‡†‹‰ǡ ‡†‘”•‡† –‘‘›ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ‹–ƒ›„‡ƒ‰‘‘† Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ •’‡‡ Š„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŠ—”†Ž‡•–‘‘”‡•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡” –‹‘ƒ”‡–‘‘Š‹‰ŠǤ‡‰ƒŽŽ›ǡ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹•Ž‡••˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘ ƒ––ƒ –Šƒ‘–Š‡””‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ‡–•Ǥ ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘’‹‹‘Œ‘‹‡†„›‡‹‰Š–Œ—•–‹ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‘—”–‘–‡†– Žƒ”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••–Šƒ–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡‘ —””‡–’‘Ž‹ › Dzȏ™Ȑ‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”‡–ǡ’”‘’–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ‡š’‡† ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡•Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ† ‹–‹œ‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡‡† Š‘Ž† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡Ž‡ –‡†‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’ ƒ†•—’’‘”–‡”•Ǥdz –—–‹‘ƒŽŽ›•–”‘‰‹’Ž‹‡•‘–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• ‡˜‡–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–ƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǥ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡‰‹‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘’”‘–‡ ‡”• ‹‰Š– †‹ˆˆ‡” •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ ƒ’”‘–‡ –†‘‘”•‘” Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž†—•‡–Š †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ”‡‰‹‡ †‡•‹‰‡ –‹‘‘”‘’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ™–‘”‡“—‹”‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ††”‡•• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ ‡–•ƒ›„—”†‡–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•’‡ƒǡ„—––Š‡›Ǯ‹’‘•‡‘ ‡‹Ž ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡǯ ƒ† Ǯ†‘ ‘– ’”‡˜‡–ƒ›‘‡ ˆ”‘• ’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‹• ƒ Ž‡•• ”‡•–”‹ –‹˜‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ ‘ •’‡‡ ŠǤdzȌǤ ͳ͵͸Ǥ ‹‰Ǥǯdz —‹ ƒ–‹‘• „› Ž‘‘‹‰ „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ’”‘†— ‡ –Š 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 47 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 47 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 48 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17    –‘ ‡› all † ‡ Ǧ †‹•Ǧ ‡”ƒŽ ”‘ –‘‘ ˜‘–Ǧ •Ǥ• ͳǣͳ͸  ‹• Ž‘Ǧ Ž ƒ† •›Ǧ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡• Šƒ– ‘ƒ† ‡ƒǦ –‘”ƒ–‡ —‡ Ǧ Ȍ™‘—Ž† •–ƒ–‡• ‹–‹ ‹‰Ǥ ƒ ‘Ž‘•Ǧ ‡†‘‘”• Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹Ǧ ‘’ƒ”–‹ Ǧ ‘”‘†‹ˆ›Ǧ  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† ͳͶʹ ˜Ǥǡ–‹–Ǥ ǡȚͳʹ͹ǡͳʹͻ–ƒ–ǤʹʹͶʹǡ †‡ˆ‹‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ͻʹͳ  ƒ†ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ ͳͶ͵ ͳͶͳ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE ‘–‡ͳǤ Ǥ–‹–Ǥͳ͵ǡȚͻͳǤ͸ȋ‰Ȍȋ”‡’‡ƒŽ‡†ʹͲͳͶȌǤ Ǥ–‹–ǤͻǡȚ͸ʹͲͲǤͳͲȋ‰ȌȋͳȌȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ            supra  Ƭ Ƭ    Ǥ Ǥ ‘–Š‡™‘” ȋ ȚͺͶʹʹ͵ȋ‡•–ʹͲͳͶȌǤ ͳͶͲ            Ǥ Ǥ  •‘•–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–„‡”‡–‹ ‡––‘”‡’‡ƒ––Šƒ–ƒ––‡’–Ǥ–ƒ–‡• ǯ     ͳͶͶ  – ƒ†ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽ ’‘•– –Š‡ ƒ‡• ‘ˆ Ǧ

     ”‘†›Ƭ™‡•ǡ Ǥ ȚͻͳǤ͸ȋ‰ȌȂȋŠȌǤ ͳ͵ͻ    See Id.   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆ•‡ –‹‘ͷʹ͹‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‡Ž ˆ •–ƒ–‡• ™‡”‡ –‘ †‹• Ž‘•‡ †‘‘”• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǡ –Š ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘• –ǡʹͲͳ͸ǡ—„ǤǤ‘ǤͳͳͶǦͳͳ͵ǡ†‹ ‘Ǧˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‘–‹˜‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ ™‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ƒ‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–• ‘ˆ ‘”‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™• ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒ †‘‘”• ‘ ‹–• ™‡„•‹–‡ǡ ƒ„•‡– ƒ •Š‘™‹‰ ‘ˆ•— Š Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘† †‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǥ ‘ˆ Šƒ” ˆ –Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–‹–Š‡‹”ˆ‹ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ—––Š‡”‡‹• —Žƒ””‡ƒ•‘–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‘‘”Ǧ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”—Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡ŽȄ ‹‰Š–ƒ†‘’–‹–‘Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•‘–Ǥ ‡† Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ•‡ –‹‘ͷʹ͹‹–•‡Žˆǡ ‹‰•‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ Ȍ–‘”‡“—‹”‡†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘—–•‹†‡ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵ „‡ƒ‘”‡•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ—–‘‰”‡••™‹ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‘–„ †ƒ–‹‰•— Š†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ƒ›–‹‡•‘‘Ǥ   ͳ͵ͻǤ ǤǤ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ’”‘–‡ –•–Š‡‡Ž‡ ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‘›‹–›–Šƒ–‘’”‘ˆ‹–‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡•ƒ‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǣ ‡”• ƒ–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‘‹•„‡Š‹†ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹ —•‡–Šƒ–‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘Œ—†‰‡‹–• ‘–‡–Ǥ‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ ‘”’‘”ƒ– –‹‘Žƒ™†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ•–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–ƒ†ƒ–‡’—„Ž‹ † •—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡•‘ˆ†‘‘”•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‡‹’‘Ž ‡™‘”ǯ•”‡˜‘‡†”—Ž‡™ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’—„Ž‹ Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† Ž‘•—”‡Ǥ  ͳͶ͵Ǥ  –Œ—•–’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†–Š‡ ˆ”‘ƒ†‘’–‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•–‘ See ʹͶ͵͵ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ ͳͶͶǤ  ͳͶͳǤ ǤǤ ͳͶͲǤ ͳͶʹǤ ™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘ƒ†‘’–•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘”‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰•— Š‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹˜‡Ž›”‘†›ƒ†ƒ” —•™‡•ǯ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‹• ’‘•‹—ǡ–Š‡ ǯƒ––‡’––‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰‘’”‘ˆ‹–•™ƒ• •ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ǡ ‘—Ž† ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• „› ”‡“—‹”‹‰ – ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•†‹• Ž‘•‡–Š‡‹”†‘‘”•ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ– ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹– ‡••ƒ”›–‘ ”ƒˆ–ƒ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰ǡ„—–‹–‹‰Š–•™‡‡’ „”‘ƒ†Ž›Ǥ ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Šƒ•‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‡†–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ ‹‰Š– –Š‹ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡Ǥ —– ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ —†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 48 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 48 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 48 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17    ˆ   ͳͶͺ –‹‘ ƒ” Š‡† •–‘ –ƒ †‹ •—’Ǧ ‡ƒ Š –‡Ž›Ȍ ͳǣͳ͸  ‡ ƒ†Ǧ – ƒŽ•‘ ‰Š–•‘ˆ –‹ ‹‰ ‘›‹Ǧ •—”‡‘ˆ †‹• Ž‘Ǧ ƒǯ•‡™ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ ͳͻͷͺǡ ‰ƒ‰‡‹ ‹ƒŽ™‡ŽǦ ”‡“—‹”‡• –ƒ–‡‹–‡”Ǧ •‘‡‡†–‘ ƒ•‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰–Š‡Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‘ˆƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‹‰Š––‘ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ••‘Ǧ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵  Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ •–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž† ”‡Ǧ •–ƒ–—•ƒ†‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‡ –‘’”‘ˆ‹–•‘‘”• ͳͶ͹  Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•–Šƒ–‡ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ –ƒ–‡•™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡Ž›‡‡†–‘•Š‘™ƒ ‘””‡ŽƒǦ  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW ͳͶ͸   ƒ––‡”•‘ǡ͵ͷ͹ǤǤͶͶͻǡͶ͸ʹȋͳͻͷͺȌȋDz‡–Š‹–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘†—   Š‡‘—”– ‘ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡Šƒ†‘‹–‡”‡•– ȋ ex rel. ex ͵Ǥ‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘”‘– ͳͶͷ    ‘–‡•͹Ͳǡͻ͸Ȃͻ͹ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ  Ǧ supra supra  ƒ–ͶͷͻȂ͸ͲǤ ƒ–Ͷ͸ͶȂ͸ͷǤ   See Id. Id.   ͻʹʹ Ͳ͵ ‡‰ƒŽŽ›ǡ•— Š„”‘ƒ††‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹‰Š–‡ ‘—–‡”‰”‡ƒ–‡”’”‘„Ž‡• ‘–Š‡™‘”ƒ†ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ– ‘˜‡”‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽ„‡Š‹††‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹•–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‘‘” –Šƒ‘”‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡††‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‘‡ –‡†–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡†‹‰Ǥ –Š‡ —’”‡‡ ‘—”– Š‡Ž† –Šƒ– ‘’‡ŽŽ‡†‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‹ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‡• ‘ –Š‘•‡‡„‡”•Ǥ ‘ˆ•— Šƒ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ––‡’–‹‰–Š‡ˆ”ƒ—‰Š–„—•‹‡••‘ˆ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ “—‹”‡†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘Ž›ˆ‘”‘ ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ƒ† ‘ –Š‡ –‡”•‘ˆ †‘‘” •—”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ‘‘”•‹‰Š–„‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹†‘ƒ–‹‰–‘ ‘”‡•‘ ˆƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒ•ȋƒ†‘–’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰Ȍƒ†‹‰Š–ƒŽ•‘„‡ȋŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ ‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹”‡ƒ‹‹‰ƒ‘›‘—•™Š‡–Š‡›†‘Ǥ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ƒ„‘— ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•‹ˆ‘”•†‘‘”•ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡ ’‘”–‹‰Ǥ‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ†‘‘”‹†‡–‹–›ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‘•‡™Š‘˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ –› –‘ Ž‹‹– ‘”‹ˆ‘”•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ†‘‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‡‡’Ǥ –ƒ”‰‡– –Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’—„Ž‹ ‹–›Ǥ ”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ȋƒ„‘˜‡ƒ–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†Ȍ–‘–Š‡   ͳͶͷǤ ˜ǤŽƒǤ ‘–Š•–ƒ–‡•ƒŽ•‘”‡“—‹”‡•‘‡†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǥ†‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ‘˜‡”‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—•–†‹• Ž‘•‡DzƒŽŽ†‘‘”•™Š‘‡ƒ” ƒ†‘’–•— Šƒ”‡“—‹”‡‡–‹ˆ‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ”‡ƒŽ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ –ƒ–‡• ™‘—Ž†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ†‹•’‡•‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‹‡Ǧ†”ƒ™‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘˜‡”„”‘ƒ†” ‡‡† –‘ „ƒŽƒ ‡ –Š ‹‘„–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ‡•Ǥ ‘”†‡”ǡ‹–Š‡”‡•’‡ –•Š‡”‡†”ƒ™‹“—‡•–‹‘ǡ—•–„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡† •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ”‡•–”ƒ‹–—’‘–Š‡‡š‡” ‹•‡„›’‡–‹–‹‘‡”ǯ•‡„‡”• ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤdzȌǤ ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ‡–Š‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡• ‡•–‹†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤŠƒ–‹–‡”‡•–™‘—Ž†ƒŽ ‘—–™‡‹‰Šƒ›†ƒƒ‰‡–‘†‘‘”•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Š”‘—‰Š†‹‹‹• ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ƒ† ‡„‡”•Š‹’Ǥ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹– •‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•—•–ˆ‘ —•‘†‹• Ž‘ ͳͶͺǤ ͳͶ͹Ǥ ͳͶ͸Ǥ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 48 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 48 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 49 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17  • ‘   ‹ ǡ ͻ͸ ‹œƒǦ Ž „‡ ˆ‘”Ǥ Ͳǡ‹ „‘—– ͳǣͳ͸ —•–  ‹ —Žƒ” before ‹˜‡ˆ‘” ǡ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ •—”‡”‡Ǧ – ‡”–ƒ‹ ”–‘’–‡ ”ƒ†ƒǦ Š‹•‘–‹ ‡ ƒ›™‹•Š–‘”‡ƒ‹ ͳͷ͵  ™‹ŽŽ –ƒ‡ –Š‡•‡ ͳͷͳ ‘–Š‡”•Ǧƒ†Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ‡†Ǧ‘ˆǦ Proposition 8 and the Mor- the Proposition 8 and –•„—–™Š‘™‹•Š–‘”‡ƒ‹ ‘ƒ˜‘‹†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„ƒ Žƒ•Š‘” –”‹‡•ǡƒ† ƒ‘–ˆ‹†ƒ•ƒ–‹•Ǧ ǤʹͳͲͺǡʹͳʹ͸ȂʹͺȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤŠ‡ Ǥ ʹͷͷǡ ʹ͹ͳ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š‹• ’‘‹–  ‰”ƒ–•–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡ ‹’‹‡–•Ǥ ”— –—”‡‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǫ‘‡ ‡‘––‘†‘ƒ–‡ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ –‹ƒŽ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘•–•‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰Ǥ   ‘—ǡ ‘”’‘–‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ    ƒ† ‹ˆƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ• ™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ–‡”‹ ƒ•  –‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘’’‘‡–•‹ Ǥ Dz Š‹ŽŽ‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –dz‘ˆ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”—Ž‡•Ǥ ‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ Ǧ  Ǥ Ǥ ͻʹ͵  ͳͶͻ Ǥ     Ǥ  ǡ ͶͶ ǡͺͳ ȋ‡’–ǤͻǡʹͲͳͶȌǡ  Donor Disclosure: Undermining the First Amendment  Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  ͳͷͲ  STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE  ǡǤǤ   Who Needs a Smoke-Filled Room?: Karl Rove, the Koch Brothers and and Brothers Koch the Rove, Karl Room?: Smoke-Filled a Needs Who  •‘ˆƒ”ƒ•†‘‘”•ƒ›•Šƒ”‡‹–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†  Id.   ͳͷʹ ȋ Disclosures About Disclosure About Disclosures   ‘–‡͸ʹǡƒ–͵Ͷ͵Ǥ   supra Ǧ Ǥͳ͹ͷͷǡͳ͹͸ʹȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ –”—ǡ†‘‘”• ƒ–͵Ͷ͵ȂͶͶǤ    Id.     ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‘‘”•™Š‘ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–ƒ‘›‹–› ‘”†‘‘”•™Š‘˜ƒŽ—‡–Š‡‹”ƒ‘›‹–›ǡ–Š‡•‡‹ ‡–‹˜‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‡ Ǥ  Ǥ Š‘ƒ•Ǥ†•ƒŽŽǡ’‹‹‘ǡ  ‡™ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ”—Ž‡• ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—– ™Š‡ †‡ ‹†‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ††‘ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘‡›ǤŠ‡•‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”—Ž‡•ƒ› ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‹ ‡– Š‘™ – †‘‘”• –‘ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š ™Š‹ Š—•‹‰–Š‡‹”†‘ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•ƒ†™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ‘– ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ™‹Ž ƒ‹‰ƒ†‘ƒ–‹‘Ǥ the End of Political Transparency Political theEnd of ‰‹‡ƒ› ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‹ ‡–‹˜‡ˆ‘”†‘‘”•–‘‡†— ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ –Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ••–ƒ–—•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ”‡˜‡ƒŽƒŽŽ†‘‘”•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ̈́ͳͲͲ ”‡˜‡”•‡ Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘”†‡” —–‹Ž –Š‡ ƒ‘—– •’‡– ‹• ƒ ‘—–‡† ‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Dzˆ‘”‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘•—’’‘”–‘”‘’’‘•‡ƒ’ƒ”– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‘”„ƒŽŽ‘–‡ƒ•—”‡dz–Šƒ–”ƒ‹•‡•‘”‡–Šƒ̈́ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡ ‹ƒŽƒ™”‡“—‹”‡•–Šƒ––Š‡›†‹• Ž‘•‡ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ †‘‘”•‘ƒ’—„Ž‹ ™‡„•‹–‡Ǥ –‘–ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •’‡†‹‰ ‡š ‡‡†• ƒ –Š”‡•Š‘Ž†ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ –™‘™ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒ††”‡••ȋƒŽ„‡‹–‹ƒŽ‹‹–‡†™ƒ›Ȍ„”‘ƒ†‡” ‘ ‡” ƒ„‘—–†ƒ”‘‡›Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡•‡†‘‘”•™‹ŽŽ„‡’—–‘‘–‹ ‡–Šƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•„›–Š‡”‡ ‹’‹‡–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ›–”‹‰‰‡ –‘”›†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‘”ǯ•‹†‡–‹–›–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ ƒ••—‡•–Šƒ–†‘‘”•ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆƒ†–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—––Š‡’‘–‡  ͳͶͻǤ ‘”†ǡ –Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’—”’‘•‡•ǡdz Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͶȀͲͻȀͳͲȀ‘’‹‹‘Ȁƒ”ŽǦ”‘˜‡Ǧ–Š‡Ǧ‘ ŠǦ„” ƒ‘›‘—•–‘’”‡˜‡––Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ˆ”‘ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡ See  ͳͷͳǤŠƒ”ƒ••‡–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ—•‡•Ǥ‘‹ ƒ ‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ–†‘‘”•ƒ›™‹•Š–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ‘›‘—•‹•– Disclosure Donor in Study Case A Church: mon ‘ˆ—•‹‘–Šƒ–•Š”‘—†•–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•‡™†‹• Ž‘ ͳͷͲǤ ‘”†‡” –‘ •‹Ž‡ ‡ –Š‡Ǥdz Ž‡–ƒ ‹– Š‡ŽŽǡ ‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„ƒ Žƒ•Š™‹ŽŽ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡˜ƒ”›† –‹‘ǡ„—–‘’’‘‡–•™ƒ”–Šƒ–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹•ǡƒ–‹–• ‘”‡ǡDzƒ„‘—  Šƒ–‹•–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ǫdz  ‘‘”•™Š‘™‹•Š–‘†‘ƒ–‡–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ –‹˜‡‘’”‘ˆ‹ ͳͷʹǤ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǦ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ǤŠ–ŽǤ†•ƒŽŽ†‡–ƒ‹Ž•Š‹• ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ ˆƒ –‘”›ƒ•™‡”–‘Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘ǣDzŠ›‹•–Š‡”‡•— Šƒ ‘’Ž‡š•– ‡š‹•– ‘Ž›–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘‡›Ǥƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ‘›‘—•ƒ›•–‹ŽŽ†‘ƒ–‡—†‡”–Š‡̈́ͳǡͲͲͲ–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†ǡ‘” Š‘‘•  ͳͷ͵Ǥ Š‹•‘–‹ ‡‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡••‡–‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘”ƒš‡ˆ‘”ǡ”‘••”‘ƒ†• ǡ ”‡‡†‘‡–™‘”ǡƒ†‘ Š †—• Ž‘›† ‹–‘•Š‹ ƒ›‡”ǡ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 49 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 49 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 49 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17  Ǧ   •‡Ǧ ‘”‡ –”—‡ ‹‡– ƒ‹Ǧ ”‡– ͳǣͳ͸ But see –‘ „‡ ‘”‹ƒ  ‡–‹ƒŽ ”‹‰‰‡” ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‘”„‡Ǧ Ž‘•—”‡ ”–‘’”‡Ǧ ‰ƒ‘”‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ–ʹ͹ͶǤ ‘–‡ͳͷͳǡƒ– ƒ‡•—”‡   Id.  ȋʹͲͳͲȌȋŠ‘ƒ•ǡ supra ‘ —‘—•”‡•’‘•‡•dz ‹‰Dz™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡Ǧ     ǣ ’†ˆ ȋ”‡’‘”–‹‰ •—”˜‡› ˆ‹†‹‰ ‡’—„Ž‹ „›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡dzȌǤ Š—•ǡ–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ– ‡š‡’–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›•–‹ŽŽƒ›Ž‘‘ Ž ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ —†‡” ‡”–ƒ‹ ‹”Ǧ ‰‘‡›dzDzȏ‹Ȑˆ„› ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘ ˆ•— Š†‹• Ž‘•—”‡•ȋƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘  ’ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz ‘—ǡ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵  ͳͷͷ ƒ†‡“—ƒŽƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡”•— Š†‡–‡””‡ ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –• ƒ›‘–„‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰–‘ –‘’‘‹–‘—–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–‹–‡”•‘ˆ  ‰ –Š‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‡ –‘” ‹• ƒ   ǡ  

  Ǥ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ 

  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW ‹†‡–‹–›–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ  ǡ   ǡƒ–ʹ͹͵Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•ƒ••—’–‹‘Š‘Ž†• ȚͺͶʹʹʹȋ‡ȌȋʹȌȋȌȂȋȌȋ‡•–ʹͲͳͶȌǤ  ͹ȂͺȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ȋ   supra ͶǤ‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘Š‹‡Ž†Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘ƒ‹–   ǯ          Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž †‘‘”• ™‹ŽŽ †‡ƒ† ‘”‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›  Ǥ

 ‹–‹œ‡•‹–‡†˜Ǥ ‡†ǤŽ‡ –‹‘‘ǯǡͷͷͺǤǤ͵ͳͲǡͶͺͲȂͺͷ Ǥ ‘–‡ͳͷͳǡƒ–ʹͳ͵͵ȋƒ”‰—‹‰–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡Dz”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹‘”ƒ†‹  ͳͷͶ cf.  ƒ›‡”ǡ  Ǧ ‘–‡ͳͷ͵ǡƒ–ʹ͹ͺȋ ”‹–‹“—‹‰–Š‡ƒ”’‡–‡”•—”˜‡›ˆ‘”‘––‡•–      supra

See See   supra see also see ͻʹͶ Ͳ͵ ‡“—‹”‹‰†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡™Š‡ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‡‰ƒ‰‡•‹’‘Ž‹ Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ• ‹–‡”‡•–‹ ’”‘–‡ –‹ ‡ ‘†ǡ –Š‘•‡ †‘‘”• ™Š‘ ‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‘‡‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘—ǡ   ‡–‹–Ž‡ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‘”‰”‘—’–‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ”ƒ••‡– Žƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Š ‹ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• ‘• ‹‘—•‡••–‘ †‡–‡” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒ —•–ƒ ‡•dzȌǢ ʹͳ͵͵Ǣ ͳͷͶǤ ‹ Š‘ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ‘ “—‡–Ž›Ž‡••‘„˜‹‘—•Ǥ–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–’”‘–‡ – Šƒ”‹–‹‡•„› ”‡ƒ–‹ Ž‡ƒ”†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œ ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ƒ„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Šƒ–•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ–†‹• ‹ˆ‘”•†‘‘”•ƒ†˜‘–‡”•–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡ ˆ”‘ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǥ –‹ ‹‰ ‰‹˜‡• †‘‘”• ‹ ‡–‹˜‡• –‘ •‡‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‡‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ƒ”‡‰‘‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‡ ˆ”‘ ”‡ ‹’ ‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆƒŠ‘–Ž› ‘–‡•–‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•— Šƒ•”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ͺ –‘ ‘–”‹„—–‘”••— Šƒ•Dz•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘’’”‘„”‹—ƒ† ”‹–‹ ‹•ǤǤǤ Ǥǡ ‘ —””‹‰‹’ƒ”–ƒ††‹••‡–‹‰‹’ƒ”–ȌǤ‘—‹• ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž –Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ǡDzȏƒȐ•ƒ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽƒ––‡”ǡ‹–‹•“—‡•–‹‘ ƒ”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹ ˜‡–†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ˆ”‘†‘‡‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ•–‘–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ—†• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ™‡‹‰Š –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘•–• ‘ˆ„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰Ǥ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ’‘– ‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹ ‡–‹˜‡–‘ –Šƒ––Š‡‹”†‘ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡’—”’‘•‡•‹‘”†‡   See •Š‘—Ž† ƒ—•‡–Š‡–‘‹“—‹”‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‹–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹– †‘‡‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘–‘†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‘•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ– †‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǥ ”—Ž‡•ƒ›ƒŽ•‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ†‘ƒ–‹‘•–‘†ƒ”‘‡›‘”‰ œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ •ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡›‹‰Š–ȌdzȌǤ ͳͷͷǤ ƒ›‡”ǡ •’‘†‡–•™‘—Ž† Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”‰‹˜‹‰’ƒ––‡”•ȏ•‹ Ȑ‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ŒǤ‘”‰Ȁ‹ƒ‰‡•Ȁ’†ˆ̴ˆ‘Ž†‡”Ȁ‘–Š‡”̴’—„•Ȁ‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘•–•Ǥ –Šƒ–ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•Dz™‘—Ž†–Š‹–™‹ ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡†‘ƒ–‹ ƒ„ƒŽŽ‘–‹••—‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰›ƒ‡ƒ†ƒ††”‡••™‡”‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†–‘–Š †‘‘”•ƒ”‡–”—Ž› ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–”‡ƒ‹‹‰ƒ‘›‘—•ǡ–Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 49 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 49 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 50 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 – Š   ‘‘ –‘ –‹‡• ˆ‘”Ǧ ‰‹˜‡ ƒŽ‹Ǧ ‰ƒ‰‡ ͳǣͳ͸ ‹‰ƒ–‡  ‡† ‘” ’”‘ˆ‹– ‡‡ˆ‹– „Ž‡–‘ –‘ ”‡Ǧ ‰ ƒ† †–Šƒ– ’– –Š‡ †Ǥ  ’—„Ž‹  ‡ƒǦ •Ǥ ‘•– ‘— Š ‘”‘Ǧ –‘ †ƒ” ƒ—†‡”•ǡ –‡”’”‘Ǧ Š‡’”‡•Ǧ Šƒ– ƒ–‡Ǧ ƒ†ͷʹ͹• See –™‹ŽŽƒ‡ ȌȋͶȌ „”ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ͻʹͷ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE      ȋ    B. Police Private Benefits in Noncharitable Nonprofits Nonprofits Noncharitable in Benefits Private B. Police  Ǧ  ˆ‘Ž› Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡‘ˆƒ‘›‘—•†‘‘”•ǡ–Š‡ ͳͷ͸     ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘”‡Ž›‹‰‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹ –‘—•‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘‡ —„Ž‹  †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‘ˆ †‘‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡• ‹• ƒ ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š •–ƒ–‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– Žƒ™Ȅ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘–‡ͳͳͺǤ ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡™Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡†‹• Ž‘•‡†Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–‘„‡”‡ƒŽŽ› ‹‰ˆ—Žǡ†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡—•–Ž‘‘–Š”‘—‰Š•Š‡ŽŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ˜‡ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™Š‘•‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ‹‰Š– ‡ƒ‹‰–‘–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‹•‹’‘••‹ ‘™™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽŠƒ’’‡‹ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡”†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ȅ‡™ƒ˜‡—‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‘›‘—•’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰‹‰Š ‘’‡ —’ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‹‰Š– †‡ Ž‹‡ǡ ‘” †‘‘”• ‹‰Š–‡™”‡‰‹‡ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›— Šƒ‰‡ ƒ ‡ ‹ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ˜‹ƒ ˜‘–‹‰ ƒ† ‰‹˜‹‰ǡ •–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž† —•‡ –Š‡‹” ‘ ˜‘–‡”•ƒ”‡—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‘™Š‘™–‘ƒ ‡••’—„Ž‹ Ž›†‹• Ž‘•‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡ ˆ‡™‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‹† ‹– ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡ –‘ ‹˜‡•– „”‘ƒ†ǡ„—–•ŠƒŽŽ‘™ǡ”‡‡†›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡•   ͳͷ͸Ǥ ˆ–‡ǡ –Š‡•ƒ‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ „‘–Š ȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍƒ† ȋ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‘‘”•–‘‘‹–‘”–Š‡†‹˜‹†‡„‡–™‡‡ Šƒ”‹ ƒ†‘–Š‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǯ DzŠƒŽ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ –dz —†‡•‡”˜‡†Ž› –”ƒ•ˆ‡”• ‘‡›•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡‰‹‡••— Šƒ• ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•’—•Š†‘‘”•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Šƒ–ŠƒŽ‘‹•†‡•‡”˜ ‘–Ǥ supra Žƒ™™‹ŽŽˆ‘•–‡”Ž‡•• ‘ˆ—•‹‘„‡–™‡‡ȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ•ƒ†ȋ ȌȋͶȌ•ǡ„‡– –‡ –‹‰ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡–ƒ‹–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹ ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• „‡––‡” ”‡•‡„Ž‡‹‰Š–„‡ƒ Ž‘•‡”ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽƒ– Š‘™–Šƒ–ȋ ȌȋͶȌ•‡‰ƒ‰‡‹• ͷʹ͹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ„”‹‰‹‰ȋ ȌȋͶȌ• Ž‘•‡”–‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‹•–Šƒ–•— Šƒ‘˜‡™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›”‡Ž‹‡˜‡– •—”‡‘–Š‡ –‘’‘Ž‹ ‡–Šƒ–†‹•–‹ –‹‘Ǥ Žƒ™Ȅƒ‡••‡•‡‹ˆ–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‹• †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ȅ‡‹–Š‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ „ ‘ˆ†‘‘”•–‘ȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍƒ†ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘”–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ —””‡– Žƒ™ ‹•ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘•‡†ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ˆ‹–‹–‘™ ‘ˆ—•‹ ‰‘”›Ǣ ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ ƒ† ȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ”‡•‡„Ž‡ Ž‘•‡Ž›Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” – 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 50 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 50 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 50 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   ǡ Ǧ †ˆ   –•Ǥ Ǧ œƒǦ ƒ”‡  –Šƒ– Chari-  ͳǣͳ͸ ǡ  ͻ–Š‹”Ǥ ”‡Ž‹‡•  •—ˆˆ‹Ǧ  ͳ͸ʹ „‡‡Ǧ „—–‹‰ Š‹Ž‡ ŽŽ ‘Ǧ

”‹•‹†Ǧ  ‘’”‘ˆǦ Ǥ —– ‘—Ž† Ǥ ͳͷͺ ‡–ƒš„ƒ•‡ ͵ȋ’ƒ’‡”„ƒ  Š‡”‡‰—Ǧ See, e.g. See,        ͳ͸Ͳ     ǣ    

 –Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡‡Ǧ ͳͷͻ ”‹–‹‡•„—”‡ƒ—•Ǥ  Ǥ ͳ͸ǡ ʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ  ‡–ƒ‹‹‰ Žƒ”‰‡ ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘”’—”’‘•‡•ǡ‘–ˆ‘”’‡ —‹ƒ”› ͺȌǤ Žƒ™‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ˆ‘”ƒ ’—”’‘•‡ǡ‘”‹•‹•–‡ƒ†˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰   ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ˆ‘”ǤǤǤ •— Š‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘  –ƒ–‡•’‘Ž‹ ‡–Š‡‘†‹•Ǧ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ —†‡”–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡƒ†ǤǤǤ‘’ƒ”–  ȋͷ–Š‡†ǤʹͲͳͷȌǢ •–ƒ–—–‡ǤdzȌǤ ‘–Š‡”—ˆƒ‹”„—•‹‡••’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤdzȌǤ  ͳͷ͹ —”‡•–‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆǡ‹–•‡„‡”•ǡ ‹ Š‹—”‡•–‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆƒ›’”‹˜ƒ–‡   ǡ     Ǥ ǣ ȚͳͲʹȋƒȌȋͷȌȋ ‹‡›ʹͲͳͷȌȋ’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ          

  Ǥ  ǣ       ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž†ƒ†‘’––Š‡•ƒ‡ ǡ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸   ͳ͸ͳ Ǥǡ  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW       Ǧ       Ǥǡ   –”Ǥˆ‘”‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‘Ž‹–‹ •˜Ǥ ƒ””‹•ǡ͹ͺͶ Ǥ͵†ͳ͵Ͳ͹ǡͳ͵ͳͳȋ   Ǧ   ͳ ȋƒ”Ǥ ʹͲͳͷȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•›•Ǥ ‘Ȁ’†ˆ•ȀʹͲͳͶ̴‡‹‡•Ǥ’

ȋ See     

      Ǥ  ǡǤǤ     

 Ǧ    See, e.g. See, See      ͻʹ͸ Ͳ͵ †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‹”‡Ž›‹‰‘–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹• ǡ           ‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ—† ’”‘•‡ —–‹‘• ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰ ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ •–ƒ–‡‡ †‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ Šƒ”‹–›‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡•‘ˆ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‘‘”•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ– ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒŽƒ™„›‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹•‡ŽˆǦ†‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ‹’”‘’‡”Ž‘ƒ•ǡ‘” ʹͲͳͷȌȋDzŠ‡––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹–‹••Ž‘™ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ȅ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Šƒ– Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǤǤǤ’—”’‘•‡•ǤǤǤǡ‘’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ƒ”‹‰•™Š •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤǤǤǤdzȌǤ ͳ͸ͲǤ ȋ†‹• —••‹‰ –‡Ž‡ƒ”‡–‡”• ƒ‹‰ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡’”‘ˆ‹–•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ’ƒ••‹‰–Š‡‘–‘–Š‡ Šƒ”‹–›ȌǤ •‘Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ”  ͳͷͻǤ  ǤǤǤ Ț ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ ȋDz‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǤǤǤ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘—•–„‡ˆ‘”‡†Dz‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ’—”’‘•‡ ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‰ƒ‹ǡˆ‘”™Š‹ Šƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡ˆ‘”‡† ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‡–•ǡ‹ ‘‡‘”’”‘ˆ‹–ǤǤǤ‹•†‹•–”‹„—–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ǡ‘”‹ †‹”‡ –‘”•‘”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•‡š ‡’––‘–Š‡‡š–‡–’‡”‹––‡†—†‡”–Š‹•  ͳ͸ͳǤ ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‡‰ǤȚͳǤͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵ȌȂͳȋ†ȌȋͳȌȋ‹‹Ȍȋƒ•ƒ‡†‡†‹ʹͲͲ ͳ͸ʹǤ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•ƒ––‘”‡›‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†‡–Š‹•ƒ”‰—‡–‹–Š‡  ͳͷ͹Ǥ   Žƒ™•–‘‡ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǦŽƒ™‘†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘” ‹–• ‘”‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  ‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹–•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›Žƒ ‘™‡”•ƒ†ƒ”‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†ˆ”‘†‹•–”‹ ƒ –Š‡‹”‡ƒ”‹‰•–‘•Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”ǦŽ‹‡‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ –’Ȁ™™ ƒ‹‹•›Ǥ‘Ȁ‡•ƒ ‹‡Ǥ•ȋŽƒ•– ˜‹•‹–‡†Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•›•Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡™•̴ƒ” Š‹˜‡•ǤŒ•’ ƒ” ‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ •‡ –‘” ™Š‡ –Š‡› ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ †‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—†•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‹•’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š „›‘‹–‘”‹‰–Š‡„‘”†‡”„‡–™‡‡–ƒšƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‘Ǧ–ƒšƒ„Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹ –‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‘†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘•–”ƒ‹– ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽǡ „ „‡‡š–‡†‡†–‘Ž‹‹–‘Ǧˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ’”‹˜ƒ–‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ  ‡†ǤʹͲͲͺȌǤ  ͳͷͺǤ Š‹•‹•ƒ ‘‘‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ –‹‘„”‘—‰Š–„›•–ƒ–‡ Šƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ȋƒ†‘––Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ȍ™‘—Ž†„‡ ‹‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ––‘”‡› ‡‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ’‹‰‡š ‡••‹˜‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•ˆ”‘ƒ‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰‡ˆ‘” ‡‡––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ –‡”ƒŽ‡˜‡—‡‘†‡ǯ•’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘‘‹—”‡‡–ǡ Žƒ–‹‘•—†‡”•‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡‘Ǧˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ˆ‹–•ƒ†’”‘Š‹„‹––Š‡ǡ –”‹„—–‹‘ ‘•–”ƒ‹–„›’”‡˜‡–‹‰ˆ‘—†‡”•ǡ†‹”‡ –‘”•ƒ†‘–Š‡ ‡”•ˆ”‘•‹’Š‘‹‰ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—†•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–Ǥ ties Bureau News and Alerts, Continued Alerts, and News Bureau ties 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 50 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 50 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 51 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 –   ‡‹” ‹˜‡ •‹•  ‘—Ž† ͳǣͳ͸ –‹‘•  ”‰ƒǦ ŽŽ Š‘™ ƒ”–Šƒ ‘”  ‘”’‘Ǧ ‘†‹ˆ‹Ǧ  ‘‘”•Ȅ †‡ˆ‹‹‰ – ‘– –Ǧƒ‹‰ ‘”•Ȅ ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ †–‘ ‘Ǧ —‡•–‹‘‹• ‡ ’—”Ǧ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ –Š‡ ǡ–Š‡ –Žƒ™‹‡™ ƒŽǡƒ–ŠŽ‡–Ǧ ƒ›‘–Š‡”‰‡‡”ƒŽŽƒ™ǡ ‘†— –‘ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”’‡ —‹ƒ”› ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ ‡š ‡’– –‘ –Š‡ ͻʹ͹ –Š‡„‡‹‰ ‘†— –‡†ǤdzȌǤ –”‘—„Ž‡Ǥ –‹•–‘‘•‘‘–‘–‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ ‡™‘”ǯ• —””‡–‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE ͳ͸͵    ͳ͸Ͷ ǤȚͳͲʹȋƒȌȋͻǦƒȌǤ      ȋ      ‘–‡•Ͷ͹ȂͶͺƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ Ǧ C. Redefine Nonprofit OrganizationsState Under Law  ƒ”˜‹‰‘—– ‡”–ƒ‹’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘  Ǧ Ǧ ȚʹͲͶȋDz‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ›‘–Š‡”’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”‘” ͳ͸ͷ    Id. See supra   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ Š‡•–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž†”‡˜‹•‡–Š‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘ ‡˜‹•‹‰–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•–—”–‘‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š •‡”˜‹ ‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Dz‘Ǧ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘dz‡ƒ•ƒ› ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡†—†‡” –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‹‹–‡†–‘‘‡ˆ‘”‡†ˆ‘”ƒ›‘‡‘”‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘Ǧ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ „— ’‡ —‹ƒ”›’—”’‘•‡•ǣ ‹˜‹ ǡ’ƒ–”‹‘–‹ ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡˆ”ƒ–‡” ’‘•‡ ‘ˆ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǡ –”ƒ†‡ ‹ ǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ Š‘”–‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ Š—•„ƒ†”›ǡ ‘” ˆ‘” –Š —Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡ƒƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡‘’–‹‘ǡƒ†™‘—Ž†„‡‘‘”‡’‘’—Ž –Š‡ ǯƒ––‡’––‘”‡˜‹•‡–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ•‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌǤ •–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–‘–„‡ƒ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‹•‹••—‡ƒ• ͳ͸ͷǤ ƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›‹†–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡••ŠƒŽŽ ’”‘ˆ‹– ‘” ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‰ƒ‹ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– ‹ ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡š–‡––Šƒ–•— Šƒ –‹˜‹–›•—’’‘”–•‹–•‘–Š‡”Žƒ™ˆ—Žƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹œƒ–‹‘•–‘Ž‹‹– ‡”–ƒ‹–›’‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ—””‡ ‘”ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‡š’”‡••Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘Ž›‘’”‘ˆ‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ  ͳ͸͵Ǥ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Ȅ‡˜‡‹•–ƒ–‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘•–ƒ –‹˜‡”‡‰—Žƒ– –Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”’ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —””‡–Žƒ™Ǥ Žƒ™ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡŠƒ•ƒ˜‡”›„”‘ƒ††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ˆ‘”‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ”ƒ–‹‘•ǣ ͳ͸ͶǤ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒˆˆ‘”†–‘ Š‘‘•‡‘Ž›–Š‡‘•–‡‰”‡‰‹‘—• ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”–Š • ƒ” ‡‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–†‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ Ȅ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ•˜‘–‡”•‘”† ƒ ‘‹–‘” —•‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ–†‹• Ž‘•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ ƒ„‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ•ƒ˜‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡“ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• —• ™Š‡–Š‡”’—„Ž‹ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡‡ˆˆ‡ – ‡‘—‰Š–‘„‡™‘”–Š–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†‡™‘”ǯ•‡™”—Ž‡•™‹ŽŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ ‹””‘”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘—†‡”•‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌ„› •‘‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ•‹‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘’”‘ˆ‹–••–ƒ–—•ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‹Š‡”‹–‹‰–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ ––Šƒ––Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‡ ’Ž‡–‡™Š‡‹–™‹–Š†”‡™ǡƒ†‡˜‡””‡‹••—‡†ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ —†‡”•‡ –‹‘ͷͲͳȋ ȌȋͶȌǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 51 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 51 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 51 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17  †  ƒǦ  ˜‡ ‰Š ”ƒǦ ƒ† ͳǣͳ͸ ŽŽƒ™ ’Ž› ˆˆ‘”Ǧ  •–ƒ–‡ ‹‘Ȅ Žƒ–‹‰ •‘Ž˜‡ ‡’”‘Ǧ ‰‡ ƒ† †‡•‹”ƒǦ ‹‡ˆˆ‡ Ǧ Š†‘ƒǦ ƒ‘Ǧ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ŽŽ’Žƒ‰—‡ ‘’”‘ˆǦ † Š‘‹ ‡ǡ ǫ ƒŽ”‡ƒ Š –‡•‹‰Š– •ƒ”‡—ƒǦ   ‡ –‹‘ ǤǤ „Ž‡ ‡–‹–‹‡• ƒ• ƒ Ž‘‘’Š‘Ž‡ –‘ ‡š‡’– ‡–‹–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ See also infra     Political Advocacy and Taxable Entities: Are Are Entities: and Taxable Advocacy Political   ƒ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘—†‡” ǤͶͳȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‹–—”‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‘–‹—‡ –Š”‘—    Ǥ  Ǥ   Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸     CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW   A. Do We Care About For-Profits?      ǡ͸ ȋ  ‘–‡ ʹͷǢ ‘ƒŽ† Ǥ ‘„‹ǡ       supra  Ǥ  Ǧ      ͳ͸͸ ͻʹͺ Ͳ͵ ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ•— Šƒ”‡˜‹•‹‘‹–Š‡Žƒ™‹‰Š–„‡‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹ Š‹••‡ –‹‘”ƒ‹•‡•“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–—•‹‰•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–”‡‰—Ž ‡™ƒ›–‘–‡•–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™ ‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘Ǧ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”’‘ –‹‘•Ǥ They The Next“Loophole”?   ͳ͸͸Ǥ ‘ƒŽ† ‘„‹ Šƒ• †‹• —••‡† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ǥ ‘„‹ǡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ —•‹‰ –ƒšƒ ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆͷʹ͹ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‘–Š‡”–ƒšǦ •–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡‹‘„‡––‡”’‘•‹–‹‘–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––‘ –Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰’—„Ž‹ Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†‡†— ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ȅ–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘”ƒ••™‹ „‘–Š–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‡“—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ –‹‘–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ•–ƒ–‡ ‹–•Žƒ™•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽ‘‰–™‘†‹‡•‹‘•ǣ‘’”‘ˆ‹– •–ƒ–‡Ǥ ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™‹••—’‡”‹‘”ǡ–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™‹•ƒ„ƒ ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽŽƒ™‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡ƒ›•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™™‘—Ž†„‡— „Ž‡Ǥ ˆˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–• ƒ†‘™Šƒ–‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ”‡†‘‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡‰— ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒŽ‘‡™‘—Ž†„‡‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ ˆ•–ƒ–‡ǦŽƒ™Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ ‹•–‘‘Ž‹‹–‡†–‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒ›•–ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ– ™Š‡–Š‡”‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ȅ™‘—Ž†‡‡†–‘„‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ ”‘•••–ƒ–‡•–‘‡•—”‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ—–•–ƒ „‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ƒ•ƒ•–‡’‹–Š ‡•• –‘™ƒ”† ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹ˆ †‹• Ž‘•—” ‘Ž› ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–ƒ›•‹’Ž›„‡–‘‘ –‹˜‡Ǥ Žƒ™Ǥ –‹‰Š–„‡Šƒ”†‡”ˆ‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–‘”ƒ‹•‡‘‡›–Š”‘—‰ –‹‘•‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘™‡ƒ”–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ–Ž‡ǡ„—–Žƒ” ƒ‘›‘—• ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‡š’‡† ‹”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰†ƒ”‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ „Ž‡–‘„‡‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•—†‡”•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™ǡ–Š‡›‹‰Š–•‹ Š‘‘•‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥƒš‡š‡’–‹‘—†‡”ˆ‡†‡”ƒ †‘‡•‘–”‡“—‹”‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ• •‘Ž—–‹‘‹•–‘ ‘•‹†‡”™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‹ ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡–Š‡˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ˆ‘”†ƒ”‘‡›ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Š 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 51 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 51 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 52 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17    Ǥ  ›    † ƒ™Ǥ  ‘—Ž† •ǡ ƒ• ˆŽ—Ǧ  ‡†• ͳǣͳ͸   •–ƒ–‡ ƒ‹œƒǦ ƒ‹œƒǦ ‹ †‹•Ǧ ‘ˆˆ‘”Ǧ ǡ –‡ǤŠ‹• ‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› —†‡”Ǧ „•–‹–—–‡ ‹‰–Šƒ– ‡š’”‡•• ‘ǡ‘Ǧ  ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘–ƒ––”ƒ – ‘’”‘ˆǦ ‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ ›‹–›‘ˆ ‡Š‹†–Š‡ ǡ  ‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ Ǥȋ ƒǤͷǡʹͲͳͶȌǡ  Ǥ Š‡–Š‡”ˆ‘”Ǧ   ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ͻͺͺͻ͵ͲͷͲǢ ƒ†› ͳ͸͹ ͳ͸ͺ  Žƒ•Ǧ‰—‡””‹ŽŽƒǦ ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ǧ •Šƒ‘Ǧ•—’’‘”–‡”•Ǧ•‡–Ǧ ǡ ƒͶƒ‡ͺ͹„ͳͶͷǤŠ–ŽǢ ‡–Š Š‡‹”’”‹ƒ”›’—”’‘•‡‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹ ‡–‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡•—„Œ‡ ––‘•‡ –‹‘ ‘‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘” ͻʹͻ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒŽ‘‡™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ™ƒ• ‘‘ˆ†‘‘”•– ‡ ––Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡˜‡‹ˆ –‡––Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡”•‡‡†ƒ––‡–‹ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE     Political Donors Chase Funding Alternative Funding Chase Donors Political  ‘–‡ʹͷǡƒ–ͷͺ͸ȋDzȏ ȐŽ‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‡”˜‹ ‡ǯ•”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡–‘ƒ‰ ȋ GOP Operative PlansGOP ‘Guerrilla Campaign’ Donald Against Trump   supra   Ǧ ‘„‹ǡ Š‘ƒ•ƒ–ƒǡ   T.W. Shannon Supporters Set Up For-Profit Corporations to Pay for Ads Pay for to Corporations For-Profit Set Up Supporters Shannon T.W. See See   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‹•’ƒ”ƒ–‡’‘™‡”‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••„‡‡ˆ‹––‹‰–Š‡”‹ Š™ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ ‘–‹—‡–‘„‡ƒ ‘ ‡”‡˜‡‹ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹‘‡‡”‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‡”‡ –ƒ‡„›ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ȅ–Š‘•‡™Š‘ ƒƒˆˆ‘”†–‘„—›‹ ‡ ‡ƒ”‡„‡––‡”‘ˆˆ‡‹–Š‡”™ƒ›Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ‘ ‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ‘ ™Š‘ ‹• „‡Š‹† ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ‘–‹—‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡–Šƒ–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹ ‘–”‘Žˆ”‘–Š‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ  ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ‡•‹–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡’‡”•‘„ ‡••ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡‹„‘–Šˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ†‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ –‹‘•Ǥ – ‹• ‡ƒ•› –‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–ŠŽƒ™ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•‘’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”• —†‡” ’—”’‘•‡‘ˆƒ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‘’—„Ž Ž‘•—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆŠ‹Ž‡‹–‹•ƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–•‡ –‹‘ͷʹ͹™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”• —†‡” •–ƒ–‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ Ž ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•’”‡•‡––Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ•‘’”‘ˆ‹–•†‡’ ‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ †ƒ”‘‡› ƒ ‘–‹—‡–‘ƒˆˆ ȋƒ”Ǥ ʹ͵ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–—Ž•ƒ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ȁ–Ǧ™Ǧ Ǥȋ‘˜ǤʹͲǡʹͲͳͷȌǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™•ŒǤ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ȁ‰‘’Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǧ’ ‹•‘–ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‹“—‹”›ǡ•‹ ‡•‘‡ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ –‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ › ”‡ ‡–Ž›Ǥ  ͳ͸͹Ǥ ’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ˆ ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ ‰‘‘†ˆ‘”‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ǡ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ •— Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™•ŒǤ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ȀͳͲͲͲͳͶʹͶͲͷʹ͹Ͳʹ͵ͲͶͺͺ͹ͳͲͶͷ͹ͻ͵Ͳʹ͸͹ͳ͵ ”‡Š„‹‡Žǡ ’”‘ˆ‹–Dz†‘‘”•ǡdz–Š‡ ‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ–Ǥ —’Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–Ǧ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ–‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡̴ƒͷʹ‡ „ͻͷǦͲ͵ͺͻǦͷʹʹ͵Ǧͻ͸†͹Ǧ„ʹ ’”‘ˆ‹–• Žƒ™ Šƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘–Š‹‰ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ „‘–Š –‘ ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹– ƒ† ƒ††Ǥ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–™‡ŽŽƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ Ž‡ –‹‘ǦŽƒ™ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹–•ƒ”‡‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ‘–Š‡‡š ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›ǤdzȌǤ ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Ǧ†‘ƒŽ†Ǧ–”—’ǦͳͶͶͺͲͷͲͻ͵͹Ǥ ͳ͸ͺǤ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹’‘Ž‹–‹  ƒ”‰—‡•ˆ‘”‘’”‘ˆ‹–•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǣˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•†‘ †‘ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‹‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•†‡• ”‹„ ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‰‘ƒŽ‹•–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹ ͷʹ͹ǯ•†‹• Ž‘•—”‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡ƒ•– ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡š‹•–‹‰’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡”–ƒšƒ„Ž‡ ‡‹Šƒ”†Ƭ ƒ‡– ‘‘ǡ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 52 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 52 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 52 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 Ǧ   ‘Ǧ ‡ – ‰ ‘ˆ –ƒ† ͳǣͳ͸ Ȍȋ͵Ȍ ‡–Š‡  ƒŽƒ Ǧ  –Š‡ ’”‘ˆǦ ’”‘ˆ‹– †‹‰ ƒ –—ƒŽ – –Š‡›  ‘—Ž† Š”—Ž‡• ™‘—Ž† •Šƒ”‡Ǧ †ƒ›ȋ‘” ’”‘–‡ – •‹‰Š–‘ˆ ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ǧ ‘†”‡‰—Ǧ ‘”•ƒ† ‹‰Ǥ ”‘„Ž‡‹ˆ ‹•‡Ž›„‡Ǧ ‹˜‡†‘‘” Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†Ǧ ‹‡†–‘„‡ –‹ ‹‰ƒ Ǧ ‘’ƒ‹‡• Shining Light on on Light Shining ͳ͵ǡ†‹˜Ǥǡ–‹–Ǥ ǡȚ͹Ͳ͹ǡͳʹͻ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ Ǥ Ǥͻʹ͵ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ  Ǥ — ‹ƒǤ‡„ Š—Ƭ‘„‡”– Ǥ ƒ •‘ǡ ”Ǥǡ   CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW   See also   ‹• Ž‘•—”‡ ‹‰Š– ‡ƒ„Ž‡ •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”• –‘ „‡––‡” ǡͳͲͳ  ͳ͸ͻ ȋ     Ǧ     ͻ͵Ͳ Ͳ͵ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ˆ‘” ‘„‹‹‰• ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹– ’—„Ž‹  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘” Š‘Ž†ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹– ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡†   ͳ͸ͻǤ–ƒ–ǤʹʹͶʹǡ͵ͲʹͻǦ͵ͲȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘• –ǡʹͲͳ͸ǡ—„ǤǤ‘ǤͳͳͶǦͳ ‘”–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™ƒ›„‡ƒ‰‘ Žƒ–‘”›Ž‘ —•Ǥƒ”‘‡›‹ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹•‘–ƒ’ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† ‹• ‡‹–Š‡” ȋͳȌƒ†‘–Š‡”‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘”ȋʹȌ–Š‡’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹ –Š‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ȋ †‘‘”••‘–Š‡›‰‹˜‡‘”‡–‘‡š‡’–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡ „›ˆ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ›„‡–”‘—„Ž‹‰Ǥ Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ›Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž›†‡ ‹†‡–‘’”‘–‡ –‘’”‘ˆ‹–†‘ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”†ƒ”Ǧ‘‡›’”‘„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡†‡–ȌǤ ‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–•‘Ž‹ ‹– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›„‘–Š”‡Ž›‘ •—’’‘”–‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‹ ‘–”‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ–‘’”‘ˆ‹–Žƒ™‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘ —™‹––‹‰†‘‘”•–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡Žƒ™ ƒ††”‡••–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ—™‹––‹‰•Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”•—’’‘”–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŽ‡ –‹‘Žƒ™ ‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‘ˆƒŽŽ’‘Ž‹ –‹˜‹–‹‡•„›„‘–Š–›’‡•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ’—„Ž‹  ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‹ Ž ‰‡‡”‘—•–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‘”•ƒ›‘–—†‡”• –Šƒ– ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡• ‹ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‹”†‘ƒ–‹‘•–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ –‹•’”‡ •’‡†‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒ› ‡š’ ƒ—•‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰ –Šƒ ƒ”‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ•†ƒ”‘‡›˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•Ǥ ‘”Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ƒ— ŠŠƒ”†‡”–‹‡ ‘˜‹ ‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡‹” ‹–Ǧƒ‹‰ ’—”’‘•‡• ™‹–Š Dz ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥdz ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”Ǧ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‹‰Š–„‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘’Žƒ–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‡–‹”‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ„—–†‘‘–™ƒ––‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡‹” ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ„—–‹–™‘—Ž†Ž‡••‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡Š‘’‹‰–‘”‡ ‡ •—’’‘”–Ǥ Corporate Political Spending Corporate Political ‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ †‹• Ž‘•‡ –Š‡‹” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •’‡†‹‰Š‘Ž†‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–•‘˜‡” –‘ –Š‡‹” ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘’”‘–‡ – ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡• ‡”•ǡ„—–‘‰”‡••”‡ ‡–Ž›’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†–Š‡ˆ”‘ƒ†‘’–‹‰•— ‹–Š‡‡ƒ”–‡”Ǥ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 52 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 52 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 53 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 ǡ ‰   „‡ ‰ ‘ Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹–• ‘‡ ‘ƒŽ ͳǣͳ͸   ’—„Ǧ  •–ƒ”– Šƒ•  ‹‰Š– ™Š‹Ž‡ Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ƒ’Ǧ ȋ –Ǥʹͺǡ †‡•‹”ƒǦ ‰‘”›‘ˆ ‘•‡Ǧ ‡ƒ†›‹ ‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ͳ͹ͳ ”•ǡ‹–ƒ› ‡ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ ƒƒ–‹‘Ǧ  ‘„Ž‡•Ǥ   •‘‡–”‹ƒŽ  Š‹ Š’‘Ž‹–‹Ǧ ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›  ”„‡‡ ”‹’Ǧ ˜‡”ǦŽ‹‹‰Ǧ–‘Ǧ ‹–‹œ‡•Ǧ   ǡ  ‹†‡”‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ„—–’”‘Ǧ ͸ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌȋDzȏȐ’‡‡ Š–Šƒ–”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ ’ƒ”–‹•ƒ˜‘–‡”‰—‹†‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡” ‹–‹œ‡•‹–‡†ǡǤǤ ͻ͵ͳ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ Is There a Silver Lining to to Lining Silver a There Is STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE      ȋ      Endorsing the Bright Lines Project Approach Project Lines Bright the Endorsing Ǧ ͳ͹Ͳ  B. Are States a Good Testing Grounda Good States B. Are forFederal Testing Regulation?   See   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› —•‡ˆ—Ž ‹ †‡ˆ‹‹ ”‘ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡–‘–‡•– Š‡‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†”ƒ™„ƒ –‘•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ”‹•‡•ˆ” ‘””—’–‹‘ǡ†‡ ‡’–‹‘ƒ†ƒ„—•‡‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ–‡• ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‡ ‹– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǡ ™‹–Š •‘‡ ”—Ž‡• ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰ –‘—•–‡”ƒ†‘–Š‡””—Ž‡•ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡’” ’ƒ•• ‘•– –Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••—„Œ‡ ––‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹  ‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰‹–ǡ„—––Šƒ–†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Šƒ•–Š—•ˆƒ ’Ž‹‰Ž› ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽȄ–Š‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ –ƒš ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡”‡‹••‘— Š”‹†‹‰‘‹–•’”‡ ‹•‡ ‘–‘— ‹’Ž‘†‡† ‘ – „‡–‘‘ˆ”ƒ—‰Š–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––‘ƒ––‡’––‘‹’‘•‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™‹–Š‘—––‡•–‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ –™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›–ƒ‡ ƒ†‡””‘”–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ–‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‡•–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž†ƒ†‘’–„”‹‰Š–Ž‹‡•ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‹–• ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ•–”—  „‡–™‡‡  ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ ˆ”‡‡ „ƒŽƒ ‡ •’‡‡ Š —•– ‘ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ƒ† ’”‡˜‡–‹ –Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ–ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡’‡‘’Ž œƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹–Š‡‹”„‘”†‡”•ǡ„—–‘•–ƒ–‡ ƒƒ†‘’– ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ˆƒƒ–‹ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‡‡†• –‘ —””‡–†›•ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ—–•–ƒ–‡ǦŽƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡–Š‡™ƒ›–‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ ‘˜‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•ƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‹• „Ž‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡ǦŽƒ™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ™ƒ›–‘–”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ’”‘ƒ Š‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ•‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”‡˜‡–—ƒŽˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ”‡‰— Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•’ƒ”ƒŽ›•‹•Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‘˜‡Ž Ž‹ ˆ‹ƒ ‹‰•›•–‡•‹•‘‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡ•‘‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒŽ” ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ ʹͲͳͷȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͷȀͳͲȀʹͺȀ‘’‹‹‘Ȁ‹•Ǧ–Š‡”‡ǦƒǦ•‹Ž –‡ –••’‡‡ Šˆ‘ —•‡†•‘Ž‡Ž›‘‹••—‡•ǡ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‘„„›‹‰ǡ‘ †‡ˆ‡•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‘ǤdzȌǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ„”‹‰Š–Ž‹‡•’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡†‘”•‡ȀȋŽƒ•–˜‹•‹–‡†ƒ”Ǥͳ ƒ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –•ƒ˜‹‡™‘–Šƒ– ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•   ͳ͹ͲǤ Š‘ƒ•Ǥ†•ƒŽŽǡ’‹‹‘ǡ ‘–Š‡”• ‘—Ž†‡š’‡”‹‡–™‹–Šƒˆƒ –•ƒ† ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹ •‹–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ•‘–Š‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‹™ ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ —‹–‡†ǤŠ–ŽǤ ͳ͹ͳǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 53 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 53 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 53 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   –Š ‹–• ‹–ŠǦ „—– †‹ ‰ƒ ‡‡ Š ͳǣͳ͸ ‹–—”‡ ‡–Š‡  •–ƒ–‡• ‘‘”•ǡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ •–Š‡‹” Š•–ƒ† ˜‡–Šƒ– ‹–‹‘• ‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ ‡ ‡‘ˆ ƒ”‘—† ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ǧ Š‡”—Ž‡• Ž‡™Š‘•‡ ˆ‘” ‡”•Ǥ •–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› • ”—–‹›ǡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž›Ǥ ‘’„ƒ†„‡Ǧ  —‹†ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ƒšǦ See •Ǥ ƒŽ  –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ͹ͺ ‡†Ǥ ‡‰Ǥ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ǤͳȌǤ ’‡”ƒ–‡‘•–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ •–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‰‘ƒŽ ƒ‘–„ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW ‘‡•–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž††”ƒˆ–„”‘ƒ††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•ƒ†   ͳ͹ʹ C. Is Disclosure Trouble? Worth the   ȋ    ›ǡƒ†™Š‹ Š†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘  Ǧ     ͻ͵ʹ Ͳ͵ ˆ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ †‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹•–‘‹ˆ‘”˜‘–‡”•ǡ Š‹Ž‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡•‡‡•ƒ‘”‡’”‘‹•‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘–Šƒ•—„•–ƒǦ Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†‡™‘”Žƒ™ ‘—Ž†’”‘˜‡ •— ‡••†‡’‡†•‘˜‘–‡”•‘™‹‰™Š‘–Š‡†‘‘”•ƒ”‡ƒ†—†‡”Ǧ •–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹–‡”‡•–ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡™’‡‘’ ˜‹‡™•ƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›—†‡”•–‘‘†–‘”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’‡”•’‡ –‹ Šƒ•‡ƒ‹‰–‘˜‘–‡”•ȋ–Š‡‘ Š„”‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‡‘”‰‡‘”‘•ȌǤ‘™‹ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡”‹‘—• †‘™•‹†‡• –‘ †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ –Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž† „‡ ™‡‹‰Š‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰‹–Ǥ‘•– ”— ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡‹•‘–†‡•‹‰‡†–‘•– Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡŒ—•––‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘˜‘–‡”•ǡ†‘‘”•ǡƒ†Žƒ™‡ ‹”•–‡†‡–†‘ –”‹‡‹’Ž‹‡ •‹Ž‡ ‹‰‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡‡ Šǡ„—––Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡†‘—„––Šƒ–‘ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•„‡Š‹†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹•–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡‹ˆŽ— ƒ‘›‘—••’‡‡ Š‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǤŠ‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Šƒ–•’ ƒ› †‡’‡† ‹ ’ƒ”– ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‘›‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡†‘‘”†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡ ‘‡•—„ •’‡ƒ‡”ǡ „—– ‡˜‡ ™‹ ‘”‡„ƒŽƒ ‡†™‹–Š‘—–•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‹˜‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘™‹–Š•–ƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ œƒ–‹‘•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”—Ž–‹ƒ–‡†‘‘”•ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹– ‰‹˜‡ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡š’‡† –Š”‡•Š‘Ž†•ƒ†–‹‹‰”—Ž‡•Ǥ‘–Š•–ƒ–‡• ƒ‘‹–‘”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ – ”—Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹•–ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ‡••ƒ›ƒŽ•‘†‡’‡†‘Š‘™‡š ‡’–‹‘•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹‰Š–ƒŽŽ‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ‘›‹–›ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ† ‘” ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ƒ—•‡•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ –‘„‡‹•–”— –‹˜‡ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‘‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š ƒŽŽ‘™‘”‡Ž‡‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹•— Š ‘†— –™ ‘—–„—”†‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”• ‘—Ž†ƒ†‘’–‘”‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡†”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ƒ†ƒ–‡‰”‡ƒ–‡””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ–•™‹”Ž ƒ›ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—––Š‡ Žƒ •–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–”› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒ– ‘ ‡Ǥ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •–ƒ–‡• ‘—Ž† ƒ†‘’– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡ˆ‹ ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡––Šƒ–”‡˜‡ƒŽ•™Š‹ Š†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ƒ™‹– Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ• ”—–‹   ͳ͹ʹǤ Š‹• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ ȋ ȌȋͶȌ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹••—‡Ǥ š‡’–‘ ‹ƒŽ‡Žˆƒ”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡Ǧ‡Žƒ–‡†‘Ž‹–‹ ͹ͳǡͷ͵ͷȋ’”‘’‘•‡†‘˜ǤʹͻǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍȋ–‘„‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ–ʹ͸Ǥ ǤǤ’– 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 53 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 53 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 54 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17   Ǥ    ‘Ǧ Ǥ –Š ǡ͵ͺ  ‹‘  •‹ Ž˜‡•     Before ’—„Ǧ  ™Š‘‹• ͳǣͳ͸ ••ƒ‰Ǧ

Ž‹‡‘ˆ  ‹ˆ‘”Ǧ ‹‹Žƒ” ”‡ˆ‡”Ǧ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ”ƒ —Ǧ ‘—––Š‡ ͳ͹ͷ ‡‹•‘– ‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ ǡͺͻ ǡǤǤ  ‹‡–Ž›–‘ Ž †‘‘”• Riley  ••Ǥ Strengthening Strengthening ‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‹‡• —–‡†‹ƒ  ȋ‡ Ǥ ͳǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǡ ͳ͹Ͷ ƒ””•ǡ   See   Ǧ‘—–Ǧ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǧƒ†Ǧ ƒ Šƒ”‹–›™‹ŽŽŠƒ†Ž‡’”‹Ǧ   ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽǦ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǧ ǫ‘–˜‡”›ƒ›Ǥ†–Š‹• ‹†ƒ—‰‹ǡ ͳ͹͹ See  †ˆǤ Šƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒǦ

ǡ ǤǤ • ”—–‹›—†‡”–Š‡ •‘–Šƒ›‘—”–›’‹ ƒŽƒ—†‹‡ ‡ǤdzȌǢ ‹”•–’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ͻ͵͵    

 ǣ Advance Rulings for Nonprofit Fiduciaries for Nonprofit Rulings Advance New York Times York New Transcript: A Debate on Campaign Finance Disclosure Finance on Campaign Debate A Transcript: ͺȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‹Ǧ  Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE ͳ͹͵ The Families the Funding 2016 Presidential Election      ǡ   ‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•  ȋDzȏ Ȑ‘™ƒ›‘ˆ›‘—ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‰‘–‘–Š‡ ™‡„•‹–‡ƒ†Ž‘‘—’      

ȋ ͳ͹͸     Ǥ   ȋʹͲͳͶȌ     ‘–‡ʹͳƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ  ͻͶͲ ǡ  Ǧ   ͻ͵͵ǡ    Ǥ        ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘’”‘–‡ –†‘‘”•–‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ• Š‡”‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•”‡“—‹”‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ„—–‘––Š‡ See supra Ǥ   Ǥͺ͸ͻȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ Ǥ  Ǥ       ’Žƒ›‡”•†‘‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘—‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ‹”Ž›‘ ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ȅ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ‹ƒ•‡†”‡’‘”–‹‰ƒ„ †‹• Ž‘•‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†ˆ—”–Š‡”†‹•–‘”––Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡ ȋ –ǤͳͲǡʹͲͳͷȌǡ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘Ȁ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ȀʹͲͳͷȀͳͲȀͳͳȀ—•Ȁ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ȀʹͲͳ͸Ǧ  ͳ͹͸Ǥ  ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‘•—‡”•‡‡†–‘„‡™ƒ”‡†–‘”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠ‘™ ˜ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ Šƒ”‹–›‹•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ˆ ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ƒ”‹•‡Ǥ‡•’‹–‡ƒ™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ’—„Ž‹  ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ †‘‘”• †‘ ‘– ‡†— ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›™‡ŽŽǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ŒǤ‘”‰Ȁ‹ƒ‰‡•Ȁ’†ˆ̴ˆ‘Ž†‡”Ȁ‘–Š‡”̴’—„•Ȁˆ—ŽŽ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ǥ’    ͳ͹͵Ǥ ƒ”ƒƒŽŽ‘›Ƭ”ƒ†Ž‡›Ǥ‹–Šǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•ƒ††”‡••‘”‡’Ž‘›‡”Ȅ–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–†‘‘”•’” ˜‹†‡—†‡”‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™Ȅ†‘‡•‘–”‡˜‡ƒŽ— Šƒ„‘—–’‘••‹„Ž‡„‹ƒ –Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•Ǥ ‡™˜‘–‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‘‘”••—ˆˆ‹ —•‡–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™‡ŽŽǤ  ‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ƒ‡†‘‘”••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›„‡––‡”‹ˆ‘”‡†Ǥƒ‰—‡ ‡ ‡• –‘ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘› ‘”™‘—Ž†„‡‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‘„‡––‡”‡†— ƒ–‡†‘‘”•Ȅ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ ’”‘–‡ – ™‘‡ǯ• Š‡ƒŽ ‡•–Šƒ–†‘‘”• —””‡–Ž›”‡ ‡‹˜‡™Š‡–Š‡› ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ȋ ȌȋͶȌ œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ›‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ•–ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡–‘ƒ†ƒ–‡–Šƒ– •‘Ž‹ ‹–‹‰ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ ȋ ȌȋͶȌ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‡Ž Ž‹ ǡŽƒ™‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–†‡’‡†•‘•–ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰‹”” ‹–Š‡†‹• Ž‘•—”‡•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ƒ†’”‘•‡ —–‡ǤŠƒ–†‹• Ž‘•—”  ‰‹˜‹‰‘‡›–‘›‘—” ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•‘›‘— ƒ†‡–‡”‹‡Š‘™–‘˜‘–‡ ”‘™†ȏƒ––Š‡•›’‘•‹—Ȑ‹•‰‘‹‰–‘„‡ƒŽ‘–‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘†‘ –—”‡‘™Š‘‹•ˆ—†‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͳ͸’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ ȋƒ†ƒ‹‰‹–•‡‡ˆ—ȌǢ–Š‡ ˆ‘”˜‘–‡”•†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡‡†‹ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͷȀͳʹȀͲʹȀ›‘—”Ǧ‘‡›Ȁ„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǧ‰‹˜‹‰Ǧ Š‡ •—’‡”Ǧ’ƒ Ǧ†‘‘”•ǤŠ–Žǫ”‡ˆα’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ  ͳ͹ͷǤ  ƒ•‡’–‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ‡†‹ƒ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ ͳ͹ͶǤ‹ Š‘Žƒ•‘ˆ‡••‘”‡‡–ƒŽǤǡ Giving, Check Out Charities and Their Policies on Privacy on Policies Their and Charities Out Check Giving, Charity Law: Replacing Media Oversight with –Š‡‹”Ǧ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǧ‘Ǧ’”‹˜ƒ ›ǤŠ–ŽǤ   –‹•‘– Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‹•™‘—Ž†™‹–Š•–ƒ† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ͳ͹͹Ǥ ƒ•‡•Ǥ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 54 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 54 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 54 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17  ǡ Ž ‹–  Ǧ  ‘” †‹Ǧ  ‹–•  Ǥ ‡ ƒ ƒ–ƒ  ƒ–‡• ‘”†Ǧ  ͳǣͳ͸ –‹‘• ‡–Š‡ ‹–•–‘  ‹† ”‡Ǧ ––Š‡› ‹‹–‹ƒǦ ™‘—Ž† ‹†‡–‹Ǧ  —”–ƒ‹Ž –Š‡ ƒ’  ǡǤǤ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– Transaction Transaction  ‹†‘‹‰  ƒ”‡‘–‡ ’‡”‡‹ƒŽ –Š‡–Š‹•  See   ͳ͹ͻ —––Šƒ–‡„ƒ”Ǧ ŽƒǦ‡Ǧ’ Ǧ•‡ ”‡–Ǧ†‘‘”•Ǧ ‘ ƒ ‡••Ǥ ͳ͹ͺ ‹–‡ –”ƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ see also ’‡†‹–—”‡•–‘”‡ƒ‹•Š›‘ˆ–Š‡ •‹–‡†ƒ”Ǥͳ͸ǡʹͲͳ͸Ȍȋ’”‘˜‹†‹‰  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ ǡ   ˆ–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹•–‘ ǯ ͳͺͲ   Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸     Ǥ  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW   ǡ ƒ††‘‘”•ƒ› Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‹‹‰ƒ†Ȁ‘”   ͳͺͳ  ‘–‡ͳͲ͹Ǥ ȋ List Unmasks Secret Donors to California Initiative Campaigns Initiative California to Donors Secret Unmasks List   supra   Ǧ ‡‹•‡”ǡ   See   ͻ͵Ͷ Ͳ͵ ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡‡†›ǡ•– ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ™ƒ–•–‘‡‡’‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡‘‡›ˆ”‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ ‡‡’‹‰ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‘”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ ‹••—‡‹–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡’”‹ ‡‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ‘•–‹‰Š–„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ǣ‹– ‘—Ž†‹ ‡–‹˜‹œ‡•‘‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ˆ‡™‡” ƒ’ƒ‹‰‰”‡ƒ–‡”’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‘–Š‡”’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ—–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† †‡˜‘– ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ •’‡† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‡”‰› ƒ––‡’–‹‰’‘”–‹‰ –‘ ƒ˜‘ –Š”‡•Š‘Ž†•ǡ —•–™‡‹‰Š–Š‡„—”†‡‘ˆ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡‘‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒ ”‡’‘”–‹‰”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‡ƒ•†‹˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘™ƒ”†•”‡ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘’‡•‡ ”‡–•Ǥ‘”‰ȀȋŽƒ•–˜‹•‹–‡†ƒ”Ǥͳ͸ǡʹͲͳ͸Ȍȋ™‡„• ‘‡›‘ǤǤ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ȌǤ ͳͺͲǤ ”ƒ••‡–™‹ŽŽ‘™•‹’Ž›„‡ƒˆƒ –‘”–‘™‡‹‰Šƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡„‡‡ˆ „‡Šƒ†ˆ”‘•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›ǤŠ‹Ž‡•‘‡‹••—‡• ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‰”ƒ†‡ǡƒ›†‘‘”•™‹ŽŽ•‹’Ž›„‹– „—ŽŽ‡–Ȅƒ• –Š‡› Ž‘‰ Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•†ƒ–‡•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ†‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› –‘ ƒ ȋ –Ǥ ʹͶǡ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ Š––’ǣȀȀƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǤŽƒ–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳ͵Ȁ‘ –ȀʹͶȀŽ‘ ƒŽȀ  ͳ͹ͺǤ–Š‘›‘”ǡ †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡‘˜‘–‡”•‘”†‘‘”•‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡•ƒŽŽǤ‹–Š‘Ž› •‘ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ƒ† –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‡„ƒ””ƒ••‡– –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ƒ ‘’ƒ› ‹–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ› „‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ †‹•‹ ‡–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–Š‡‹”‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•Ǥ –‘ „ƒŽŽ‘–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ‹–•‡™”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡—Ž‹‡Ž›–‘•— ‡‡† –Šƒ–Ǥ—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•–ƒ–‡ƒ –‘”•ƒ›‘™Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹„ƒŽŽ‘– –‹˜‡•Ȅ‹ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ˜‘–‡”•†‹• ‘—––Š‡‹”‡••ƒ‰‡‘™‹‰–Š‡‹” –›Ǥ‘‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡••ƒ‰‡•‹‰Š–„‡Ž‡••™‡ŽŽǦˆ—†‡†–Šƒ–Š‡› ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•”‡ˆ—•‡–‘’—„Ž‹ Ž›•—’’‘”–™Šƒ ‹‰Š–•—’’‘”–’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ –™ƒ•‡„ƒ””ƒ••‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‘™‡”•‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–‘„‡ƒŒ‘”†‘‘”•–‘ ƒ’ƒ‹‰•–‘†‡ˆ‡ –ƒš‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ†™‡ƒ‡Žƒ„‘”—‹‘•‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥˆ‡ Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁˆ‹ƒ ‡Ȁ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡Ȁ‘”‹†•‡ƒǤ•Š–ŽǡȋŽƒ•–˜‹ ƒ •‡ƒ” Š ‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• „› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ‡ȌǢ  ͳͺͳǤ̈́ͷͲǡͲͲͲƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ”‹ˆ–Š‡› ƒǤ  ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”‡š ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǦ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ǦʹͲͳ͵ͳͲʹͶǤ  ͳ͹ͻǤ Š‡•‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘™ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ•› – Query by Individual Contributor Individual by Query 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 54 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 54 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 55 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17  Ǧ ›ǡ  šǦ  ͳ–‘ ’”‘Ǧ Š‡ ͳǣͳ͸ ˆ‘”  ƒ „› ‘›Ǧ ˜‡ ‹ˆ Ž‹„‡”Ǧ ‹’Š‘Ǧ ͳͺ͵ –‘—–Ȅ —ƒ––‘ ƒ‘Ǧ ”ƒ ‡–‘ ™‹–Š‹–• Ȅ”‹˜ƒŽ• –‘Dzˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž Š‡ Šƒ‹ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’”‘–‡ –Ǧ ‘„Ž‡‘ˆ –Š‡‰‘ƒŽ• „—––Š‡”‡‹• ͳͺͶ  ͻ͵ͷ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—Ž–‹Ǧ ͳͺʹ     ‹–—–‡• ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž †‹• Ž‘•—”‡ǡ ‡  Ǥ Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸ STATE LAW SOLUTIONSSTATE      ȋ    ‘–‡•ͻʹȂͻ͵ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ ‡ –‹‘ ǤǤ ‘–‡ͺ͸ƒ†ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰–‡š–Ǥ  Ǧ supra    See supra See See supra   ʹͲͳ͸Ȑ Ͳ͵ ‘ Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ –‹˜‡ ‹ ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹ ‘–Š‡” ‘ ‡” ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ”—Ž‡• ‹‰Š– ‘– „‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹ ˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ƒ††”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ –‹‡• ƒ› „‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹™‹–Š‘—–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰‹–ǡ•‘•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™•ƒ›ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡™‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ†‡•‹‰Ǥ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ”‘—’• ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •’‡ –”—’‡†‹–—”‡•™‹–Š‘—–ˆ—ŽŽ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ǡƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ ƒ‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‡ –Š‡ „‘––‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡‹–Š‡”‘‡ ƒ ƒˆˆ‘”† –‘ †”‘’”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘’”‘‹•‡–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘—–Ǥ ‡ƒŽ ”‡ ‡‡†–‘ƒ‰”‡‡ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡–‘’”‡˜‡–„‘–Š—‹‘ƒ†„—•‹‡••ǡ ƒŽƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡‰”‘—’•ˆ”‘•‡ ”‡–•’‡†‹‰Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘’Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”—Ž‡•ǤŠ‡’” †ƒ”‘‡›ƒ”‹•‡•‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ†ƒ‹•› Šƒ‹•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•• ‹‰ˆ—†•–‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ –ƒ›„‡‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‰‡––‘ƒ›‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–†‘‘”•ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ˆ—ŽŽ†‹• Ž‘•—”‡’—”• –Š‡Žƒ™ǤƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǯ•”—Ž‡ƒ‡•ƒƒ––‡’––‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š”‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–‡™‘”ǯ•”—Ž‡†‘‡•‘–ǡƒ‹‰‹–‡ƒ•› †‹• Ž‘•‡dz™Š‹Ž‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‘’ƒ“—‡Ǥ †‡ƒŽ™‹–Š ‘ ‡”•ƒ„‘—–‘’ƒ ‹–›‹Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž‘„„›‹‰ǡ ‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡™‘”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–—”‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ™ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š„‘–Šƒˆˆ‡ –ȋ ȌȋͶȌ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ͳͺʹǤ ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”—”‡•–”‹ –‡† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ ‘—•Ǥ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‘•– ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›ǡ‘’”‘ˆ‹–•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–‘–„‡ƒƒ’ ’”‹ƒ–‡”‡•’‘•‡Ǥˆ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›‰‘ƒŽ•†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ‘Ž› ‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‰‘’”‘ˆ‹–†‘‘”•Œ—•–‹ˆ› ’”‘ˆ‹–ǦŽƒ™•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‡™‘””‡’‡ƒŽ‡†‹–•‘’”‘ˆ‹–•”—Ž‡‹† –‘‹–•‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘”‡ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ ‹‰˜‘–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ ’—”’‘•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™ƒ•‡˜‡””—–Š”‘—‰Š‹–• Šƒ”‹–‹‡•Žƒ™Ǥ ͳͺ͵Ǥ ‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘•—†‡”•–ƒ–‡Žƒ™ƒ”‡‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•‘” ‡™‘”•–ƒ–‡ǯ•—„Ž‹  –‡‰”‹–›‡ˆ‘” –™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†‹ʹͲͳ ͳͺͶǤ 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 55 Side A 06/09/2016 10:30:17 A 06/09/2016 55 Side Sheet No. 38015-ckt_91-3 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 55 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17   Ž‡ Ǧ ͳǣͳ͸ ™ƒ”† ‹ˆ‹Ǧ  •–ƒ–‡ ‡ –‹‰ ‹˜‡”•‡ ” ‘™ ‘”‡ ™‹–Š‹ ‘”–Šƒ– ‹ •ǡ„—– Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‹ŽŽ—Ž–‹Ǧ ‹’‘•‡† •–ƒ–—–‡•–‘ ‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡”‡ƒ†Ǧ •–ƒ–‡ƒ†‘’–Ǧ  ȏ‘Žͻͳǣ͵ –‹–‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›Ž‹‹–‡†™Š‡ Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ˆ‡˜‡”› Ȍ ͷȀ͵ͳȀʹͲͳ͸  CHICAGO-KENT LAW REVIEWCHICAGO-KENT LAW     ȋ     Ǧ     ͻ͵͸ Ͳ͵ Š‡ • ‘’‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ› —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› „‡ –Š‡ •–”‘‰‡•– ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” ›†‹• Ž‘•—”‡”‡‰‹‡‹•Ž‹‹–‡†ǡƒ–„‡•–Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹‹–‡†  ‡†•‘‡•‘”–‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†•–‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡‹‡•‡— ‘ˆˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›• Š‡‡Ǥ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰†ƒ”‘‡›–Š”‘—‰Š•–ƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ™ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ Žƒ™Ǥ ‘’”‘ˆ‹–• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡’”‘–‡ –‹‰ Šƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ††‘‘”•Ǥ ˆ•–ƒ–‡•”‡‰—Žƒ–‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‰‡ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡‹”Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ƒ•ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”‹ˆ‘”‹‰†‘‘”•ƒ†’”‘– Šƒ”‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ –Šƒ–‡š’ƒ•‹˜‡Ǥ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ Š‘•‡ ‘—Ž† ’—”’‘•‡• „‡ Œ—•–‹ˆ› ‡š–‡†‹‰ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ „‡›‘† ‡ –‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘ƒ›‡Ž‡ –‹‘‡‡”‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘” Š‹Ž‡–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹ ›‹‰Š–‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ‹–‹• ‹Ž›Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒƒ„Žƒ‡–‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™Ǥˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ–‡Ž›„‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ†ƒ”‘‡›‹’‘Ž‹– –Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ƒ›„‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‹’”‡’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ †ƒ›Ǥ––Š‡˜‡”›Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ•–ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–’ƒ˜‡–Š‡™ƒ›ǡ’‘ ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡––‘†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰Ǥ ’‘•‡†„›–Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ ǡ„— „›•–ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –‹‘Žƒ™„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡• ƒ‘Ž›”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š‡™‘”ƒ†ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›Ž‹‹––Š‡‹” ‡Ž‡ –‹‘•ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‹– 38015-ckt_91-3 Sheet No. 55 Side B 06/09/2016 10:30:17 B 06/09/2016 55 Side Sheet No. 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