If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. 1/' -:-l COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE 1980'S: RECENT ADVANCES IN POLICE PROGRAMS L-. Edited by Donald J. Loree and Chris Murphy Research and Program Ministry Secretariat Development Branch Solicitor ~eneral Canada Canadian Police College Ottawa, Ontario March 17-19, 1986 J ~ ~ mfftl:11\ft~ H § L. This Conference was jointly sponsored by the Canadian Police College, a Canadian police service of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and by the Secretariat of the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada. Published under the authority of the Hon. James Kelleher, P.C., M.P., Solicitor General of Canada. © Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1987 Cat. No. JS 42-34/1987E ISBN 0-662-15807-5 U.S. Department of Justice 108794 National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the pers?n or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated In this documen~ ~re tho.s.e of the authors and do not necessarily repr~sent the official pOSitIOn or policies of the National Institute of Juslice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by Minister of S11pply and Services Canada to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). F.urther reproduction outside of the NC"RS system requires permis­ sion of the copyright owner. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Canadian Police College, the Ministry of the Solicitor General or any government department or agency. Egalement disponible en fran9ais sous Ie titre La police et la collectivite dans les annees 80: progres recents au niveau des programmes. COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE 1980'S RECENT ADVANCES IN POLICE PROGRAMS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 I GENERAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY POLICING 3 1. Opening Address Deputy Commissioner H. Jensen 5 2. The Changing Function of Urban Police: The Historical and Political Context of Community Policing Professor George Kelling 11 3. "Community Policing" - A Personal View Inspector Chris Braiden 23 II MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY POLICING 39 4. The Current Climate of Canadian Policing: Prospects For Change Deputy Chief Peter Scott 41 5. The Planning and Management of Change in a Police Department: The London Experience Deputy Assistant Commissioner R.A. Hunt 51 III OPERATIONAL ISSUES 73 6. Implementing Community Based Policing in the London Metropolitan Police Commander Lawrence T. Roach 75 7. Neighbourhood Patrol Strategies: The Flint, Michigan Experience Robert Trojanowicz 95 8. The Role and Management of Criminal Investigations in the Community John E. Eck 107 IV THE ROLE OF RESEARCH 123 9. Effective Policing: Research Contributions Lawrence Sherman 123 - iii - COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE 1980'S RECENT ADVANCES IN POLICE PROGRAMS TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) PAGE V PLENARY PANEL DISCUSSION 141 PARTICIPANTS 151 - iv - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all those who contributed to the success of this confeence, and our special thanks to Lisa Nielsen for her work in preparing the text for printing. - v - INTRODUCTION The idea for a conference to explore emerging issues in Comm­ unity Policing was conceived and developed in the Research and Program Development Branch of the Canadian Police College and the Research Branch of the Ministry of the Solicitor General. Person­ nel in each unit who were in touch with research and experimenta­ tion considered that the current state of knowledge and "develop­ ments undertaken in particular communities merited such an event. After some preliminary discussion, the R.C.M.P., through the Canadian Police College, and the Ministry of the Solicitor General agreed to jointly sponsor the conference. Much further discussion and negotiation ensued, ail agenda was produced t speakers were invited and decisions were made about whom to invite. This volume is an edited version, to greater or lesser degree, of the papers presented. We had several objectives in mind in orgamzwg the confer­ ence, and in publishing these proceedings. First, we wanted to stimulate thought and discussion about major aspects of community policing in the Canadian police community. To this end, we decided to invite knowledgeable and experienced speakers from the United States, Canada and Great Britain. Each was asked to address the particular dimension with which he was most familiar and to be prepared for questions and discussion. In addressing broad issues, and the policy implication, we invited as partici­ pants a select group of police chiefs, federal and provincial a fficials and police researchers. The stimulation we sought was evident in the discussion both during the conference and in its aftermath. A second objective was to encourage change, initiative and innovati ve developments in the Canadian police community. This included projects and initiatives currently being implemented in various communities as well as possible new developments. As sub­ sequent events have shown, the conference has had an undoub ted impact either as a direct stimulus to change or as reinforcement for changes already in progress. A third goal, really implicit in the first two, was to pro­ vide a forum wherein police executives, government officials and researchers could exchange ideas and discuss common concerns. This is something which is, unfortunately, all too infrequent but which in this case was highly successful. It is interesting to note that there has already been one equally successful follow-up workshop at the Canadian Police College with another planned for late 1987. The Research Branch of the Ministry of the Solicitor General is similarly engaged in follow-up activities. The publi':' cation and dissemination of this volume will ensure that the ideas generated at the conference will be widely available in Canada and available for use in a variety of settings. - 1 - The papers have been organized into four broad topic areas although, given the realities of policing, the overlap between them is certainly evident and expected. These are: General Issues in Community Policing; Management of Community Policing; Operational Issues; and the Role of Research. Don Loree and Chris Murphy - 2 - PART I GENERAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY POLICING Taken together, the three papers in this section address the past, present and future of policing and come to grips with some of the key changes that have been and will be instrumental in shaping the role of police. If community policing is to be more than just a term trotted out when politically expedient, there must be some fairly clear philosophical orientation and direction guiding the process; there must be structural change that will allow the innovations to have a chance to prove themselves; and there must be perceptual changes on the part of police management and street cops alike about the nature of their work and the real­ ity of policing a changed and changing society. These are the themes that run through the three papers and the hard questions they pose. Henry Jensen, drawing upon decades of operational and admin­ istrative experience with the RCMP, challenges the traditional views of police managers. The manager of the future must be inno­ vative and flexible, not bound to tradition. The police organiza­ tion itself will have to adapt to changing circumstances, making use of all available knowledge. The community must become a real part of community policing, with input that will challenge many with traditionalist views. The community and policing are chang­ ing and police executives must become students of both. George Kelling, a student of policing for many years examines the processes of change in policing in the U.S., the current situ­ ation and some possible future directions. The police must become closer partners with the community in combating crime and fear of crime. However, the police responsibility is much broader and this needs to be recognized by managers to a much greater exten t than at present. To this end, managers should move toward greater latitude of patrol, and enhance the status of this primary police function. The "professional" model of policing, and the isolation from community that it engenders, needs to be replaced by a less bureaucratic, decentralized and more service oriented perspective that deals with the reality of the community and its needs. In the third paper, Chris Braiden argues for what is essen­ tially a humanizing of police management and of policing in general. Descr ibing himsel f as an "average street cop" he draws on his many years on the street in Edmonton. Policing is too num­ bers oriented as managers look for measures of what they do. This merely stultifies policing and inhibits the initiative of street officers. Police need to re-evaluate what they do and why or else face becoming redundant to most of the community. The crime­ fighting model, and ideology, is long out-dated and unrealistic, promoting a perception by and of the police that is, in the long term, harmful. The future demands police leaders who inspire rather than restrain their departments and ~"ho know, understand and work with the communities they serve. - 3 - 1. OPENING ADDRESS Deputy Commissioner H. Jensen Royal Canadian Mounted Police Good morning ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to our nation's capital, to those of you who have come from other parts of Canada or other countries. On behalf of Commissioner Simmonds and all members of the RCMP, I am pleased to welcome you to this confer­ ence which I think is important and certainly timely. We will be addressing the topic Community Policing in the 1980' s: Recent Advances in Police Programs. Although the Commissioner is unable to be here, he sends his greetings and best wishes to all of you for an informative and successful conference.