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The Shift Length Experiment What We Know About 8-, 10-, and 12-Hour Shifts in Policing

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The Shift Length Experiment What We Know About 8-, 10-, and 12-Hour Shifts in Policing THE SHIFT LENGTH EXPERIMENT What We Know About 8-, 10-, and 12-Hour Shifts in Policing POLICE FOUNDATION THE SHIFT LENGTH EXPERIMENT What We Know About 8-, 10-, and 12-Hour Shifts in Policing By Karen L. Amendola, David Weisburd, Edwin E. Hamilton, Greg Jones, Meghan Slipka With Anneke Heitmann, Jon Shane, Christopher Ortiz, Eliab Tarkghen Washington, DC The Police Foundation is a national, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting innovation and improvement in policing. Established in 1970, the foundation has conducted seminal research in police behavior, policy, and procedure, and works to transfer to local agencies the best new information about practices for dealing effectively with a range of important police operational and administrative concerns. Motivating all of the foundation’s efforts is the goal of efficient, humane policing that operates within the framework of democratic principles and the highest ideals of the nation. ©2011 by the Police Foundation. All rights, including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. For information about using Police Foundation copyrighted material, please visit www.policefoundation.org/docs/copyright.html. Police Foundation 1201 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036-2636 (202) 833-1460 (202) 659-9149 fax [email protected] www.policefoundation.org ISBN 978-1-884614-25-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943533 This project was supported by award 2005-FS-BX-0057 from the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice. The Shift Length Experiment: What We Know About 8-, 10-, and 12-Hour Shifts in Policing is available at www.policefoundation.org/shiftexperiment/. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ...........................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Key Findings from the Experiment .................................................................................... 5 The Experiment ................................................................................................................. 7 Method .................................................................................................................... 8 Agencies ................................................................................................................... 8 Sampling Procedures .............................................................................................. 8 Participation ............................................................................................................ 8 Research Design and Methods ................................................................................9 Multicenter Trail ...................................................................................................... 9 Random Assignment ............................................................................................... 9 Outcomes and Data Collection Methods .............................................................. 9 Measures .................................................................................................................11 Laboratory simulations .......................................................................................11 Police department data ......................................................................................11 Self-report instruments ...................................................................................... 12 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................... 14 Analytical approach .......................................................................................... 14 Effect size ......................................................................................................... 14 Results ........................................................................................................................... 15 Significant Findings ................................................................................................. 15 Quality of Work Life (QWL) ................................................................................. 15 Sleep Amount ........................................................................................................ 15 Sleepiness/Fatigue (subjective) ............................................................................. 16 Alertness ................................................................................................................. 17 Overtime Worked .................................................................................................. 17 iii Nonsignificant Findings ...................................................................................................................17 Work Performance and Safety ...............................................................................................................17 Health and Stress ....................................................................................................................................18 Quality of Personal Life .........................................................................................................................18 Sleep Quality, Fatigue (objective), and Sleep Disorders ......................................................................18 Off-Duty Employment ...........................................................................................................................18 Summary of Cross-Industry Research on Compressed Workweeks ................................................................ 19 Early Research ..................................................................................................................................... 19 More Recent Findings ....................................................................................................................... 20 What We Know About Compressed Workweeks in Law Enforcement Compared to Other Industries ...........................................................................................21 Problems with Past Studies ...............................................................................................................21 Summary of Findings by Outcomes .............................................................................................. 22 Performance ............................................................................................................................................22 Self-initiated activities and effort .......................................................................................................23 Quality of service ...............................................................................................................................23 Communication .................................................................................................................................23 Cognitive performance .......................................................................................................................24 Safety .......................................................................................................................................................24 Health .....................................................................................................................................................25 Quality of Life ........................................................................................................................................27 Fatigue, Sleep, and Alertness ..................................................................................................................29 Overtime and Off-Duty Employment ...................................................................................................32 Other Outcomes .....................................................................................................................................33 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................... 39 A. Description of Measures .............................................................................................................. 39 B. Past and Current Psychometric Properties of Measures ........................................................ 42 References .................................................................................................................................................... 43 Authors ..........................................................................................................................................................51
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