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The Impact of Shift Length in Policing on Performance, Health, Quality of Life, Sleep, Fatigue, and Extra-Duty Employment

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The Impact of Shift Length in Policing on Performance, Health, Quality of Life, Sleep, Fatigue, and Extra-Duty Employment The Impact of Shift Length in Policing on Performance, Health, Quality of Life, Sleep, Fatigue, and Extra-Duty Employment A Final Report Submitted to the: National Institute of Justice By: Karen L. Amendola, PhD Police Foundation David Weisburd, PhD Hebrew University George Mason University Police Foundation Edwin E. Hamilton, MA Greg Jones, MA Meghan Slipka, MA Police Foundation With: Anneke Heitmann, PhD Awake Institute, LLC Jon Shane, PhD John Jay College of Criminal Justice Christopher Ortiz, PhD New York Institute of Technology Eliab Tarkghen, BS Police Foundation December 12, 2011 This project was supported by Award Number 2005-FS-BX-0057 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice. © 2011 Police Foundation. All rights reserved. www.policefoundation.org Table of Contents List of Appendices .......................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables and Figures.............................................................................................................. iii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................v Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 Review of Literature ........................................................................................................................5 Research on Compressed Workweeks in Non-Law Enforcement Work Domains ............................. 5 Research on Compressed Workweeks in Law Enforcement ............................................................. 25 Current Shift Schedules in American Policing ..............................................................................37 Method .............................................................................................................................................. 38 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 41 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 43 Experimental Study ........................................................................................................................44 Method .............................................................................................................................................. 45 Agencies .................................................................................................................................. 45 Participant characteristics ........................................................................................................ 46 Sampling procedures ............................................................................................................... 48 Sample size and power ............................................................................................................ 50 Data collection methods and instruments ................................................................................ 52 Research Design ................................................................................................................................ 61 Multicenter trial ....................................................................................................................... 61 Randomized block design ....................................................................................................... 61 Random assignment ................................................................................................................ 62 Concealment ............................................................................................................................ 63 Measures .................................................................................................................................. 64 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 79 Flow of participants ................................................................................................................. 79 Attrition ................................................................................................................................... 81 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 84 Findings ................................................................................................................................... 92 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 103 References ....................................................................................................................................113 Police Foundation i Impact of Shift Length Appendices ...................................................................................................................................139 Appendix A – Recruitment Documents .............................................................................. 139 Appendix B – Sample Recruitment Letter ......................................................................... 142 Appendix C – Volunteer Form ............................................................................................ 143 Appendix D – Informed Consent - Detroit .......................................................................... 144 Appendix E – Informed Consent - Arlington ...................................................................... 149 Appendix F – Past and Current Psychometric Properties of Measures ............................... 153 Appendix G – Sleep Apnea Letter ...................................................................................... 154 Appendix H – General Linear Model .................................................................................. 157 Appendix I – Sleep Diary .................................................................................................... 175 Appendix J – Alertness Log ................................................................................................ 186 Police Foundation ii Impact of Shift Length List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 1 – Distribution of Respondents ..........................................................................................39 Table 2 – Shift Length by Agency Size .........................................................................................41 Table 3 – Number of Agencies with Fixed or Rotating Shifts ......................................................43 Table 4 – Officer Demographic Characteristics by Site ................................................................47 Table 5 – Intended and Actual Sample Size ..................................................................................51 Table 6 – Power for Three Group Design ......................................................................................51 Table 7 – Randomized Block Research Design .............................................................................62 Table 8 – Actual Distribution per Cell ...........................................................................................62 Table 9 – Constructs, Instruments, and Sources ............................................................................65 Table 10 – Reliability Coefficients of Work Performance and Safety Measures ..........................68 Table 11 – Reliability Coefficients of Health and Stress Measures ..............................................71 Table 12 – Reliability Coefficients of Quality of Personal and Work Life Composites ...............75 Table 13 – Reliability Coefficients of Sleep, Fatigue, and Alertness Measures ............................78 Table 14 – Demographic Characteristics of Treatment and Control Groups ................................85 Table 15 – Descriptive Statistics for Outcome Variables by Construct ........................................89 Table 16 – Work Performance and Safety GLM Estimates ..........................................................93 Table 17 – Officer Health GLM Estimates ....................................................................................94 Table 18 – Quality of Personal and Work Life GLM Estimates ...................................................95 Table 19 – Within Site QWL GLM Estimates...............................................................................96 Table 20 – Within Site Means for QWL ........................................................................................96 Table 21 – Sleep, Fatigue, and Alertness GLM Estimates ............................................................97 Table 22 – Within Site Alertness Levels GLM Estimates ...........................................................100
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