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Pulse Nightclub RESCUE, RESPONSE, AND RESILIENCE A critical incident review of the Orlando public safety response to the attack on the Pulse nightclub Frank Straub, Jack Cambria, Jane Castor, Ben Gorban, Brett Meade, David Waltemeyer, and Jennifer Zeunik This project was supported, in whole or in part, by cooperative agreement number 2016-CK-WX-K021 awarded by the US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) or contributor(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the US Department of Justice. References to specific individuals, agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement by the author(s) or the US Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The internet references cited in this publication were valid as of the date of publication. Given that URLs and websites are in constant flux, neither the author(s) nor the COPS Office can vouch for their current validity. Recommended citation: Straub, Frank, Jack Cambria, Jane Castor, Ben Gorban, Brett Meade, David Waltemeyer, and Jennifer Zeunik. 2017. Rescue, Response, and Resilience: A Critical Incident Review of the Orlando Public Safety Response to the Attack on the Pulse Nightclub. Critical Response Initiative. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Published 2017 Contents Letter from the Director of the COPS Office ................................................................................................. v Letter from the President of the Police Foundation ................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... x Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 COPS Office Critical Response Technical Assistance ........................................................................ 2 Scope and goals of the review ......................................................................................................... 3 National and international implications .......................................................................................... 4 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 5 Limitations of this report ................................................................................................................. 5 Report organization ......................................................................................................................... 6 Timeline of Events— Sunday, June 12, 2016 ................................................................................................ 7 1. Incident Description ................................................................................................................................ 13 Inside Pulse moments before the attack ....................................................................................... 13 Phase I. Active shooter (2:00–2:15 a.m.) ....................................................................................... 14 Phase II. Barricaded suspect with hostages (2:15–2:35 a.m.) ....................................................... 22 Phase III. Terrorism in Orlando (2:35–4:45 a.m.) ........................................................................... 23 Phase IV. The incident comes to an end (4:45–5:15 a.m.) ............................................................ 29 Phase V. Recovery and investigation ............................................................................................. 31 The aftermath ................................................................................................................................ 32 2. Leadership and Relationships ................................................................................................................. 34 Decision-making ............................................................................................................................. 34 Pre-existing relationships ............................................................................................................... 35 Trust and understanding ................................................................................................................ 38 Information sharing ....................................................................................................................... 39 Unity of message............................................................................................................................ 39 Organizational awareness .............................................................................................................. 40 Critical incident debriefs and organizational learning ................................................................... 42 Leadership and relationships observations and lessons learned .................................................. 43 3. Tactical Response and Command and Control ....................................................................................... 47 Incident command and command posts ....................................................................................... 47 Tactical response ........................................................................................................................... 48 Self-deployment ............................................................................................................................. 50 Securing victims, witnesses, and staging areas ............................................................................. 52 The decision to negotiate or assault .............................................................................................. 53 The final breach ............................................................................................................................. 57 Tactical response and command and control observations and lessons learned ......................... 58 4. Equipment and Training .......................................................................................................................... 61 Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Communications ............................................................................................................................ 64 Training .......................................................................................................................................... 65 Equipment and training observations and lessons learned........................................................... 70 5. Emergency Medical Care ........................................................................................................................ 75 Emergency medical care observations and lessons learned ......................................................... 78 6. Officer Safety and Post-Event Responder Wellness ............................................................................... 80 Officer safety .................................................................................................................................. 80 Post-event responder wellness ...................................................................................................... 81 Mental health incident commander .............................................................................................. 82 Officer safety and post-event responder wellness observations and lessons learned ................. 83 7. Post-Event Victim Welfare ...................................................................................................................... 86 Activation of the emergency operations center ............................................................................ 86 Family reunification center ............................................................................................................ 87 Family assistance center ................................................................................................................ 89 Orlando united assistance center .................................................................................................. 91 Post-event victim welfare observations and lessons learned ....................................................... 92 ii Rescue, Response, and Resilience 8. Investigations .......................................................................................................................................... 96 Promising practices ........................................................................................................................ 96 Survivors and witnesses ................................................................................................................. 97 Investigations observations and lessons learned .......................................................................... 98 9. Media and Public Information .............................................................................................................
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