Raising a Red Card: Why Freddy Adu Should Not Be Allowed to Play Professional Soccer Jenna Merten
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Marquette Sports Law Review Volume 15 Article 12 Issue 1 Fall Raising a Red Card: Why Freddy Adu Should Not Be Allowed to Play Professional Soccer Jenna Merten Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw Part of the Entertainment and Sports Law Commons Repository Citation Jenna Merten, Raising a Red Card: Why Freddy Adu Should Not Be Allowed to Play Professional Soccer, 15 Marq. Sports L. Rev. 205 (2004) Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol15/iss1/12 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMENTS RAISING A RED CARD: WHY FREDDY ADU SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO PLAY PROFESSIONAL SOCCER INTRODUCTION "Ifwe don't stand up for children, then we don't stand for much."1 The United States is a nation that treasures its children. 2 Recognizing children's vulnerability, the United States has enacted many laws to protect them. For example, federal and state laws allow children to disaffirm contracts, protect children's sexual health and development through statutory rape laws, prevent children from viewing overtly sexual and violent movies and television shows, require children to follow many restrictions to obtain a 3 driver's license, and prohibit children from using tobacco and alcohol. Additionally, the government protects children's labor and employment. Realizing the increase in the number of child laborers during the Industrial Revolution and the poor working conditions and health problems child laborers suffered, Congress enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in 1938.4 Through the FLSA, Congress aimed to protect children's health and well-being by preventing them from employment itself and limiting the hours of employment and types of employment children may obtain.5 In the years after it became law, the FLSA was successful in eradicating the most 1. Marian Wright Edelman, Children Quotes, WISDOMQUOTES.COM, at http://www.wisdomquotes.com/catchildren.html (last visited Oct. 15, 2004). 2. See, e.g., THE FOUNDATION FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT, INDEX OF CHILD WELL-BEING (CWI), 1975-2002, WITH PROJECTIONS FOR 2003 (2004), available at http://www.brookings.edu/ comm/events/20040324index.pdf (last visited Oct. 16, 2004); Press Release, National Child's Day, 2003, WHITEHOUSE.GOV, May 3 1, 2003, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2003/05/20030531-4.html (last visited Nov. 16, 2004); Sy Moskowitz, American Youth in the Workplace: Legal Aberration, Failed Social Policy, 67 ALB. L. REV. 1071, 1092 n. 136 (2004) (citing the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2002)). 3. Moskowitz, supra note 2, at 1082-84. 4. Marie A. Failinger, "Too Cheap Work for Anybody but Us". Toward a Theory and Practice of Good Child Labor, 35 RUTGERS L.J. 1035, 1037 (2004). 5. Id. MARQUETTE SPORTS LA W REVIEW [Vol. 15:1 egregious forms of oppressive child labor.6 In recent years, however, the government has been unable to effectively enforce the FLSA due to a sharp increase in the number of children who have obtained jobs. While only 4% of.sixteen-year-old males were employed in 1940, 44% were employed in 1980. 7 In 2001, the Government Accounting Office reported that 30% of children aged fifteen to seventeen were employed. 8 Unfortunately, as the amount of child employment has increased, so has the amount of child labor violations. 9 Although the violations are not as egregious as when children were employed in sweatshops, the violations still are serious and amount to child labor law violations because they affect children's health and well-being. 10 In 1995, the National Institute for Occupational Health Safety and Health estimated that 200,000 child workers were injured on the job, with some of them being injured permanently."I This cultural shift in child employment has also been evident in professional sports as more child athletes are entering the professional ranks. In the past year-and-a-half, in individual sports,. Americans have seen then thirteen-year-old Michelle Wie enter the Ladies Professional Golf Association's (LPGA) Kraft Nabisco Championship 12 and then fifteen-year- old Carly Patterson, who won the gold medal in the all-around gymnastic competition at the Athens Olympics, turn professional after finishing second in the 2003 world championships. 13 Additionally, in team sports, in 2003, then fourteen-year-old Freddy Adu signed a six-year, $3 million professional soccer contract with Major League Soccer's D.C. United and began play in the spring of 2004.14 Besides being the youngest Major League Soccer (MLS) player in history,15 Adu's signing made him the youngest professional athlete in over 100 years of American team sports.'16 6. Id. at 1036-37. 7. Id at 1040. 8. Id. at 1039. 9. Id. at 1042-45. 10. Id. 11. Id at 1044. 12. Ed Sherman, No Boundaries in Wie's World, CHI.-TRIl., Jan. 11, 2004', at CIO. 13. Greg Boeck, Patterson's Time Is Now, USA TODAY, June 1,2004, available at http:// www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/athens/gymnastics/2004-06-01-patterson-gymnastics-x.htm (last visited Nov. 16, 2004). 14. Curt Brown, Freddy's Big Break, or a Mistake?; Minnesota's Soccer Faithful Weigh in on Freddy Adu's Prospects in the Pros. The Phenom Is Only 14 Years Old, STAR-TRIB. (Minneapolis- St.Paul), Nov. 22, 2003, at Al. 15. Jack Bell, A Budding Gold Nugget Signs Freddy Adu, 14-year-oldfrom Ghana, to Play in Major League's Soccer, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 20, 2003, at 16. 16. Id. 2004] RAISING A RED CARD With more child athletes being employed and more child athletes desiring to join them, the potential exists for their health and well-being to suffer, just like other American child employees. Child athletes face intense physical and psychological demands. They often train for numerous hours per week, and in Adu's case, play contact sports against adult athletes. With Americans having a rabid interest in sports, these children also face heightened psychological pressures from fans, the media, the team, teammates, and themselves. Americans, athletes, sports fans, and parents should be concerned about the effects employment and its accompanying physical and psychological demands have on these child athletes' health and well-being. Just as the government should step up its enforcement of child labor violations in general employment, it should also enforce child labor violations in professional sports by preventing child athletes from playing until they are eighteen or encouraging the sports leagues to enact a minimum age requirement that forbids athletes from playing until they are eighteen. This comment will examine the physical and psychological effects of employment on child athletes and potential remedies to prevent child athletes from suffering these harmful effects to their health and well-being. It will focus on Adu because he is the first American child athlete to professionally play a team sport and faces the greatest risks. First, a brief overview of American child labor laws will be given. Next, the physical consequences and psychological consequences of athletic competition for child athletes will be described. Then, Adu's background will be discussed, as well as how his situation amounts to a child labor violation due to the physical and psychological consequences he faces as a professional soccer player. Last, potential remedies to protect child athletes like Adu through governmental enforcement of the child labor laws and a minimum age requirement of eighteen will be analyzed. CHILD LABOR Section 212 of the FLSA states that "no employer shall employ any oppressive child labor in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce or in any enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce." 17 Oppressive child labor is defined as "a condition of 17. § 212(c). Commerce is defined as "trade commerce, transportation, transmission, or communication among the several States or between any State and any place outside thereof." 29 U.S.C. § 203(b) (2004). Goods include tangible items such as good, clothing and publications, but also includes intangible items such as news, ideas, and intelligence. See Allen J. Schwartz, Annotation; Validity, Construction,Application, and Effect of Child Labor Provisions of FairLabor StandardsAct (29 U.S. CA. § 212 and Related Sections), 21 A.L.R. FED. 391, 428 (1974). MARQUETTE SPORTS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 15:1 employment under which (1) any employee under the age of 16 years is employed by an employer ... in any occupation."' 18 However, a child age fourteen to sixteen employed "in occupations other than manufacturing and mining shall not be deemed to constitute oppressive child labor if ... the Secretary of Labor determines that such employment is confined to periods which will not interfere with their schooling and to conditions which will not interfere with their health and well-being." 19 If children age fourteen to fifteen can be employed, several conditions must be present for them to continue their employment.20 They cannot work between the time of 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. during the school year or 9 p.m. to 7 a.m. during the summer; they cannot work more than three hours a day or eighteen hours per week when school is in session; and they cannot work more than eight hours a day or more than forty hours per 21 week when school is not in session. Courts have taken great strides to protect children from oppressive labor conditions. 22 In Mitchell v. Munier,23 the court stated that the rationale of the 24 child labor provisions was to eliminate child labor, not merely regulate it.