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The Educational Leader, 1937-1959 University Archives

3-1-1951

The Educational Leader, Vol. 14, No. 2

Kansas State Teachers College

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Recommended Citation Kansas State Teachers College, "The Educational Leader, Vol. 14, No. 2" (1951). The Educational Leader, 1937-1959. 39. https://digitalcommons.pittstate.edu/edleader/39

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the University Archives at Pittsburg State University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Educational Leader, 1937-1959 by an authorized administrator of Pittsburg State University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER

Published by the Faculty of the KANSAS STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE Pittsburg, Kansas

Vo1,. 14 MARCH, 1951 No. 2 A1·chitect's drawing of the new Memorial Student Union Building, Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg, now under construction on the north side of the campus, on Cleveland Street, between the Library and the Gymnasium.

]951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 67 ton and Brown's Illustrated Flora last comprehensive Flora for this o/ the United States and Canada. area, and 42 years more recent than The flora of the central prairies and the Seventh Edition of the same plains extends east to the forested work, specifically covers the area areas of the Ozarks and the Mis­ south to the southern borders of ~i~ sippi River valley and is covered Missouri and Kansas and west to ]Jy Rydberg's Flora of the Prairies the 96th meridian. This, then, in­ and Plains of Central North Amer­ cludes the flora of eastern Kansas, ica. The flora of the southeastern north and east of Caney in Mont­ United States extends northwest as gomery County, and it is probable far as the Arkansas and the Okla­ that few native or naturalized homa Ozarks. Small's Manual of plants can be found in this area the Southeastern Flora covers this which are not included in this man­ area as far to the northwest as west­ ual. Hence, this new edition of emTennessee, and in general is the Gray,s is now being adopted as the best manual for the flora of Arkan­ principal authority for this her­ sas and eastern Oklahoma although barium. Rydberg's an d Small's these areas are not specifically cov­ works will still be used for their re­ ered by any comprehensive taxo­ spective areas for such plants as are nomic manual. Thus it is evident not included in Gray's Manual, that southeastern Kansas lies near while for those relatively few plants the limits of these three distinctly brought in from more distant re­ different regional floras. gions the best available manuals for Since Rydberg's Flora covers all those areas will be used. of Kansas and is newer (by some 20 This change of principal author­ years) than the Seventh edition of ity from Rydberg's Flora to Gray's Gray's Manual or Britton and Manual has made necessary an ex­ Brown's Flora (both of which were tensive revision of the scientific written primarily for the forested names on many of the herbarium northeastern s e c t ion of the sheets and in the catalogue. How­ country), it was decided (in 1946) ever, no further major revision of to adopt Rydberg's Flora as the names of herbarium specimens is principal authority for the herbar­ probable for many years. ium, and the collections were labeled accordingly. Plants not in­ SCOPE OF HERBARIUM cluded in Rydberg's Flora were Since the recognition of different named according to the Seventh species of closely related plants is edition of Gray's Manual or Small's made much easier by actually com­ Manual, depending on the locality paring the various kinds placed side of the collection. by side, no attempt is being made On the last of June, 1950, the to limit the collection in this her­ Eighth edition of Gray's Manual of barium only to the local flora. In­ Botany appeared. This remarkable stead, a representative collection of work, 19 years more recent than the specimens from various areas is be-

1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 69 ably obtained from the vicinity of Collections made o u t s i d e the Pittsburg. United States include one from Canada, one from England, and one DISTRIBUTION from Scotland. The distribution of Kansas col­ The collections in the KSTC her­ lections by counties is as follows:- barium represent the effort of 108 Allen . 1 collectors. Of these, 79 persons ~&nM ...... 1 made 1277 collections which had Bourbon ...... 7 been deposited in the herbarium Butler .... 5 prior to 1946, while the remaining 122 Cherokee 29 have added 728 specimens since Crawford ...... 1,236 Douglas 4 I became the herbarium curator. Greenwood ...... 3 COLLECTORS La bette 1 Linn 14 The following list of collectors Montgomery 1 not only includes the number of Miami . 1 collections made by each, but also Neosho ...... · · 37 shows the years in which their col­ Sedgwick 1 lections were made. Sum ner ...... 3 No. of Wilson 8 Collectors collections Year County unknown ...... 6 Angelly, Doris . 1 1939 (Total of 16 counties) Baldridge, W. L. . 16 1947 Bass, Harriette E. . 21 1949 The distribution of specimens Blase, Robert. 35 1950 collected from other states is as fol­ Bolton, Rexford . 7 1939 lows: - Bond, Mrs. Ray ...... 8 1940 5 Boone, Leo ...... 3 1940 Alabama . Bournonville, Lee . 9 Arizona ...... 1 1933(?) Breckenridge, Elma . 2 1938 Arkansas 21 Briley, Betty . 2 1941 California 1 Buess, John • •• • 0 • •• ••• 18 1940 Colorado ...... 36 Buck, (?) ...... 1 (?) Georgia 10 Burghart, Wilma . • • • • • 0 • 50 1939 Illinois ...... 46 Burner, Charles . 11 1948 Indiana 4 Burner, Pat Hoskins . 63 1949 Kentucky ...... 4 Caldwell, Prof. L. H . . 1 1949 Louisiana ...... 1 Carlile, ( ? ) .... 15 1941 Michigan ...... 25 Chapman, Blair...... 10 1939 Minnesota 1 Clements, Sammy. 2 1938 Mississippi ...... 4 Colyer, Luther .. •••• • 0. 0 9 1939 Missouri ...... 138 Cooper, Virginia . 16 1939 North Carolina 6 Coughenour, V . . 1 1929 Ohio ...... 2 Cox, Dillard. 12 1941 Oklahoma ...... 26 Dellinger, Dr. 0. P .. 1 1940 Tennessee 3 Dennis, Prof. Parley . 1 1940 Virginia ...... 4 Doores, James 11 1939 West Virginia ...... 3 Dobbs, Bruce A ...... 9 1948 Wisconsin ..... 33 Drummiller, ( ?) ...... 1 1941 (Total of 22 states) Dryden, Fred ...... 1 1950 70 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARcu

No. of No. of Collectors collections Year CollectOTs collections Year Dumm, H . & Burnside, P., 1 ("? ) Rite, Harold . 12 1939 Fairley, Gretta . . . 1 1946 Robison, Dr. F. S. 1 1949 Featherstone, Fred . 15 1949 Ross, Bennington. 248 1938-39 Fish, Maxine .... . 21 1949 Rutherford, Charles and Foiles, C. F .. . . 6 1939 Rutherford, Lillian . 1 1948 Fritts, ( ? ) ... . . 10 1941 Sammons, L. L. . 8 1939 Galligar, Dr. Gladys C .. . 3 1949 Sherman, Theodore 29 1948 Gardner, Lillian ...... 10 1941 Shewmaker, Jimmie Jay . 16 1950 Gier, Dr. Leland J . ... . 1 1940 Siple, Belle ...... _ 10 1939 Gier, Dr. Leland J. and Snider, Masse ...... 31 1928 Mannoni, S. A .. 19 1939 Snider, Masse and Gobetz, Robert .. _.... 14 1949 Nading, Ethel . 1 1928 Grawe, Avis, Iva Leist, Snider, Masse and · and Olive Falls 1 1928 Taylor, Vera. 9 1928 Hackney, Betty .. . 2 1940 Spendlove, W. G. . 1 1940 Hall, Louise . __ . . 18 1939 Sperry, Dr. Theodore M., 253 )1934-40 Hammerton, Harry. 10 1940 l1947-50 Holmes, E. Bruce .. 13 1948 Stanley, G. Leigh . 26 1950 Householder, D. J .. 34 1939 Stevens, Edward . .. 16 1940 Howell, Nellie ...... 5 1944 Stillwaugh, George 1 1947 Huffman, Marion . . . 37 1950 Stone, Elliott ...... 8 1939 Hunt, (?) .. _.. 10 (?) Sutterby, J...... 1 (?) James on, Marie . . .. 2 1939 Taylor, Vera 34 1926-28 Johnston, Ellsworth 12 1948 Taylor, Vera and Jones, T. W . . 16 1941 Nading, Ethel . 2 1928 Korte, Robert L. .. 9 1950 Trabue, ( ? ) and Lance, John . 29 1939 Robinson, (?) ...... 1 ( ?) Lance, Ray ...... 17 1942 Trent, Dr. J. A.. 49 1940 Leist, Dr. Claude .. . 9 1927-30 Trogden, W ...... 41 1939 Leist, Mrs. Iva. . . 1 1927 Van Cochrane, Bertie 1 1938 Leonard, Dr. Edgar M .. 32 1948 Van Norsdall, W .. 40 1942 Luciana, Sister M .. 45 1939 Viets, Loren ...... 2 1941 M~Cann, Pat 1 1950 Wantland, C .. 32 ( ?) McClure, Al ...... 7 1941 West, Kent ...... 4 1939 McDonald, Joyce . 1 1927 Wilson, Dan ...... 28 1948 Mannoni, S. A .. . . . 1 1940 Yencie, Frances . 1 ( ?) Mertz, Edna .. 1 1939 Plant Taxonomy class . . 4 1948 Miller, Herbert . 4 1939 Collectors unknown .. 193 1916 -4~ Miller, Jean ...... 19 1942 Modury, E. 1 1928 Any corrections or additional Moore, Lois ...... 9 1929 items of information for these lists Mullen, G. A .. 22 1941 are welcome. The collections by Nading, Ethel _...... 6 1928 unidentified collectors, in addition Nelson, Ernest .. 54 1950 to the plants collected in Colorado Norman, Phil. .. 12 1941 in 1916 and 1917, were mostly Paradee, Dan .. _ 13 1942 Potter, Blendera ...... 6 1937 made in 1927, 1928, and 1929. Register, Katy . 2 1938 Several of them, however, were col­ Rinehart, ( ? ) ...... 2 (?) lected in 1938 and 1939. 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 71 PLANTS IN THE KSTC (PITTSBURG) HERBARIUM, AS OF SEPTEMBER 7, 1950 In order that a permanent record H ypnaceae-Concluded of the plants of the herbarium may Leptodictyum riparium ( L. Hedw.) Warnst. be made available to those inter­ Leskeaceae ested this initial list is being pub­ Leskea graciliscens Hedw. lished with the expectation that Thudium microphyllum ( Hedw.) Best. from time to time supplementary Mniaceae lists of additions to the herbarium Mnium cuspidatum Hebw. Polytrichaceae will be made. For brevity, (and Atrichum angustatum ( Brid.) BSG since common names are very un­ Catharinaea angustata Brid. certain entities anyway), only the Pottiaceae scientific names are listed. These Barbula unguiculata Hedw. are arranged in the same order as Weisia viridula Hedw. that adopted for the herbarium Pteridophytes specimens,-i. e. alphabetically by Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. species in the genera, by genera in E. hyemale L. var. robustum (A. Br. ) families, and by families in the A. A. Eat. . major plant groups. E. sp. Algae Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium inundatum L. Characeae Ophioglossaceae Chara fragilis Botrychium virginianum ( L.) Sw. Mosses Osmundaceae Bryaceae Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis Bryum sp. ( Willd.) Gray Dicranaceae Polypodiaceae Dicranella heteromalla ( L.) Schimp. Adiantum pedatum L. Asplenium platyneuron ( L.) Oakes Ditrichaceae Athyrium thelpteroiodes ( Michx.) Ditrichum sp. Desv. Fissidentaceae Camptosorus rhizophyllus ( L.) Link. Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. Cheilanthes Feei Moore Funariaceae Dennstaedtia punctilobula ( Michx.) Funaria hygrometrica Hebw. Moore Physcomitrium turbinatum ( Mx. ) Dryopteris cristata ( L.) Gray Brid. D. hexagonoptera ( Michx.) Christens. Hypnaceae D. novaboracensis (L.) Gray Amblystegium varium ( Hedw.) D. Thelypteris ( L.) Gray Lin db. Onoclea sensibilis L. Brachythecium salebrosum ( Hoffm.) Polypodium polypodioides ( L.) Watt. Br. & Sch. var. Michauxianum Weath. Campylium chrysophyllum (Brid.) P. virginianum L. Bryhm. . Polystichum acrostichoides ( Michx.) C. hispidulum ( Brid.) Mitt. Schott. Entodon seductrix ( Hedw.) C. Muell. Pteridium aquilinum ( L. ) Kuhn Eurychium serrulatum ( Hedw.) var. latiusculum ( Desv.) Undeiw. Kindh. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. 72 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARCH

Gymnosperms Apocynaceae Pinaceae Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. Cedrus Deodara Loud. Apocynum cannabinum L. Juniperus communis L. A. sibiricum Jacq. J. virginiana L. Vinca minor L. J. sp. Araceae Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Arisaema Dracontium ( L.) Schott P. nigra Arnold A. triphyllum ( L.) Schott P. ponderosa Laws. Aristolochiaceae P. rigida MilL Asarum canadense L. P. Strobus L. Asclepiadaceae P. sylvestris L. Ampelamus albidus ( Nutt.) Britt. P. virginiana Mill. Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. Sequoia gigantea Dene. A. hirtella (Pennell) Woodson S. sempervirens Endl. A. incarnata L. Taxodium distichum ( L.) Richard A. stenophylla Gray T. unicronatum A. Sullivantii Engelm. Thuja sp. A. syriaca L. ' Tiawania crytomenoides A. tuberosa L. Taxaceae A. verticillata L. Taxus baccata L. A. viridiflora Raf. Angiosperms A. sp. Asclepiodora virdis (Walt.) Gray Acanthaceae Balsaminaceae J usticia americana ( L.) Vahl Impatiens Balsamina L. Ruellia humilis Nutt. I. capensis Meerb. R. strepens L. Berberidaceae Aceraceae Berberis Thunbergii DC. Acer N egundo L. Podophyllum peltatum L. A. platanoides L. Bignoniaceae A. rubrum L. Campsis radicans ( L. ) Seem. A. saccharinum L. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. A. saccharum Marsh. C. speciosa Warder Aizoaceae Mollugo verticillata L. Boraginaceae Alismataceae Hackelia virginiana ( L.) I. M. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Johnston Amaranthaceae Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. Acnida tamariscina ( Nutt.) Wood Lithospermum canescens ( Micx. ) Amaranthus retroflexus L. Lehm. Amaryllidaceae L. incisum Lehm. Agave virginica L. Mertensia virginica ( L.) Pers. H ypoxis hirsuta ( L.) Coville M. sp. Anacardiaceae Oreocarya sp. Rhus aromatica Ait. Buxaceae R. copallina L. Buxus sempervirens L. R. glabra L. Campanulaceae R. radicans L. Campanula americana L. Annonaceae Lobelia Cardinalis L. Asimina triloba ( L. ) Dunal L. spicata Lam. var. hirtella Gray 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 73

Campanulaceae-Concluded Cistaceae L. spicata Lam. var. leptostachys Helianthemum Bicknellii Fern. (A. DC.) Mackenz. and Bush. Commelinaceae L. siphilitica L. Commelina communis L. Specularia biflora ( R. & P.) Fisch. & Tradescantia bracteata Small Mey. T. longipes Anders. & Woodson S. leptocarpa ( Nutt.) Gray T. ohiensis Raf. S. perfoliata ( L.) A. DC. Cannabinaceae T. virginiana L. Humulus Lupulus L. T. sp. Capparidaceae Compositae Polanisia graveolens Raf. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Caprifoliaceae A. Millefolium L. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Actinomeris alternifolia ( L.) DC. L. sempervirens L. Agoseris sp. L. tatarica L. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. L. tatarica L. var. micrantha A. bidentata Michx. Sambucus canadensis L. A. psilostachya DC. var. coronopifolia Symphoricarpos albus ( L. ) Blake (T. & G.) Farw. S. orbiculatus Moench. A. trifida L. Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. Antennaria campestris Rydb. T. sp. A. fallax Greene Viburnum Lentago L. A. neglecta Greene V. Opulus L. A. plantaginifolia ( L.) Hook. V. prunifolium L. A. rosulata V. mfidulum Raf. A. sp. V. theiferum Rehd. Anthemis Cotula L. V. tomentosum Thunb. A. sp. Caryophyllaceae Arctium sp. Agrostemma Githago L. Aster ericoides L. Cerastium arvense L. A. hemisphericus E. J. Alex. C. brachypodum ( Engelm.) Robins. A. hesperius Gray C. nutans Raf. A. ontarionis Wieg. C. vulgatum L. A. praealtus Poir. Dianthus barbatus L. A. simplex Willd. var. ramosissimus Saponaria officinalis L. (T. & G.) Cronq. Silene stellata ( L.) Ait. f. A. sp. S. virginica L. Bidens polylepis Blake S. sp. Boltonia latisquama Gray Stellaria media ( L.) Cyrilla Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. Celastraceae C. sp. Celastrus scandens L. Carduus sp. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Centaurea Cyanus L. Chenopodiaceae C. maculosa Lam. Chenopodium album L. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. C. ambrosioides L. Chrysopsis Bakeri Greene C. ambrosioides L. var. anthelminti- Cichorium Intybus L. cum (L.) Gray , Cirsium altissimum ( L.) Spreng. C. Boscianum Moq. C. undulatum ( Nutt.) Spreng. Salsola Kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch. C. vulgare (Savi) Tenore

1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 75 Convolvulaceae-C oncluded Ehenaceae C. sepium L. Diospyros virginiana L. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Elaeagnaceae C. glomerata Choisy Elaeagnus angustifolia L. C. polygonorum Engelm. Ericaceae C. sp. Arctostaphylos sp. Ipomoea hederacea ( L.) Jacq. Calluna vulgaris ( L.) Hull I. pandurata ( L.) G. F. W. Mey. Kalmia latifolia L. Cornaceae Rhododendron indicum sweet Cornus Amomum Mill. Euphorbiaceae C. Drummondi Meyer Acalypha gracilens Gray C. florida L. Croton capitatus Michx. C. stolonifera Michx. C. monanthogynus Michx. C. sp. C. sp. Corylaceae Euphorbia Chamaesyce L. Alnus sp. E. commutata Engelm. Betula nigra L. E. corollata L. B. pendula Roth E. Cyparissias L. B. populifolia Marsh. E. dentata Michx. Corylus americana Walt. E. maculata L. Crassulaceae E. marginata Pursh Sedum pulchellum Michx. E. stictospora Engelm. E. sp. Cruciferae Fagaceae Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Quercus falcata Michx. Berteroa incana ( L.) DC. Q. imbricaria Michx. Capsella Bursa-pastoris ( L.) Medic. Q. lyrata Walt. Cardamine parvi:B.ora L. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Card aria Draba ( L.) Desv. Q. marilandica Muenchh. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Q. Michauxii Nutt. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Q. Muehlenbergii Engelm. D. cuneifolia Nutt. Q. palustris Muenchh. D. reptans (Lam.) Fern. Q. rubra L. Erysimum repandum L. Q. stellata Wang. Iberis amara L. Q. velutina Lam. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Gentianaceae L. texanum Buckl. Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb. L. virginicum L. G. Lesquerella sp. crinita Froel. R. G. decora Pollard Nasturtum officinale Br. G. procera Holm Sibara virginica ( L. ) Rollins Sabatia campestris N att. Sophia intermedia Rydb. Thlaspi arvense L. Geraniaceae T. sp. Geranium carolinianum L. G. maculatum L. Cyperaceae G. sp. Cyperus esculentus L. Gramineae C. sp. Agropyron cristatum ( L. ) Gaertn. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes Agrostis sp. E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. Alopecurus carolinianus Walt. E. parvula ( R. & S. ) Link Andropogon Gerardi Vitman E. Smallii Britt. A. ishaemtim ·

1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 77

Labiatae-Concluded Leguminosae-Concluded Salvia azurea Lam. var. grandiflora Petalostemum candidum ( Willd.) Benth. Michx. S. reflexa Hornem. P. pulcherrimum Heller Scutellaria incana Biehler P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. S. nervosa Pursh Phaseolus polystachios ( L.) BSP. S. ovata Hill var. versicolor ( Nutt.) Psora:lea psoralioides (Walt.) Cory Fern. P. tenuiflora Pursh S. sp. P. tenuiflora Pursh var. floribunda Stachys germanica L. ( Nutt.) Rydb. Teucrium canadense L. Pueraria lobata ( Willd.) Ohwi Lauraceae Robinia hispida L. Lindera Benzoin ( L. ) Blume R. Pseudo-Acacia L. Sassafras albidum ( Nutt.) Nees Schrankia Nuttallii (DC.) Standi. Leguminosae Sesbania exaltata ( Raf.) Cory Amorpha canescens Pursh Sophora sericea Nutt. A. fruticosa L. var. angustifolia Pursh Strophostyles helvola ( L.) Ell. Apios americana Medic. S. helvola ( L) Ell. var. missouriensis Astragalus canadensis L. (S. Wats.) Britt. A. lotifl.orus Hook. S. leiosperma ( T. & G.) Piper A. plattensis Nutt. Tephrosia virginiana ( L. ) Pers. A. racemosus Pursh T. virginiana ( L.) Pers. var. holo- A. sp. sericea ( Nutt.) T. & G. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Thermopsis sp. B. leucophaea Nutt. Trifolium carolinianum Michx. B. minor Lehm. T. medium L. Cassia fasciculata Michx. T. pratense L. C. marilandica L. T. procumbens L. C. nictitans L. T. reflexum L. Cercis canadensis L. T. repens L. Clitoria mariana L. Vicia Cracca L. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Liliaceae Desmanthus illinoensis ( Michx. ) Allium canadense L. Mac M. A. cernuum Roth D. sp. A. mutabile Michx. Desmodium canadense ( L.) DC. A. stellatum Fraser D. cuspidatum ( Muhl.) Loud. A. vineale L. D. nudiflorum ( L.) DC. A. sp. D. sessilifolium (Torr.) T. & G. Asparagus officinalis L. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Camassia scilloides ( Raf.) Cory Gyrnnocladus dioica ( L.) K. Koch Erythronium albidum Nutt. Lathyrus latifolius L. E. albidum Nutt. var. mesochoreum Lespedeza capitata Michx. ( Knerr) Rickett L. hirta ( L. ) Hornem. Hemerocallis fulva L. L. striata ( Thunb.) H. & A. Lilium michiganense Farw. L. virginica ( L. ) Britt. L. philadelphicum L. L. sp. Melanthium virginicum L. Lotus americanus ( Nutt.) Bisch. M uscari botryoides ( L.) Mill. Medicago sativa L. N othoscordum bivalve ( L. ) Britt. Melilotus alba Desr. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. M. officinalis ( L. ) Lam. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. 78 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MI.tl Liliaceae-Concluded Oleaceae-Concluded P. canaliculatum ( Muhl.) Pursh Fraxinus americana 1. Smilacina racemosa ( L. ) . Des£. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. S. sp. F. penn~ylvanica Marsh. var l:e Smilax herbacea L. t~gernma (Vahl) Fern. · su S. tamnoides L. var. hispida (Muhl.) Syrmga vulgaris L. Fern. Onagraceae Trillium recurvatum Beck Gaura biennis L. T. sessile L. G. sinuata Nutt. T. viride Beck Jussiaea repens L. var. glabr Uvularia grandi:Hora Sm. Ktze. ~ Veratrum sp. Ludwigia alternifolia 1. Yucca filamentosa L. L. palustris ( L.) Ell. var. arne~ Zigadenus Nuttallii Gray (DC.) Fern. & Grise. Magnoliaceae Oenothera biennis L. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. 0. biennis L. var. hirsutissima Gr Magnolia Fraseri Walt. 0. laciniata Hill •: M. virginiana L. 0. missouriensis Sims. M. sp. 0. Nuttallii Sweet Malvaceae 0 . speciosa Nutt. Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Orchidaceae Callirhoe digitata Nutt. Corallorhiza Wisteriana Conrad C. involucrata (T. & G.) Gray Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. Hibiscus militaris Cav. C. Calceolus L. var. parviflomm H. Moscheutos L. (Salish.) Fern. H. syriacus L. C. Calceolus L. var. pubescens H. Trionum L. (Willd.) Correll Malvastrurn sp. C. candidum Muhl. Marantaceae C. reginae Walt. Thalia dealbata Roscoe Epipactis Helleborine ( L. ) Cranlz Menispermaceae Habenaria ciliaris ( L. ) R. Br. Cocculus carolinus ( L.) D C. Spiranthes cernua ( L. ) Richard1 Menispermum canadense L. ochroleuca ( Rydb.) Ames Moraceae S. gracilis ( Bigel.) Beck Broussonetia papyrifera ( L. ) Vent. S. vernalis Engelm. & Gray Madura pomifera ( Raf.) Schneid. Orobanchaceae Morus alba L. Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. M. nigra L. Oxalidaceae M. rubra L. Oxalis corniculata L. 0. stricta L. Nyctaginaceae L. Mirabilis albida (Walt.) Heimerl 0. violacea M. nyctaginea ( Michx.) MacM. Papaveraceae Corydalis aurea Willd. Nymphaeaceae C. crystallina Engelm. Nelumbo lutea (Willd. ) Pers. C. micrantha (Engelm. ) Gray Nuphar advena ( Ait.) Ait. f. C. sp. rnh Nyssaceae Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Be · I Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Passilloraceae Oleaceae Passi:Hora incarnata L. Chionanthus virginicus L. Phrymaceae Forestiera acuminata ( Michx.) Poir. Phryma Leptostachya L. 79 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 1951] Ranunculaceae Phytolaccaceae . L Anemone caroliniana Walt. Phytolacca amencana . A. patens L. var. W olfgangiana Plantaginaceae . (Bess.) Koch. . Plantago aristata Mlchx. Anemonella thalictrmdes ( L.) Spach p, Janceolata L. Aquilegia canadensis L. var. latiuscula P. major L. (Greene) Munz P. Purshii R. & S. A. vulgaris L. P. rhodosperma Dcne. Caltha palustris L. P. Rugelii Dcne. Clematis Pitcheri T. & G. Platanaceae C. Viorna L. Platanus occidentalis L. C. sp. Polemoniaceae Delphinium Ajacis L. Phlox divaricata L. D . exaltatum Ait. P. maculata L. D. tricorne Michx. P. paniculata L. D. virescens Nutt. P. pilosa L. Hepatica americana ( DC.) Ker P. sp. Polemonium reptans L. Myosurus minimus L. Polygulaceae Ranunculus abortivus L. Polygala incarnata L. R. fascicularis Muhl. P. sanguinea L. R. septentrionalis Poir. Polygonaceae Rharnnaceae Eriogonum sp. Ceanothus americanus L. Polygonum aviculare L. Rhamnus cathartica L. P. coccineum Muhl. Rosaceae P. Convolvulus L. Agrimonia pubescens W allr. P. Hydropiper L. A. sp. P. hydropiperoides Michx. Crataegus Calpodendron ( Ehrh.) P. longistylum Small Medic. var. globosa ( Sarg.) Palmer P. pensylvanicum L. C. crus-galli L. P. punctatum Ell. C. pruinosa ( W endl.) K. Koch P. scandens L. C. sangonea P. sp. C. sp. Rumex Acetosella L. Cydonia japonica Lind!. R. altissimus Wood Fragaria vesca L. var. americana R. crispus L. Porter R. obtusifolius L. F. virginiana Duchesne var. illinoensis R. sp. (Prince) Gray Tovara virginiana ( L.) Raf. Geum' canadense Jacq. Portulacaceae G. triflorum Pursh Claytonia virginica L. Gillenia stipulata ( Muhl.) Baill. ~!ontia Chomissoi ( Ledeb.) Durand Potentilla canadensis L. & Jackson P. norvegica L. Primulaceae P. simplex Michx. Androsace occidentalis Pursh P. tridentata Ait. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Prunus americana Marsh. Lysimachia Nummularia L. P. americana Marsh. var.lanata Sudw. L. sp. P. Davidiana Franch. Samolus parviflorus Raf. P. hortulana Bailey Pyrolaceae P . Persica ( L.) Batsch Monotropa uniflora L. P. serotina Ehrh. 80 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARCH Rosaceae--Concluded Saxifragaceae P. virginiana L. Heuchera sp. Rosa arkansana Porter var. suffulta Philadelphus Lewisii Pursh. (Greene) Cockerell Ribes missouriense Nutt. R. carolina L. Scrophulariaceae R. Eglanteria L. Buchnera americana L. R. palustris Marsh. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. R. setigera Michx. Collinsia violacea Nutt. R. virginiana Mill. Digitalis purpurea L. R. sp. Gerardia Skinneriana Wood. Rubus argutus Link Linaria canadensis ( L. ) Dumont R. flagellaris Willd. L. canadensis ( L.) Dumont var. R. frondosus Bigel. texana ( Scheele) Pennell R. occidentalis L. L. vulgaris Hill R. sp. Mimulus ringens L. Spiraea Billardii Herincg. Pedicularis canadensis L. S. Douglasii Hook. Penstemon Cobaea Nutt. S. Menzesii Hook. P. Digitalis Nutt. S. prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc. P. grandiflorus Nutt. S. salicifolia L. P. tubaeflorus Nutt. S. Vanhouti Zabel. Scrophularia marilandica L. S. sp. Verbascum Blattaria L. Rubiaceae V. Thapsus L. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Veronica arvensis L. Diodia teres Walt. V. officinalis L. Galium Aparine L. V eronicastrum virginicum ( L. ) Fa~~ G. sylvaticum L. Simaroubaceae G. verum L. Ailanthus altissima (Mill. ) Swingle Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Solanaceae H. minima Beck. Datura Stramonium L. Rutaceae D. Stramonium L. var. Tatula (L.) Toc Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Nicotiana Tabacum L. Salicaceae Physalis barbadensis Jacq . Populus alba L. P. heterophylla Nees P. alba L. var. Bolleana Lauche. P. ixocarpa Brotero P. balsamifera L. P. macrophysa Rydb. P. deltoides Marsh. P. pubescens L. P. nigra L. var. italica Muenchh. Solanum carolinese L. P. Sargentii Dode S. elaeagnifolium Cav. Salix alba L. var. calva G. F.W. Mey. S. interius Rydb. S. alba L. var. vitellina ( L.) Stokes S. nigrum L. S. amygdaloides Anderss. S. rostratum Dunal S. babylonica L. S. Torreyi Gray S. fragilis L. S. tuberosum L. S. interior Rowlee Staphyleaceae S. nigra Marsh. Staphylea trifolia L. S. sp. Tiliaceae Santalaceae Tilia americana L. Comandra sp. Typhaceae Saururaceae Typha angustifolia L. Saururus cernuus L. T. latifolia L. 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 81

Ulmaceae Violaceae-Conclud ed Celtis occidentalis L. V. · sororia Willd. Ulmus alata Michx. V. sylvestris Lam. U. americana L. Vitaceae U. pumila L. Ampelopsis cordata Michx. U. rubra Muhl. Parthenocissus quinquefolia ( L. ) Zelkova serrata Planch. Umbelliferae P. tricuspidata ( Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. Cicuta maculata L. Vitis cinerea Engelm. C. sp. V. vulpina L. Daucus Carota L. Zygophyllaceae Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Tribulus terrestris L. Lomatium orientale C. & R. Totals Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. Families ...... 120 Ptilimnium capillaceum ( Michx.) Raf. Genera ...... 421 P. Nuttallii (DC.) Britt. Species and varieties ...... 775 Sanicula canadensis L. Genera with undetermined speci- Spermolepis echinata ( Nutt.) Heller mens (sp.) ...... 70 Thaspium pinnatifidum ( Buckl. ) Gray T. sp. CONCLUSION Zizia aurea ( L.) W. D. J. Koch This list shows certain obvious Urticaceae shortcomings of the herbarium. Boehmeria cylindrica ( L.) Sw. Among these are the absence of B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. Drum­ mondiana Wedd. certain common weeds and incon­ Valerianaceae spicuous herbs, as well as many spe­ Valeriana ciliata T. & G. cies of groups which are so special­ V. sp. ized that their identification is diffi­ Valerianella radiata ( L.) Dufr. cult by beginning students. Such Verbenaceae groups include the grasses, sedges, Lippia lanceolata Michx. aquatic plants, nettles, goosefoots Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. V. bracteata X hastata (or is it geesefeet?), mustards, V. canadensis ( L.) Britt. blackberries, parsleys and others. V. hastata L. Efforts are being made to close V. hastata X stricta these gaps, and considerable im­ V. officinalis L. provement in this direction has re­ V. simplex Lehm. cently occurred. V. stricta Vent. V. urticifolia L. In spite of these gaps, the her­ V. sp. barium has reached the condition Violaceae where it is now being used for the Hybanthus concolor (T. F. Forst.) identification of the plants of this Spreng. area. It is open for this purpose to Viola canadensis L. anyone who knows how to use a V. Kitaibeliana R. & S. var. Rafines- herbarium. For those who do not, quii (Greene) Fern. V. papilionacea Pursh but are nevertheless interested in V. pedata L. plants, a specimen brought in by a V. pensylvanica Michx. visit or letter is identified bv a mem­ V. sagittata Ait. ber of the staff as a servi~e by the

Government Documents and You

BETTY BESSE BENNETT

The Government Printing Office that causes a great deal of discus­ is the world's most prolific pub- sion and comment. Do you remem­ lisher. Its annual output is num- ber the Smythe report on atomic bered in the millions, and its energy, the State Department's publications are among the most "Blue Book" on Argentina, the important of all written records. Hoover Commission reports, Secre­ Government documents not only tary of the Interior Ewing's report provide source materials about the on the nation's health and social­ government and its activities, but ized medicine, and the report of the also cover many fields of knowledge President's Commission on Civil which are of interest to the public Rights? When once introduced to as well as to the business, scientific, documents, p e o p I e are usually and educational worlds. Yet there amazed by the wealth of material is no class of reference material that available to them and £nd docu­ is so consistently avoided by librar- ments interesting and satisfying. ians and library patrons as govern- This is due to the attractiveness of ment documents. their .. new" appearance and to the Familiarity with documents is an readability of their content, as well essential feature of any adequate as to the authoritativeness with library reference service. The enor- which they present information of mous quantity, the perplexing current interest. Documents are methods of publication and distri- now published in various shapes bution, the multitude of subjects covered, and the variation in the and forms. The publications range value of government documents from small plain two page leaflets k th f k I d to bright covered books full of pic- rna e e attainment 0 now e ge tures and colored illustrations. The a somewhat difficult task. In order to make it easier to find Agricultural Yearbooks are ex- government documents, the amples of the latter type. Since Monthly Catalog has been re- 1938 each yearbook has been de­ vised and an index added to each voted to a single topic, such as issue. In recent years the Govern- Soils, and Climate and Man, which ment Printing Office has been ad- have become very popular. vertising its publications quite ex- It is hard to de£ne the subject tensively in periodicals, press re- areas treated in government docu­ leases, and sales catalogues on vari- ments. They vary from scientific ous subjects. and technical data in many £elds People now are far more aware to instruction and guidapce in all of government documents than they sorts of practical activities from were several years ago. Occasion- buying men's stiits to operating a ally the Government prints a report beauty shop. ( 83) 84 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER lMARCH E a c h department has its own guides to help solve the problems general subject area, but occasion­ of the small businessman. ally branches out into other fields. The publications of Congress are The Agriculture Department has varied and often surprising. From been able to satisfy the farmer with 1946-1948 it presented in eleven pamphlets on the technical and pamphlets a study and analysis of practical aspects of farming, but Communism in the Soviet Union, pleasing the farmer's wife has been the United States, and the world. another matter. They have pub­ In 1950, Senate Document 197, 81st lished pamphlets on vegetables and Congress, was titled "Present Status flower gardens, cooking, budgeting, of Color Television." consumer buying guides, house­ The Federal Security Agency is cleaning, laundering, sewing, and another large distributor because it building or remodeling a home. · has the Office of Education, Public Besides its technical material, the Health Service, Social Security Ad­ Atomic E n e r g y Commission re­ ministration, and the Children's Bu­ leased two titles in 1950 on the Ef­ reau within its jurisdiction. Rather fects of Atomic Weapons, and Con­ than try to describe all the subject trol of Radiation Hazards in Atomic fields covered by these bureaus, a Energy Program. These are inter­ few distinctive titles are listed. In esting and timely topics, but the the 1949 and 19.50 Bulletin Series Commission's reports in a special­ of the Office of Education are found ized field cannot compare with the "Education in Bolivia," 'Survey of wide variety of subjects covered Co-operative Engineering Educa­ by the Army. In the Army's Field tion," and "102 Motion Pictures on Manuals and Technical Manuals Democracy." In 1950 the National there is material on foreign lan­ Institutes of Health published the guages, judo, criminal investigation, Challenge of Cancer which tells the outboard moto.rs, hospital diets, a how, what, and why of cancer re­ beginning reader for adults, cook­ search. The Children's Bureau books with recipes based on 100 Bulletins, titled "Prenatal Care," servings, and engines of all kinds "Infant Care," and "your Child and descriptions. from 1 to 6," have been Govern­ The Commerce Department pub­ ment Printing Office best sellers. lications alone form a small library. "your Child from 6 to 12" was Here one will find census statistics, added to the series in 1949. aviation material, patents, c o m­ Most of the Interior Department mercial standards specifications, fu­ publications are technical, espe­ ture plans for the public highway cially the ones written by the Geo­ system, weather information, statis­ logical Survey, the Bureau of Mines, tics and advice on all phases of do­ and the Bureau of Reclamation. mestic and f o r e i g n trade, and However, the publications of the 1951J THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 85 National Park Service are very at­ tions of the Navy Department has tractive, easy reading and form a been its two volumes on Photog­ basis for a travel collection. raphy published in 1947. Like the The Labor Department is usually Army Department, the Navy De­ thought of in terms of collective partmept publications cover many bargaining, labor legislation, and fields. In 1950, Music Theory, pre­ labor statistics. In recent years the pared by the Navy School of Music Bureau of Labor Statistics has been was released, while the govern­ publishing a great deal of material ment's newest best seller was on occupations, job description, and United States Civil Defense pub­ employment opportunities, w h i I e lished by the National Security the Women's Bureau has been con­ Resources Board. cerned with occupations suitable This' brief summary of some of for women and the legal status of the subjects and titles found in gov­ women. ernment documents may help you While the Library of Congress understand why some people con­ has been a chief source of bibli­ sider that they contain the history ographies, it has also been publish­ of civilization itself in all its aspects. ing the Public A-ffairs Bulletins The publications are the reliable, which g i v e excellent background up-to-date, inexpensive sources of summaries on c u r r e n t subjects. the political, economic, and social Three of the titles released in April history of the United States. As and June, 1950, were "Brannan educators and librarians realize the Plan, Proposed Farm Program," increasing importance of govern­ "Reform of Federal Budget," and ment documents in reference and "Welfare State, Case for and research work and learn to use them Against." effectively, a vast new wealth of One of the most popular publica- source material will be available. Home and Family Life: A Bibliography DoROTHY GENEVIEVE DrxoN

Increasing emphasis is being giv­ piled a supplement of new ma­ en to the study of home and family terials in 1942. life in both the sociology (or social The Librarian and the Teacher of studies ) and .home economics de­ Home Economics, by Frances partments.· Landis in a research Henne and Margaret Pritchard, was study of teachers college curricula published by the American Library found that about one half of the Association in 1945 as a number in sociology departments and one the Experimenting Together Series. third of the home economics de­ It includes a selected list of books partments offer courses on the fam­ for junior high school as well as ily and marriage.1 . While in ~olle~e gives a good picture of the co­ the sociology courses deal pnmanly operation between a librarian and ' with the family as a social institu­ a teaGher of home economics in tion and the h o m e economics one school. courses with family relationships, Reading Ladders for Human Re­ the distinction is not so discretely lations is the work of the Intergroup evident in high school curricula. Education Project of the American In the area of home and family Council on Education. The books life education in elementary and listed have been tested in many junior-senior high school there are schools sharing in the project. The three noteworthy published bibli­ bibliography was first published in ographies. Two are old at the pres­ 1947 and completely revised in ent time but SD;ggestive of types of 1949. The arrangement is by the useful materials, while the third is following topics: Patterns of Fam­ concerned primarily with inter­ ily L if e, Community Contrasts, group understandings. Books on Economic Differences, Differences Home and Family Life, compiled Between Generations, Adjustment by Ruth Budd, was published by to New Places and Situations, How the Columbia University press in It Feels to Grow Up, Belonging to 1937. The list is in two parts: the Groups and Experiences in Accept­ elementary school and the junior ance and Rejection. The. books high school. Each part is arranged represent a broad range in cultural, by topics and the books are anno­ religious, and racial background tated. Christine B. Gilbert com- and are listed, as the title states, L Landis, J. T. "The Teaching of Family in ladder form from the easiest both and Marriage Courses by Sociologists and Home in readability and in concept, to the Economists." Social Forces 24: 336-39; March 1946. more difficult and complex. The (86) THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 87 introduction and preface to each A picture of homey, prosperous, topic together with annotations family life in a middle westem give adequate information about town. Mother Mason is old-fash­ using the books listed. ioned enough to count for a great N ote.-Since this manuscript was deal in the life of each of her five prepared a fourth publication, children, and modern enough to let Books of Fiction Dealing With their individualities alone. Home and Family Living, has been Aldrich, B. S. A White Bird Fly­ issued by the American Home Eco­ ing. Appleton, 1931. mics Association. This summer at the request of a Sequel to A Lantern in Her Home Economics Family L if e Hand. Follows the story of Abbie's Workshop in South Dakota the fol­ granddaughter in her efforts to re­ lowing bibliography was prepared sist the fulfillment of her mother's and presented. Its purpose is to in­ social ambitions for her. clude novels that depict different Allee, M. H. Jane's Island. types of family patterns and family Houghton, 1931. relationships for use with high­ Story of a family's summer at school classes. Although the list is Wood's Hole, Cape Cod, where made with the middle west agricul­ there is a Marine Laboratory. tural community in mind it is not Allen, Adam. Dynamo Farm limited exclusively to it. The books Lippincott, 1942. are those girls in high school like to A 4-H story describing an urban read, with consideration given to family's adjustment to farm life. the range of their reading abilities. The present bibliography is in ad­ Allen, Adam. Water to Bum. dition to, rather than a duplication Lippincott, 1943. of, the above-mentioned lists. A story of building a dam to con­ NOVELS DEALING WITH trol the water supply on a farm. PROBLEMS OF FAMILY LIFE # Asch, Sholem. East River. Put­ Aldis, Dorothy. Time at Her nam, 1946. Heels. Houghton, 1937. Respect for parental wishes and A day in the life of a busy house­ inability to accede to them some­ wife. times leads to maladjustment. This is a heart-warming story of a Jewish Aldrich, B.S. A Lantern in Her father's gradual adjustment to his Hand. Appleton, 1928. · son's marriage to a Catholic girl. Abbie Deal, against the back­ ground of early Nebraska, witnesses o Aydelotte, Dora. Measure of a changes in her family and in the Man. Appleton, 1942. world about her. - Family life in a midwestern town just before the turn of the century. Aldrich, B. S. Mother Mason. Appleton, 1924. • Re<:ommended for mature readers. 88 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MABel! Place of the family in community A picture of a modern American life. family's preparation for Christmas. Barnes, Nancy. The Wonderful Case, J. F. Under the 4-H Flag. Year. Messner, 1946. Lippincott, 1927. The growing-up story of a little A new family finds its place in girl who, with her family, left her a farm community. home in Kansas to live on a fruit Cavanna, Betty. Going on Six­ farm in Colorado. It portrays the teen. Westminster, 1927. pleasures to be found in camping The problems of a motherless and in building a new home. teen-age girl are well handled in Benson, Sally. Junior Miss. Ran­ this modern story. dom House, 1941. Cavanna, Betty. Spurs for Suz­ Stories about the Graves family anna. Westminster, 1947. -a youngish mother and father and Fifteen-year-old Suzanna is the their two daughters, Lois, a supe­ only child of parents living in ' rior 16, and Judy, just 14. Philadelphia amidst comfortable, Bianco, M. W. Winterbound. pleasant surroundings. This is the Viking, 1936. story of the family's summer, in Alone in an old country house which Suzanna learns to grow up. during a severe Connecticut winter, Cheavens, Martha. Crosswinds. four children face a real test and Houghton, 1948. bravely meet every emergency Wholesome story of a minister's which arises during their mother's family in a town on the American prolonged absence in the west. side of the Texas-Mexico border. Bird, D. M. Granite Harbor. Coffin, R. P. T. Lost Paradise. Macmillan, 1944. Macmillan, 1938. A story of winter sports and A boyhood on a New England happy high school life in a small farm. town on Lake Superior. Corey, Paul. Corn Gold Farrn. Bryant, Bernice. Trudy Terrill, Morrow, 1948. Eighth Grader. Bobbs, 1946. Earl Blake and his father risk the The story of Trudy, her little scorn of their neighbors to build up brother, and her parents. Followed a worn-out fann they inherited. by Trudy Terrill, High School Good picture of family life. Freshman ( 1948). Corey, Paul. Five Acre Hill. Carroll, G. H. As the Earth Morrow, 1946. Turns. Macmillan, 1933. A family project in building a One year in the life of a Maine home in the country. Written to farm family. stress pulling together, neighborli­ Carroll, G. H. While the Angels ness, and elimination of class and Sing. Macmillan, 1947. race prejudices. 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 89 Corey, Paul. Shad Haul. Mor­ forts to get her family to rise above row, 1947. the lowly circumstances to which Two high school boys form a bad luck and false pride have community co-operative for shad brought them. fishing, and earn enough money for Du Jardin, Rosamond. Practi­ college. cally Seventeen. Lippincott, 1949. Daly, Maureen. Seventeenth Toby, an attractive, fun-loving, Summer. Dodd, 1942. teen-age girl, here reveals her in­ Love comes to a sensitive girl of most thoughts about her small-town seventeen. A charming and wholly family, herself, and her first boy convincing story of young people. friend. De la Roche, Mazo. ]alna. Emery, Ann. Senior Year. West­ Little, 1927. minster, 1949. The Whiteoaks, their joys and A good picture of family relation­ sorrows at the family homestead, ships in meeting the problem of the "J ana.1 " daughter's going steady. DeLeeuw, Adele. Linda Marsh. Emery Ann. Going Steady. Macmillan, 1943. Westminster, 1950. Shy and unsure of herself, Linda A continuation of Senior Year, feels sure that she will find no place describing the turbulent summer for herself when her family comes that followed. to a new town to live. This is the Fisher, D. C. The Bent Twig. story of how she finally wins a place Hold, 1915. with the gang. The "twig" is the daughter of a Dickson, Marguerite. Lightning middle-west university professor, Strikes Twice. Nelson, 1947. "bent" by the traditions and ideals High-school days are times of de­ of her parents. cisions. Ellen wants to be a dancer. Forbes, Kathryn. Mama's Bank In this story of her junior year the Account. Harcourt, 1943. reader will find inspiration and A series of short stories about a challenge. Scandinavian-American family in Dickson, Marguerite. Roof Over which "mama" is the moving spirit. Our Heads. Nelson, 1948. The tender, humorous tones of the A sixteen-year-old city girl even­ book, and mama's selfless devotion tually finds out how to live in a to her family, are heart-warming, small town and be happy. and serve to preserve the ideal of 'Dickson, Marguerite. Turn In the close-knitted family constella­ the Road. Nelson, 1949. tion as the center of American life. This is the storv of seventeen­ Franken, Rose. Claudia. Rine­ year-old Isabel Worthington's ef- hart, 1939. 90 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARCH The story of a young married nity launch a little theater project couple and their joy of pure living. in a barn. An understanding fam­ Followed by Claudia and David, ily in the background, and good Another Claudia, and Young community relations. Claudia. Headley, Elizabeth. Date for Friedman, Frieda. Dot For Diane. Macrae, 1946. Short. Morrow, 1947. Diane is 14, and this is the story Dot's family lived in an apart­ of her sophomore year in a small ment under the Third Avenue "L" town high school. · in New York City. Her father was Herbert, F. H. Meet Corliss a taxi driver. Archer. Random House, 1944. Gerber, Will. Gooseberry ]onf3S. Corliss is the daughter of a well­ Putnam, 1947. to-do lawyer in a small town. This Every . boy needs a dog, but story depicts episodes in her sub­ Gooseberry had a difficult time in deb life. ' persuading his mother that he did. Hess, Fjeril. Buckaroo. Mac­ Gilbreth, F. B. Cheaper By the millan, 1931. Dozen. Crowell, 1948. Ranch life in Nevada forms the Few modern families become as background of a spirited and large as this one, or have such effi­ wholesome story for girls. cient parents; but, through the humor of this book there is much Lansing, Elizabeth. Cathy Car­ good sense to be absorbed. lisle. Crowell, 1948. Cathy finally realizes that there Gooden, Peggy. Clementine. is real warmth and security in the Sutton, 1946. informality of their family pattern. Humorous tale of a tomboy who finally becomes a lovely young lady Lansing, Elizabeth. Nancy Nay­ who is looking forward to marriage. lor, Visiting Nurse, Crowell, 1947. A good picture of a midwestern The Naylor family moves from a family. Chicago suburb to the little New Gray, E. J. Fair Adventure. England village of Mr. Naylor's Viking, 1940. youth. Adjustments are necessary The setting is a university town for the whole family. in the south, the family is a profes­ 4 Lawrence, Josephine. If I Had sor's family with very moderate Four Apples. Stokes, 1935. means. The heroine, Page, age 16, A friendly newspaper woman always seemed to have to play sec­ tries to rescue a family from its ond fiddle to other members of her overindulgence in the installment­ big family. buying system. Hartwell, Nancy. Shoestring Lewiton, Mina. Cup of Courage. Theater. Holt, 1947. McKay, 1948. The young people of a commu- " Recommended for mature readers. 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 91 There is a straightforward and Medearis, Mary. Big Doc's. Girl. thought-provoking presentation of Lippincott, 1942. alcoholism in this story of Brook The storv of an Arkansas doctor, Falter's acceptance, at 17, that her his daught~r, and his family. father is a problem drinker." Moore, R u t h. Fire Balloon. Lewiton, Mina. Divided Heart. Morrow, 1948. McKay, 1947. The life of the Sewell family in When Julie's father goes away a Maine coast fishing town in the and the web of the family is broken, summer of 1947. · she learns that she must turn from Nathan, Robert. Winterin April. the swee~ fantasies of 15 to a world Knopf, 1938. . · of mature relationships. A scholarly grandfather ponders Lieferant, Henry. Seven Daugh­ over the ways of his fifteen-year-old ters . . Coward, 1947. granddaughter, who is alternately a Joe and Sabina had seven daugh­ puzzle and a delight. Written with ters, much to farmer Joe's regret, charm and humor. for he wanted a son. He made the North, Sterling. So Dear To My girls wear "jeans" at all times, much Heart. Doubleday, 1947. against their wishes. Tragedy made Life on a small Indiana farm Joe realize the error of his ways. some 40 years ago. Unhappy family life. Ormonde, Czenzi. L a u g h t e r Lyon, Jessica. For A Whole Life­ From Downstairs. Farrar, 1948. time. Macrae, 1949. The light-hearted adventures of This surprisingly good j u n i o r a Bohemian family living in the novel on modern marriage gives the Pacific northwest. young reader much valuable food ~astenso, Martha. Wild Geese. for thought as well as an absorbing Dodd, 1925. . story. A domineering father m a d e McGraw, E. J. Sawdust in His home life miserable for the family. Shoes. Coward, 1950. Pinkerton, Kathrene. Fox Is­ A swift-paced story with all the land. Harcourt, 1942 · excitement and glamor of the cir­ In the loneliness of the Canadian cus, and underneath it all the fur country the Jackman family warmth and strength of a happy starts a fur farm. Continued in family group. Windigo. · . Mcintire, Marguerite. Free and Rice, A. C. Mrs. Wiggs of the Clear. Farrar, 1939. Cabbage Patch. Appleton, 1901. A story of life on a New England A resourceful family preserves farm where, in spite of economic smiling faces under the most dis­ stress, Matt has been able to keep couraging circumstances. his title to the farm "free and clear.'' 0 Recommended for mature readers. 92 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARCH Ross, M. I. Morgan's Fourth hind the ludicrous happenings on Son. Harper, 1940. this momentous occasion. This is the story of a farmer who Sture-Vasa, Mary. My Friend hoped that his younger son would Flicka. Lippincott, 1941. follow in his footsteps and become Story of an eleven-year-old boy a scientific farmer, and a lover of and his colt. Good pictures of fam­ good livestock. ily life. Followed by Thunde1'head, Sattley, H. R. Young Barbarians. and Green Grass of Wyoming. Morrow, 1947. ~Suckow, Ruth. The Bonney Barbara and her friends, whose Family. Knopf, 1938. roughness and disrespect for other A story covering 20 years in the people's prope~~y . causes strai.ne~ lives of a family in a small Iowa relations with m1sunderstandmg town. parents, discover that living is not Tarkington, Booth. Seventeen. all fun and irresponsibility. They Harper, 1932. leam the task of proper social be­ Humorous story of Willie Baxter havior and helpfulness of parents. and his sister Jane who plagues him Sawyer, Ruth. Year of Jubilo. unmercifully. Good picture of Viking, 1940. family life. Lucinda and her family went to Turlington, C. I. Thtee To Make spend a year in their Maine summer Ready. Vanguard, 1948. cottage which is all they have left after the death of her father. Their loving but long-suffering mother chronicles one year's crises Schmidt, S. L. New Land. Mc­ with her three teen-age daughters. Bride, 1933. Turnbull, A. S. The R o ll in g An account of how the seventeen­ Years. Macmillan, 1936. year-old Morgan twins and their father make a fresh start in life on In the appealing story of three New Land in Wyoming. fine and charming Pennsylvania women, we see the years roll by Schmidt, S. L. Shadow Over from stem homely, pioneer days to Winding Ranch. Random House, the modem scene. 1940. David tries to restore his family's Van Stockum, Hilda. Canadian mortgaged Colorado ranch. He ex­ Summer. Viking, 1948. periments in wheat and karakul A summer with harum scarum, sheep. Good account of FFA. lovable family of nine Mitchells. Streeter, Edward. Father of the Weber, L. M. Beany Malone. Bride. Simon, 1949. Crowell, 1948. A suburban wedding from a fond Sequel to Meet .the M alones. father's point of view. Fine family Sixteen-year-old Beany guides the affection and understanding lie be- " Recommended for mature readers.

Testing for the Fulfillment of Obje~tives .in the Graphic Arts

·LAURENCE GILPIN C UTLER

In the fall of the year when the a discussion of objectives as such, flowering season has reached its but to place them against the com­ climax and nature has ripened the mon educational measuring stick of fruit and the grain preparatory for testing to see if they are actually the lean months ahead, most being accomplished in teaching schools, colleges, and universities procedures, and still further to see are in the reversal of the natural how they are being measured in the seasons with brand new crops industrial-arts and more specifically awaiting the planting, tilling, and in the graphic-arts area. harvesting. Student bodies are new and refreshed from a vacation . LIMITATIONS period. Fa.culties and administra- The teaching of graphic arts is tors are refreshed and awaiting the often limited to larger school sys­ planting. terns because it is thought to be an For many on the faculties of expensive subject to place in the these schools, this will be a new ex- curriculum. Frequently it is criti­ perience; for others a time of new cized on the basis that too much hope. During the summer and emphasis is placed on the acquisi­ early fall months from the class- tion of skills rather than the fulfill­ rooms, conferences, workshops, and ment or accomplishment of those conventions that so fill our educa- objectives considered desirable. tiona! world, lists of objectives have Either or both of these statements been formulated, studied, dis- could be true under certain postu­ cussed, emphasized, restated, re- lated conditions. But by the same evaluated, insisted upon. These reasoning would English, mathe­ objectives are in the seedbox for matics, literature, science, or other the planting; but what will the bar- subjects be stricken from the cur­ vest be? riculum if they failed to accomplish Lists of these goals of achieve- a list of objectives or did not con­ ment do not constitute "another ed- tribute materially to the cardinal ucational fad" which will soon be principles? forgotten and by-passed for the Even under some of the worst next "newest." For the most part conditions and situations imposed the classroom teacher considers his upon teachers in the graphic arts objectives seriously and shapes his and frowned upon as being un­ teaching accordingly. It is not the sound and undesirable educational purpose of this article to enter upon practices, the shop experiences en- (94)

96 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARCH p r i n t i n g processes-letterpress, machinery, and materials for pro· planographic, and intaglio. duction would have to be consid· The newspaper is an item of ere d. Therefore the consumer point thorough familiarity to the sh1dents of view limits the teaching and test­ and obviously its methods of pro­ ing on this particular point to the duction are studied, discussed, wit­ product of the graphic arts. In this nessed, and in many instances par­ sense it is the indirect consumption ticipation in the production is ex­ of the press as in a book, magazine, perienced. Hence it follows in the or newspaper, and a direct con­ testing procedure a multiple-choice sumption as the purchase of a spe­ item is set out. 2 cific job of printing or use of adver­ tising space. Most modern newspapers are produced by ( a) intaglio; (b) let­ PRINTING COSTS terpress; (c) planographic printing. In the field of advertising a com­ Further testing and teaching of parative rate has been established this objective is realized through based on the cost of circulating an information relative to the manu­ agate line of type through one mil­ facture and distribution of paper, lion circulation. A comprehension its qualities, sources of materials, of the formula to find the milline and packaging. rate is the key for the comparison A printer's ream of paper con­ of the cost of any advertising re· tains five hundred sheets. gardless of the amount of space Bond paper is used for printing used or the number of copies cir· letterheads because it is a tough culated. sheet and has a good writing sur­ face. The comprehension of printing methods makes it obvious that the CONSUMER VALUES greatest cost in most printing pro­ cedures is in the preparation of the The second objective is, "to de­ material for printing; i.e., the set­ velop in each pupil the ability to ting of the type, procuring the select, care for, and use properly tl­ lustrations, and press preparations. the things he buys or uses." With the cost of these operations Thinking of the graphic arts as pro-rated over the number of copies an industrial-arts subject r at h e r produced, then the unit cost is ma­ than vocational, this item must be terially lowered by increasing the approached from the viewpoint of quantity. Likewise the choice of a the consumer of printing in place printing method frequently de­ of the producer of printing. Voca­ pends upon the kind of material to tionally the qualities of the tools, be reproduced and the purpose for 2. In all the following samples of test items which it is intended. With the.se in multiple choice and completion the correct choice and the blank are indicated by the facts before the student then these italicized words. test items could be used: 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 97 Comparative advertising rates Considering the contour in a lino­ are best expressed by (a) agate type composition test, the comple­ line basis; (b) milline rate; (c) the tion question reads: column-inch rate. The stationery for the operation In setting poetry, lines which of your business would be most rhyme with each other are in­ economically purchased when or­ dented the same. dered in (a) 500 lots; (b) 5,000 Considering proportion we find lots; (c) 2,500 with instructions to hold the form for reprinting. a true T. F. item: To produce a halftone illustration The ideal length of a line of on a catalogue cover of an imita­ type is considered to be approxi­ tion leather finish, the best would mately an alphabet and a half. be obtained from a planographic printing process. The fourth objective is, "To de­ velop in each pupil an attitude of APPRECIATION pride or interest in his ability to do For objective number three we useful things." Undoubtedly when find, "To develop in each pupil the the pupil is made to realize that appreciation of good workmanship numerous typographical errors con­ and design." Every piece of printed stitute slovenly workmanship, he material is a problem in design so becomes error-conscious and strives the daily work of the pupil easily to improve his own typesetting and centers itself around the study of that of others by proofreading. Syl­ labication of words provides one design. One of the very earliest means for testing. In the following projects emphasizes to the students items, the proper syllabication is that lines of type are to be set flush given on the left, but in the test to the left and right so that every these would be mixed. line is of identical length to present knowl-edge or know-ledge a mass with a more pleasing con­ ex-pe-ri-ence or ex-per-i-ence tour than that afforded by a ragged ev-o-lu-tion or ev-o-lut-ion edge. Strength of the various struc­ di-vulged or di-vulg-ed tural or design forms such as the inverted pyramid, the block, cen­ SELF-RELIANCE tered elements, staggered items, Skill comes in for a share of the and varied indentions are consid­ fifth objective which is, "To de­ ered as attention-compelling and velop a feeling of self-reliance and eye-guiding factors. The testing confidence in the pupil's ability to program follows with items to iden­ deal with people and to care for tify these forms and their uses: himself in unusual or unfamiliar Hanging indention sets the first situations." It would include fa­ line of type flush with successive miliarity with machines, common lines indented on the left. tools, materials; learning to plan 98 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARCH and execute problems on one's own 7. Pour metal in box. initiative and responsibility, and 8. Wait for metal to solidify. 9. Remove cast and check printing the preliminary examination before qualities. attacking a problem. Thus a false T. F. statement says: Too frequently impetuous youth The numbers and symbols found like to slide by those things which on the side of a linotype matrix in­ constitute the unpleasant tasks and dicate the size of type and the num­ to go in search of other pursuits ber of such characters in 1,000 ems more to their liking. The seventh of composition. objective is, .. To develop the habit A multiple choice item in press­ of self-discipline which requires work states: one to do a thing when it should A typographic numbering ma­ be done, whether it is a pleasant chine will not operate properly task or not." This ties in so very when ( a) the machine is parallel closely with our democratic way of with the cylinder; (b) when the life, our place in society, and our plunger is away from the cylinder; cultural heritages that no teacher ( c) when the plunger is next to for a single moment can afford to the cylinder. lose sight of its importance. Ob­ ORDERLY PROCEDURE jective or "paper testing" obviously finds it difficult to reach this point The sixth objective is, "To de­ directly, but it can take the indirect velop the habit of an orderly a_pproach which will keep fresh in method of procedure in the per­ the pupil's mind the rewards for formance of any task." The ac­ doing unpleasant tasks when they complishment of this objective re­ should be done, and further, that quires an analysis of the task to be the completion of "want-to-do" performed and the planning of a things is frequently preceded with step-by-step procedure to eliminate "don't-like- to-do tasks" wasted effort and the duplication of motion. Rearrangement of the UNPLEASANT TASKS steps necessary to complete any Many of these unpleasantries operation makes an excellent check exist in the printing office such as on this particular point. The fol­ the distribution of type, washing lowing are nine steps in making a presses, keeping tools and materials stereotype plate in a flat casting clean and in order. A presswork box. These were mixed up in the test .item uses the following ap­ test: proach: ; 1. Place backing felt on matrix. A film of ink dried on the press 2. Place t:iil on matrix. rollers causes them to lose tack and . ·3. Pre-heat matrix and box. results in poor ink distribution. , 4. Check metal temperature. 5. Place matrix in box and position In hand composition the impor­ bars. tance of attention to details in put­ 6. Close box and tighten clamp. ting type back into the case to pre- 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 99 vent different type faces from be- wasting tjme. A completion item coming mixed is checked in this illustrates this point: · manner: The correct position for type in · In distributing type, the composi­ . the galley is with the head of the tor should check the size, the nick;. .type .to the head of the galley and and the face qf the type characters to the left-hand side. to be sure he has the proper case. A linotype operation test 1nakes GOOD WORK HABITS this approach: .When the hands are in 'the basic The eighth . objective, which is · position the first finger of the right universally sought m educational hand should rest on the r key, and procedures but which is difficult to the second finger of the right hand measure without a performance should rest on the m key. test, is, "To develop in each pupil Point nine · becomes · easier to the habit of thoughtful work with­ measure since it deals largely with out loitering or wasting tim e." co--operation. The ninth objective Often this habit is measured sub­ is, "To develop in each pupil the jectively on the basis of objective attitude of readiness to assist others performance. The true measure when.' they need help and to join would be _the objective perform­ in group undertakings." ance but the stimuli prompting the In the letterpress printing process performance may be of a punitive the height of type and plates is nature so that the r e s u 1t s will based oil .918 inch. When the stu­ not necessarily evaluate the habit dent comp~ehends the printing in its .natural or pure state. Many process and realizes the importance lessons and projects ani completed of checking materials to accomplish riot because the pupil has the desire a good job of printing with the to do the thing for the sheer joy least .effort and expense, he is par­ of doing it, but b~cause he knows ticipating directly in a co-operative' that low scores, scorn of the group, undertaking. The testing may take or a repiirriand will follow if the any of the standard methods of task isn't completed. · · . · questioning tb check this height of At the other extreme we find type-a true-false statement, multi­ many instances of pupils who liter- , ple choice, or. a completion item. ally must be ejeded from the shop THOUGHT FOR OTHERS. - or laboratory because of their in­ ' ' ' tense interest in the work. The test­ Turning from group work-where ing-procedure takes an indirect ap­ co-operation is stressed, the· tenth proach which hits ·between these objective is, ~'To develop in ·each two by checking on'. habits which p1,1pil the thoughtful attitude in the indicate thoughtful work and habits matter of making things· easy and which accomplish a task without pleasant for others." In the print

1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 101 TOOL SKILLS They may be questions concerning The twelfth and last objective in­ type, ink, paper, the presses, fold­ cluded in the list is, "To develop ing machines, bindery operations, in each pupil elementary skills in illustrations, or comparisons of the the use of the more common tools three major printing processes. The and machines, and a knowledge of currency of the realm, the comic the methods of procedures in tasks book, the newspaper, the laws, the recording of man's culture, past frequently encountered by t h e and present-all these are products a v e r a g e man, together with a of the "art preservative of arts." As knowledge of the working qualities products of our culture, they con­ and the characteristics of some of stitute an important portion of our our most used materials." heritage. While printing gives civilization a product that is consumed by all Type, paper, printing press, and age .levels, scarcely a day will pass ink are the names of tools and ma­ by m the average printing office terials common to everyone's vo­ that some consumer displays or con­ cabulary, but the processing of fesses his ignorance of the opera­ these materials with the common tions involved in the production of tools and machines into the com­ pleted printed page is quite fre­ ~e piece of printing he is attempt­ mg to buy. The standing joke of quently aside from the average ex­ the customer who blandly asks for perience. a doze~ or so copies of the printing Schools maintaining shops and order nght away, and that there is laboratories for the graphic-arts ex­ no hurry for the remainder is pa­ periences are contributing much to thetically true. tum out useful, happy, and suc­ This error and disappointment cessful citizens. It is not the thesis will not confront the boy who has of this article that every school had. the most meagre experience in print shop poses itself as prima settmg .the type, proofreading and facie evidence of accomplishing correctmg, and locking the job for the objectives of industrial arts and the press. The thrill that he experi­ the seven cardinal principles any enced in seeing his name and that more than any other class or area of his ~riends as the sheets of paper of work in the other curricular sub­ are P.nnt~d o~ the press will long jects. It seems obvious however remam with him as well as a com­ that the graphic arts c~n and d~ prehension of the amount of time contribute to the attainment of a consumed in the preparation before comprehensive list of objectives; that first impression could be made. and further, that the accomplish­ . Any test question encompassed ment of these objectives is being m the graphic-arts area directly measured by teacher-constructed covers this last important objective. objective tests.

Why Kansas State Teachers College Students Chose Industrial-Arts Teaching

RALPH KENNETH NAIR

It seems that most industrial-arts by agriculture at 18 per cent, pro­ students now in college were in­ fessional at 15 per cent, and busi­ fluenced by the subject matter field ness at 13 per cent. Other occupa­ and its appeal to them, as well as tions were eight per cent of the by teachers and guidance workers. total or less. The question might then be asked, In listing the most desirable fea­ "Are there other factors which tures of industrial-arts teaching, 94 made these students wish to be­ per cent of this group considered come teachers of industrial arts?" mechanical activities involved as Among other things this study at­ most important. Closely allied at tempted to determine when the oc­ 88 per cent was the wish to work cupational choice was made, what with young people. Others as event or individual was most influ­ stated by the group are as follows: ential, and if the teaching candi­ Desirable features reported Per cent date is happy in his selection. Deals with mechanical activities . . 94 During the 1950 summer session Want to work with young people . . 88 at Kansas State Teachers College, a Like the working conditions. . . . . 87 Offers a sense of security ...... 80 questionnaire was submitted to a Desire to be of service to society. . 78 random sampling of 108 students in Pays a comparatively desirable the department of industrial educa­ salary ...... 69 tion, approximately two-thirds of Offers advancement to a higher whom were in the graduate school, educational position ...... 48 Offers prestige in the community . . 46 the remainder being undergrad­ Shorter hours of work are desirable, 26 uates. Only those students who were majoring in industrial arts Most encouraging was the fact were considered, and those who that desire to work with young peo­ were preparing to teach trade and ple and to be of service to society industrial vocational education took precedence over interest in were excluded. community prestige, salary, or Of the men included in the studv, shorter hours of work. Since no 78 per cent were married, and 87 provision was made for identity of per cent were veterans. A slight the students answering the ques­ majority of 53 per cent had at- tionnaire, it was hoped to preclude tended high school in small towns. insincere answers. In considering fathers' occupation, Since a material portion of the the skilled trades at 19 per cent group consisted of veterans who were most predominant, followed were attending college under vet- (104)

106 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARCH First actual contact with manip­ the percentage totals for father. ulative work occurred in the follow­ mother, siblings, and relatives give~ ing ways: the comparatively small total of 14 Initial contacts Per Cent per cent. Further, 78 per cent be­ Junior or senior high school lieved ·that more occupational in­ industrial-arts class ...... 34 formation of an unbiased nature Home workshop activities . . . . . 27 would have been helpful, and 50 Part or full time work experience . . 19 per cent said their teachers should Hobbies (individual or group clubs) . . . . . 15 have been of more assistance in Elementary school handwork problems o~ this nature. Slightly activities ...... 8 over one-thud of these men were Boy Scout activities ...... 5 influenced by a shop teacher who It may be seen that the schools had been an "ideal," while one­ and their industrial-arts offerings fourth had teachers who suggested constituted the predominant initial they should become teachers of in- . experience in manipulative activi­ dustrial arts. Separate check ques- ' ties of these students. It follows tions revealed that 23 per cent at­ that industrial-arts teachers should tributed their choices to the influ­ co-operate with fathers to foster ence of some one individual and home facilities for workshops, or at ten per cent admitted a school ~oun ­ least some type of hobby. selor was influential, confirming In investigating home influences, earlier findings. it was found that only nine per cent Further school influences were of the parents of these young men determined when the investigation had wanted them to become teach­ revealed the grade level at which ers. Only five per cent felt their the first industrial-arts classes were parents had influenced them unduly taken. This gives further support in occupational choice. Most influ­ to the importance of the exploratory ential individuals in these students' ~urriculum of the _junior high school I choice they listed as: m regard to the mdustrial arts: l

First industrial arts Per cent 1 Chief influence in choice Per cent Elementary school ...... 16 Teacher 41 Junior high school...... 4-! Friend ...... 14 Senior high school ...... 20 Counselor ...... 10 Junior college ...... 8 Father ...... 7 College ...... 12 Relative ...... 4 Mother ...... 3 A 1 t h o u g h some relationship Siblings ...... 0 seems to exist between the choice Other . . . 5 of industrial-arts teaching and ex­ Combining the percentages of periences in industrial-arts classes, counselor and teacher shows a total actual decision to enter the field of 51 per cent, thus rating the school was delayed until after high-school and teacher an important factor in graduation or college. This is sub­ occupational choice. Combining stantiated by these answers : 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 107 Period of decision Per cent these students with their present Elementary school 1 choice of indusb·ial-arts teaching as Junior high school ...... 4 a career was encouraging. Of those Senior high school...... 14 After high school ...... 35 expressing opinions, 92 per cent be­ College . . . . 46 lieved they were suited for teaching the industrial arts, while 90 per cent Several reasons might be ad­ were happy in their present choice; vanced for the delay in decision, 72 per cent were interested in and these might be applicable to teaching as a life career, while 35 other :fields. Although some tenta­ per cent admitted their choice of tive decisions are made at younger teaching was largely due to chance. ages, they are often not too stable, Only 16 per cent would make an­ and the young person needs a cer­ other choice if it were feasible. tain amount of maturity to recog­ Certain implications might be nize the importance of his choice, drawn from the results obtained in as well as the possibility of his suc­ the study. First, parents should cess. Meager counseling facilities note that they apparently do not in the past have failed to stress oc­ have as much influence in this occu­ cupational choice in many cases un­ pational choice as does the school. til "career day" during the latter As a result, they may be more con­ part of high school, usually the sen­ cerned with the type of teachers ior year. Too many young people the school is able to secure. are thus faced with the impact of Second, industrial-arts teachers a necessary occupational choice ah·eadv in the field should be after high-school graduation, and pleased with the influence they ap­ the decision whether to attend col­ parently have in the matter of lege or go to work. Another pos­ choice of profession and should be sible reason for the delay in this in a favorable position to attract de­ group may have been the prepon­ sirable teacher candidates w h o derance of veterans whose educa­ have interest and aptitude. tion and vocational plans were in­ Third, administrators who are in­ terrupted. Upon their return from terested in developing a functional the service, the veterans were often guidance program should give more self-conscious in the high-school important roles to their teachers setting because of age, and com­ of industrial arts who may assist pleted t h e i r pre-college w o r k w i t h guidance services in the through the armed forces schools, school. The informal atmosphere junior colleges, or college extension of the school shop seems to lay the work. groundwork for the first step in A study of the satisfaction of effective counseling. Current Techniques in Advertising and Illustrative Photography

LEROY BREWINGTON

In this age we find many kinds of each and decide which type of and types of art. There is art for artistry will better fill the needs of beauty and for memory, art for the the agency he is representing, then sake of art itself, and art for the appoint the person to fill the job re­ sake of an advertised product. quirements. Usually a director There is a story behind the creation works with a specific illustrator be­ of each, but we are going to discuss cause he knows that person's ca­ illustrative photography in its rela­ pabilities and gradually comes to tion to commercial advertising. rely upon him. In this manner, an Behind each of the illustrated ad­ inseparable team is formed. vertisements that catch or fail to TELLING THE STORY catch the eye, there are numerous persons working together- the The photographic illustrator has agencies, the models, constructors, m a n y responsibilities after the but the team without which the groundwork of the director has advertisements would be impos­ been done. He has to tell the di­ sible is composed of the art director rector's story with a picture. To do and the illustrator. this, it is necessary to grasp the The director takes the initial story himself, then create the situa­ steps in which he has an idea or a tion to carry out the story. Since slogan that he must put across to a pictures without words are the rar­ large audience in a manner that is est photographs, he must work quick but positive. The product around the idea or slogan furnished advertised must draw attention in by the director. This brings out the such a manner as to induce immedi­ background element. An agent has ate action. To accomplish this re­ not the time to thumb through doz­ sult, the director must know the ens of prints, selecting the best for ones to whom he appeals. He must each advertisement. The photog­ realize what people will be most in­ rapher must learn to make one pic­ terested in the particular product, ture, and that one so good that it and he must follow through with a can be u s e d with only minor knowledge of what will capture changes such as retouching and this particular audience. cropping . . !'Jaturally, there is much compe­ Of major importance is the re­ titiOn between the paint and brush gard for spacing. The agency usu­ artists and the camera artists. The ally has an alloted space paid for in director must distinguish the merits v a r i o u s magazines1 newspapers, (108) THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 109 and other media. He may have al­ Let us assume that an art director ready decided the positions for the has been given the headline to be words and the picture, or he may used for a new ad. He thinks it leave the decision to the director. over, hits upon an idea, and roughly In either ca·se, the photographer sketches it. This rough drawing, may upset the whole ad by not com­ called a visual, is the main source pletely £lling, or by overfilling, the for the illustrator's work. It usually allocated measurements. The as­ consists of outline drawings of signment becomes even more diffi­ background, models, and lettering. cult if no specifications are made This general view is followed by concerning space. He then has to the photographer as closely as pos­ tum out a finished picture, into or sible. Still, there is much to be de­ around which words may be in­ sired. The sketch is rounded out, serted at any spot. filled in, made into an attractive advertisement by the use of com­ TRAINING ESSENTIAL mon sense, inventiveness, and a To fill all the requirements of a knowing head behind the camera. successful photographic illustrator, The art director, supposedly, formal training is, perhaps, the best does not know how the final picture groundwork. Long hours in dark­ comes to be that way. He has room work, carrying equipment, no thought or care of the equipment mixing chemicals, all give experi­ used, just so the agency wi1l be ences with which to work in the pleased. future. Some idea of what to ex·­ TECHNICAL DETAILS pect in a negative and a finished print is gained. And a knowledge Though it is most common, all art of the camera, a familiarity with its directors do not provide visuals. In operations, contributes consider­ case a visual is not furnished, the able progress toward successful il­ photographer works with what he lustrations. has, the headline, to make a picture As for the actual work of bring­ that words can be fit around. ing illustrative photographs into be­ Some information is essential and ing, there are, as in every field, must be supplied directly by the certain steps to be observed if client, namely, the screen reproduc­ methodical success is to be the re­ tion to be used, the type of model, sult. These steps are: visuals, or the feeling and the story to be put rough sketches; planning, design­ across, and naturally, a deadline. ing, and building sets; make-up; Perhaps most essential is a knowl­ lighting; composition; and the di­ edge of where the picture will be rection of models and personalities. reproduced. This is important so All these are bound together; yet that the correct lighting rna y be each must be observed both sepa­ used to achieve a contrast without rately and as a unit to achieve a masses of black. Except for high­ good illustration. style ads which appear on a definite

1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 111

Proper make-up becomes essen­ understood by the general public. tial when the lights c.an be handled Lights of this sort are used to save to create almost any desired effect. time by cutting the exposure. By The best way to assure good make­ using longer exposures and less up is to apply it right on the set, wattage, the effects would remain using some of the tricks to give the same. To have good lighting, good lines that are required in the then, follow these simple steps. movies when all angles will be First, talk to the model, study the seen. The natural photograph is face, keep in mind the appeal of the the one that appeals, so a model's ad. Second, light the set for the Jips and face make-up are usually mood of the picture. Third, light the same as she uses in her daily the subject to catch the desired ex­ life. Pan-cake make-up is consid­ pression. ered to be better than face powder For outdoor lighting, which is because it will readily absorb the more natural and produces better light. As for hair, the style doesn't effects, reflectors can be used to always count - but beauty is the such an extent as to completely con­ thing. The most suitable hair-do trol the light. These reflectors take for any person can be judged by care of shadows, foreground illumi­ drawing a V from the chin to the nation, and background lighting. eyeline. This V -shape is important The only thing to decide about out­ to beauty, and any hair styling that door photography is whether some­ will accent it is becoming. thing in the landscape belongs in the foreground, background, or LIGHTING should be cut out completely. There are three tYPes of lighting: HANDLING PEOPLE Electric, Sun, and flash. Outdoor lighting is just as important as In directing personalities, the studio lighting. One thing to re­ procedure varies little from that of member is that each photographer models. A quick assurance on the has his own techniaue and uses this part of the photographer, self-con­ developed personality when light­ fidence, a smooth but quick expo­ ing and directin.g the subjects. sure, are all that is necessary. A Careful use of lights makes pic­ self test in the handling of equip­ tures. John O'Riely has one rule to ment will quickly assure the pho­ be observed in his studio-no li2:hts tographer whether or not he is ca­ are ever to be attached to a wall or pable of handling personalities and ceiling, and no lights are to be pre­ time limits. If he is not, then prac­ set before shooting or left on the set tice is the only answer to win the after shooting. The principle to confidence of personalities who are follow is not to see how many lights accustomed to being photographed can be used, but to see how few, at all times and in all situations. nroperly placed, will satisfactorily Composition is so broad a sub­ illuminate the subiect. The high ject that only those who know every wattage units used are often mis- angle can be critics on the matter. 112 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER

Generally speaking, pictures are money coming from this work, the made up of lines, and if those lines simplicity of making pictures. Ac­ are pleasing in arrangement, in their tually, picture making is work­ make-up and in their appearance to hard work. Anybody entering into the eye, the composition may be it for just the fun, the money, and said to be good. That is all that can the right to say, "I'm a camera be said of the subject. fiend," might just as well join a Beginners in photography, and camera club and save his energies especially in the branch of illustra­ for something else that he can put tive photography, hear what an his heart and soul into-for that is ·easy thing it is to do, the easy what good photography takes .

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114 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER lMARcii Leaders in Industrial Education nearly 55 years of service, has emi­ nently qualified Dr. Bawden for his By WILLIAM THOMAS BAWDEN task. Published by The Bruce Publishing Graduating from college in 1896, Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1950; and beginning his teaching career doth, 196 pages. Price, $3.00. in that year, the author devoted This new book is a welcome con­ four years to postgraduate study, tribution to the relatively meager served nine years in the U. S. Office literature on the history of indus­ of Education, 30 years as a part­ trial education. It has been only time member of the editorial staff 25 years, 1926, since the appear­ of the Industrial Education Maga­ ance of Anderson's History of Man- zine, nine years in public school . ual and Industrial School Educa­ work, two years in university work, tion, and Bennett's History of Man­ and 23 years in two state teachers ual and Industrial Education Up to colleges. Supplemented by travel 1870, the first formal treatments of and study in every State of the the history of this new field of edu­ Union save one, he has had unex­ cation. With the appearance in celled opportunities to meet and 1937 of Bennett's second volume, know personally most of the out­ History of Manual and Industrial standing leaders for more than half Education, 1870 to 1917, these a century. It is out of this unique three books were virtually the his­ background, and rich storehouse of tory of the field. Dr. Bawden's personal contacts, that he writes. new book not only represents a de­ There is no living writer who can parture from the formal type of span this period of history and treatment of the subject, but pro­ write so effectively, informingly, vides, in a unique conversational and autholitatively of the personal­ style, many hitherto unpublished ities of the pioneer leaders, many of facts and sidelights on the pioneer­ whom have long since left the ing leaders who have developed in­ stage. dustrial education in this country. Leaders whose careers are dis­ In the introduction, the author cussed in this volume are: Calvin points out that his book is the out­ M. Woodward, Charles R. Rich­ growth of more than 15 years of ards, Frederick G. Bonser, Ira Sam­ experience in conducting a gradu­ uel Griffith, John D. Runkle, Lo­ ate course in leaders and move­ renzo D. Harvey, James H. Stout, ments in industrial education at the William E. Roberts, and F. Theo­ Kansas State Teachers College. dore Struck. But this is only one of his qualifica­ Dr. Woodward, founder of the tions for presenting in graphic de­ St. Louis Manual Training School, tail the achievements and personal­ and often called the "Father of ities of leaders who helped make Manual Training in the United the history. Personal acquaintance States," and Dr. Runkle of the with most of the leaders, in a re­ Massachusetts Institute of Tech­ markable career that has covered nology, established and developed 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 115 instruction in the mechanic arts professional nature and engaged in based on the Russian system, our the education of teachers. first successful type of school in­ The selection of these men as dustrial education. At the turn of representative pioneer leaders in the century, Charles R. Richards the various aspects of industrial ed­ was head of the department of ucation gives the reader an over-a1l manual training in Teachers Col­ view of the history of the field. The lege, New York, the chief source of method of the volume might be teachers in this field for that pe­ said to be that of a biographical riod. Frederick G. Bonser, also of approach to the wider currents of Teachers College, is recognized for an educational movement that has his contribution to the philosophy had its origin and developed to a of industrial arts. Lorenzo D. Har­ position of paramount importance vey and James H. Stout co-oper­ almost within the period of the pro­ ated in making a major contribu­ fessional career of the author. It is tion in the early stages of the prep­ history as he has seen and lived it, aration of special teachers for the written in a readable, interesting, new field. William E. Roberts was personal style. It is certain to be one of the earliest leaders to de­ widely read, both in and out of the velop a comprehensive program of profession; and for years to come it industrial arts in a large city school will be discovered with delight by system. Ira S. Griffith was the au­ those who wonder about the be­ thor of a number of important text­ ginnings of industrial education in books as well as active in teacher our early industrial age.-}AMES V. preparation; while F. Theodore MELTON. Struck wrote important books of a Contributors to This Number J

Betty Besse Bennett was ap­ lie schools of Chautauqua, Kan. He pointed reference librarian in is a graduate of Kansas State Teach­ Porter Library, Kansas State Teach­ ers ColJege, degree BS, 1931, and ers College, Pittsburg, September 1, MS, 1934. 1950. His teaching experience before She is a native of Nebraska, and coming to Kansas State Teachers a graduate of the Municipal Uni­ College included nine years, 1926- versity of Omaha, Neb., degree BA, 1935, as supervisor of vocational 1942; of the School of Library S.ci­ printing, Senior High School, Pitts­ ence of the University of Illinois, burg, Kan. He also had five years Urbana, degree BS in LS, 1943; and of practical experience as journey­ of the State University of Iowa, man printer, including two years, .. Iowa City, degree MA with Major 1921-1923, on the South-Kansas in Political Science, 1948. Tribune, Independence, Kan., and She is a member of the American three years, 1923-1926, on The Sun, Library Association, American As~ Herington, Kan. sociation of University Women, and He has been a frequent contrib­ of Alpha Xi Delta, social sorority. utor to professional and trade jour­ She has had seven years of ex­ nals, and for the past five years has perience, June, 1943, to August, been department e d i t o r of the 1950, as first assistant in the De­ monthly Journal of the N a tiona! partment of Government Docu­ Council of Teachers of Printing and ments, State University of Iowa, the Graphic Arts. He is also fea­ Iowa City. During this period she ture editor, The Publisher's Auxil­ organized the U. S. Army Map iary, Frankfort, Ky.; and The Ca­ Service depository, consisting of a nadian vVeekly, Vancouver, B. C. collection of over 50,000 war maps. Laurence Gilpin Cutler came to Leroy Brewington was appointed Kansas State Teachers College, assistant professor of industrial edu- Pittsburg, as assistant in printing in cation in Kansas State Teachers September, 1935, and was pro­ College, Pittsburg, and supervisor moted to the rank of assistant pro­ of printing in charge of the School fessor, September 1, 1948. of Printing, effective January 1, Prior to coming to the College, he 1935. was engaged in printing and news- He is a native of Kansas and re- paper work, having served on the ceived his early training in the pub- Abilene, Kansas Reflector, the Uni- ( 116) THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 117 versity of Kansas Journalism Press, brarian, Consolidated High School, and the Newark, Del., Ledger. He Winnebago, Ill.; five years, 1937- was also for a time manager of the 1942, as assistant librarian, New Messenger Printing Company, Trier Township High School, Win­ Caldwell, Kan. netka, Ill.; five years, 1942-1947, as He holds a life membership in librarian, University of Chicago Sigma Delta Chi, national profes­ Laboratory Schools; and one year, sional fraternity in Journalism. He 1948-1949, as library consultant, is a member of the National Educa­ Township High School and Junior tion Association, the Kansas State College, Joliet, Ill. She has also had T e ache r s Association, Am e r i­ experience as librarian and instruc­ can Vocational Association, Kansas tor of library science in summer ses­ Vocational Association, the Graphic sions, as follows: 1938, Public Li­ Arts Club, and Epsilon Pi Tau, na­ brary, Highland Park, Ill.; 1939, tional honorary fraternity in Indus­ State University of Indiana, Bloom­ trial Arts. ington; 1940, 1941, Township High For the past three years he has School, Winnetka, Ill.; 1942, North­ served as faculty sponsor for The western University, Evanston, Ill.; Kanza, the student yearbook 1943, Library School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; 1 9 4 4- 1946, University of Chicago; 1950, Dorothy Genevieve Dixon was State College, Brookings, So. Dak. appointed instructor of library sci­ In 1948-1949, she served as part­ ence at Kansas State Teachers Col­ time editorial assistant on Comp­ lege, Pittsburg, September 1, 1950. ton's Encyclopedia. She was au­ She is a native of Illinois, and a thor of reports in the Annual Con­ graduate of the University of Illi­ ference on the Teaching of Read­ nois, Urbana, with the degree BS ing, University of Chicago, in 1943 in Education, 1931, and BS in Li-· and 1947, and has been a contrib­ brary Science, 1937; and has com­ utor to the Bulletin of the Amer­ pleted one year of graduate study ican Library Association, the Sub­ at the University of Chicago, 1949- scription Books Bulletin, and the 1950. She is a member of Pi Civic Leader. For several years Lambda Theta, national honorary she contributed reviews of voung graduate society in Education; people's books to the Sunday Book Sigma Delta Pi, honorary society Section of the Chicago Daily Trib­ in Spanish Language and Litera­ une. ture; also of Delta Zeta, social so­ She is a member of the American rority. Library Association, American As­ Her teaching experience before sociation of School Librarians, Illi­ coming to Kansas State Teachers nois Library Association, Illinois College included four years, 1931- Association of School Librarians, 1935, as teacher of English and li- Illinois Education Association, and 118 THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER [MARcH the Chicago Library Club. Her ac­ Art Association of America. He tivities in professional organizations has been a contributor to The Pal­ include: 1937, secretary, Illinois ette, official journal of Delta Phi Association of School Librarians, Delta. and president, same, 1938 and 1939, the only person ever elected presi­ Ralph Kenneth Nair was ap­ dent for two successive terms; 1939- pointed guest professor in the De­ 1940, member of the Illinois Com­ partment of Industrial Education, mittee on Rural Community "\;Vel­ Graduate Division, at Kansas State fare; 1940-1942, member of the Teachers College, Pitts burg, for committee on school libraries of the the Summer Session of 1950. Planning Board of the Illinois Li­ He is a native of Kansas, re­ brary Association; 1941, member of ceived his early schooling in Chero­ the committee on public relations, kee County, and graduated from American L i b r a r y Association; the Cherokee County Community 1941-1944, treasurer of the Divi­ High School, Columbus, in 1931. sion of Libraries for Children and He is a graduate of Kansas State Young People, American Library Teachers College, degree BS with Association; 1941-1944, chairman Major in Industrial Education, of the sub-committee on the Sub­ June, 1935, and MS, August, 1939; scription Books Bulletin, American also of the University of Missouri, Library Association; 1943-1944, Columbia, degree EdD, June, 1950. treasurer of the Chicago Library The title of his doctor's disserta­ Club. tion is, "The Predictive Value of Standardized Tests and Inventories Eugene David Larkin was ap­ in Industrial Arts Teacher Educa­ pointed instmctor of art in the De­ tion." The dissertation has been partment of Industrial Education preserved on microfilm. and Art, Kansas State Teachers His teaching experience includes College, Pittsburg, September 1, two years, 1935-1937, as instmctor 1948. of industrial arts, Senior High He is a native of Minnesota, and School, Greensburg, Kan.; one a graduate of the University of year, 1937-1938, same, Pawhuska, Minnesota, Minneapolis, degree Okla.; three years, 1938-1941, BA, 1946, and MA, 1949. While a same, Westport Junior High School student at the University of Minne­ and Northeast Junior High School, sota, he held an assistantship in the Kansas City, Mo.; guest inshuctor Department of Fine Arts for two in the summer session at Colorado years, 1946-1948. He also served State College, Fort Collins, 1940; one year, 1945-1946, as assistant to same, University of Nebraska, Lin­ the director, Un.iversitv Gallery. coln, 1941, 1942; six years, 1941- r He is a member of Delta Phi 1947, as instmctor of industrial Delta, national honorary fraternity education, Santa Barbara State in Fine Arts, and of the College College, Santa Barbara, Calif.; and 1951] THE EDUCATIONAL LEADER 119 assistant professor, Santa Barbara Theodore Melrose Sperry came College of the University of Cali­ to Kansas State Teachers College, fornia, Santa Barbara, since 1947. Pittsburg, as assistant professor of He is a member of Phi Delta biology at the opening of the Sum­ Kappa, national honorary frater­ mer Session, June 3, 1946. He is a graduate of Butler Uni­ nity in Education; Epsilon Pi Tau, versity, Indianapolis, Ind., BS de­ national honorary fraternity in In­ gree, 1929; also of the University dustrial Arts; also of Sigma Tau of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., MS degree, Gamma, social fraternity, and the 1931, and PhD, 1933. He was en­ Faculty Club. rolled in the Graduate School, Uni­ He is a member of the American versity of Wisconsin, Madison, for Vocational Association, National postdoctoral work from January to Association of Industrial Teacher May, 1946. Trainers, California State Indus­ His teaching experience includes trial Education Association (South­ one year as assistant in the depart­ em Section ) , and the California ment of botany, Butler University, State Employees Association. 1928-1929, and three years in a similar position, University of Illi­ His World War II service in­ nois, 1929-1932. In 1932-1933, he cluded two years, 1943-1945, as held a fellowship in the Depart­ supervisor of production, Lockheed ment of Botany, University of Il1i­ Aircraft Corporation. He has nois. served for eight years, since 1942, He has contributed a number of as chairman of the Committee on articles to Ecology, Journal of Wild­ Leadership Training, for b·aining life Management, and the Transac­ scoutmasters, for the Santa Barbara tions of the Wisconsin Academy of District, Boy Scouts of America. · Science, Arts, and Letters. A bio­ He is faculty advisor for Sigma Tau graphical sketch appears in Ameri­ Gamma at Santa Barbara State can Men of Science. For a more complete sketch, see The Educa­ College of the University of Cali­ tional Leader, Vol. 11, No. 1, No­ fornia. vember, 1947, page 18.