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futur he r t o

as f e s MICHELEd BONINO i ie t 10 ci f o

urban visions

ichele Bonino is assistant professor in esigners have always cultivated the risk of authoritarianism and the loss of MArchitectural and Urban Design at the Ddream of long lasting projects. The dialogue. Politecnico di Torino. He holds a PhD in History history of architecture and urban planning of Architecture and Urbanism. He has taught is dotted by this kind of far future visions. evertheless today we are stunned by at Konkuk University in Seoul, at Tsinghua This system has often found partners and Nsome cities which still invest in long- University in Beijing and at Sint Lucas School of sponsors along centuries, until it clogged term scenarios. This fact seems in apparent Architecture at Bruxelles. He is responsible for with the rules of contemporary democratic contradiction with the present moment of the “projects” section in the Italian architecture city: long-term visions often involve the crisis and prudence, when short-term emer- paper “Il Giornale dell’Architettura”. He is the authors of 3 monographs and is curator and 01 translator, with Daniele Vitale, of the writings by Ignasi de Solà-Morales. His writings have been published on “Cahiers de la recherche architec- turale et urbaine”, “Abitare”, “de Architect”, “Controspazio”, “Parametro”, “Ilsole24ore- Domenica”, “Il Manifesto”. He founded MARC studio with Subhash Mukerjee, and their works have been exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, at London Festival of Architecture, at the Milan Triennale, at the Venice Biennale. He was a speaker at the XXIII UIA World Congress of Architecture. Projects by MARC have been presented on “Casabella”, “Abitare”, “A10. New European Architecture”, “Monitor”, “Interni”, “arch’it”, “Diseño Interior”.

2 32 gencies make harder to look to the future. rom Medellín to Belgrade, pass- the largest buildings ever risen in human Fing through the three Italian cities history. lites or urban communities can be involved (Bologna, Milan, Turin), all cities Éstimulated to create urban visions by reject the priority assigned to the icons as owever, in the complexity of contem- different motivations: disengagement from the ingenuous and ordinary instrument Hporary city, visions seem inadequate a hard present situation or an antidote to through which we are accustomed to meet without the consciousness of a political prepare the renovation? The “Urban Vi- these visions. The most interesting projects process and the will to share the outcomes sions” exhibition tries to answer questions anticipate the visual representation by and to balance them in a global scale. The like this one: ten cities have been chosen considering the social costs, the timing and subtitle “10 ideas for the future of cities” for their ability to bet on the future. the ways the transformations would be points out the interest for a common realized. debate and compared strategies, thus en cities so different from each other: enabled to look at the far future. Twhich feature can hold them together ities involved have been subdivided but this attitude? Cin three groups according to the occasions of their visions. The first group ot the dimensions, since in the exhibi- (Helsinki, Milan, Zaragoza and Medellín) Ntion we see Mumbai - that is about pursues a new Rank in terms of identity to exceed the number of inhabitants of all and competition on global market. The other megalopolis in the world - and Hel- second goal (common to Belgrade, Turin sinki, a medium city intending to become and New Orleans) is to start up virtuous a great European capital in 2050 with the processes and resources needing strong economical and infrastructural synergy of catalysts. Finally, the third ambition for its 13 towns regional district (the so called cities’ future is to understand itselves, re- “Great Helsinki”). flecting on their own rules of cohabitation and functioning: this is the case for Paris, or the times of prefiguration. Zaragoza Bologna and Mumbai. Nprods on a mid-term vision, managing the post-Expo 2008 in the situation of the evertheless in today’s world greater worse economic crisis of last 30 years in Nurban visions are running: for example, Spain. The city tries to relaunch the project an enormous infrastructural ring is going to of a new exposition in 2014 as an occasion connect Canton, Hong Kong and Macao of urban renovation. Paris - on the contrary through a 30 kilometres bridge. Within

- is reconsidering its role of capital for the 2020 these cities will form a 40 millions 01. Milan PGT. The epicentres (copyright Metrogramma). future 100 years together with 10 of the people conurbation. In Ivory Coast, the 02. Belgrade Masterpan 2021. Housing areas. world’s most important architects chosen former small village of Yamoussoukro is by Nicolas Sarkozy. becoming the new capital, with some of 03. Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 Ideas Competition (Project “Orlando”).

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54 uring the past two decades, Greater Helsinki has been one of the fastest growing Durban areas within the EU. The region, with the city of Helsinki as its core, is Finland’s administrative and cultural centre and economic powerhouse. Its population is currently I 2050 over 1.3 million, of which 580,000 live in Helsinki City itself. In 2006 an international K as ideas competition “Greater Helsinki Vision 2050” was announced jointly by the region’s IN 14 municipalities, in co-operation with the Ministry of the Environment and the Finnish S l ole Association of Architects. Its aim was to create a joint vision for the sustainable develop- ta ment of land use, housing and transport. The basic assumption of the brief was a rate w rpi HELne a of population growth similar to that in recent years, leading to an estimated 1.8 million in- R c E n habitants by 2050. Of the 109 entries, 9 received an award. Together these provide a com- r aa AT o prehensive collection of ideas, viewed by the jury as stepping-stones towards the regional E g f ope vision. The entries discuss general scenarios for the region, its global status and economic GR in competitiveness. They study different models for the regional spatial structure, propose k sustainable transport and residential solutions and explore new models of governance and oo at Eur L e cooperation. The winning entries were: 1st Emerald (Finland), joint 2nd Boundary Strips gr (Germany), Towards City 2.0 (Finland) and Holistic Uniqueness (Germany), and purchas- es Metroscape (Germany), Orlando (Italy), (R)evolver (Finland), Line TM (Switzerland) and Thirdlife (Netherlands).

fter the competition, a follow-up project was launched to analyse the proposals, Aevaluate the prize-winning ideas, involve the views of the public and recommend how to proceed with the vision process. More than 250 ideas were identified from the winning entries. Using an iterative process they were organised into thematic ‘Ideas Flocks’. These formed the material for workshops, in which city officials, the 9 prize-winning teams, other planning experts and members of the public assessed the ideas in the light of pending environmental and social challenges. The vision material and the ideas with most potential were compiled into a final report which will act as a basis for the continuation of the vision process. The overall conclusions emphasise that the future resources of the region lie in the deployment of locality and pluralism. Possibilities for this should be created by providing suitable premises and tools for participation, resident initiatives and encoun- ters. One theme that attracted much attention was the renaissance of public spaces and locally-produced services, which for their part support communality. The ecological func- tionality of the environment, distribution of information and appropriate education are all important factors in the creation of a natural, ecological way of living. As the population grows and the settlement structure continues to expand, emphasis must always be placed on the control of sprawl, mixing uses and versatile infill construction. A well-established polycentric, networked structure will reduce travel needs and increase the self-sufficiency of the region’s sub-areas. A compact urban structure supports public transport and cycle and pedestrian traffic. Many parties, both public and private, residents and communities, need to take action in order to implement the vision. Support for experiments and smooth co-operation across municipal and departmental borders are prerequisites for its success. Urban vision as a way for a new position, in terms of

identity and competitiveness he next steps will be the new regional and traffic systems plans. The vision will also Tform the background for the agreements between the region’s municipalities and the national government, concerning long-term objectives of housing and investment in infra- structure. These processes will solidify the consequences of the vision in different areas, including the central ‘metropolis’ (Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa), towns along the main rail line (Kerava, Järvenpää, Hyvinkää) and the surrounding rural municipalities. The Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 is a continuing process. In collaboration with planning professionals and the wider public, the region’s municipalities have defined the strategic tools for the implementation of the vision, the principles of a common will. These principles will inform both local and international parties not only about the objectives of Greater Helsinki 2050 but also about the means of implementation. The process has even now begun to facili- tate new ways of thinking and co-operation.

Ilona Mansikka, project coordinator Greater Helsinki Vision 2050, WSP Group Panu Lehtovuori, Peter Ache, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Helsinki University of Technology

6 67 Images of the regional vision: 9 viewpoints

A unified urban structure An energy- and material- efficient - The community is interconnected in a metropolitan region polycentric settlement structure; - Efficient use of materials and energy is - Redevelopment gravitates towards good achieved as a result of firm actions on the public transport services; part of society and the responsible atti- - The reliance on travel and passenger car tudes of individuals and communities; 01 traffic decreases; - Bold actions are undertaken as a preven- - A compact city structure promotes walk- tive measure, rather than crisis manage- ing, cycling and public transport; ment; - Urban sprawl is contained > large green - Self-sufficiency in food and energy pro- belt areas remain intact; duction is increased; - Before making new initial investments, - Ecological choices are easy to make and existing structures are rejuvenated; to implement in everyday life; - Operations that can be carried out - Consumption focuses on services, rather gradually and that support each other are than goods; preferred. - The Helsinki region emerges as a global forerunner of responsible welfare. Public transport and personal mobility New forms and locations of/for 02 - A dense, polycentric urban structure production and labour promotes walking, cycling and public - A strong, service-based society supports transport; flexible lifestyle management; - Walking, cycling and public transport - Small local units offer equality of services offer a genuine alternative to passenger car to a greater variety of people; traffic; - Job development takes more account of - Public transport is an attractive option: family, social life and leisure time; comfortable, convenient, well coordinated - Neighbourhood and district centres link- and low-cost. Services connected to trans- ing work and other aspects of life offer op- port increase its popularity; portunities for social interaction, network- - Transport infrastructure development is ing and learning; based on good coordination of land-use - A high-speed rail service connects the and transport planning. Helsinki region to mainland Europe and 03 Russia.

67 The relationship between nature - New channels are created for communi- and habitation ties and individuals to participate in devel- tional - Boundary zones between green and urban oping the region; erna areas are developed for active use within - New public spaces offer platforms for er Helsinki t the urban structure; various functions and the opportunity Grea orpinen, Mayor for City - Green areas will provide opportunities for for contact between different groups of Vision 2050 Int activities, services and social interaction -> people, promoting social interaction and a Ideas Competition (2006-2007) areas for collective city life; sense of community; - Production and consumer demands come - The provision of “Third Places”: places for The jury members appointed by the erava; Jyrki Mattila, Techni- together in an ecological context within social interaction and activities; organizer were: Pekka K green areas; - Multi-purpose local working areas. Planning and Real Estate, Helsinki, Chairman of the Jury; - A regional landscape strategy ensures Raimo Sailas, Secretary of State, Ministry of Finance; Sirkka olf Paqvalin, Mayor, K that the diversity, sustainability and spe- Added value through intrare- Hautojärvi, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of the Environmen; Olavi cial characteristics of the landscape and gional division of functions

Louko, Director of Technical Services, Espoo; Jukka Peltomäki, Deputy environment are taken into account in all - Municipalities and centres develop their xecutive Director of Uusimaa Regional Council;

Mayor, Vantaa; R planning decisions. specific territorial capital, which becomes a regional resource; cal Director,empinen, Hyvinkää; E Pekka Normo, Director of Planning, Sipoo; An increasingly dense urban - Regional sectors are connected by public Aimo L framework with mixed functions transport, creating an accessible, intercon- Peter Ache, Professor for European Metropolitan Planning, Helsinki - The density of the urban structure is nected, polycentric regional structure;

University of Technology. Appointed by the Finnish Association ofyttä, higher around public transport hubs; - Population growth gravitates towards the

Architects: Trevor Harris, professor, architect SAFA RIBA; Helka-Liisa - Sufficient high-quality public spaces, centres, thereby supporting diverse services; meeting places and green areas are pre- - “Metropolitan Citizenship” and a recog- Hentilä, professor, Dr.Tech., architect SAFA. Secretary of the Jury: served within the dense framework; nizable metropolitan profile form the basis Paula Huotelin, Competition Secretary, architect SAFA. Permanent - Parallel services and facilities and high for regional cooperation. experts to the jury: Tanja Sippola-Alho, Deputy Town Clerk, Helsinki; population density increase the flexibility Matti Vatilo, Director of Urban Development, architect, Ministry of the of the urban structure and reduce the need Metropolitan governance and

Environment;ari Moilanen, Markku Head Lahti, of Head City Planning, of Master architect, Planning, B.architect,Econ., Espoo; Hel- to travel; strategic planning - Prior to initial investments, the use of - Strong regional leadership and depend- sinki; K existing structures is intensified, and mixed able, transparent administration; Jukka Kullberg, Head of City Planning, architect, Vantaa; Ilkka Holmila, use of areas increased. - Common goals, strategies and visions; City Architect, Järvenpää; Tero Luomajärvi, Municipal Architect, Kirk- - Genuinely forward-looking, broad re- d- konummi. Other experts to the jury: Social structure: Marketta K The diversification of life-styles gional planning;

leading researcher, PhD. Traffic planning: Mauri Heikkonen, building - Planning skills for handling and valuing - Administration favouring diverse imple- variety and diversity are further developed; mentation and utilizing local assets; counsellor. - Individualism is counterbalanced by the - Broad citizen participation in decision- dvisory Board for Land use, Housing and Transport in strengthening of new forms of family and a making and implementation; w-up phase to competition: Helsinki Region 2050 (2008) o sense of community; - Increasing neighbourhood democracy ac- Foll - An ecological, low-carbon lifestyle be- celerates decision-making.

Members of the A comes a normal part of everyday life; De- the Helsinki Region (LHT): The 14 Greater Helsinki municipalities have 04

made a voluntary cooperation agreement for a 4-year period,anerva, which

is to be renewed in December 2009 (In this context Greater Helsinki

is also termed the Helsinki region). This cooperation includes the A ari, Press Manager, Helsinki; Miliza Ryöti,

visory Board for Landdvisory Use, BoardHousing for and Land Transport use, Housing (LHT), and which Transport forms

the steering committee for the follow-up phase. Steering Committee:

Hannu Penttilä, Mayor, City Planning and Real Estate, Helsinki, Chair- Director, Hyvinkää; Merja Vikman-K man of LHT- the A

in the Helsinki Region; Tapio K W for Architecture Planner, Helsinki; Tanja Sippola-Alho, Deputy Town Clerk, Helsinki;

ehtovuori; Pasi Mäenpää; Mikko Jyrki Mattila, Technical oope Mokka; Aleksi Neu- aituri; Mirjam Larinkari; Ilona Mansikka; Jani Päivänen; velopment Manager, Nurmijärvi; Jukka Kullberg, Head of City Planning,

architect, Vantaa. Project group: WSP Finland Ltd (Juha Eskolin; Risto

Jounila;Mari Arto Siikonen); (PeterK Mälkki);A che;Centre andPanu D emosfor Urbanism L vonen;Urban Helsinki andTuomas (R /R egionalN O Toivonen). Studies, HUT

8 98 Channels for Communication and Interaction

Work on the vision began in 2007 with the prize-winning ideas forming the basis of the workshops were collated under nine the International Greater Helsinki Vision the vision, through themed articles and the topical themes, comprising an intermediate 2050 – Ideas Competition, by means of “Idea Cards”. 90 comments on develop- report, which was distributed to municipal which ideas on the future of housing, land ing the vision were received. In addition councils at the beginning of 2009. Based use and transport in the Helsinki region to this, public feedback was collected via on this, an overall proposal for land use, were generated. In the follow-up project in three open citizen workshops. Participants housing and transport in the Helsinki 2008, the competition results were anal- were able to comment on ideas concerning region in 2050 is to be drawn up. ysed and presented to the public and deci- the development of the region and to put sion makers. Channels for feedback and forward their thoughts on the follow-up Communicating the Vision and participation were offered via web-pages, process. Future Interaction. One important public workshops and seminars for experts aim of the vision is to bring together the and regional decision makers. An impor- Workshops for Experts and Mu- views of decision makers, experts and the tant tool in the demonstration and devel- nicipal Decision Makers. Alongside public on the future of the region, thereby opment of the vision was a set of “Idea public participation, workshops for plan- committing everyone to the implementa- Cards”, 48 cards presenting the strongest ners of municipal and regional land use, tion of the joint vision in their operations. ideas from the prize-winning entries. These transport planning manages and municipal Another aim would be to demonstrate cards summarize the topical themes deal- decision makers were organised. Here too, future objectives to the international ing with the regions development. the “Idea Cards” functioned as important community, thus strengthening the positive tools for communicating ideas. Separate image of the region. Communicating the vi- Public Participation. As part of the workshops on future ideas were organized sion and committing all parties to it will be follow-up project, web-pages offering the for municipal groups, in which their role a long-term project, requiring continuous possibility for public participation, were as a part of the Helsinki region and vision dialogue and input into publicity. created. These pages (www.helsinginseu- themes relevant to each municipal group tu2050.fi) introduced the competition and were reviewed. Visions generated in all of

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s”: Author: Frank Görge, rip

t prize in Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 ideas

01-04. 1s

competition, “Emerald”: Team leader: Juha Eskolin, architect SAFA

/ WSP Finland Ltd (Finland). och, professor, Dr.-Ing. / Julian Petrin, 05. Joint 2nd prize,r “Bosoucandarype Hels Stinki”: Authors: Jörg Knieling,

architect / au25 (Germany). Consultant: Carola Görge, civil engineer. aniela Pastore,

06. Helsinki Region 2050. The Vision Process.

07. Purchase,”Met

professor, Dr.-Ing. / Michael K SPOON architecture studio Dipl.-Ing. / Mario Abel, Dipl.-Ing. / Annette Buschermöhle, Dipl.-Ing. /

Patricia Jacob, Dipl.-Ing. / Antje Matern, Dipl.-Geogr. / Marc Springer

BDes, landscape architect / Johannes Bouchlain, B.Sc. / HCU Urban

Future Lab. / HafenCity Universität Hamburg (Germany).

08. Purchase,avide “Orland Sacconi,o architect”: Authors: / TNina Artioli, architect / Paola

Fusco, architect / Alessandra Glorialanza, architect / D

architect / D

(Italy) / Gualtiero Bonvino, architect and urban economist / Raffaele

Patitucci, landscape architect and photographer.

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1011 ilan has lived for years like an elderly movie star unmoved by the time going by and Muncapable of changing her settled habits. Milan’s territory scale is geographically large. It is composed by at least “five large cities in the city” and counts about 6 millions inhabitants. A city like Milan cannot allow itself to simply run after and respond to the requests of change of the present while other cities in the rest of the world face the chal- f lenge of contemporaneity. Milan has the duty to anticipate, sistematize and address these ty el challenges within a wide overall vision based on clear project choices. ci ts i e blic n analysis of perspectives, i.e. a vision, guides the actions proposed today and which u p rat Awill develop in the future. The relapses of this course turn current problems and po- N 2030 tentialities into possible options. These possible options are the basis of the project action A ene g (see also HabitatBz: 4 scenari di densificazione urbana, edited by Metrogramma, S.Tischer and e MIL r H. Hoelz, Comune di Bolzano, 2002). Another aspect is also relevant in building a vision. wardso a All prefigurations and descriptions of the problem contribute to the immediate involve- t To ment of interested subjects, such as citizens, institutions or administrative technicians. ble a In other words, the planning and project component of the vision is accompanied by the social component, namely by the involvement of the citizenry in prefiguring a common future within a democratic process.

ll in all, the project approach focussed on prefiguration triggers the selection of Aclear objectives. The latter contribute to structure a clear project idea. The princi- ple of listening and partecipation has to be concretely developed within this picture. The modalities of this development has to be adequate to the complexity of the modern and consistent with the specificity of the places. The “culture of partecipation” needs to be regenerated and revalued despite dialectics which are merely ideological. Significant stra- tegical responsabilities will be taken and presented to the town as a global vision. The aim is to simmetrically increase the capacity of expression of the citizens as well as the capacity of listening of the administrators.

oday, Milan’s demographic dynamics is stationary. However the city increasingly Tmanifests a need for transformation and for phisical and functional re-qualification. It dynamically demands an overall adjustment to a European standard. This evident dichotomy shows the complexity and concreteness of the urban physiology of Milan. The specificity of the urban growth of Milan consists of its substantial indifference to the pure dina- mics of the classical demographic growth. This clear paradox structurally results from the con- comitance of social, economical and territorial processes. Therefore Milan cannot chose neither to return to the past nor to resign to an overall lethargy, as some would like. This would indeed decree the death of the city. Milan has to be administered in its contempo- rary development. Milan’s current identity is elusive and constantly developing. The last concrete city project dates back to 1953. In 1980 a general variation to it was developed and then followed by multiple ad-hoc variations. After more than fifty years Milan awaits Urban vision as a way for a new position, in terms of to understand what her destiny as city of the world will be, as well as its contemporaneity. identity and competitiveness In other words, it awaits to know her future project.

Ilan experiences a unique opportunity. Three great white revolutions converge at the Msame historical moment and are about to be undertaken: - a new plan, the Plan for the Government of the Territory (PGT); - the 2015 International Exposition (Expo); - the need to re-think the city and its Government as an extended and multicultural metro- polis (Metropolitan Region). In this context there is only one way to follow for the succes- sful outcome of such a decisive challenge. It goes through a large social pact between the Institutions - the public - and the enterprises world - the private.

ndeed the control of the possible future through a system of restraints and conforming Irules is impossible and undesirable in the contemporary world. On the contrary the approach based on the formulation of a vision is oriented to a performance model. Howe- ver the plan conceived is neither rigid nor unappealable, therefore not demagogical. It

12 1312 is rather an essential structure in which certainties will pour out and get projected. This will be a garantee for the city as an idea to which aspire. It will be an unchangeable reference background to which all future transformations will tend. Each time these transformations will be adapted to the needs and opportunities presented to the city by reality in a specific moment and which today are unforeseable.

xactly in this direction goes the complex work undertaken in the last two years by the ECommitee for the Development of the Territory led by Carlo Maria Masseroli (Asses- sorato allo Sviluppo del Territorio), by Metrogramma B&F (responsible for the general project strategy) with Paolo Pomodoro, by Mesa (responsable for the rules) and by Id-Lab (responsible for the service strategy), in coordination with the Office of the Plan of the Municipality of Milan (Ufficio di Piano del Comune di Milano) led by Giovanni Oggioni. In particular, a clear project of public city was set at the center of the projective vision of the new Plan.

he idea pursues the ambition of planning a metropolis with more green, rich in pla- Tces and collective services - squares, boulevards, woods,pedestrial streets- and pro- vided with more innovative and more functional mobility infrastructures. The network of the public city will look like the extention of one’s own garden, a city for people to meet. The project for Milan’s future turns around the theme of the open space as the main resource to act upon to ensure democracy to the collectivity. For all the above, Milan will represent the re- birth of the urban space against many other cities in the world which are instead investing in architectural symbols and punctual icons. In this sense Milan will be the anti-Dubai.

he new vision of the city for the Milan of tomorrow is born from this premise. It Tconstitutes the main reference for the whole Plan for the Government of the Territory and more specifically for the Planning Document which represents its overall strategic 01 assett.

1312 The strategic vision of the public city

he problem of the European city is generally linked to quality improvement and to Tthe re-utilization of the existent, rather than to growth and expansion. Within this overall picture the new Plan for Milan considers the non-utilization of new land as undero- gatory premise. The scarcity of land is indeed a structural condition of Milan’s city-region.

hrough the years the spreading of settlements on the Province territory progressively Tused up land. The empty space between the constructed areas was always conside- red a left-over space or an administrative costraint. On one hand this has prevented its construction - see Parco Sud. On the other hand it has not managed to transform it into a public space with environmental quality. Today the emptiness within the constructed space can be seen as a precious opportunity within the metropolitan territory, from the point of view both of environment and landscape. It is an extraordinary resource which 02

14 1514 offers new project opportunities to increase urban quality.

he Plan vision draws a city that in the future will have to refer to a qualified “spine” Tmade of open and permeable spaces. The existing assetts of the city will be re-utili- zed, substituted and requalified. These interventions will renew the city and increase its density. The new vision of PGT moves in this direction. It defines the new image of Milan as a city with more balance within its parts, where services will be distributed more equally both at a local and super-local levels. This city will be able to interconnect its ressources with the natural ressources of the metropolitan area, from the Adda to the Ticino river, Lambro and Parco Sud.

s mentioned the core idea is the construction of an invariable structure of public Acity organised as a network. It is the result of the co-existence of new infrastructural system, a new environmental strategy of permeability and a new and more balanced distri- bution of main public services throughout the urban territory. In other words the city will aim to the construct itself on the structure of the network of public space. The develop- ment of network at the regional area level will consist of multiple centers organised along the logic of a metropolis. It was therefore essential to imagine how to progressively move from a monocentric city structure to a multicentric and reticular one.

he vision of the Plan inscribes the structure of the city within the concept of a new Turban pemeability. Essential components of the structure are open spaces and green space, infrastructural network and general services. The system of open spaces becomes therefore the urban connective tissue. It gives a structure to the city and is invariant. It is the main premise to re-think a city build around the human being and around its quality as city. In the re-thinking process objectives and meanings will be put in question under a clear public guidance.

he complex vision of the open spaces is managed through several strategies. Three Tstrategies deal with the large scale: Epicenters, Green Rays and Periurban Parks. Three strategies deal with the small scale at the local level: Green of Quarters, Local Centralitties, Passages and Crossings. “Epicenter” is an expression which explains the “echo” effect of a transformation within the city to a place not directly touched by the transformation. It is used in a positive meaning, unlike what it commonly means.

nlike the Epicenters, the Green Rays are a project exclusively of riqualification of 03 Ualready existing open and public spaces (see also the “Piano del verde”, edited by the Assessorato Arredo, Decoro e Verde - Comune di Milano - with the consulting of Land office - Andreas Kipar e Giuseppe Sala). The Green Rays are linear routes mostly treelined. They are radial routes which start from the “Spanish city walls” and connect the old city nucleus with the net structure of the Epicenters and of the Belt Parks around the city. The project foresees 8 Green Rays plus 2, of an average length between 7 and 12 linear kilome- ters. Every ray starts from the city center, passes by and crosses the system of Epicenters and finally joins the large urban parks of Milan’s belt.

he Periurban Parks project deals with the theme of the public city on the scale of the Tmetropolitan territory. The Parco Agricolo Sud Milano (Agrarian Park Milan South) is one of the main resources in the Lombard and Milan territory. Its position and its ex- tension makes it the most relevant ressource for re-thinking the quality of life of the entire metropolitan territory of Milan. Infact it is close to the historical center and covers 47,000 ha, half of which is municipal territory. In addition to this important resource there is the green system along the Lambro river up to Monza and its park, the jagged system of the Groane which descends from Brianza and the North Park.

he PGT in general aims at an environmental approach with regards to the existing natural resources. 04 T

1514 he Planning of the Local Scale of Milan’s PGT, i.e. the quarter parkland, the centrality of TNILs and new passages, is based on the historical memory and on the present identity of the places. On one hand the Plan ri-qualifies the traditional characters of the quarters; on the other one it goes further and re-thinks its identity by increasing its space qualities. The primary objectives of plannig at a local scale are to strengthen the centrality of existing quarters, to introduce new centers and to develop connections. The planning of open spaces in the city goes together with the planning and promotion of services, functions and different cultural systems. It aims to avoid space segregation and enclaves as much as possible (the contribution of Nicola Russi was very important in this field). 01. Epicenters: model, © Metrogramma.

NILs and the system of neighborhood centrali- 02. The large pubic projects, © Metrogramma. he projects dealing with single quarters should not be confused, though, with the ordinary care of the smallest portions of the city. They do not represent a reduction 03. The epicenters, © Metrogramma. T of scale of the general project. The quarters are thought as several cities in the city. The 04. The periurban parks, © Metrogramma. The archipelago of various modalities of living will be given a voice and the same quality. Each specificity will 05. be fostered and put in relation to the broader metropolitan system. The morphological

ties, © Nicola Russi. analysis of those public services which occupy large portions of the territory as well as the projects implied in the 10 points of the decalogue have made it possible to establish a series of interpretative criteria which are useful for the analysis and the design of entire neighborhoods.

he new network of collective and individual mobility opens the city of Milan to a multicentric Trelation with the metropolitan territory. The idea of transversal and ring road mobi- lity identifies new potentialities for urban development. The PGT infrastructural network of the project aims to improve the efficiency and quality of mobility in Milan in relation to four themes - Milan hub, urban region, city and logistic. PGT assumes the already planned interventions and proposes new interventions on collective transportation and road network. The railway system assumes particular relevance for its relations with the airport system and other Italian and European cities, the connections between Milan and its urban region and the internal connections of Milan- i.e. “circle line”. With reference to the objectives thereabove mentioned, the road system becomes also particularly relevant. The external east ring road, the Pedemontana and the accomplishment of the Rho-Monza road are the three interventions foreseen at regional level. They will allow to lighten Milan of the through traffic and to re-organize the existing road system.

he infrastructural network of the PGT project is articulated in four areas, North , TEast, West and South. Each of their existent infrastructural systems needs to be con- nected to the PGT network. Their areas of transformation have to be connected.Their new poles of infrastructure and settlement development need to be defined. The new network of collective and individual mobility opens the city of Milan to a multicentric relation with the metropolitan territory. The idea of transversal and ring road mobility identifies new poten- tialities for urban development.

s for the infrastructures of the public road network, the PGT project proposes the Afollowing (the PGT mobility plan is curated by Paolo Riganti): - 7 new metropolitan lines, 3 of which already planned; - uninterrupted cycle network of ca. 220 km; - closure of the railway line on the west. This will turn it into a “circle line” with new city stations; - environment friendly people movers for mobility within the large parks of the city belt; - re-qualification of the circular line of the second ring, the so-called “line 90/91”. As for the individual mobility, PGT proposes: - the North Transversal Road, defined as “interquarters”; - the South Transversal Road, defined as“ronda del parco”.

he system of services is the last variant on the plan of the public city. It defines the mo- Tdel and the methodological approach of the latter. Within the concept of a multicen- ter city, the system of services is based on the principle of subsidiarity for the redistribution of

16 1617 the local services at the quarters level and of macro services at the territory level.

he Project’s strategic objective concerning the services is the one of thinking, deve- Tloping and implementing a new model of “services network”. The Project does not aim to a final result. It rather defines a method to be applied every time there is a need to plan and provide the metropolis with a widespread quality. The practice is not anymore to establish fixed areas for services within an overall ideal scheme. Lines of action are established rather to provide services in an efficient way. The public actor commits himself to build a reference frame with clear and defined borders - e.g. in relation to objectives of public interest. Talking about widespread quality, it is worth to linger on two important elements.

he first one refers to the transition from localized services to a large quantity of non- Tlocalized services. The second element instead refers to the necessity of blending the difference between services provided by the public actor and those provided by the private actor. 1. Shifting from a physical place to a service based on digital technologies means to move from a totally “analogical” (spatial) world to another one where many activities (and services) are carried out by means of “digital” instruments (a-spatial). 2. The supply of services is the element which most affects the user’s perception of the quality of the services themselves. We are used to imagine services as provided mainly - or exclusively- by the public subject.

05

1617 owever daily reality and the transformation of the contemporary world show us a Hdifferent scenario. The reference is particularly to the school system in its orders and grades, to the markets as service provided by the public subject and to the world of subsidiarity.

GT provides a new concrete vision of the city where its strauctre as network overco- Pmes the dichotomy center-suburbia and the highly hierarchical distribution of land values. This is extremely important as it allows a redistribution of the system of services according to the effective needs of the different parts of the city. All this is possible also thanks to the urbanistic equalization. This is the most appropriate way to adopt an overall strategy which puts together a compatible re-distribution of quantities with a sustainable re-distribution of quality.

new system of rules for the use of land is introduced. It is based on the extension of Athe principle of equalization to the whole city territory. The system allows to sepa- rate the definition of policies from the assignment of the building rights. It sets in motion the free and autonoumous process of administration of the “built” and “empty” spaces of the city, the urban transformations and infrastructureal network, new settlements and system of services. The organisation and distribution of the new centers on the territory of Milan increases the services offered to the citizens and decreases the dependency on the city center. The decrease in pressure on the historical city center opens to a new vision which aims to offer a widespread balance of resources and urban services.

Renewal, riqualification and savegard of the urban fabric

he Milan of the third millennium will be involved less in its expansion as it will be in Tits overall reshaping, its self-care, in re-balancing the disequilibrium, reconnecting its elements, re-qualifying its parts and developping its networks.

owever the demand in housing, services, economic development and infrastructures Hrequests growth. Milan is aware of the few territory available and of the preciousness of the agrarian land. Fundamentally the city lives today with a scarcity of land. The princi- ple of responsibility has been underlined. It implies that nothing will be planned to achieve growth. However it important to stress also the principle of need, according to which it is impossible to plan without regulating the answer to the real needs of natural growth and of modernization.

nce excluded the use of new land, such as the one of the Milan Agrarian South Park, Othe new solution envisages the renewal and densification of the consolidated fabric of the city. The scarcity of land and an environmental sesnitivity are mandatory restraints. The core issue pertains to the modalities of implementation of this development objective, namely how to regulate the city by mastering its disbalances.

he plan of the city will concretely re-open the opportunity for an active administra- Ttion by the public authorities. The Public Administration will concretely guide the transformation processes instead of simply interpreting a system of rules unsensitive to the local context. The Public Administration will simplify and quicken procedures thanks to a project frame reflecting the public interest.The issue of Milan’s building need for the next 15-20 years has excluded the principle of increasing growth and the one of non-growth. The issue has been wisely addressed by conciliating the reutilization of the existing built herita- ge and the re-qualification of underutilized areas - railway areas, military zones, industrial areas in disuse, etc.

n this sense PGT indicates the criteria of safeguard of the historic city and introduces Itechnical and economical prerequisites to favor processes of building substitution (Mesa S.r.l. coordinated a research by Bruna Vielmi, Nicola Russi, Antonino Brambilla

18 1918 and Alessandra Bazzani). In some cases these processes could be extended to whole parts of the city defined as areas of urban renewal. Still as part of this early intervention, the PGT defines design criteria as well as quantities which are useful for re-qualifying areas which today are under utilized and which are strategical for the development of the city.

he planning document identifies strategic areas of development of the city - areas of Ttransformation (AT) - and defines the criteria relative to issues of quality and quan- tity. These criteria are expressed in schedules indicating constraints and objectives of the project. In particular, the capacity for specific places to accept specific building volumes was defined. The relative volumetric potential, called coefficent of densification, is the final outcome of considerations of technical, planning and economical nature.

he considerations on the technical and planning aspects relate instead to the general Turbanistic questions, such as the overall morphological aspect, existing and planned infrastractures, the “vocational” tendence of the area, and the sustainability of the inter- vention from the eco-systemic point of view.

he economic feasibility of the interventions of collective nature, such as mobility, Tservices, green and apartments for rent, is a key indicator to define the capacity of volumetric acceptance of the large strategic areas in transformation.

he overall surface of the territory of the city of Milan is of ca. 180 million sq m.The Tproject of the city of the new PGT aims to intervene on: a) 25 million square meters of “ urban public empty spaces” already existing - streets, squares, boulevards, gardens; b) 9 million square meters of areas currently not available to the city or in disuse, such as polluted areas, railway freights, former production areas; c) 25 million square meters of private agrarian land to be transformed into green space available to the city, such as the areas of the South Park included in the Milan municipality. According to the Plan the latters will contribute to the largest Agrarian in Park Europe.

he vision hereby outlined shows a methodological deviation from the traditional Tplanning. This is the outcome of the specific will of putting forward a “reference project” for the future and to open the structure of the plan to a more creative and con- temporary model of living and contributing to the city. This model is inevitably confronted with a global competitive system.

or a city like Milan it is not simply a question of doing things or taking decisions. FThe same is true for many of the other developed metropolis in the world. In Ulrich Beck’s words : “ ...It is not possible to analize and act in a local reality aside variables and interdependences which are defined in a global environment. The winner is the one who manages to quickly metabolize the new cultural orientations. The loser is the one who gets stuck in the categories of the past”.

Metrogramma Andrea Boschetti & Alberto Francini Milan PGT responsible for the general project strategy

1918 rban transformation and recovery process of a city do not have more sense than Uthe one of finding the accurate equilibrium for living in society. The most important scenario in the city is, for sure, Public space, in which it is possible that every citizen meet in the same conditions, without race and economical position differences. From this prin- ciple, the Municipal Development Plan grants to space and public building, the most rele- t vant value to build the place so the citizens are able to meet and the best scenario where it is possible to build a society that from the diversity to be recognized and accepted as the d way to a best coexistence. In this philosophical and political frame all the model of public 2015 n n a management is structured, and allows carrying out this urban transformation process. í elopmene v This intervention process is supported in six working lines, allowing el physical and spatial e development, always crossed by an attractive process of citizen participation and some ell ltur d g du efficient strategies of public communication. e in c M h durug 1. Model of public management and projects operation. n o ion E r One of the most relevant values for the success of this urban transformation process made h at in the city of Medellín is the possibility to have the “Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano - EDU” t c du as scenario for the management, formulation and execution of strategic urban projects e defined in the Municipal Development Plan. Its condition as Industrial and Commercial Entity of the State allows collecting resources and public and private initiatives under the same purpose and make available for every process to have every development item and in this way the impact of every intervention is greater and goes in benefit of communities.

2. Planning in order to not improvising. The whole definition process of urban interventions to undertake in this period through evaluation of Human Development indicators and life quality in the city of Medellín, one of the most important factors to define are the places and areas in the city where through integral interventions and investments equity, improvement of life quality of inhabitants can be reached. The simultaneous action process of planning and action, allowed in many cases the development of integral plans and projects of intermediate scale, with the completion of projects allowing the verification of purposes and validation with commu- nities of processes to undertake.

3. Program of Library Parks and Educative Equipments to dignify the neighborhoods and recovery the value of public before the society. In the city of Medellín, in the last twenty years, neighborhoods were losing state pres- ence and public buildings were gradually disappearing from urban landscape and from recognition and memory of communities as a result of social and political problems. As a recovery strategy it was again the presence of state in neighborhoods in order to strength the zonal centralities and dignify public building, the program of Library Parks was formu- lated and executed and the improvement of educative infrastructure, as a way to generate in every neighborhood spaces to allow citizens to meet and in this way through educa- Urban vision as a way for a new position, in terms of tion and culture to make a social transformation of the city and a configuration of a new identity and competitiveness urban landscape recognizing in this equipment and public spaces the starting of a renewal and social transformation process.

4. Integral Urban Projects, against the exclusion and inequality. Integral Urban Projects - PUI - pretend generating a methodology of urban, social and economical intervention allowing to be the intervention model in unplanned growth zones and with low equipment coverage, lack on public spaces and low housing quality. This model incorporates all the planned and simultaneous development items in a defined ter- ritory and its application should be tightly based in a citizen participation program where municipal management integrates community and uses it in the execution of many of the identified projects.

5. Social Housing as improvement of life quality and noT as a statisti- cal problem. Housing in Colombia has become a numerical and economical problem in the last de-

20 2021 cades, far away from the search of housing quality and improvement of life quality of its inhabitants. Without any doubt the response to this complex problem goes by the equilib- rium between the qualitative and quantitative issues, especially in cities like ours.Housing program established along these four years is oriented to populations of less income in housing critical situations and risk promoting solutions covering the needs of communi- ties localized in risk zones, always looking for territorial ordering and paying the historical debt in coverage.

6. Plan of sidewalks and emblematic streets” Connecting the city” Our city is the product of a few planned city and with too strong city’s inheritances devel- 01 oped for automobiles; Highways, bridges and streets, added to the unorganized growth of neighborhoods in peripherals and inarticulate and without connectivity among them and the city, they make our city to be as a segmented and unconnected city, do not allowing the efficient mobility of pedestrians and a clear public transportation model.

his program is aimed to recover urban quality in streets, Sidewalks and Linear Parks Tin the city and neighborhoods, principally looking to build a “City for people” and in this way connecting the city between its parts and improving mobility of people aimed by projects simultaneously incorporating public space and mobility, with priority in public transportation.

ll this urban and social transformation process is framed in the “Medellín THE 02 AMOST EDUCATED” Program, a political decision betting to the education and culture as motor of transformation and which believes in the ability to build a better and fair society from the scenario of an intervention of space and public building concerted with inhabitants. The knowledge of the city and community through the development of every program and project has been, for sure, a fundamental experience of this process; to have the opportunity to go through the city enquiring every street, space or building, which always inhabited though us that the city’s architecture is just the formalization of lives of its inhabitants or a sample of joyful and sufferings of a society able to materialize its culture in one of the greatest marvelous created by men; the city.

03 Carlos Mario Rodriguez Osorio Manager A. of the Urban Design EDU 04

2021 01-03. Some of the results of Integral Urban

Projects (PUI) , 2004-2007

04. Medellin Masterplan 2004-2007

05. Integral Urban Projects 2004-2007

06. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of social urbanism

07. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of infrastructures

08. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of educative and sport equipments

05 09. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of social housing

10. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of strategic green

TION. Public investments have been

S (PUI). The PUIs are located in slum areas CT

06 TION. OCA

EGRAL URBAN PROJE PLANNING TO PREVENT IMPROVISA INT

focussed in urban areas characterized by low Human Development characterized by high levels of violence and social unrest. The PUIs ED IN HAZARD L T Index (HDI) and low Quality of Life Index to achieve equality. Interme- integrate simultaneously all the componentsOCA of development alto-

diate Urban Plans, Special Plans and Urban Projects. These projects gether in a well-defined area. The PUIs are planned and implemented

ED” as a political deci- make of the physical component the flagshipT of the transformation with the active and permanent participation of the local community.

process, integrating cultural and social aspects as well. Manage- The PUI’s list include the following undergoing projects, more will T EDUCA ment and Participation. “Social Managements” as a means to achieve start soon.

inter-institutional coordination and community participation. Effective

planning, high standard design, accurate construction, and the role of SOCIAL HOUSING FOR COMMUNITIES L

communication and socialization processes during the entire process. The programme’s main objective is to benefit low income population

Public Spaces and Public Buildings as the driving forces of our urban living in poor conditions, with low standard housing mostly located in

transformation. “MEDELLÍN THE MOS hazard locations. The strategy’s aim is to improve the quality of life

sion. ARKS PROGRAMME & QUALITY SHOOLS PROGRAMME. of the affected population with articulated housing projects which

include new housing solutions, housing up-grading schemes, resettle-

LIBRARY - P ment plans, all providing secure of tenure.

07 08 Library Parks, High Quality Schools and Museums to dignify our neighborhoods:centralitiesservices. large whereage scaleOur around there ofintention public integral istheon a buildingseducation,provencity is centers torecreation. with provide deficit tothe of culture, strengthen activitiesimplementation a completeof these sport focused the kinds and cover urban of-

22 2322 01-03. Some of the results of Integral Urban

Projects (PUI) , 2004-2007

04. Medellin Masterplan 2004-2007

05. Integral Urban Projects 2004-2007

06. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of social urbanism

07. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of infrastructures

08. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of educative and sport equipments

09. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of social housing 09 10

10. Masterplan 2008-2015: Map of strategic green

. The INE L AND E MM RA OG R P S T - TION. Public investments have been REE T S TIC S (PUI). The PUIs are located in slum areas A CT M LE MB E LAN TION. P OCA

EGRAL URBAN PROJE PLANNING TO PREVENT IMPROVISA INT WALKWAYS

focussed in urban areas characterized by low Human Development characterized by high levels of violence and social unrest. The PUIs strategy’s aim is to recover the quality of the public space, physically ED IN HAZARD L T Index (HDI) and low Quality of Life Index to achieve equality. Interme- integrate simultaneously all the componentsOCA of development alto- improving streets, walkways and lineal parks through out the city,

diate Urban Plans, Special Plans and Urban Projects. These projects gether in a well-defined area. The PUIs are planned and implemented according to the slogan “The city for the people”. The projects include

ED” as a political deci- make of the physical component the flagshipT of the transformation with the active and permanent participation of the local community. public space interventions, the readjustment of the mobility flows

process, integrating cultural and social aspects as well. Manage- The PUI’s list include the following undergoing projects, more will fostering publiccheverri) transport alternatives, and urban culture through com T EDUCA E estrepo: Urban ment and Participation. “Social Managements” as a means to achieve start soon. munity participation. R lejandro A inter-institutional coordination and community participation. Effective ( ópez: Head of the EcheverriL irector 2004-07. Carlos H. Jaramillo: planning, high standard design, accurate construction, and the role of SOCIAL HOUSING FOR COMMUNITIES L D odriguez Osorio: R lejandro communication and socialization processes during the entire process. The programme’s main objective is to benefit low income population A - lonso Gonzales o Public Spaces and Public Buildings as the driving forces of our urban living in poor conditions, with low standard housing mostly located in credits A R alazar Jaramillo: Mayor of the City of Medellin 2008-11. ergio FajardoS Valderrama: Mayor.U). of theCarlos City Mario of Medellin 2004-07. transformation. “MEDELLÍN THE MOS hazard locations. The strategy’s aim is to improve the quality of life S .D E cheverri. estrepo: City Planning E R irector 2008-11. lonso D sion. ARKS PROGRAMME & QUALITY SHOOLS PROGRAMME. of the affected population with articulated housing projects which A lejandro include new housing solutions, housing up-grading schemes, resettle- Federico A irector 2004-07..U. José D D . cheverri and Carlos Mario LIBRARY - P ment plans, all providing secure of tenure. City Planningesarrollo E Urbano ( E rchitecture D A U. Library Parks, High Quality Schools and Museums to dignify our Projects ED mpresa lejandro neighborhoods:centralitiesservices. large whereage scaleOur around there ofintention public integral istheon a buildingseducation,provencity is centers torecreation. with provide deficit tothe of culture, strengthen activitiesimplementation a completeof these sport focused the kinds and cover urban of- E Vice-Head MasterplanA Medellíndriguez.Photographs 2004-07 Mapsplan: by and the workshopof 2008-15the themaster from by

2322 ut of all the cities in Spain, the city of Zaragoza has undergone one of the most intense Ourban transformations in recent years.This transformation, conceived and planned in , stops and starts throughout the 1980s and 90s, can be defined by its three main vectors. An urban artery for priority action: the River Ebro; a strategic positioning: sustainability; a momen- nch tous stimulus event: Expo 2008. au l - e he regeneration of the River Ebro as the main public space of the city was an old r aspiration of Zaragoza, a city that had grown with its back to its principal watercourse. a 2014n T a Hosting Expo Zaragoza 2008 on Water and Sustainable Development with funding from b s oz i the Spanish government allowed the Riverbanks Plan to be undertaken. In the 2006-2008 s ur i r period, 50 kilometres of banks along the rivers Ebro, Huerva and Gállego and the Canal po c Imperial de Aragón were regenerated by means of this plan. These new spaces featured 230 f o hectares of new parkland (with 560 total hectares now), 46 kilometres of cycle paths (with Zarage st-Ext 80 km now) and 24 new mixed traffic and foot bridges. Furthermore, a 121-hectare park o P pi was built on land adjacent to the Expo site - the largest in the city, the Water Park - and this s series of actions was completed with a Green Belt of over 30 kilometres in length creating a in new route for lovers of walking and cycling that encompasses the city (images 01-03).

his set of actions has brought about a radical change in the city’s landscape and the Tway the inhabitants of Zaragoza live. They are suddenly reconciled with a natural land- scape that in Zaragoza, surrounded by large semi-desert stretches of steppe land, had al- ways been considered hostile.These changes were made possible as the result of momentum from Expo 2008, as the event included an Accompanying Plan for public investment valued at 1.5 billion euros, which has modernised the city’s critical infrastructure (ring roads, local train network, airport, motorway access). But Expo 2008 went far beyond by projecting a national and international image for Zaragoza as a city concerned about and specialised in water management, sustainability, environment and renewable energies. This image in the field of knowledge creation has its flagship in the newInstitute for Climate Change Research (I2C2), established by the Spanish government in the building designed by Patxi Mangado to be the Spanish Pavilion.This is also an image in the field of new experiences in sustainable urban design, with important maximum energy efficiency social housing projects such as Parque Goya and, especially, the Valdespartera Ecocity (images 05-06), a residential develop- ment with more than 90,000 homes. It is practically completed and has gained international recognition for its advanced sustainability designs.

inally, the momentum given to the future projection of Zaragoza by the driving event Fthat was Expo also extends to include a model that is well adapted to the demands and opportunities of the new “green” economy”. A number of the grand public and private proj- ects being engaged in by the city since the start of the decade are integrated into this, includ- ing: the largest Intermodal Logistics Platform in southern Europe - logistics efficiency is inversely proportional to energy use (with a surface area of over 1.200 hectares); Technology Park for the Urban vision as a way for a new position, in terms of recycling industry and inverse logistics with a surface area of over 800 hectares; and the Digital

identity and competitiveness Mile, one million square metres in the centre of the city created by the arrival of the high speed train and devoted to information technology and creative industries to bring about urban renewal, create skilled employment in a densely populated and highly residential set- ting, and with the aim of giving rise to active specialisation in the new field of Green IT.

he dream that Expo would be the great revitaliser of the Ebro’s course through the city Thas now reached its culmination with the final transformation (image 07, photo by Félix Bernad and Daniel Marcos): extending this model of action to the last stretch of the river as it leaves the city to the east, regenerating banks and natural spaces and promoting quality urban development that is integrated into already-existing city districts. This project is now in progress and a date has been set for its completion and an engine for its develop- ment found by setting sights on Expo Landscapes 2014 (image on the left), a large-scale horticultural and floral exhibition, a theme deeply rooted in the Zaragoza riverside market gardening tradition and culture.

José Carlos Arnal, Technical Advisor to the Mayor of Zaragoza

24 2524 From riverbank regeneration to new urban development

From the very start, the Expo Zaragoza of these actions should be understood as 2008 project was designed as part of a city- part of a process that would have taken wide project that, logically, exceeded the many years to complete if it had not been spatial restrictions of the actual site and the for Expo. timeline leading up to the date for the event to be held. This city project, more implied Mention should be made of the role of than defined in the current city master plan, road and transport infrastructure invest- has seen its first stage delivered in the form ment which, like logistics and services, have of strategic and operational urban develop- had a direct impact on the cities outward ment. Now is the time to take advantage competitiveness and on improvement of the momentum to fully meet the initial of urban quality. As a result, building of aims, in addition to others that have been the Ronda del Rabal section of the third 01 maturing over this exceptional time for ring road and completion of this orbital urban development in Zaragoza. infrastructure project were key actions for enhancing the city’s structure and integrat- A substantial part of the Expo project was ing the different areas the ring road passes devoted to converting the Ranillas meander through. Completion of the fourth ring (Expo site, beside Ebro river, only 3 km road with the Ronda Este not only im- away from the Town Council) into a multi- proved general urban and inter-urban traf- functional and service hub, which was a fic conditions but has become a strategic major strategy. Together with the trans- element in redefining the city’s limits to the formation of railway land in the vicinity of east. Building stations for the local railway Delicias Station with multipurpose resi- and a new airport terminal were also strate- dential and innovative tertiary use (Digital gic actions bringing considerable improve- Mile project) zoning, the incorporation of ment for access to and from Zaragoza. the meander added extensive surface area, 02 some 250 hectares in total of previously Once the event had finished, Expo’s urban marginal land, to the city with urban func- development impact has been continued tions and landscape features that had been with the momentum and catalysis of an unknown in the existing city. In this regard, important series of urban projects that it can be said that the new “urban double turned out to be necessary for Zaragoza. core” emerging to the west of the historic Although it is true that there are many centre is now bringing about substantial other projects to be undertaken, because renewal in the urban structure of Zaragoza. this is an ambitious city-wide project that has its timelines and stages of delivery. In addition to the transformation of the Logically, once started, the project should Ranillas meander and the Ebro Riverbanks have continuity with the undertaking of Project, the benefits of Expo were extended other actions, some closely linked to the 03 to the city as a whole though the other ac- previous ones, and others that are more tions included in the Accompanying Plan. innovative. Pending construction are service In a way, the actions taken on the banks of areas on the Ebro adjacent to the Helios the Canal Imperial de Aragón can be seen sports club or in the vicinity of the weir (not as part of a process that is analogous to on the Accompanying Plan) and sections that taking place on the Ebro. Regeneration of the Canal, considered as a possibility of public spaces as a contiguous line was in the Plan. Also requiring completion are a decisive step, as is the improvement in the cultural facilities underway, such as the cross-river connections with new footbridg- Pablo Serrano Museum, or completion of es, the expansion of public spaces into the the tendering process, such as the Goya surrounding districts as occurred with the Space (image 04). “Casablanca Lakes” and in the other very different areas the Canal passes through. Perhaps it is in the area of public spaces Actions taken with the River Gállego and where the actions delivered to coincide with to a lesser extent with the Huerva were also Expo have enabled more considerable prog- important. However, it is essential that all ress to be made in improving the urban

2524 and environmental quality. Once the “Expo would be an excellent support for the green 04 method” has been tested, with the coexis- corridors and external and internal public tence of an overall vision and attention to a spaces, pulling the uses and associated ac- type of urban development that works like tions towards the east with the consequent suture and for the integration of the river- process of urban rebalancing that would bank spaces with the urban fabric, it will be come with closing the ring in that sector. possible to think of a greater role for these operations. This is a form of micro-urban In short, it is about taking advantage planning that is perfectly compatible with of the momentum of these years and of the types of actions involving large-scale prioritising urban and landscape qual- projects and, naturally, with the general ity before quantity, in terms of surface framework current planning implies. areas and stretches transformed or to be transformed. It is also a determined move 05 The so-called “green belt” that aims to towards more strategic and operational ur- connect the Ebro riverside parks with those ban development, with projects that must of the Canal (through the Oliver-Valdefi- be directed and managed in an integrated erro green corridor and other connection manner. We find ourselves with a city proj- points) stands out as an initiative that ect understood as a process, already begun corresponds well to the current awareness before the Expo, boosted with the Accom- of landscape and the environment. The line panying Plan and in the midst of transition of the most revitalising concepts regarding towards a post-Expo management model: natural spaces in urban landscapes, where a true city laboratory that must incorpo- the new urban and territorial development rate new projects - like Expo Landscapes culture converges with architecture and 2014 - to take the great step towards more 06 landscape ecology in an attempt to weave qualitative, sensible and integrating urban a network capable of interconnecting small development in Zaragoza. In a climate of public spaces with the large parks and world economic uncertainty, all of this is natural spaces encircling the city. but a starting point and one of the new principles of urban development in the age The main legacy of the Expo - the Metro- of globalisation. politan Water park, the regenerated banks of the Ebro and the Canal Imperial, etc. Javier Monclús - would be taken advantage of in this way Head of Accompanying Plan Department Consor- and the system would be enhanced by giv- cio Expo 2008 ing it continuity. Moreover, the green belt 07

05

26 2627 The Ebro, from silence to the visual poetic symphony

Only by gauging progress from the starting Spain in hosting events, the support of the of their knowledge and experience from all point is it possible to realise how and how state and the enthusiasm of the population over the globe. The Expo Zaragoza 2008 much Zaragoza was transformed in the were decisive in bringing to Zaragoza 104 Publications Plan was responsible for more three years prior to the opening of Expo countries and a total of 134 participants, than 100 books published, an unprece- Zaragoza 2008. The city built a series of in- including international organisations, dented event in the history of international frastructure projects and facilities that had companies and NGOs. The sponsorship exhibitions or of any other event concern- been planned decades before and eagerly programmes signed with the main national ing water. The Environmental Resources awaited. At the same time, it projected its and international media organisations Agency and the Educational Action Plan image nationally and internationally by achieved media impact that would other- contributed to shaping the visit to Zara- showing its capacity and appeal. This was wise have been unreachable. The economic goza, making it an experience linked with the fruit of a well thought-out strategy and value of news reports alone was worth innovative ideas and unforgettable feelings. extraordinary effort. more than €145,000,000, half of which After decades of neglect, the Ebro corridor came in the three months the event ran for. in Zaragoza, which had lost a great part of The urban metamorphosis was marked Zaragoza happily entered the international the river’s original functions and was sub- by the timelines and resources of a great debate of cities renewing their waterfronts. ject to dangerous processes of environmen- event, Expo Zaragoza 2008, which acted The Ebro riverbanks played a dynamic and tal degradation, was turned into the main as a catalyst for political and social in- strategic role in the processes of urban thoroughfare of the city and the scene for tentions, procured sufficient economic rezoning and renewal and brought the city international encounters. The silent and resources and set the schedule. Internally, privileged value in meeting the challenges threatening Ebro is today a friendly river, a the promotion plan was key to raising of appeal based on environmental quality visual poetic symphony. awareness of the need for the project, its and the capacity for cultural exchange. Pro- feasibility and the capacity to carry it out. fessional associations, governments, uni- Francisco Pellicer With a view to the world outside, the aim versities and social organisations arranged Assistant Director General of Content, Expo was to place Zaragoza on mental maps encounters which captured local interest. Zaragoza 2008 and turn a city people passed through on Zaragoza became a case for analysis, study the road to somewhere else into an attrac- and reflection. tive meeting place. The message was pieced together through key ideas and basic values The culture of water has become a part of that gave the project a coherent conceptual Zaragoza’s identity and a source of pride. structure. These were basically sustain- The Water Tribune documents, compiled ability and quality of life through water, a in the Blue Box, form the state of the art fundamental element for life and the basic regarding this issue in the world. It was the resource for development. This set of ideas result of ninety days of activity by more and values impregnated both the design than 3,000 experts who passed through and construction of the infrastructure and the Water Tribune to contribute the best facilities and the promotion programme which won support from citizens and finally disseminated and evidenced the achievements.

A number of fundamental milestones stand out in a process that spanned the best part of a decade. At the start, in early 2001, the social participation process put in place accomplished its aim of letting the citizens of the city claim the project as their own. The body of volunteers came into being naturally and successfully, exceeding all expectations. External promotion sup- ported by the ranks of Spanish diplomacy was the determining factor in the victory of Zaragoza’s bid. The internationally-relevant theme “Water and sustainable develop- ment”, the capacity and experience of

2627 he job of an urban planner is to take into account all the economic, social and physi- Tcal components in aim to foresee the future development of the city, and to provide the urban framework for its physical transformation. The quality and sustainability of the n planner’s vision is related to expectations and the particular visions of various interest a b groups involved in the development process. blic u p d ur Planners - The Importance of Emptiness n g Urban design schools worldwide are teaching us that the future is related to past. The E 2021 1 monrs a continuity of the city shape is one of the elements of its identity. Contemporary physical a changes within the city are sometimes in harmony and sometimes in contrast with the existing structures. Details may be historic-related, respectful and neutral, or, on the other GRADnceelope a v hand, extremely modern, different, trying to be “icons or aliens” of a city. In both cases e BEL lli the “whole”, the city image, its character should be sustained and significant in the global a r, d race for dignity, recognition and competitiveness. Planners are therefore studying the o rs An t ne past and exploring the trends. Their visions are not as attractive for the city management, ec g s i sometimes simple and scientifically boring, but that is how the bases should be. The qual- s e ity of their vision is in leaving enough free space with just enough building limitations that d other participants in city building process can fulfill the wide picture in accordance with the actual time, needs and trends. There is just one solid and the most important vision that should be protected and improved: the Three “Cores” of Belgrade: the first, natural, around the mouth of Sava and Danube rivers; the second, Urban cores, (historic fortress, Old Belgrade, Zemun and the modern New Belgrade centers), and the third, the area of brownfields in the wider waterfront, in between the previous two cores.

Developers - Subjective Vision 2The other different perspective is the attitude and the visions of developers. It is chal- lenging to make the choice to promote and support for the city management: to choose between modesty, tolerance, quality, beauty or the uniqueness. The offer is wide and all developers are seeking to be extreme: the highest, the most digital, post modern, creative, passive, glassy, glossy, sophisticated or intelligent. Planning vision is usually in contrast with developer’s but when the planning rules are clear and reasonable, the match of two should be harmonic. The developers are often offering the significant urban change, but also attractive spots within the city matrix are contributing even more to the city develop- ment and identity.

Explorers - The Right to a Vision 3Not only professionals are putting effort in creating the vision of contemporary Belgrade. The group of creative people, mostly students, organized within the “Project Belgrade” showed one of their visions in Venice in 2006 during Biennale. The project is still active, offering conceptual development and presentation. www.projectbelgrade.com/en/info.htm, www.projectbelgrade.com/serbian/events.html, Urban vision as a start-up for development and new www.projectbelgrade.com/serbian/events.html resources The urban design competition for the revitalization of the Belgrade Danube Waterfront showed the visions of Belgrade given by groups of young local architects. The 480 ha brownfield site is yet to be the topic for planners, economists, environmentalists, urban and architectural designers. The project and the city will provoke not only star architects Mr. Libeskind and Mr. Jan Ghel, but surely more teams and individuals to express their visions and contribute to new contemporary Belgrade.

Žaklina Gligorijevi Managing Director, Town Planning Institute of Belgrade

28 2928 03

04

01 02

05

2928 BELGRADE MASTERPLAN

Although archeological findings indicate is related to the vision given in this newest that the Belgrade site has been inhabited city plan and the process of creating the for 7,000 years, the planning history covers particular sites and urban scenes within the time from the Belgrade Fortress, on the the vision of the city as a whole in the near hill above the Sava and Danube mouth in future of 2021. The area of the Master Plan 1721, to nowadays Belgrade Master (Ge- is 77.000 hectares and covers parts of the neral) Plan for the year 2021. Our project ten City municipalities.

THE BASIC GOAL OF THE BELGRADE GENERAL PLAN

Belgrade, Serbian city. Belgrade was the lead- expect initiatives of smaller communities, ing city of former Yugoslavia and the wider should help to find a way out of present region before nineties, but is the capital of obstacles. Serbia in the first place. Its leadership role is based on its magnitude and concentra- Belgrade, European metropolis. Belgrade tion of powers, should be carefully shifted should use advantages of its favorable towards different forms of support to the geographic location and also vicinity of the other cities of our country. Regional ex- important European corridors to reaf- change and cooperation are the convenient firm its role as a European metropolis. It ground for transfers of know - how, cul- will be done by developing of functions tural models, civil and city life values, and and activities adequate to such a status: for materialization of various economic services, tourism, commerce, scientific and projects in the mutual benefit. A cunning educational centers, river transport, transit regional policy with a high extent of local transport etc., while in the same time im- self-government, purposefully decentralized proving quality of physical structures and where it is more effective and common to environment, and also through identifica-

06

30 3031 tion, consolidation and affirmation of all and reconstruction. The Master Plan pro- the unique elements creating its identity. motes integral protection of architectural heritage. Affirmation of public spaces and Turning towards Danube. Danube is one of ambient complexes, stressing and guard- the two most important traffic corridors. ing of qualitative visions and silhouettes “Coming down to the river” may result with of town, will improve Belgrade identity different economic, tourist, recreational and play part of the strong axis on which and also central and housing facilities transformation of its surroundings will be along the Danube riverbanks. Diverse founded. construction projects are planed on the left bank such are new recreational island The City of harmonized and encircled image. The or the new port. The Danube waterfront last decade of the century added attributes revitalization projects are steps towards of sordidness, incoherence and improvisa- postindustrial transformation already tion, deriving from poverty, cheap looks, finished in most of the developed capitals and new-rich distaste to the image of of the Western world. Belgrade. On the other hand, appealing looks, decency, sense of good taste and Belgrade in harmony with nature. The un- harmony, neatness and sophistication, are controlled growth of the city and back- values with strong economic dimension, wardness of its economic basis produced highly respected among important Euro- gradual loss of green areas, from the small- pean cities. Gradually though consistently, est squares, to parks and whole forests. by means of urban regulation, construction Green areas should be spread evenly and rules including esthetical criteria, measures protective green girdles around existing and of the city policy and through highly moti- planed industrial zones carefully situated. vated engagement of its citizens, Belgrade Fertile soil of the best classes and those should configure and refine its shabby, idle equipped with ameliorative systems ought or misused parcels of land, fix its streets to be preserved and used for its best pur- and installations, renew its parks and green pose. The City must take good care of its oasis, reaffirm contest for „the best looking green complexes such as “Ratno ostrvo”, facade, terrace, or garden in town”. The left bank of Danube, Zvezdara, Topčider, new City of Belgrade Development Strategy Košutnjak and others. (CBDS) project proposed also Reclaiming the modern New Belgrade architecture, Sustainable city. Future construction of Bel- promotion of the Creative industries and grade is primarily directed towards existing bringing back the identity by promoting structure, tending to complete and improve city “Icons” (architectural, historic, natural existing residential, business and industrial , etc.) zones, followed by a limited linear spread- ing. One of the tasks of the Plan is to The Economic Vitality. The Master Plan is of- improve living conditions in informally built fering a basis for activating production and 07 areas, avoiding endangering public interest completing existing working zones, as well in the same process. The other important as framework for prospective economic ac- task is integration of such districts in the tivities, in accordance with socio-economic regulated city structure. Then, the goal is to development strategy of Belgrade. The improve living conditions in the low income bases are: areas, by determining rules for rehabilita- • New industrial capacities along Dan- tion and transformation of such districts. ube, temporarily using but also planning Belgrade development policy should rely revitalization and relocation of the existing (again) on city planning and urban design. harbor facilities. • Aspiration for more balanced spatial Belgrade, city of complex memories. The respect distribution of jobs in city center, and the for urban memory of Belgrade and affirma- other business areas, to correspond with tion of divere cultural - historical matrix, spatial distribution of housing, transport consisting of three specific spatial entities; accessibility, provision of infrastructure, Belgrade, Zemun and New Belgrade, with and climate and microclimate conditions. their distinctive central zones, is one of the • Gradual relocation of undependable 08 fundamental frameworks for urban renewal11 activities towards suburban municipalities

3031 and other regions of Serbia. ferent means of transport; long distance, • Desirable industries, supporting environ- regional and local. Its effectiveness will be mentally friendly production. based on the better and rational use of • Different projects activating important transport capacities, sustainable way to in- City development projects - ‘Sava amphi- crease the level of services and traffic secu- theatre’, ‘New Belgrade center’, ‘Rivers and rity. The existing city matrix, with individual river banks’ - are the constitutive parts of parcels and buildings shouldn’t slow down the Master Plan. efficient transportation. The priority should The ongoing main addition to this list is be the construction of a high-capacity the new project of technology and business public transportation system, with recon- parks along City ring roads, transformation struction, completion and further develop- of the inner city industries to commercials ment of the city streets network, based on and the successive revitalization of the the matrix from the 19th century. The new Danube waterfront brownfields. General Plan Concept is also promoting public spaces, pedestrians, bicycles and The City for All. Belgrade should be the city public transportation in exchange to cars. where anyone could find one’s “place in the sun”, regardless origin, race, religion, The City of Culture. If not absolutely in sex, age, education, convictions or material structure, than by relative scope, Belgrade status. Market economy should be fol- should achieve the European level of lowed by adequate social policy, protect- cultural institutions, comparing to cities ing interests of the less privileged and less similar in size and national significance. powerful. Socially financed habitations, Planning the unique locations for such rehabilitation of slams and unsanitary important facilities, as Opera, Philharmon- blocks, constructing of space for public ics, to commercial sports - is one f the purposes, free spaces and public parks, will priorities. Existing - traditional and new be enabled through combination of market cultural events should have their recogniz- and planned measures and instruments. able place of happenings, their facilities, and familiar space as a symbol of a public Well-connected and accessible city. Belgrade manifestation. The CBDS is also promoting Transport system should be renewed in Belgrade Creative industries, Cultural paths a way to achieve harmonized relation and Routes as a generator of the tourism between land use and transportation development, and the event management, demands and capacities; also between dif- of a general urban development.

aniel Libeskind; joint venture

aniel Libeskind, Port of BelgradeER PLAN Master Plan T 04. D

(2009); architect: Studio D

ock 33; theme: Balance; Project: Swimming pool +, M5 partner: CEP - Center for Urban Development Planning, Belgrade.

Oarhitekti / Tatjana Stratimirović, 05. New Urban Core (photo: Žaklina Gligorijević). ER PLAN 2021. 01. 10 bl T 06. Commercial Zones: MAS Design Studio, University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture ER PLAN 2021. ER PLANT 2021. T Student: Branislav Spasojević; Tutor: Vladimir Milenković, MSc Arch, 2021. Belgrade Town Planning Institute; master y Parks: MASekti arko Savić, B.Sc.Econ.og - Translation.ekti Assistant professor; year: 2008. info: www.arh.bg.ac.rs; © Branislav plan team: Žaklina Gligorijevitureć,: M.MASSc.Arh, General Oarhit Spasojević. ducational Process and Design Methodology Manager; Jovan Urošević, Eng.ch nAorch.,lOar Ehitmil Dimitrov,

02. Prototype 19a; architects: NE Eng. Arch., D

Snežana Vesnić, Vladimir Milenković; associates: Maša Bratuša, Srdjan 07. Economic Zones: MAS

Marlović, Miloš Mirosavić, Vladimir Topličić. This work is a result of 08. Green and Agricul

project “Research and E aterfront (photo: Nebojša Stevanivić) 09 09. New Business and Te of CityGlobalization Transformationthe auspicesDevelopment and inE of03.uropean Context Ministry W of Integrations” Sof erbia.of Transition Science and (andNIP Technological in164003 ProcessesD) under of 10. Protot11. Prypotote 25y Hpoeles 19a © C iNErcus © NE

32 3332 NEW VISION: META MODERNITY

A case-study: the NEO_arhitekti vision assemblage has been closed into circular Despite fast and commercially orien- form enabling issue of distance between tated construction, New Belgrade is still houses, at the same time reflecting the architecturally inspiring area for everlast- topic of island in the whirlpool of traffic ing Modernity and its capacity to answer lanes. If New Belgrade is still both garden new professional conditions and society in and city than its potential comes from transition. The idea of this study is to point definition of undefined relation between out the possibilities of widening the real filled and empty - in typology of hybrids spatial potential of existing urban structure created in superposition of emptiness in of Le Corbusierian Green City that would pure form and emptiness of what is left in fit new and future needs of its citizens. space.Presented models are to be seen as Modernistic heritage and the sharpness in a result of investigation into typology of which structure of New Belgrade has been new physical structure, to be embedded in shaped are taken as thematic context for temporal and spatial gap caused by major design that enables the form to be antici- shift in idea of architecture - medium that pated in meeting plane of sky and park projects an overall vision of life. Witnessing - architecture between hollow and solid - this phenomenon brought us into position 10 unbuilt and built. Dynamics that had been to develop design strategy that could cre- brought into the matrix of New Belgrade ate link between our building era and time central zone by rotated structure of block of postwar Modernism. 19a has been additionally amplified by the www.neoarhitekti.net position of its unbuilt fragment. Linear

11

aniel Libeskind; joint venture

aniel Libeskind, Port of BelgradeER PLAN Master Plan T 04. D

(2009); architect: Studio D

ock 33; theme: Balance; Project: Swimming pool +, M5 partner: CEP - Center for Urban Development Planning, Belgrade.

Oarhitekti / Tatjana Stratimirović, 05. New Urban Core (photo: Žaklina Gligorijević). ER PLAN 2021. 01. 10 bl T

06. Commercial Zones: MAS credits Design Studio, University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture ER PLAN 2021. ER PLANT 2021. T Oarhitekti (www.neoarhitekti.net), Student: Branislav Spasojević; Tutor: Vladimir Milenković, MSc Arch, 2021. Belgrade Town Planning Institute; master Participation to “Urban Visions” by: y Parks: MASekti arko Savić, B.Sc.Econ.og - Translation.ekti Assistant professor; year: 2008. info: www.arh.bg.ac.rs; © Branislav plan team: Žaklina Gligorijevitureć,: M.MASSc.Arh, General Žaklina Gligorijević, eng.arch., M.Sci, Managing Director, Town Plan- Oarhit Spasojević. ducational Process and Design Methodology Manager; Jovan Urošević, Eng.ch nAorch.,lOar Ehitmil Dimitrov, ning Institute of Belgrade;

Eng. Arch., D 02. Prototype 19a; architects: NE Vladimir Milenković, MSc Arch, Assistant professor, Vice-Dean for

Snežana Vesnić, Vladimir Milenković; associates: Maša Bratuša, Srdjan 07. Economic Zones: MAS External Realations, University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture;

Marlović, Miloš Mirosavić, Vladimir Topličić. This work is a result of 08. Green and Agricul Tatjana Stratimirović, MSc Arch, NE

project “Research and E aterfront (photo: Nebojša Stevanivić) 09. New Business and Te Belgrade;

of CityGlobalization Transformationthe auspicesDevelopment and inE of03.uropean Context Ministry W of Integrations” Sof erbia.of Transition Science and (andNIP Technological in164003 ProcessesD) under of team: Miloš Mirosavi , Ivana Popovi , Stevan Šormaz 10. Protot11. Prypotote 25y Hpoeles 19a © C iNErcus © NE ć ć

3332 he “Linea 2” project, Turin’s second underground line, is undoubtedly one of Tthe main projects concerning the city in the near future. The Line 2 is not a mere infrastructure project, it is a more ambitious and complex transformation which crosses settlement, environment, urban and infrastructural aspects redesigning radically extensive nceg a in sections of Turin’s northern area. ch us ho his project which merges in the Planning variant n. 200 represents the first step of d the transformation phase of the city’s metropolitan area. The first phase which took asn a T e a place between years 1995 - the year Vittorio Gregotti and Augusto Cagnardi’s new Devel- turce opment Plan was approved - and 2006 - the year of the Winter Olympics - entailed the c a IN 2011p reuse of extensive vacant industrial areas located inside the urban tissue and the rezoning s of the old Baroque capital’s centre. Spina Centrale, the long backbone boulevard crossing TUR the city on a north-south axis which connects the four great transformation areas - the blic frastruu so called “Backbone” - the linchpin around which the great game of the reclaim of the ex p In r industrial spaces has been revolving. Underneath the boulevard of Spina Centrale is the o f railway link, Passante ferroviario, which from 2012 will revolutionise the accessibility and transport system of the city’s entire metropolitan area.

s well as two sides of Spina Centrale, Gregotti and Cagnardi’s Development Plan en- Avisaged also two great north-south axes - the corso Marche axis and the leisure and culture axis along the river Po - which are also underway. To implement this configuration of the urban tissue open towards Milan and the Padan lowland, Turin has decided to gen- erate a series of projects with a cross flow, ranging from the improvement of the buildings on the other three rivers crossing Turin to the construction of the underground’s Linea 2.

he new infrastructural axis crosses an area which was built between the 19th and T20th centuries and is located between the historical centre and the suburbs, linking the Passante ferroviario and the fast train line to Caselle international airport to the city centre. Linea 2 was devised in close relation - and here lays one of the great novelties of the project as regards to the Italian scene - with the new conspicuous buildings which will take place along that route, especially in the Vanchiglia ex freight depot and the Spina 4 area. The metro line is being built using the ex railway trench which, covered, will generate a linear park in the compact urban tissues of the north area. Around the infrastructural axis and the brand new settlements and new green areas, Vanchiglia and Sempione parks, are also built, which will create a connection between the built northern area and the existing parks along the river.

he objective is to redevelop and enhance the entire north area of the city by tuning Tthe infrastructural, environmental and land use frames.

Mario Viano Urban vision as a start-up for development and new Urban Planning, Building Trade and Heritage Councillor, Città di Torino resources

Paola Virano Director, Divisione Urbanistica ed Edilizia privata, Città di Torino

Carlo Olmo Director, Urban Center Metropolitano

Antonio De Rossi Vice-director, Urban Center Metropolitano

34 3534 The benefits brought by the urban and infrastructural project

- Construction of new quality urban tissue - Construction of new integrated public also thanks to an increased building capa- services; city; - Requalification of public spaces also - New underground line with interexchange financed by European funding; systems with the Passante ferroviario, road - Improvements of the context by attracting system and car parks; and enhancing high level activities and - Development of land uses in a multifun- functions. ctional way;

The figures of the project

01 Spina 4 productive and research activities, service Surface area: 165,000 sq m and artisan activities, commercial activi- Total built up area: 251,000 sq m ties, apartments, offices, hotels, private Building indexes: from 0.73 to 1.00 sq m/ services, advanced productive and research sq m activities, apartments; building B: apart- Functional Mix: offices, hotels, private ments, retail, commercial activities, hotels; services, advanced productive and research building C : commercial, artisan and activities service activities.

Scalo Vanchiglia The estimated cost for the construction of Surface area: 750,000 sq m the first branch of the underground’s Linea Building indexes: da 0,50 a 1,35 mq/mq 2 (from Spina 4 to corso Novara) is 600 Functional Mix: building A: advanced million euro.

02

3534 Involved players

Public and public-private bodies. Città di Tori- no; Divisione Urbanistica ed Edilizia Privata; Divisione Infrastrutture e Mobilità; Divisio- ne Cultura, Comunicazione e Promozione della Città; Divisione Lavoro, Formazione professionale, Sviluppo economico (Settore

Fondi Strutturali - Urban 3); Commissione astern view. 03 Arte Pubblica; Urban Center Metropolita- no; Finpiemonte Spa; Regione Piemonte; 01. Città di Torino, North area. The route of Turin’s Linea 2. Circoscrizione 5; Circoscrizione 6; Provincia di Torino; Azienda Sanitaria Locale 2 Torino 02. Variante 200. Morphological prefigurations for the settlement

Nord; Politecnico di Torino; Accademia and infrastructural project linked to the underground’s Line 2. Bird’s Albertina di Belle Arti. eye view - western view. Owners of the areas, promoters, operators, stokeholders. Agenzia del Demanio; Poste Ita- 03. Variante 200. Morphological prefigurations for the settlement liane; Primary worldwide prototype model and infrastructural project linked to the underground’s Line 2. S.

company; Primary worldwide domotics and Giovanni Bosco hospital area . Bird’s eye view - South-E automation company; Primary national company for illumination and optical fibre 04. Variante 200. Morphological prefigurations for the settlement design and use; Other local businesses, and infrastructural project linked to the underground’s Line 2. Spina 4

professional firms, real estate agencies, area. Bird’s eye view - northern view. individual owners, construction businesses. 04 05. Communication steps. Stakeholders. Professional association; Buil- ders’ association; Environmental associa- 06. Municipality of Turin, North area. Historical structuring of the ter-

tions; Association “Officina della Memo- ritory: mid-19th century; 1906 Unitary Development Plan; the 1920s. ria”; Other local citizens’ associations. 07. Turin north-eastern area: urban previews of the housing project

Communication steps CITIZENS 05 Town planning o ce Town planning o ce Citizens Cultural and comunication o ce Infrastructure and mobility o ce Urban Center Metropolitano Urban Center Metropolitano Local district 6 “masterplan implementation” Local district 6 Discussion with the citizens EU Urban program workshop EU Urban program September 2009 BEYOND MEDIA FESTIVAL Urban Center Metropolitano April 2009 Presentation to the citizenship of the “Variante 200” Real estate agents URBAN VISIONS Survey of the area and two half-day long debates and launch of the competition open to all citizens Local district 6 on the transformation project theme. Firenze, 9 - 17 July 2009 to “invent a name” for the project and for the The core of the discussion is the masterplan drawn new district, which has to conjure up all competition by Città di Torino which redesigns the city along Project consultants its dimensions (infrastructural, urban, the new infrastructural line: visions, pregurations, social, cultural). “a name for ideas about the city in comparison. the new district” video ARCHITECTURE CULTURE shooting September - October 2009 press Citizens video o ce Trade shooting posters associations radio Urban Center Metropolitano Real estate spots panel discussion Town planning o ce June - July 2009 A panel discussion on the project and its management open to Italian and operators foreign real estate agents and investors. investors EXPO ITALIAN REAL ESTATE REAL ESTATE, video 9 - 12 June shooting Cultural and comunication o ce Urban Center Metropolitano Naming, corporate image Trade associations Cultural and comunication o ce and a manual September - October 2009 Diused Communication Graphic studios Urban Center Metropolitano by December 2009 After the name choice, the creation of a logo and the visual variations, will follow Waynding systems along together with the production dilizia Privata the Line 2 axis, communication Local district 6 web site of a manual to regulate dierent credits itineraries, “low denition” leaeat newsletter communication tools. installations. video Graphic studios Urban Center Metropolitano Città di Torino; Divisione

District Infocenter manual Photography Network Local associations info October 2009 [movie&photography] panels Urbanistica ed E by November 2009 The establishment of a hub on the place A panel discussion with photographers of the transformation, housed by the Centro living and working in Barriera di Milano - di Interpretazione dell'Ecomuseo Urbano della Divisione Infrastrutture e Mobilità; Divisione Regio Parco; production of events and/or tools VI Circoscrizione: a networking host, a place where based on photography as the medium to to nd information about the project, but also tell the transformation the place of the real story and of creation Cultura, Comunicazione e Promozione della Città; (itinerant exhibitions, publications…) of imagery.

Citizens tools comunities Divisione Lavoro, Formazione professionale, Sviluppo itinerant Local district 6 exhibition book Urban Center Metropolitano photography economico (Settore Fondi Strutturali - Urban 3). Urban Center campaign CITIZENS actions actors Metropolitano. Finpiemonte Spa

36 3637 communication plan

The communication plan is based on three as the debate’s main reference facilitating themes/assumption which orient the con- the communication among the multiple struction of the communication actions players and the understanding of urban and places: processes of inexpert users. The second assumption of the communication plan The time theme. Communication schedules is based on the possibility to construct astern view. involve an accelerated time which requires actions and tools which help the commu- immediate responses. The time of the nication recipients to outline their expecta-

01. Città di Torino, North area. The route of Turin’s Linea 2. city, the projects, the urban life - in other tions and prefigurations on the future words the experience of the citizen living of the city through the constructions of 02. Variante 200. Morphological prefigurations for the settlement in the city - is a medium-long extended convincing and shareable imageries. and infrastructural project linked to the underground’s Line 2. Bird’s time and when it loses that dimension it eye view - western view. is diminished. Starting from this assump- The networking theme. The co-existence in tion, the communication plan is based on this process of different players with dif- 03. Variante 200. Morphological prefigurations for the settlement the possibility to conciliate the times of ferent expectations and needs constitutes and infrastructural project linked to the underground’s Line 2. S. communication with the time of the proj- both one of the most difficult elements Giovanni Bosco hospital area . Bird’s eye view - South-E ect, performing communication actions within the definition of its communication

04. Variante 200. Morphological prefigurations for the settlement and creating communication tools which strategies and one of the elements of major should first and foremost be “places” for interest and novelty. The third assumption and infrastructural project linked to the underground’s Line 2. Spina 4 a reflection: places where the decision- of the communication guidelines estab- area. Bird’s eye view - northern view. makers also take their responsibility: “we lishes itself on this aspect, leveraging with 05. Communication steps. have made certain choices which we are the great number of players involved and proposing a communication strategy based 06. Municipality of Turin, North area. Historical structuring of the ter- here to explain, yet we believe in the exis- tence of alternatives which we are willing on networking - the capability of putting all ritory: mid-19th century; 1906 Unitary Development Plan; the 1920s. to discuss”. the players into a network which will then 07. Turin north-eastern area: urban previews of the housing project generate grassroots actions and tools, by The story theme. The urban practices need involving associations across the territory spaces for simulation, mediation, images, and relevant groups; in other words, by which once produced tend to substitute exploiting the potentiality already inscribed the concrete urban space and to function in the “urban gene pool”.

07

06

dilizia Privata credits

Città di Torino; Divisione

Urbanistica ed E

Divisione Infrastrutture e Mobilità; Divisione

Cultura, Comunicazione e Promozione della Città;

Divisione Lavoro, Formazione professionale, Sviluppo

economico (Settore Fondi Strutturali - Urban 3). Urban Center

Metropolitano. Finpiemonte Spa

3637 urricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States. The August 29, H2005 storm flooded 80 percent of the City of New Orleans and killed 1,577 people. Hardest hit was the Lower 9th Ward where more than 4,000 homes were destroyed by the storm and the surge of water caused by the breach of the Industrial Canal levee. a in When the water receded after weeks of stagnation, block after block of one of the city’s The Make it Right core 2010: S atr team assembled by Brad Pitt K poorest neighborhoods lay filled with debris, mangled homes and mud-filled cars. Two N ion A r years later, when actor Brad Pitt toured the city, the once-vibrant neighborhood was still includes the following experts: is e LE silent and razed, failed by government, frustrated by a lack of progress. William McDonough + Partners, a world R aft leader in environmental architecture; O The story of Pitt’s commitment to “Make It Right” in the Lower 9th Ward is a testament ion Cherokee Gives Back Foundation, the nonprofit arm of W y-dayt v to the power of a vision communicated forcefully and the ability of art and architecture to b c NE transform and lift people’s lives. Cherokee, a firm that specializes in remediation and sustain- ard able redevelopment of environmentally impaired properties; day-stru ower 9th W A After meeting with community groups and families, Pitt pledged to work with top flight Graft, an international leading architecture firm that Brad Pitt collabo- eco r architects to rebuild the Lower 9th Ward back better than it was before Katrina. His vision rates with on projects around the world; was to build 150 green, affordable, safe high-quality design homes in the neighborhood Make It Right Staff, local Make It Right personnel coordinating efforts closest to the levee breach. on the ground in New Orleans.

His foundation, Make It Right, kicked off in December, 2007 with the Pink Project – a unique hybrid of art, architecture and media designed to increase awareness of the plight This core team is working in tandem with leaders of a local, neigh-

of New Orleans, raise money to construct new homes and commemorate the lives of borhood-led coalition of not-for-profits, and has expanded to include

people who died in Katrina. five local, four national and five xecutiveinternational Architects architecture for the firmsproject, to

ensure that the focus on - and commitment to - the L Pitt worked with the architectural firm, GRAFT, to conceive and develop the six-week installation of 150 pink houses. The installation started as 429 pink geometric shapes is demonstrably diverse and reflective of Brad Pitt’s dedication to giv- scattered over the 14-square block site where the real houses would be built. As dona- ing this critical neighborhood access to the best expertise available. tions came in to sponsor the cost of a real house, the pieces of the symbolic houses were

“righted” on their lots. The Pink Project raised 12 million dollars and was a potent and John C. Williams Architects, as E pivotal event that brought global attention to the challenges and possibilities of rebuilding produce construction documents and oversee the construction of the Lower 9th Ward. every house. They work with the homeowners, the design architects, Today, eight LEED Platinum certified homes stand where there was once six feet of water, and the general contractors to achieve the most comfortable, sus- where pieces of pink houses were once assembled. By December 2009, one hundred tainable, and affordable homes for the Make It Right families. Lower 9th Ward families will once again be homeowners. But they will be living in what ouge, LA the US Green Building Council says is the “largest, greenest development of single family Local Architects homes in America.” They will also be living in the vision of a neighborhood made real by Billes Architects – New Orleans, LA the transformative power of artful communications and architecture. Eskew Dumez Ripple – New Orleans, LA A Make It Right Foundation Concordia – New Orleans, LA 01 Trahan Architects – Baton R Urban vision as a start-up for development and new

resources ansas City, MO National Architects

BNIM – K

Kieran Timberlake - Philadelphia, P

Morphosis – Santa Monica, CA

ondon, England Pugh + Scarpa – Santa Monica, CA

International Architects

djaye Architects – L A

Constructs – Accra, Ghana otterdam, Holland

Graft – Berlin, Germany RDV – R MV

Shigeru Ban Architects – Tokyo, Japan

38 3938 The Storm and Its Aftermath. Why Make It Right Has Come To Help

Hurricane Katrina resulted in flooding that something as terrible as Hurricane Katrina destroyed the Lower 9th Ward. A breach into a chance to re-plan a city that many The Make it Right core in the Industrial Canal levee along the perceived as dysfunctional from an urban team assembled by Brad Pitt perimeter of the Lower 9th Ward, combi- planning perspective prior to the storm. includes the following experts: ned with the failure of pumping stations Such planning efforts included studies by William McDonough + Partners, a world throughout the city, caused prolonged the American Institute of Architects (AIA),

leader in environmental architecture; flooding in the Lower 9th Ward and water the Urban Land Institute (ULI), the Bring stagnated for more than three weeks. To New Orleans Back plan sponsored by the Cherokee Gives Back Foundation, the nonprofit arm of make matters worse, residents were among Mayor’s office, and the Neighborhood Cherokee, a firm that specializes in remediation and sustain- ard the last allowed to return to their homes. Planning Initiative sponsored by the New able redevelopment of environmentally impaired properties; When they were finally allowed back, it was Orleans City Council. Several of these ower 9th W Graft, an international leading architecture firm that Brad Pitt collabo- only to “look and see,” a reality described plans put forth controversial recommenda-

rates with on projects around the world; by many as heartbreaking since they could tions about which areas of the city should

Make It Right Staff, local Make ItR ight personnel coordinating efforts not retrieve any belongings, nor could they or should not be redeveloped. The Lower have time to grieve at the scene of their 9th Ward was widely perceived to be an on the ground in New Orleans. loss or begin to plan the next phase of their area that could not be brought back – the lives. devastation was just too immense. This core team is working in tandem with leaders of a local, neigh- borhood-led coalition of not-for-profits, and has expanded to include Much of the Lower 9th Ward’s devasta- By contrast, the Unified New Orleans Plan

five local, four national and five xecutiveinternational Architects architecture for the firmsproject, to tion was due to a massive breach in the (UNOP) was created in response to several Industrial Canal levee, resulting in a surging redevelopment plans with incompatible ensure that the focus on - and commitment to - the L wave of water. The sheer force of the water content. The UNOP, a plan that sought is demonstrably diverse and reflective of Brad Pitt’s dedication to giv- swept houses off their foundations and left to create consensus, was in the final stages ing this critical neighborhood access to the best expertise available. entire families desperately clinging for their of development during this project’s initial lives, stranded on rooftops and floating research phase, and Make It Right was allo-

John C. Williams Architects, as E debris. More than 1,000 Lower 9th Ward wed access to its initial findings. In accor-

produce construction documents and oversee the construction of residents died and 80% of the homes were dance with UNOP, Make It Right’s analysis either smashed or washed on top of cars of safety, environmental and demographic every house. They work with the homeowners, the design architects, and other houses. Most remaining struc- factors demonstrated that indeed the and the general contractors to achieve the most comfortable, sus- tures – homes, businesses, churches and Lower 9th Ward could be rebuilt. tainable, and affordable homes for the Make It Right families. schools alike – later were demolished by the Army Corps of Engineers. No one from the As a further endorsement of the neigh- ouge, LA Local Architects Lower 9th Ward was left untouched by the borhood’s recovery, the Mayor’s Office

Billes Architects – New Orleans, LA destruction. of Recovery Management has designated two priority rebuilding zones in the Lower Eskew Dumez Ripple – New Orleans, LA A Immediately following Hurricane Katrina, 9th Ward. One of these includes the Concordia – New Orleans, LA a series of city redevelopment planning Make It Right site. This designation makes Trahan Architects – Baton R efforts took place. Through the devasta- available expedited city services for the tion, planners saw an opportunity to turn neighborhood. ansas City, MO National Architects

BNIM – K

Kieran Timberlake - Philadelphia, P 02 03

Morphosis – Santa Monica, CA

ondon, England Pugh + Scarpa – Santa Monica, CA

International Architects

djaye Architects – L A

Constructs – Accra, Ghana otterdam, Holland

Graft – Berlin, Germany RDV – R MV

Shigeru Ban Architects – Tokyo, Japan

3938 CITTYY 04 PAPARK FLORID A A VE. FAIIRRGRROUNDOUNDS ortmann

TTAARGET AREREA LAW ST. LLOOWEERR ena K

FFRENRENCH NINNINTH . D QUQUARTER WAWARD R

TE CEENNTRAL O FLORID A BUSINEINESSSS AVE. SUREK DDIISSTTRRIICT N.DORGENOIS 01. Photo: Ricky Ridecos ST. WAWAREREHOUOUSE DDIISSTTRRIICT

GARDEN DISTRICT 02. Photo: Anna L

N.ROCHEBL HAMLIN GARDEN AV E DISTRICT ST. ST. 03. Photo: Ricky Ridecos

N.DO RGENOIS

ST.

NEW ORLEANS DISTRICT MAP N. TONTI WHIPPLE S 04. Urban vision site plan T. ST.

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. N T . MIRO S ST. .

RD C (photo: John Williams). ROFFIGNA . T S

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N. MIRO 07. Photo: Megan Grant

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DAMAGE AND RECOVERY IN THE LOWER 9TH WARD 0’ 500’ 1/4 Mile Pre-Katrina Houses Post-Katrina Houses New Make It Right Construction

S S S S S S

S S S S S S

S S S S S S S S

S S S S S S S S vehicular path S S S S proposed thruways

S S S S viewing platforms

vehicular path light meter proposed thruways

viewing platforms s solar panel houses

light meter

solar panel houses (16’x32’ base) PINK houses

PINK PROJECT - DECEMBER, 2007 PINK PROJECT - JANUARY, 2008 PINK PROJECT LEGEND

dam Ford and Rendon Slade, ’ Observatoire

CT olfram Putz, Thomas Willemeit,oitke,

PINK PROJE deil, Celi Freeman, Mick van Gemert, ouveau

Initiator and Designer: Brad Pitt Executive Producer: Stefan Beese (Graft) Lighting Design Technicians: A

Curator: Graft Co Producer: Nina Killeen; Co Producer: Stephen Rehage, Universal Development & Fabrication: Jay Gernsbacher, Center

Partners:Alejandra LarsTeam: Krückeberg, Lillo, NMosskaeiel Gregor NVerenaorheim, WA HoheiselMichael S Dchreppel,irk Pause, Zach S Christophusanne W Rauhut, RehageL ightingEntertainmentInternational Designer:Project Herve S upport:Management: DRescottes,enderer: Oscar LBeatrice LAnna Muslimova Witzgall; Project StagingA rtist:Sleeve Videographer:Lionel Fabrication: WMilton,hittakerPhotographer: E AJasonlleonenthony Villemarette Manno, Ricky Marine R andidecos ChristopherTops & Covers

40 4041 The Families In Need: Make It Right Is Helping Bring Families Home ortmann ena K Every family in the Lower 9th Ward has of relief assistance required to rebuild. a horrifying Katrina tale to tell: of chil- The result would be the loss of a national 01. Photo: Ricky Ridecos dren, brothers, cousins and elderly family treasure and the blatant disregard for prin-

02. Photo: Anna L members who lost the battle with one of ciples of public responsibility. Allowing the the worst natural disasters our nation has message that this culture, this community 03. Photo: Ricky Ridecos ever seen. Having lost over 1,000 lives, the or any of these families are expendable is 04. Urban vision site plan Lower 9th Ward suffered the largest num- not acceptable.

05. House designed by Kieran Timberlake design ber of storm fatalities (by far) of any neigh- borhood in the city of New Orleans. Many Families are scattered as far as Maine (photo: John Williams). of those who narrowly survived did so on and California, while others are as nearby 06. House designed by GRAFT (photo: John Williams) their rooftops with the storm waters raging as Baton Rouge and Houston. Despite 07. Photo: Megan Grant around them. Of these, many suffered the extreme hardship, estrangement and loss of incalculable loss of watching helplessly as the highest levels in New Orleans neighbor- their children and relatives succumbed to hoods, no matter where they are, the Lower the waves. 9th Ward residents remain united in the desire to find their way home again. Their Thousands of Lower 9th Ward families still unfailing determination to return, to raise are left without homes, without founda- their children and to preserve the spirit of tions on which to raise their families and their community in the face of relentless continue their lives in the community they odds is the inspiration for Make It Right. love. Without the pledge of Make It Right Make It Right will provide a way for these and committed supporters, this neighbor- families to return home. hood will not have access to the magnitude

05 07

06

dam Ford and Rendon Slade, ’ Observatoire

ouveau

Executive Producer: Stefan Beese (Graft) Lighting Design Technicians: A

Co Producer: Nina Killeen; Co Producer: Stephen Rehage, Universal Development & Fabrication: Jay Gernsbacher, Center

RehageL ightingEntertainmentInternational Designer:Project Herve S upport:Management: DRescottes,enderer: Oscar LBeatrice LAnna Muslimova Witzgall; Project StagingA rtist:Sleeve Videographer:Lionel Fabrication: WMilton,hittakerPhotographer: E AJasonlleonenthony Villemarette Manno, Ricky Marine R andidecos ChristopherTops & Covers

4041 he last hundred years were marked by a breath-taking development of cities world- Twide. Between Adna Ferris Weber’s The city in the nineteenth century 01 and Blum & Kanna’s “The urban revolution” 02, urban spaces once exceptional in the landscape, have come to be the home for more the half of the Earth’s population. Parallel to this develop- n a ment, an impressive arsenal of tools was built within an array of related disciplines (law, b s e urbanism, architecture, etc.), addressing questions of how to design, plan and admin- u d ur istrate the urban realm. Built upon an urban context rapidly evolving from industrial to n nlie post-industrial, these “devices” (English translation of the French dispositif) reflect -if not a b provoke- its complexity. 2100ty a S he I bili uch is the case of those systems of tools that were created in order to visually and ver- a f t o bally represent urbanistic concepts. Invented in order to express in the best possible AR in S notes: P way the spatial and functional solutions the world’s metropolises called for, these tools of ion representation are obviously rooted in the secular tradition of architecture, namely plan, 01. Adna Ferris WEBER, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A ustaus S section and 3D perspective. It is probably since the first third of the 20th century, marked Study in Statistics (1891), Greenwood Press, New York, 1969. incl by the first CIAM edition at La Sarraz (1928) that urban concepts definitely and thor- 02. Cf. David E. Bloom and Tarun Khanna, “The Urban Revolution”,

oughly open towards a certain idea of scientificity (charts, statistics, etc.), by suggesting in: Finance & Development, A quarterly magazine of the IMF, September 2007, that urban planning projects are based on objectifiable and commonly accepted grounds. Volume 44, Number 3. In fact, this evolution takes place not in the everyday application of planning by public or corporate services, but mainly through competitions. Under a hypothesis akin to modern times, that every new project should be innovative, if not radical, architects and planners continually re-invent their graphic and linguistic codes.

he Greater Paris consultation, launched by the French State last year, is one of those Tcases where the representation of conceptual tools seems to be boosted, partly because of its media surface, and partly because of the historical conjuncture within which it took place. In fact, the ten interdisciplinary groups led by an architect (and not “ten groups of architects”, as it was widely diffused by the media) that were chosen to put forth this rare if not unique planning experience, were faced with a dream double com- mand: to freely imagine the future of the world agglomerations, by proposing solutions to ecological, social and esthetic problems of the 21st century; and to freely consider Paris as one of the leading world agglomerations, whose form and characteristics should be reorganised in order to face the complexity of the decades to come. The response to these questions was impressively varying and astonishingly integrated. Spatial concepts, social issues, energy problems, artistic visions, geopolitical strategies, etc. appear interwoven in a plexus of arguments offered through a variety of schemes, drawings, plans, images and, last but not least, texts.

rganising, and classifying according to visionary concepts, innovative processes and Ocommunication strategies the bulky 3000-page, 10-volume material produced at a record time of seven months will be the task of the civic society and experts for the months to come. The purpose will be manifold: understanding the evolution of communication Urban vision as a reflection on its own rules strategies in designing the metropolis, in the new critical post-Kyoto era; selecting the elements pertaining to a new generation of architectural and urban education; and, of course, showing the way of evolution for the Greater Paris agglomeration.

Panos Mantziaras architect, assistant professor at the école Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-Malaquais

42 4342 notes:

01. Adna Ferris WEBER, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A

Study in Statistics (1891), Greenwood Press, New York, 1969.

02. Cf. David E. Bloom and Tarun Khanna, “The Urban Revolution”,

in: Finance & Development, A quarterly magazine of the IMF, September 2007,

Volume 44, Number 3.

01

02

4342 ogers Stirk Harbour & Partners /

ogers, R

01. Bernardo Secchi and Paola Vigano, Studio 09

02. Sir Richard R RDV with ACS + AAF ondon School of Economics / Arup L oland Castro, Ateliers Castro / Denissof / Casi

03. R

04. Winy Maas, MV

05. Antoine Grumbach, Agence Grumbach et associés ves Lion, Groupe Descartes

06. Y

07. Jean Nouvel, Ateliers Jean Nouvel / Michel Cantal-Dupart / Jean- 03 Marie Duthilleul 04 08. Finn Geipel, LIN

09. Djamel Klouche, l’AUC

10. Christian de Portzamparc, Atelier Christian de Portzamparc

05

44 4544 10

06 07

Launched in early 2008, the Greater Paris consultation has been

placed under the authority of a steering committee composedondon by

the State, the City of Paris, the Île-de-France region, the associa-

tion of Mayors of Ile-de-France, assisted by a scientific committee of

23 qualified individuals around the architect Chemetov Paul and the

geographer Michel Lussault. Overall coordination of the consultation

has been entrusted by the President of the Republic to the Ministry of ogers Stirk Harbour & Partners / L Culture and Communication.

ogers, R

Participating teams:

- Sir Richard R 08 09 School of Economics / Arup ves Lion, Groupe Descartes - Y

- Djamel Klouche, l’AUC

- Christian de Portzamparc, Atelier Christian de Portzamparc

- Antoine Grumbach, Agence Grumbach et associés

- Jean Nouvel, Ateliers Jean Nouvel / Michel Cantal-Dupart / Jean-

Marie Duthilleul

- Bernardo Secchi and Paola Vigano, Studio 09 RDV with ACS + AAF - Finn Geipel, LIN oland Castro, Ateliers Castro / Denissof / Casi - R

- Winy Maas, MV

4544 n recent years (2004-2009), the city of Bologna completely revised the framework of Ithe territorial spatial plan, approving the Municipal Structural Plan, the Town Plan- e r ning Building Regulations, and the Municipal Operative Plan. The wish to adapt the plans system to the new regional planning law went hand in hand with the wish to re-discuss mo the city’s development prospects, looking beyond the framework defined more than thirty r a years ago, with the latest Urban Masterplan. Such a complex operation could not have o been created without discussing a ‘vision’ of the city’s development: a vision proposed by s” f the Municipal Administration, developed with the project’s languages, agreed with the 2015ie s A t economic and social forces, discussed with citizens in the territory, and communicated by N Bologna Urban Centre. ci G opoli en v tr e he vision which provides the view of the changes mentioned by the Plan is apparently BOLO me simple: not a revolution within the city’s slow development, not only large architec- “s T tural projects. We propose an objective: to considerably improve Bologna’s habitabil- ble The ity. The city must be pleasant to live in, and welcoming to those arriving there (various va li persons who will share its spaces), inviting people to stay (young people in particular). The vision of a city where “you live well” becomes the key to understanding policies and transformations. “Habitability” does not mean an important but general request for quality transformations, but rather demanding transformations to be planned and built: a new railway station connected to the airport, an overall revision of the public transport system, a well aimed strengthening of the area’s provision systems, a new vision of the role of the ecological network in urban, metropolitan and regional connections. A widespread strategy, a broad urban redevelopment affecting, directly or indirectly, the entire munici- pality’s territory, and not only that one. The need to deploy as a system operations aimed at transformation, placing them in a strategy which associates them with unavoidable requirements and performances, and therefore introducing ‘behavioural” elements, makes it possible to tackle the different development periods without having to retract oneself: the important thing is not only “what” and “how much” is produced, but rather “how” and “if”.

he Municipal Structural Plan describes the strategy through images, composed in the Tfigure of the “seven cities of Bologna”, which performs different functions: it inter- prets the urbanisation processes, showing their territorial extension; delineates a strategy open to the implementation of the other metropolitan municipalities; suggests percep- tible figures, referring the strategy to physical space. The seven cities are the strategic and structural image of the new Plan: they recognise the existence of new types of ‘urbanity’, already present or potential; they take their name and shape from places, aiming to be- come familiar to those living there, and to enter the non “expert” public communication circuits; they seek to mobilise thoughts, generate waits, move actions, and motivate care.

his vision was built in the initial Plan preparation stage, based on proposals made by the Town Executive Board and then discussed with the city: in the planning confer- Urban vision as a reflection on its own rules T ence, the place of institutional concertation; in the “Bologna a changing city” forum, the place assigned for consultation, also with the economic and social associations; in the participative workshops, venues for discussion of urban regeneration projects, where strategy becomes trees and stones. The themes concern urban dimension (international/ global, metropolitan, and local), systems which make it function (infrastructures for mobility, equipment and collective spaces, ecological and environmental provisions), materials which construct the cities and its relations (the materials of open space and built over space, the historical materials, the infrastructures, the buildings and their type of aggregation). The instruments used to construct the vision concern the reading and the interpretation of the territory, and the evaluation of the state of resources; but also those of the project, by the activation of numerous planning explorations, or by means of in-depth planning experiences (participative workshops).

Maria Cecilia Bizzarri, Francesco Evangelisti, Giovanni Ginocchini, Alice Prospero Urban Center Bologna

46 4647 01

02

03

4647 TEN PROJECTS FOR SEVEN CITIES

To show the urban vision, we thought it in- mentary and managerial uses. Passengers/ teresting to select ten urban projects which year: 96,000 (2007 data item), 180,000 interpret the themes of the seven cities of (2020 estimate). the Bologna Municipal Structural Plan. The captions contain the essential references 2. FAST CONNECTION TO AND FROM of and connection to the city which each CENTRAL RAILWAY STATION - MARCONI project will contribute to build. AIRPORT Project. Consorzio Cooperative Costruzioni 1. NEW CENTRAL BOLOGNA RAILWAY Some significant data. Route length: ~ 5.1 km;

WARD STATION Type of route: on viaduct; Typical height of 01. “The City of Railway - scheme” by Caterina Gfeller and The “City of Railway” is reconstructed start- viaduct (under beam): 5 m; No. of stops: 3; Marina La Palombara. OGNA TO ing from the reorganisation of its central Type pf system: monorail; Station to airport 02. ”The City of Tangenziale - scheme” - by Caterina Gfeller and node, the station to which the following travelling time: 7.5 minutes; Transport Marina La Palombara. converge: the international, national (High capacity: 400-420 passengers per hour in

03. “The City of Hills - scheme” by Caterina Gfeller and Marina La Speed), regional and metropolitan railway travel direction.

Palombara. lines, the main urban public transport systems, the pedestrian flows which are 3. CIVIS PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRAVEL 04. New Station Project: Arata Isozaki with Ove Arup & Partners directed to the old town and the city’s new SYSTEM and studio M+T & Partners (designers), Gruppo Ferrovie dello Stato “centres”. To design the new integrated Project. Civis, now being constructed, is a

(customers) complex of the railway station, and the project actuated by ATC, the Bologna and redevelopment of the surrounding areas, province public transport company, jointly 05. A view of the river according to the project “BOL Ferrovie dello Stato (State Railways), in with the Ministry of Transport, the Emilia- RIVER RENO”. agreement with the local authorities, pro- Romagna Region, the Province of Bologna,

06. The new nursery school GAIANIDO. moted an international design competition the Bologna Municipality and the San Laz-

in 2008. It will be possible to construct the zaro di Savena Municipality. winning project, by Arata Isozaki, while the Some significant data. Route width: 18.93 other components of this urban plan are km; No. of stops: 105 (many of which are

being completed. shared with other ATC public transport

New Station Project. Arata Isozaki with Ove lines). Arup & Partners and studio M+T & Partners

(designers), Gruppo Ferrovie dello Stato 4. DISTRICT COUNTRY-PARK: VIA LARGA (customers). Project. L’Officina group - Micaela Giordano Some significant data. Area of the new inte- (group head), Jacopo Favara, Elisa Ferretti, grated complex of Bologna Central Station: Mariapia Malagoli.

180,000 sq.m, GFA of 42,000 sq.m for sta- Overall area. about 120,000 sq.m.

tion services and 69,000 sq.m for comple- 04

credits

The Plan is developed inside the Municipal technical structures, with

the scientific consultation of the Milan Polytechnic (general consul-

tant: Patrizia Gabellini) and with numerous sectorial consultancies

(equalising: Ezio Micelli Mesa srl; greenery: Fondazione Villa Ghigi;

environmental evaluation: Simona Tondelli, University of Bologna;

graphic representation: Caterina Gfeller and Marina La Palombara);

the project explorations which shaped different aspects of the overall

vision were commissioned from studio Llop Jornet Pastor of Barcelo-

na along with Tasca studio of Bologna, from studio Privileggio-Secchi

architettura, from the Universities of Bologna, Parma, Trieste, Ferrara,

and from the Villard inter-university association.

48 4948 5. “BELLA FUORI”: THE NEW PIAZZA GORKI (Dpau, University of Trieste) with Ravalli Promoting and funding body. Fondazione del Architetti and Tasca Studio Monte di Bologna e Ravenna. Project. sgLab + d-sign. 9. THE CITY’S HILLSIDE Some significant data. Overall area of interven- Project coordination: Jornet Llop arquitectes tion location: 13,500 sq.m; Stay spaces: Some significant data: the hillside occupies 270 metres of seats and 8 benches in steel; one third of the municipal area (one third New lamp posts: 26 to reach a total of 58 is urbanised land, one third peri-urban lamp posts. countryside)

6. “BELLA FUORI”: REDEVELOPMENT OF 10. THE NEW NURSERY SCHOOL “GA- PUBLIC SPACES IN SAN DONATO IANIDO” Project: studio TEEP - F. Toppetti, F. Egidi, The new nursery has been conceived as an V. Bernardi, F. D’Ambrosio integral part of the countryside in the Ra- Some significant data: vone valley, harmonious in terms of both its

Pedestrian spaces: + 4,200 sq.m design and its colour schemes. The project Green spaces: 8,000 sq.m envisages the construction of a wooden

building of low energy consumption, thanks

7. BOLOGNA TOWARD RIVER RENO to constructional and plant-engineering To rediscover the city overlooking the river technologies which favour a lower envi- and to plan (with environmental and loisir ronmental impact and a capacity to partly

functions) the city’s most important green self-produce the energy the school needs: a

infrastructure is the objective expressed by “bioclimatic machine”, also intended to be the “City of Reno River” figure. an educational element for the children.

Project exploration: Giovanni Corbellini Project: Tasca studio architetti associati (Dpau, University of Trieste) with Ravalli (Bologna) Architetti and Tasca Studio Some significant data.Area: 900 sq.m; Green spaces: 2.400 sq.m; No of babies: 69.

8. IDEAS FOR THE CITY - SAVENA PARK Project exploration: Giovanni Corbellini

credits 05 The Plan is developed inside the Municipal technical structures, with

the scientific consultation of the Milan Polytechnic (general consul-

tant: Patrizia Gabellini) and with numerous sectorial consultancies

(equalising: Ezio Micelli Mesa srl; greenery: Fondazione Villa Ghigi;

environmental evaluation: Simona Tondelli, University of Bologna;

graphic representation: Caterina Gfeller and Marina La Palombara);

the project explorations which shaped different aspects of the overall

vision were commissioned from studio Llop Jornet Pastor of Barcelo-

na along with Tasca studio of Bologna, from studio Privileggio-Secchi

architettura, from the Universities of Bologna, Parma, Trieste, Ferrara,

and from the Villard inter-university association.

06

4948 he exhibited project uses the efforts of communities and residents to reflect on, Tdescribe and fantasize about the future of different neighbourhoods in Mumbai. The featured images are created in collaboration with residents, researchers (often from the neighbourhoods being studied) and professionals such as filmmakers, architects, and ity t artists. en d i n s irangaon - or the village of mills - is the story of a massive transformation. That of a ie gigantic manufacturing neighbourhood that spun out miles of cloth with the inputs f a t G I 2015 o ni of hundreds of thousands of workers. It also spawned a cultural fabric that became the A u foundations of Mumbai’s cosmopolitan heritage as migrants from a range of different ion MB regions joined its workforce. The village is today responding to the city’s hunger for land comm and real estate development by re-building on layers of a textile industry’s graveyard. Con- U rvatl e troversially, the mills were shut off one by one by during the eighties. By the nineties the M s a city at large, as well as the residents of the neighbourhood, lost all right of use of the land. on loc C r The area is now full of the markers of a booming service and finance economy - shopping o f malls and high-rises. The images you see record this transformation and simultaneously tell several stories of the past.

haravi is now almost an urban legend. It has caught the global imagination like no Dother place and excites urbanists and city-dwellers for its sheer impossibility. Of course it’s not the only such neighbourhood in the world - but there is something hyp- notic of a space that is dense beyond belief and so productive that it would make a 19th century industrial factory feel calm and quiet. It is what it is because thousands of units make all kinds of goods ranging from pots to leather, from food to textiles. It is the recy- cling hub of the city and Mumbai’s best example of cosmopolitan living. For more images and stories, see the Mythologies of Mumbai section of pukar.org.in.

he images you see here are a fraction of Dharavi’s complexity - but a good repre- Tsentation of what exists. It is the intersection of community and economic life that inspires PUKAR’s engagement. Like Girangaon - Dharavi is also on the verge of a massive transformation. Unlike Girangoan though - its economic life was never tied down to a his- torically specific mode of production - the factory or the mill. In many ways, it bypassed that route and moved straight into a post-industrial mode of operation. Unfortunately, the city’s planning imagination is stuck in an archaic mode and wants to clear it out. For more images and stories, besides the one you see here, log onto dharavi.org.

estled in one corner of Dharavi, but really in many ways its progenitor, is Koliwada, a 3-3_mumbai_CMYK.pdf 1 17/06/09 14:35 Nvillage of fishermen that found itself surrounded by a city that refused to acknowledge its existence. It became hinged to the half-baked category ‘slum’ and made its residents feel unsure of their own identity as modern Mumbaikars. In early 2008, they invited a team of urbanists to collaborate with them and question this treatment. That is how a PUKAR partnered event was organized, called the Urban Typhoon. Local residents and Urban vision as a reflection on its own rules community members got together for a week and brainstormed collectively to come up with concrete ideas, images and visions to challenge a huge makeover plan that the city was imposing onto the village - and Dharavi as a whole - in the name of redevelopment.

The PUKAR team

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50 5051 Dharavi

Industry. Dharavi harbours hundreds of and the like, are structured to mirror their the kind of development being imposed industries of all kinds. This city within native place. Even though generations have on Dharavi and its people is being strongly the city of Mumbai, contributes a large passed for most of these communities, contested. amount to its economy. The value of the traditions are kept alive with a few changes businesses here, are estimated at millions brought in through modernization. Khumb- Politics. Politics in Dharavi run on a bilateral of dollars (though an exact figure is hard harwada, which is the potters community level. One the one hand social activism is to pin point). Products from Dharavi are hailing from Gujarat have been in Dharavi strong in contesting the redevelopment exported globally, from leather products for the last century or so. Their work and plans by garnering local support and work- to medical sutures to clay pots and more. community lives have been integrated in ing towards a more inclusive pro resident Several goods are produced from recycled the same space, which has forged a strong plan. On the other, political parties have a items, which are eventually assembled and community identity amongst the residents. deep interest in capitalizing on Dharavi’s shipped off elsewhere. Production is run Rajabali Chawl is another mixed residential vote bank. Unlike the rest of the city where most often from home and generations of area of Hindus and Christians. However, the promise of better civic facilities forms families are involved in the process. the majority of residents hail from Tamil the mandate for political parties, their Nadu in South India, with the dominant focus in Dharavi is the redevelopment Religion. India is melting pot of religions. caste being the Nadars. The Hindu festival plan. Post the 1992-93 riots, right winged From, Hinduism to Islam to Christianity to of Pongal and the Christian feast of Christ- extremism has been on the rise and some Buddhism, the country is a dwelling place mas are celebrated with great élan. minority communities have turned into for numerous faiths and their various sects. ghettos. Dharavi has been the migration centre for Streets and Houses. Dharavi’s streets are people across India. With the promise of crowded, small and congested, much like a job and a place to live, people flock to the rest of Mumbai. Places to rest and meet the centre with dreams. They bring with appear in small corners and nondescript them their culture, their way of life and parts of the street. Yet, everyone seems to 01. Girangaon

their religion. Religious structures form the live their lives out in the open. Small busi- (photo by Ajit-Bharat / Pukhar) centre point for socialization, community nesses and hawkers contend with pedes- 02. Dharavi 01 programs and festivals. A community’s trians and vehicles for the little space that identity is derived from various factors, one does exist. Houses open up directly to the being the religion it follows. road and more often than not, into each other. People & Communities. The people in Dharavi With the Government and the rest of the hail from various parts of the country. Each world taking interest in Dharavi’s prime community settles in a hamlet and adopts location, redevelopment of houses and almost the same lifestyle as that of their vil- spaces is the burning issue for the area. lage of origin. Their dress, food, residences While everyone is in favour of development,

02

5051 URBAN TYPHOON WORKSHOP. KOLIWADA - DHARAVI March 16 - 22, 2008

Just before the spring of 2008, nearly 100 Koliwada is approximately 40,000 m sq. people from Koliwada Dharavi, Mumbai with an adult population of around 15,000 and all over the world participated in a people. The population is mostly Hindu, multidisciplinary workshop that was held but with a large Catholic presence, as in this urban village. The Urban Typhoon well. This former fishing village is one of documented its unique character and the oldest parts of Dharavi, with historical produced alternative visions for its future records pre-dating the existence of Mum- at a time when the Government is planning bai. Many original residents are property a massive redevelopment of Dharavi, a owners and claim their right to develop the large informal settlement where anything land themselves, refusing to be included in between 500,000 and 1 million people the redevelopment project of the Gover- live. The land value of the 2.2 km sq. area, nment. defined as Dharavi, is estimated at several billion dollars.

52 5352 credits:

”Mythologies of Mumbai -

Girangaon & Dharavi”. Supported by

The Ford Foundation. A project by PUKAR:

Partners for Urban Knowledge Action & Research

www.pukar.org.in

www.urbantyphoon.com

www.dharavi.org

5352 fter presenting the proposals for the 10 cities (joint proposals made by technicians, Aadministrators, architects, planners and intellectuals) it is useful to take a look at the research carried out by those architects who take care of theorethical research. Urban vision is often meant as an occasion for reflection and careful considerations, long term proposals demonstrating an effort for cultivating an ability for investigation.

wo different researches, carried out in Beijing by MAD Architects and Atelier FCJZ on the future of their city, are especially significant in this sense. In particular, the T 01. “What demand safekeeping are expectation for a competitive and sustainable future founds its basis on a reflection upon the destiny of the historical fabric of the Hutong, which today is especially at risk. the city’s spatial structure, its urban experi-

ence and life style...Urban and architectural design

guidelines becomes to an important tool ... to interpret the

urban heritage with freedom yet maintaining a sense of consistency

on both urban and architectural levels”.

ung Ho Chang, Atelier FCJZ, Qian Men: Old Town Regeneration in Y

Central Beijing, 2007

02. “Beijing has a history of short-term futures. From the ‘10 Great

Buildings’ built to celebrate ten years of the People’s Republic in

1959, to the Olympics in 2008, Beijing has limited its ambition to

immediately realizable dreams. ... it becomes necessary to imagine

Beijing’s future beyond 2008, to look beyond short terms problems

01 and political considerations”.

MAD architects,e will insert Beijing super 2050, modern 2006 interventions into the fabric of

03. “W

the Hutongs, to provide new private facilities (showers, toilets, play-

rooms) for the current residents ... 2050 Hutongs will value the lives

of the people who live in the buildings, rather than just the buildings

themselves”.

MAD architects, cit.

54 5554 01. “What demand safekeeping are

the city’s spatial structure, its urban experi-

ence and life style...Urban and architectural design

guidelines becomes to an important tool ... to interpret the

urban heritage with freedom yet maintaining a sense of consistency

on both urban and architectural levels”.

ung Ho Chang, Atelier FCJZ, Qian Men: Old Town Regeneration in Y

Central Beijing, 2007

02. “Beijing has a history of short-term futures. From the ‘10 Great

Buildings’ built to celebrate ten years of the People’s Republic in

1959, to the Olympics in 2008, Beijing has limited its ambition to

immediately realizable dreams. ... it becomes necessary to imagine

Beijing’s future beyond 2008, to look beyond short terms problems

and political considerations”.

MAD architects,e will insert Beijing super 2050, modern 2006 interventions into the fabric of

03. “W

the Hutongs, to provide new private facilities (showers, toilets, play-

rooms) for the current residents ... 2050 Hutongs will value the lives

of the people who live in the buildings, rather than just the buildings

themselves”. 02 MAD architects, cit. 03

5554