Rassegna Della Flora Vascolare Dell'isola Di Levanzo (Arcipelago

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Rassegna Della Flora Vascolare Dell'isola Di Levanzo (Arcipelago INFORMATORE BOTANICO ITALIANO, 38 (2) 481-502, 2006 481 Rassegna della flora vascolare dell’Isola di Levanzo (Arcipelago delle Egadi, Canale di Sicilia) S. ROMANO, G. TOBIA e L. GIANGUZZI ABSTRACT – Review of the vascular flora of Levanzo Island (Egadi Archipelago, Sicily Channel) - The results of a research on the vascular flora of Levanzo Island (Egadi Archipelago) are here presented, including an updated checklist of 468 infrageneric taxa referred to 279 different genera and 78 families. Among these taxa, 65 are new for the island (Anacyclus tomentosus, Anagyris foetida, Arenaria leptoclados, Asphodelus fistulosus, Atriplex latifolia, Avena fatua, Brachypodium pinna- tum, Brassica rapa subsp. campestris, Bromus intermedius and B. sterilis, Carduus nutans subsp. nutans, Carex hallerana, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Cosentinia vellea, Desmazeria sicula, Dittrichia graveolens, Echinochloa colonum, Elaeoselinum asclepium subsp. asclepium, Filago lojaconoi, Fumaria bastardii, F. gaillardotii and F. parviflora, Galium murale, Hedypnois rhagadioloides, Hedysarum glomeratum, Hippocrepis multisiliquosa, Juncus hybridus and J. sorrentinii, Linum decumbens, Lygeum spartum, Malva sylvestris, Medicago ciliaris, M. doliata, M. rigidula and M. tuberculata, Ononis brevi- flora and O. diffusa, Opopanax chironium, Orobanche minor, Papaver dubium, Plantago bellardii, Polycarpon diphyllum, Polygala monspeliaca, Polypogon maritimus subsp. subspathaceus, Romulea linaresii, Sagina maritima, Silybum marianum, Spergularia rubra, Tamarix canariensis, Trisetaria panicea, Valerianella puberula, Vicia sativa subsp. cordata and V. sativa subsp. segetalis, besides several neophytes). Furthemore, 32 others are species reported only by XIX century botanists whose occurrence in the island has been confirmed. In the list several old mistaken records as well as some taxa disap- peared because of the reduction of natural habitats and land uses changes - mainly the lost of agriculture - have not been included. Chorological analysis underlines a noteworthy prevalence of the Mediterranean element (78,4%) mainly con- sisting of South Mediterranean taxa, while life-form spectrum indicates a marked predominance of therophytes (54,4%), according to the extremely arid climate of the island. In the vascular flora of Levanzo Island, 346 species (73,93% of the total) are autochthonous, whereas the remaining 122 (26,06%) are allochthonous, i.e. 104 archaeophytes and 18 neo- phytes. All that, expresses the present anthropization of the territory, where – as it happens in most of the small Mediterranean islands – archaeophytes are tending to decrease, because of the cultivation lack, conversely neophytes are increasing. Key words: chorological spectrum, flora, Levanzo Island, life-form spectrum Ricevuto il 27 Maggio 2005 Accettato il 9 Giugno 2006 INTRODUZIONE L’Isola di Levanzo, ubicata al largo della costa trapa- …”). In ogni caso l’Isola di Levanzo è stata indicata nese, risulta inglobata all’interno della Riserva dalla U.E. come Sito di Importanza Comunitaria Naturale marina “Isole Egadi” (Decreto Min. del (S.I.C.), ai sensi delle Direttive C.E. nn. 409/79 e 27/12/1991). La parte terrestre – pur essendo com- 43/92 (G.U.R.I. n. 65 del 22.04.2002), oltre ad esse- presa nell’ambito del Piano dei Parchi e delle Riserve re inclusa nell’elenco delle Zone di Protezione Naturali della Sicilia (L.R. 98/81 e 14/98) – resta Speciale (Z.P.S.), in quanto area di notevole interesse tuttavia ancora esclusa dallo stesso vincolo protezio- ornitologico. nistico, in quanto la prevista istituzione di un’area Sotto l’aspetto floristico, l’Isola di Levanzo – assieme protetta è stata annullata con sentenza del T.A.R., a a quelle di Favignana e, soprattutto, di Marettimo – seguito dell’opposizione di alcuni privati (“… per è stata oggetto d’attenzione da parte di vari botanici difetto di motivazioni scientifiche e per non aver sin dagli inizi dell’‘800, come risulta dai dati desu- tenuto conto degli interessi delle comunità locali mibili dalle principali flore regionali di GUSSONE 482 ROMANO et al. (1832-34, 1842-45) e LOJACONO-POJERO (1888- viale recente. L’attuale assetto morfologico dell’Isola 1906, 1909), oltre che dai numerosi exsiccata con- di Levanzo è definito dalla presenza di due rilievi cal- servati presso diversi erbari, in particolare le collezio- carei allungati in senso NNW-SSE, culminanti ni di Gussone-Sicilia dell’Erbario di Napoli (NAP- rispettivamente nelle cime di Pizzo del Monaco (278 GUSS), dell’Erbario Siculo – ormai facente parte m) e Pizzo del Corvo (201 m); all’interno si sviluppa dell’Herbarium Mediterraneum di Palermo (PAL) – una depressione pianeggiante, la quale si allarga leg- e dell’Herbarium Centrale Italicum di Firenze (FI). germente verso sud, formando una vasta conca, Una monografia della flora vascolare dell’Isola di denominata La Fossa (69 m). Levanzo è stata prodotta da DI MARTINO,TRAPANI Le formazioni pedologiche più diffuse sono rappre- (1966), nel cui ambito venivano riportate un nume- sentate dalla roccia affiorante (Rock Outcrop) e dai ro complessivo di 462 entità infrageneriche, ivi com- litosuoli (Lithic Xerorthents), talora con frammenti di presi numerosi taxa già segnalati da GUSSONE (l.c.) o suoli bruni (Typic Xerochrepts) e terre rosse (Lithic da LOJACONO (l.c.), anche se non più riscontrati Rhodoxeralfs)(FIEROTTI et al., 1988; FIEROTTI, dagli stessi Autori. Altri dati su entità rappresentate 1997). nell’isola si desumono da vari lavori a carattere flori- Dal punto di vista bioclimatico, secondo la classifi- stico (ROSS, 1899-1901; GÖLZ,REINHARD, 1976, cazione di RIVAS-MARTINEZ (1995), il territorio rien- 1982; BRULLO, 1980; NARDI, 1984; BRULLO, tra interamente nel termomediterraneo secco (T.m.a. PAVONE, 1985; RAFFAELLI,RICCERI, 1988; KÜNKELE, ca. 18 °C; P.m.a. ca. 500 mm). LORENZ, 1995; LORENZ,LORENZ, 2002; BARTOLO, PULVIRENTI, 1997; BRULLO,MINISSALE, 2002; La fisionomia del paesaggio vegetale risente notevol- GRÜNANGER, 2001; BRULLO et al., 2003a, 2003b, mente dell’intensa utilizzazione antropica che, pro- ecc.), fitosociologico (BRULLO,MARCENÒ, 1985; trattasi sin da epoche remote, oltre a causare un certo BARTOLO,BRULLO, 1993; BRULLO et al, 2004; ecc.) depauperamento floristico, ha portato ad un eviden- o biologico-ambientale (RAIMONDO et al., 1992). te degrado fitocenotico. Recentemente è stata da noi avviata una ricerca geo- Gli aspetti di vegetazione maggiormente strutturati botanica nel territorio insulare, preminentemente sono costituiti da residuali nuclei di macchia, fre- finalizzata allo studio fitosociologico della vegetazio- quentemente sostituiti da espressioni di vegetazione ne (ROMANO et al., 2003). Nel corso delle stesse secondaria, relative alle seguenti unità seriali: - serie indagini è stato possibile accertare la presenza di varie sud-ovest-mediterranea costiera, basifila su calcari, entità inedite per l’isola – anche se in parte neofite – infra-termomediterranea secca della Periploca mino- oltre alla riconferma di altre non più segnalate di re (Periploco-Euphorbio dendroidis sigmetum); - serie recente. Nasceva da qui l’idea di effettuare una rasse- sicula costiero-collinare, basifila, su calcari e dolo- gna aggiornata della flora vascolare dell’Isola di mie, termomediterranea secca dell’Olivastro e Levanzo, a circa un quarantennio del succitato lavo- dell’Euforbia arborescente (Rhamno-Euphorbio den- ro di DI MARTINO,TRAPANI (1966), anche al fine di droidis sigmetum); - serie sicula costiera, basifila, su valutarne i riflessi della parziale trasformazione del suoli bruni, termomediterranea secca dell’Olivastro e territorio. del Lentisco (Oleo-Pistacio lentisci sigmetum). Sono altresì rappresentati anche i microgeosigmeti relativi CARATTERISTICHE DEL TERRITORIO alle coste rocciose ed alle rupi interne (ROMANO et L’Isola di Levanzo (Fig. 1) fa parte dell’Arcipelago al., 2003). delle Egadi, assieme a Favignana e Marettimo e agli isolotti di Formica e Maraone, costituendo la parte MATERIALI E METODI emersa dei rilievi sottomarini che collegano la catena Al fine di pervenire ad una rassegna completa e maghrebide siciliana a quella tunisina. In particolare, nomenclaturalmente aggiornata della flora insulare, essa si pone a 37°59’10’’ latitudine N e a 12°20’30’’ sono state condotte indagini bibliografiche e d’erba- longitudine E (da Grenwich), con un’estensione di 5,82 Kmq ed uno sviluppo costiero di 12 Km; è rio; inoltre, sono state effettuate varie escursioni nei caratterizzata da substrati carbonatici e clastico-terri- diversi periodi dell’anno, durante le quali si è proce- geni risalenti al Mesozoico-Terziario, su cui poggiano duto a nuove raccolte. Per la nomenclatura si è fatto in discordanza depositi plio-quaternari (ABATE et al., riferimento principalmente a Med-Checklist 1995). I terreni pre-quaternari risalgono al Trias (GREUTER et al., 1984-89), Flora Europaea (TUTIN et superiore-Lias medio e sono costituiti da una succes- al., 1964-80, 1993) e Flora d’Italia (PIGNATTI, sione di calcari dolomitici a ciclotemi stromatolitici e 1982); per alcune entità critiche sono state consulta- loferitici, cui si sovrappongono argille e marne sab- te opere monografiche più recenti, le quali possono biose risalenti al Pliocene inferiore (AGNESI et al., essere desunte in bibliografia. Alla stessa opera di 1993). I terreni quaternari sono invece rappresentati PIGNATTI (1982) ci si è attenuti anche per i riferi- da calcareniti ed arenarie risalenti al Pleistocene infe- menti relativi alla forma biologica ed al tipo corolo-
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