Basidiomycota

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BASIDIOMYCOTA 1. Class Uredinoiomycetes –Order Uredinales - The Rusts 2. Class Ustomycetes -Order Ustilaginales - The Smuts 3. Class Basidiomycetes- Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms - inky caps, oyster mushrooms, etc. Gilled mushrooms Inky caps The Rusts These are obligate parasites. Generally these require two host to complete their lifecycle. Primary hosts – the host on which basidia and basidiospores are produced. Alternate host – the other host in the life cycle on which spermagonia and aecia are produced. Alternative host – the host that a pathogen can infect in place of the primary or alternate hosts. Heteroecious – organisms with a primary and alternate host. Autoecious – organisms that have only a single (primary) host. Macrocyclic rust – long cycle rust. Produce all 5 spore types. Demicyclic rust – medium cycle rust. Omits uredia. Microcyclic rust – short cycle rusts. Produces basidiospores, teliospores and spermatia. Stem Rust of Wheat caused by Puccinia graminis Reduces yield and quality of grain fungus causes lesions or pustules on wheat stems. Management . remove alternate host (i.e., barberry); . use resistant cultivars of wheat Cedar-Apple Rust caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Apples become deformed and ugly; fruit size reduced due to damage to foliage – Management . removal of cedar trees, which serves as the alternate host; . spray apple trees with fungicides, and . use rust-resistant apple trees The Smuts Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis Galls develop on male and female (ear) inflorescences. No major methods of control recommended; tends to be a chronic but relatively insignificant disease. Loose smut of cereals by Ustilago avenae, U. nuda, and U. tritici Flowering parts of plants develop spore-filled galls (teliospores) – infected seed treated with fungicides before planting; use of certified smut-free seeds and systemic fungicides; hot-water treatment of seed to kill fungus. Comparison of Rust & Smut Fungi No. Order Uredinales (rusts) Order Ustilaginales (smuts) 1. Teliospores terminal. Teliospores intercalary. 2. Basidiospores 4, discharged from Basidiospores variable in number, not on sterigmata, not sterigmata. discharged. 3. Spermagonia produce dikaryotic stage. No spermagonia; dikaryotic stage. stage arises from fusion of any two compatible cells. 4. Clamp connections absent. Clamp connections common. 5. Many species require two hosts for Never requires two hosts. complete life cycle. 6. Most species unculturable on artificial Most species readily culturable. media. 7. Infections usually localized. Infections usually systemic. 8. Teliospores in telial sori, usually on stems Teliospores replace host host organs, usually ovaries and or leaves. anthers. 9. Attack ferns, gymnosperms, or Attack only angiosperms. angiosperms. 10. Puccinia graminis Ustilago maydis Ustilago avenae, U. nuda, and U. tritici Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae .

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The Ustilaginales (Smut Fungi) of Ohio*
THE USTILAGINALES (SMUT FUNGI) OF OHIO* C. W. ELLETT Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 The smut fungi are in the order Ustilaginales with one family, the Ustilaginaceae, recognized. They are all plant parasites. In recent monographs 276 species in 22 genera are reported in North America and more than 1000 species have been reported from the world (Fischer, 1953; Zundel, 1953; Fischer and Holton, 1957). More than one half of the known smut fungi are pathogens of species in the Gramineae. Most of the smut fungi are recognized by the black or brown spore masses or sori forming in the inflorescences, the leaves, or the stems of their hosts. The sori may involve the entire inflorescence as Ustilago nuda on Hordeum vulgare (fig. 2) and U. residua on Danthonia spicata (fig. 7). Tilletia foetida, the cause of bunt of wheat in Ohio, sporulates in the ovularies only and Ustilago violacea which has been found in Ohio on Silene sp. forms spores only in the anthers of its host. The sori of Schizonella melanogramma on Carex (fig. 5) and of Urocystis anemones on Hepatica (fig. 4) are found in leaves. Ustilago striiformis (fig. 6) which causes stripe smut of many grasses has sori which are mostly in the leaves. Ustilago parlatorei, found in Ohio on Rumex (fig. 3), forms sori in stems, and in petioles and midveins of the leaves. In a few smut fungi the spore masses are not conspicuous but remain buried in the host tissues. Most of the species in the genera Entyloma and Doassansia are of this type.
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Pear Trellis Rust, a New Disease
Natter’s Notes summer. By mid-summer, Pear Trellis Rust, a tiny black dots (pycnia) appear in the center of the new disease leaf spots.” [Fig 3] By late Jean R. Natter summer, brown, blister-like swellings form on the lower Recently, Pear Trellis Rust leaf surface just beneath (Gymnosporangium the leaf spots. This is sabinae) became the followed by the newest contributor to this development of acorn- hodge-podge-let’s-try- shaped structures (aecia) everything year. During with open, trellis-like sides 2016, the first case of pear Fig 1: Pear trellis rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) on the top that give this disease its trellis rust was reported in leaf surface of edible pear tree; Multnomah County, OR. (Client common name. (Fig 4) the northern section of the image; 2017-09) Aeciospores produced within Willamette Valley, that on a Bartlett pear growing in the aecia are wind-blown to susceptible juniper Milwaukie, Clackamas County. (See “Pear Trellis hosts where they can cause infections on young Rust: First Report in Oregon” Metro MG Newsletter, shoots. These spores are released from late summer January 2016; until leaf drop.” (“Pear Trellis Rust, http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/metro/sites/d Gymnosporangium sabinae” efault/files/dec_2016_mg_newsletter_12116.pdf. (http://www.ladybug.uconn.edu/FactSheets/pear- Then, in mid-September 2017, an inquiry about a trellis-rust_6_2329861430.pdf) pear leaf problem in Multnomah County was submitted to Ask an Expert. [Fig 1; Fig 2] Yes, it’s Signs on affected alternate host junipers are difficult another fruiting pear tree infected with trellis rust. It to detect.
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Introduction to Neotropical Entomology and Phytopathology - A
TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol. VI - Introduction to Neotropical Entomology and Phytopathology - A. Bonet and G. Carrión INTRODUCTION TO NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY A. Bonet Department of Entomology, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico G. Carrión Department of Biodiversity and Systematic, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico Keywords: Biodiversity loss, biological control, evolution, hotspot regions, insect biodiversity, insect pests, multitrophic interactions, parasite-host relationship, pathogens, pollination, rust fungi Contents 1. Introduction 2. History 2.1. Phytopathology 2.1.1. Evolution of the Parasite-Host Relationship 2.1.2. The Evolution of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Host Plants 2.1.3. Flor’s Gene-For-Gene Theory 2.1.4. Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Plant Parasitic Fungi and Hyperparasites 2.2. Entomology 2.2.1. Entomology in Asia and the Middle East 2.2.2. Entomology in Ancient Greece and Rome 2.2.3. New World Prehispanic Cultures 3. Insect evolution 4. Biodiversity 4.1. Biodiversity Loss and Insect Conservation 5. Ecosystem services and the use of biodiversity 5.1. Pollination in Tropical Ecosystems 5.2. Biological Control of Fungi and Insects 6. The future of Entomology and phytopathology 7. Entomology and phytopathology section’s content 8. ConclusionUNESCO – EOLSS Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchesSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Insects are among the most abundant and diverse organisms in terrestrial ecosystems, making up more than half of the earth’s biodiversity. To date, 1.5 million species of organisms have been recorded, although around 85% of potential species (some 10 million) have not yet been identified. In the case of the Neotropics, although insects are clearly a vital element, there are many families of organisms and regions that are yet to be well researched.
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The Pathogenicity and Seasonal Development of Gymnosporangium
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1931 The ap thogenicity and seasonal development of Gymnosporangium in Iowa Donald E. Bliss Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Botany Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Bliss, Donald E., "The ap thogenicity and seasonal development of Gymnosporangium in Iowa " (1931). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14209. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14209 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMl films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMl a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g.. maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps.
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Molecular Phylogeny of Ustilago and Sporisorium Species (Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences1
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The Smut Fungi Determined in Aladağlar and Bolkar Mountains (Turkey)
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Pear Trellis Rust
Dr. Yonghao Li Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street, P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504 Phone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502 Founded in 1875 Email: [email protected] Putting science to work for society Website: www.ct.gov/caes PEAR TRELLIS RUST Pear trellis rust (European pear rust) is one premature defoliation, significant diebacks, of most devastating diseases on fruit and and reduced tree vigour (Figure 1). ornamental pear trees in Europe. In the United States, since the disease was first SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSTICS reported in the Bellingham, WA in 1997, it The disease affects pear and juniper plants, has moved from the west coast to east coast. which is the alternate host of the fungal In Connecticut, pear trellis rust was first pathogen Gymnosporangium sabinae. On reported in 2012. Although the disease is pear trees, the disease mainly damages considered cosmetic on pear trees, heavy and leaves although twigs and fruit can also be repeated infections due to wet spring infected. The initial symptom appears as weather conditions may result in severe yellow spots on the upper side of young leaves in the spring. Lesions become reddish orange in color and expand up to 3/4 inch in diameter (Figure 2). By mid summer, small black dots (spermagonia) form in the center of the spot on the upper side of leaves. And then, light brown, Figure 1. Browning of leaves and early Figure 2. Reddish-brown lesions on the defoliation of heavily infected pear trees in upper- (left) and lower-side (right) of the early summer leaf acorn-shaped structures (aecia) form on the differences in susceptibility between under side of the leaf directly below the varieties.
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Master Thesis
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala 2011 Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of rust fungi forming aecia on Berberis spp. in Sweden Iuliia Kyiashchenko Master‟ thesis, 30 hec Ecology Master‟s programme SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Iuliia Kyiashchenko Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of rust fungi forming aecia on Berberis spp. in Sweden Uppsala 2011 Supervisors: Prof. Jonathan Yuen, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Anna Berlin, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Examiner: Anders Dahlberg, Dept. of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Credits: 30 hp Level: E Subject: Biology Course title: Independent project in Biology Course code: EX0565 Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Key words: rust fungi, aecia, aeciospores, morphology, barberry, DNA sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis Front-page picture: Barberry bush infected by Puccinia spp., outside Trosa, Sweden. Photo: Anna Berlin 2 3 Content 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.1 Life cycle…………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.2 Hyphae and haustoria………………………………………………………………... 9 1.3 Rust taxonomy……………………………………………………………………….. 10 1.3.1 Formae specialis………………………………………………………………. 10 1.4 Economic importance………………………………………………………………... 10 2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………………... 13 2.1 Rust and barberry
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Cedar Apple Rust
HOME GROUNDS FACT SHEET Horticulture Center Cornell University Demonstration & Community Gardens at East Meadow Farm Cooperative Extension 832 Merrick Avenue East Meadow, NY 11554 Nassau County Phone: 516-565-5265 Cedar-Apple Rust The disease, cedar-apple rust, is caused by minute These fungi live within the tissues of their hosts and organisms known as fungi. Several of the rust fungi reproduce by means of spores. The fungi are unable to attack various junipers and cedar (Juniperus species). spread from juniper to juniper or from one broadleaf Though the fungi usually do little harm to these trees host to another, but must alternate between the two and shrubs, they make them unsightly and thus detract kinds of plants. That is, the spores produced by a rust from their value as ornamentals. Cedar-apple rust fungi fungus on eastern red cedar or juniper can cause the must live also in the foliage of certain broadleaf woody disease only on a broadleaf host and vice versa. plants for definite periods of time in order to complete Consequently, if either host is absent, the fungus their life cycle. These intervening hosts are essential for cannot spread and will eventually die. survival and intensification of the disease on coniferous hosts. Many of the alternate hosts are valuable orna- Symptoms mental and horticultural trees and shrubs which may be When these rust fungi become established upon ever- severely injured by the rust fungus. green hosts, they cause either swelling in the wood tissues or definite gall-like growths which may enlarge LIFE CYCLE OF CEDAR-APPLE RUST to as much as two inches in diameter.
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Comparative Analysis of the Maize Smut Fungi Ustilago Maydis and Sporisorium Reilianum
Comparative Analysis of the Maize Smut Fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Bernadette Heinze aus Johannesburg Marburg / Lahn 2009 Vom Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen am: Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Regine Kahmann Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Bölker Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Die Untersuchungen zur vorliegenden Arbeit wurden von März 2003 bis April 2007 am Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie in der Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen unter Betreuung von Dr. Jan Schirawski durchgeführt. Teile dieser Arbeit sind veröffentlicht in : Schirawski J, Heinze B, Wagenknecht M, Kahmann R . 2005. Mating type loci of Sporisorium reilianum : Novel pattern with three a and multiple b specificities. Eukaryotic Cell 4:1317-27 Reinecke G, Heinze B, Schirawski J, Büttner H, Kahmann R and Basse C . 2008. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis in the smut fungus Ustilago maydis and its relevance for increased IAA levels in infected tissue and host tumour formation. Molecular Plant Pathology 9(3): 339-355. Erklärung Erklärung Ich versichere, dass ich meine Dissertation mit dem Titel ”Comparative analysis of the maize smut fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum “ selbständig, ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt und mich dabei keiner anderen als der von mir ausdrücklich bezeichneten Quellen und Hilfen bedient habe. Diese Dissertation wurde in der jetzigen oder einer ähnlichen Form noch bei keiner anderen Hochschule eingereicht und hat noch keinen sonstigen Prüfungszwecken gedient. Ort, Datum Bernadette Heinze In memory of my fathers Jerry Goodman and Christian Heinze. “Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.
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Crataegus (Hawthorn)
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Investigating the Impact of Environmentally Relevant Imidazole Concentrations on the Antifungal Susceptibility and Community Composition of Soil Fungi
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-17-2020 4:00 PM Investigating the Impact of Environmentally Relevant Imidazole Concentrations on the Antifungal Susceptibility and Community Composition of Soil Fungi Farhaan Kanji, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: Topp, Edward, The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor: Henry, Hugh, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Master of Science degree in Biology © Farhaan Kanji 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Kanji, Farhaan, "Investigating the Impact of Environmentally Relevant Imidazole Concentrations on the Antifungal Susceptibility and Community Composition of Soil Fungi" (2020). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7662. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7662 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Abstract Miconazole and clotrimazole are environmentally-persistent drugs that are entrained into crop soils through the application of biosolids. There is concern that environmental exposure to such azole antifungals, which inhibit fungal growth by disrupting the production of the fungal cell membrane component ergosterol, promotes resistance in clinically or agriculturally relevant fungi. Thus, either environmentally-relevant or excessive levels of these drugs were applied to microplots over ten years and compared with drug-free plots. Overall, ergosterol quantification, plates counts, and identification of >250 fungal isolates showed lower fungal counts and species richness in plots receiving excessive drug amounts.
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