MEDITERRÁN TANULMÁNYOK ÉTUDES SUR LA RÉGION MÉDITERRANÉENNE XXX. UNIVERSITÉ DE SZEGED DÉPARTEMENT D’HISTOIRE MODERNE ET D’ÉTUDES MÉDITERRANÉENNES SZEGED 2020 Directeur de publication László J. Nagy Comité de rédaction Salvatore Barbagallo (Università del Salento, Lecce), Péter Ákos Ferwagner (Université de Szeged), Habib Kazdaghli (Université de la Manouba, Tunis), Andrea Kökény (Université de Szeged), Lajos Kövér (Université de Szeged), Didier Rey (Università di Corsica Pasquale Paoli), Tramor Quemeneur (Université de Paris VIII), Beáta Varga (Université de Szeged), Péter Vukman (Université de Szeged) Ce volume a été rédigé par Balázs Balatoni et Dorottya Mihályi Rédaction, publication Szegedi Tudományegyetem Újkori Egyetemes Történeti és Mediterrán Tanulmányok Tanszék H-6722 Szeged, Egyetem u. 2. Tel./Fax.: (36) (62) 544-805, 544-464 e-mail : [email protected] Metteur en pages Péter Ákos Ferwagner La parution de ce volume a été financée par la Fondation « Szegedért ». ISSN : 02388308 Les opinions émises dans les articles n’engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs. SOMMAIRE Introduction (Balázs Balatoni ‒ Dorottya Mihályi)...................................................5 Kutse Altın Illustrating the Discussions on Ottoman Studies in the Early Republican Turkey through Tayyib Gökbilgin.........................................................................................9 Terézia Podhajská Slovene National Identity as a Part of Yugoslav Identity or as its Contradiction? .17 Mortaza Firuzi An overview of Mehmet Akif Ersoy’s ideal generation in Âsım............................35 Olga Kuznetsova The national question, monarchism and the state in the political views of the Russian emigrant Sergei Prokopovich ....................................................................45 László Ambrus Torn between Two Nations – Aspects of Loyalty in the case of Hungarian Immigrants in the United States in 1917–1919.......................................................57 Amalia Maria Bolcu Des chevaliers de Charlemagne aux « mercenaires » du XIX e siècle..........................77 Andreea-Roxana Dobrescu La guerre franco-prussienne « traduite » à la littérature : Les Soirées de Médan ...89 Dorottya Mihályi Touristes au service de l’État – Le récit de voyage comme un instrument contre l’indifférence coloniale ?.......................................................................................101 Murat I şık Some Biblical Hebrew Influence on the Karaim Bible Translations: The Book of Leviticus, Gözleve Bible (1841) ...........................................................................115 Anastas Bezha Austria-Hungary and the Albanian Project. A Comparative Case Study: Between support and imperialism........................................................................................131 Cengiz Ergün A Part of the Ottoman Centralization Policy: Travel Permits and Their Samples Until the 20 th Century............................................................................................155 Charles Barton High Commissioner Bristol’s Implementation of Wilsonian Internationalism in Asia Minor and Its Shortcomings..........................................................................175 Luka Peji ć Banditry and Subversion in Croatia at the End of the Long Nineteenth Century .187 Introduction 2nd Conflict, Change and Cooperation – International PhD Student Conference, Uni- versity of Szeged: A conference postponed The end of the year 2019 and the year 2020, in particular, have posed an extraordinary chal- lenge to the global community of mankind. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global economy, and have confronted us with many difficulties from the individual to the institutional level, in a momentarily unknown degree. It not only raised questions upon ex- isting political and social practices, but also compelled academia to find new ways to en- gage with research, education and scientific communication. In response to this challenges, symposiums throughout the globe have been postponed either to a later date or have been adapted to this most unfavourable situation, and moved to the online sphere. The aim of our conference, organized by the Doctoral School of History of the Univer- sity of Szeged, would have been to gather PhD students and early career researchers across humanities in order to discuss the developments of the 19–20 th centuries: to grasp the fer- mentation of ‘the age of empire’ 1, and to explore the new directions, ideas and social action brought about in the wake of the fall of the great eastern empires of the Habsburgs, Ro- manovs and Ottomans. The year of 2020 in Hungary also has been marked by the com- memoration of the 100th anniversary of Treaty of Trianon: dozens of scientific conferences and other events have been organized (and, of course, either postponed or cancelled). 2 Our hope was to convoke the experiences of the broader region, and in a sense, thereby to take a look on our own national history with a wider, i.e., a transnational perspective. Similarly to our aims laid down last year, we still feel dedicated to the encouragement of regional col- laboration and cooperation, therefore we are determined to organize similar (online) events in the future. The present volume of the 30 th issue of the Mediterrán Tanulmányok – Études sur la ré- gion Méditerranéenne contains 13 articles, each written by either currently PhD students or early career researchers who investigate the history, the literary representation or the lin- guistic heritage of the vast area constituted by the above-mentioned empires, or discussing relevant issues in the context of the broader period’s conflicts and changes. The first group of articles deals with the various aspects of identity. Kutse Altın (Uni- versity of Szeged) investigates the place of Tayyip Gökbilgin and of Ottoman Studies in the 1 Hobsbawm, Eric: The Age of Empire 1875–1914 . Vintage Books, New York 1989. 2 Most of the commemorations in Hungary was organized by the state-run Centenary Comme- morative Committee which offered a wide spectrum of cultural programs and various funds (for reno- vation of military graveyards, e. g.). However, the most representative vehicle of historical research, in Hungary, has been the ‘Trianon 100’ Lendület [Momentum] Research Group under the aegis of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. See more: https://trianon100.hu/ (accessed 15 October 2020) 6 Introduction newly founded Turkish Republic’s national historiography. Beyond providing an outline of Gökbilgin’s scientific career, the author also argues that the development of Ottoman Stud- ies was not hampered by, as it is still widely acknowledged, the early republican nationalist vision of historiography. Terézia Podhajská (Comenius University) explores the place of Slovenian identity between the national and the supranational level, offered by the idea of Yugoslavism, in the first Yugoslavia. It is argued that although the Slovenes wholeheart- edly supported the idea of Yugoslavia, they worked for wider national self-government within the Yugoslav framework. Podhajská argues that the contemporary school textbooks offer the best evidence of the development of Slovenian national identity, and which also reflects the Slovenian People’s Party pursue for a federalist Yugoslavia. Through the analy- sis of Mehmet Akif Ersoy’s prominent work, titled Asım , Mortaza Firuzi (University of Szeged) portrays an ideal generation of Ottomans who would secure a prosperous future for their state in the wake of Ottoman collapse and the proclamation of the Turkish republic. Firuzi offers a brief insight into Ersoy’s notion on the relationship between nationality and religion. The centre of Olga Kuznetzova’s (Saint Petersburg State University) article is the political thinking of a Russian émigré, Sergei Prokopovich. Contrary to the stand of the bulk of post-1917 Russian emigrants, Prokopovich rejected the idea of the restoration of the monarchy in Russia, and Kuznetsova, based on Prokopovich publications, put under scru- tiny his views on a modern democratic Russia. The paper of László Ambrus (Eszterházy Károly University) discuss the loyalties and identities of those Hungarians who had emi- grated to the United States prior to World War I. Although many of them joined the Ameri- can army after the country entered the war in 1917, as Ambrus points out, the Hungarian community had to face ethnically inspired atrocities (being the compatriots of the enemy) during the war. The second block of articles deals mainly with representation. Amalia Maria Bolcu (West University of Timi şoara) uses French medieval and 19 th -century naturalist texts to compare two different types of soldier and to describe the transformation which takes place from the heroic, brave and kind knight to the cruel, frightening Prussian soldier who kills for his own entertainment. Andreea-Roxana Dobrescu (West University of Timi şoara) stud- ies the term of agony based on a French collection of six novels, Les Soirées de Médan (“Evenings at Médan”), about the Franco-Prussian war (1870–1871). She focuses on the three different meanings of the term agony: medical (death of war participants), philosophic (woman’s anxiety of abandon and defenceless) and abstract (the collapse of French political system). Dorottya Mihályi (University of Szeged) shed light on the essential role of travel- lers in image- and knowledge-production of a certain territory, and, often, to facilitate the realisation of certain national