FACES AND PLACES

anniversary TRIUMF celebrates its first four decades

A little more than 40 years after TRIUMF was formally introduced to the world with the planting of an apple tree from Sir Isaac Newton’s family estate, the laboratory threw open its doors to the community to show off the fruit borne by four decades of basic and applied research. On 8 August TRIUMF celebrated its 40th anniversary with a festive open house, where for only the second time, the lab was open to the public for self-guided tours, physics demonstrations, games, fun for kids and free food. More than 1300 people came to this milestone event and they were not disappointed – some 100 TRIUMF employees volunteered on a pleasantly warm Saturday afternoon to talk to visitors along the tour route, answer questions, give demonstrations and explain the experiments and apparatus currently in operation. “A fifth of the lab gave up their Saturday TRIUMF’s 40th Anniversary commemoration ceremony. Invited guests and scientists who attended the to show TRIUMF off to the community,” original tree-planting ceremony 40 years ago, pose for a photograph in front of descendants of explains Colin Morton, ISAC beam physicist “Newton’s apple trees”. From left to right: Joop Burgerjon, Ed Auld (kneeling), Terry Creaney, Alan Otter, and key member of the open-house planning provincial government MLA Richard Lee, Lyle Robertson, federal government MP Joyce Murray, TRIUMF committee, “and it was their enthusiasm co-founder Erich Vogt, David Walker, Lorna Warren, Ralph Korteling, TRIUMF director Nigel Lockyer, Mark that really made the event a success”. His Halpern, John Hepburn, George MacKenzie, Jan Fialkowski, Jack Beveridge, Michael Craddock sentiments were echoed by many of the (kneeling), George Griffiths, Richard Helmer, Karl Erdman and Don Heywood. visitors who enjoyed talking to the scientists and were inspired by the passion and (and formerly of TRIUMF ), Richard T Lee; the genesis of subatomic physics at UBC enthusiasm that they expressed for their work. the executive director of the University after the Second World War was particularly The physics demonstrations were also a big Neighbourhood Association, Jan Fialkowski; interesting. A worthy commemoration of hit, from the superconducting levitating train the vice president of research at UBC, John TRIUMF’s roots and a credit to the present to the physics magic show, the cosmic-ray Hepburn; and the federal minister of state for staff responsible for the many and various shower detectors and the liquid-nitrogen science and technology, Gary Goodyear (via arrangements!” demonstration. prepared video). One highlight was the ceremony At the end of the ceremony, Lorna Warren, commemorating the 40th Anniversary wife of the late John Warren, a TRIUMF From the archives of TRIUMF’s dedication and the original co-founder and its first director, unveiled a On 5 May a symbolic tree-planting ceremony planting of Newton’s apple trees. During plaque commemorating the 40th anniversary. was held. The Honourable Jean Luc Pepin, the ceremony, Mark Halpern of the nearby Many of TRIUMF’s scientists present at the Canadian Minister of Energy, Mines and University of British Columbia (UBC) 1969 ceremony were in attendance and Resources, planted an apple tree on which talked on the physics of apples, gravity were moved by the significance of the event. had been grafted some scions of a direct and Newton, while TRIUMF co-founder and A special display of photographs helped to descendent of the famous apple tree at director emeritus Erich Vogt put TRIUMF into honour their contribution to the lab’s four Woolsthorpe Manor in Lincolnshire, England, context as an evolving initiative in science, decades of success. “It was great to see so under which Newton received inspiration for excellence and innovation for Canada. many of the pioneers who helped to make his laws of gravity. From March 1973, when Invited dignitaries gave their observations TRIUMF a reality 40 years ago return from the first beam is scheduled to be extracted on the lab’s achievements and contributions retirement to celebrate the anniversary and from TRIUMF, scientists may well be seen to the advancement of Canadian health see what had become of their creation,” says grouped under this tree hoping for similar and science. They included local federal Michael Craddock, himself a TRIUMF pioneer messages from above. member of parliament, Joyce Murray; local (and longtime lab correspondent for CERN ●● CERN Courier June 1969 p172 (extract). provincial member of the legislative assembly Courier). “…Lorna Warren’s description of

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award Visit Glamorgan honours Lyn Evans with doctorate CERN’s Lyn Evans has received an honorary doctorate from the University of Glamorgan, in his homeland of Wales. Evans, who led the LHC project from its inception in 1994 until Israel’s minister of science and technology, the start-up in September 2008, was born in Daniel Hershkovitz, right, visited CERN Aberdare in Mid Glamorgan and attended the on 26 August. He toured the ATLAS local grammar school there. The University experimental cavern accompanied by of Glamorgan, which began as the South former ATLAS muon project leader, George Wales and Monmouthshire School of Mines, Mikenberg, left, and ATLAS spokesperson, is now the second-largest university in Wales Fabiola Gianotti. He also met with members with more than 22 000 students. Evans of the Israeli community at CERN and was awarded the honorary doctorate in a toured the ATLAS visitor centre. ceremony at the university on 14 July. Lyn Evans. (Courtesy University of Glamorgan.)

celebration CERN celebrates as André Martin turns 80

On 27 August CERN’s main auditorium was was awarded the Gian Carlo Wick Gold the venue for a celebration in honour of André Medal in 2007 in recognition of his work Martin’s 80th birthday. Regarded as one on the rigorous analyticity and symmetry of the most important theoretical particle properties of scattering amplitudes, physicists of his generation, Martin is one including the Froissart-Martin bound on total of CERN’s most distinguished figures. The cross-sections and his contributions to the celebration began with a symposium, with understanding of heavy quark–antiquark contributions from: Jean-Marc Richard, of systems. He retired in 1994 but continues his the Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et work as a theoretician at CERN. Cosmologie (LPSC), at Grenoble University; After the symposium, Martin made Harald Grosse of the University of Vienna; a speech in which he looked back over Shansaka Roy of Jawaharlal Nehru University; his 50-year career and paid tribute to and Tai Tsun Wu of Harvard. all of those who had made important Martin joined CERN in 1959 as a Fellow contributions during his time at CERN. This in the Theory Division and became a was followed by a concert of piano and cello permanent staff member in 1964. He André Martin at the 80th birthday symposium. music, as well as a reception.

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particle astrophysics collaboration Neutralino makes an Fellowships for Koreans appearance in space at CERN Late on 28 August, ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang, took off on board the space The funding agency of the Ministry of shuttle Discovery for his second journey Education, Science and Technology of the into space, this time as a specialist on Republic of Korea, the National Research the STS-128 mission. During the space Foundation, has launched a new programme flight to the International Space Station for collaboration between the Republic (ISS), the Swedish astronaut completed of Korea and CERN in theoretical particle two space walks to make repairs and physics. As a part of the programme, modifications, bringing his total number CERN’s Theory Unit has this year awarded of space walks to five. However, there was fellowships to two young Koreans, Chul Kim also something slightly different about this from Duke University in the US and Hyun Min mission: accompanying him in his flight kit Lee from McMaster University in Canada. was a neutralino – a particle predicted by Swedish ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang during They will come to CERN to work for one and supersymmetry that could also explain the flight-day two of the STS-128 mission with space two years, respectively, as CERN fellows dark matter in space. shuttle Discovery. (Courtesy ESA/NASA.) with the Theory Unit. Fuglesang was selected for the ESA Korea is the third non-member country, astronaut corps in 1992, but prior to that after Japan and Israel, to establish such a he embarked on a career in particle physics collaboration in theory. The programme’s as a fellow at CERN (CERN Courier January/ Korean team leader, Deog-Ki Hong of February 2003 p58). Now a highly trained Pusan National University, says that the and experienced astronaut, he wanted to Korean government is trying to expand the take something special into space that programme to include scholarships for represented CERN. Enter the custom-made graduate students in high-energy theory and neutralino designed by the “Particle establish a short-term visit programme for Zookeeper” Julie Peasely (CERN Courier July/ postdocs. August p66), branded with both the CERN The aim is that the new collaboration and ESA logos and chosen because, as a between CERN and the Republic of Korea will candidate for dark matter, it neatly links benefit the high-energy community in Korea the research of the two organizations in The handmade plush neutralino that accompanied as well as CERN, especially in the exciting era astrophysics and particle physics. Christer Fuglesang on his latest space mission. of the Large Hadron Collider.

The 50th anniversary of the first publication of the CERN Courier provided the opportunity for a modest celebration on 2 September 2009. All six of the principal editors that the magazine has had over its 50 years met together for the first time. After getting acquainted and re-acquainted over lunch, they gathered in the library at CERN to answer questions about producing the magazine over the years. From right to left, from the first editor to the present incumbent: Roger Anthoine, Alec Hester, Brian Southworth, Gordon Fraser, James Gillies and Christine Sutton.

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meetings

A Workshop on Applications of High It will focus on SRF linac approaches and Kodiakanal, on 1–11 December 2009. With Intensity Proton Accelerators will be held on how they can be used for future accelerator good foundation courses in particle physics 19–21 October 2009 at Fermilab. Fermilab’s applications. For further information, please and astrophysics, the emphasis will be future accelerator R&D programme is contact Cynthia M Sazama, e-mail: sazama@ on neutrino astrophysics and gamma-ray focused on an SRF linac for Project-X, the fnal.gov; or visit http://conferences.fnal.gov/ astronomy. Second-year master’s students ILC, or any future machine. The workshop App-Proton-Accelerator/index.html. and young researchers in related fields are will cover topics related to challenges in the encouraged to apply. There are no registration design of high-power CW and pulsed linear The Indian Institute of Astrophysics, charges and the selected candidates will accelerators, targetry and the design of Bangalore and the Institute of Mathematical be given local hospitality. The deadline systems to collect pions to achieve muon Sciences, Chennai, are conducting a Winter for applications is 20 October. For further beams leading to a neutrino factory. School on High Energy Astrophysics in information, see www.iiap.res.in/kodai_he09.

letters

Discovering antimatter was why a bound multi-antinucleon state was of the S-matrix theory, which is the negation required to prove the existence of antimatter. of RQFT, was a focal point of physics in the I would like to comment on the article by After all, the positron was discovered in 1960s. In his preface to the proceedings, Antonino Zichichi in the CERN Courier 1933 by Anderson, and the antineutron, The Discovery of Nuclear Antimatter, of (May 2009 p5). This was on the “discovery the antiproton, and the antiparticle of the the symposium held in 1995 to celebrate of the antideuteron” at CERN by Zichichi Λ baryon were observed before 1960 at the 30th anniversary of the antideuteron and colleagues, submitted on 13 March Berkeley. Many other antihyperons and the experiment at CERN, Luciano Maiani writes: 1965 to Nuovo Cimento and published on antiparticle of the Fermi pion–nucleon Δ “The prevalent view of the strong nuclear 1 September (T Massam et al. 1965 Nuovo resonance were found at Brookhaven and forces was based, at that time, on S-matrix Cimento 39 10). Since we had published CERN in the early 1960s (the Δ–, in particular, theory, Regge poles and, later on, dual our data from an experiment carried out at in four strong isotopic-spin states). Some models, a framework which abandoned the Brookhaven in Physics Review Letters on of these states are long-lived and others foundations of RQFT and in which the CPT 14 June 1965 in the paper “Observation of short lived, and they involve coupling of both symmetry was not fundamental anymore. Antideuterons” (D E Dorfan et al. 14 1003; electromagnetic as well as nuclear “glue” To this picture, one should add in 1964 the submitted 4 May), we surely would like to be as prescribed in the article. That is surely discovery of CP violation in K decays, which included in the amazing statement attributed sufficient for defining antimatter? As an prompted doubts on all symmetries thus far to Heisenberg: “I think that this discovery of aside, having lived through that period as a considered as granted, to conclude that it antimatter was perhaps the biggest jump of graduate student and a postdoc, and having was not at all obvious that the nuclear binding all big jumps in physics in our century.” done a thesis on antiproton-proton collisions forces had to be CPT invariant” (Maiani The Brookhaven data show the advantage at 3–4 GeV/c, I do not recall any questioning 1995). From the Dirac antielectron to the of a higher energy and intensity beam of the existence of antimatter at that time. existence of antimatter the road is long and of protons. The antideuteron peaks are T Ferbel, Rochester. full of unexpected troubles (Zichichi 2001). statistically much stronger and with far The relevance of the antideuteron experiment smaller background than that of CERN. In ●● Antonino Zichichi replies: is strongly correlated with the breakdown of addition, the d– peak falls solidly on the d+ Priority in a discovery is the date when the the symmetry operators and to the problem peak when we changed to a positive beam, paper is submitted. The CERN paper was of RQFT versus S-matrix theory. In his opening so that calibrations were unnecessary. submitted to Nuovo Cimento on 13 March lecture at the symposium in 1995 T D Lee The d– peak allowed us to check that the 1965. Fifty-two days later our result was said: “The symmetry between matter and antideuterons showed the correct change in confirmed by Ledermanet al. working at antimatter rests on purely experimental momentum with a change in beam energy. BNL. The fact that the d– and d+ fall on the grounds” – the reason being that CPT breaks As emphasized by Zichichi et al., the same peak when you switch from negative down at the Planck energy and there is “no establishment of d– in both papers to positive beams does not justify the lack of theory able to guarantee that if we have establishes the proof for the existence of calibrations since systematic effects could matter then antimatter must exist”. antimatter, via the observation of bound destroy the result. In fact the best limit on the L Maiani 1995 “Symposium to celebrate states, that Dirac insisted was essential. equal (d–/d+) masses comes from the CERN the 30th anniversary of the Discovery of Leon M Lederman, Fermilab. experiment. Nuclear Antimatter”, Italian Physical Society The existence of any number of Conference Proceedings 53. I read with great interest Antonino Zichichi’s antiparticles does not imply the existence of A Zichichi 2001 “Antimatter. Past, Present article in the edition of May 2009. One antimatter. The crisis of relativistic quantum and Future”, Italian Physical Society, Rivista argument that I could not quite understand field theory (RQFT) and the apparent triumph del Nuovo Cimento 24 1.

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Those were the days all; in fact no TASSO paper that tested QCD and PLUTO – had not presented anything on against their data appeared until a year later 3-jet events publicly. The personal account by John Ellis "Those (R Brandelik et al. 1980 Phys. Lett. B94 437). Sau Lan Wu, University of Wisconsin-Madison. were the days: discovering the gluon" in the Harvey Newman, Caltech. July/August 2009 issue of CERN Courier Concerning John Ellis’s article, we would like attracted a large response. The varied points In his account John Ellis wrote: “He (Bjørn Wiik) to say that “those were NOT the days” and that of view indicate the continuing interest in told me that Sau Lan Wu had joined the TASSO was not the process nor the accelerator, but events surrounding the discovery of the experiment and that he had proposed that she the laboratory was correct: DESY. Half a year gluon. Here we reproduce edited versions of prepare a 3-jet analysis for the collaboration.” earlier, in 1978 (1979 Phys. Lett. 82B 449), several letters in order of receipt, together This is not correct since Bjørn Wiik never our PLUTO experiment at DORIS discovered with further comments from John Ellis. (Full mentioned to me to look for 3-jet events in the Υ → 3 gluons decay, as hypothesized versions are published online in this month’s TASSO. This was my initiative as is evident by Th Appelquist and D H Politzer (1975 Letters section at www.cerncourier.com.) from the write-up of the acceptance speech Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 43) by analogy with Correspondence on this issue is now closed. for the 1995 EPS High Energy and Particle orthopositronium and proposed by K Koller Physics prize, written by Paul Söding, Bjørn and T F Walsh (1977 Phys. Lett. 72B 227). I’d like to comment on John Ellis’s article, which Wiik, Gunther Wolf and me (Proceedings of the The Υ decays were studied by PLUTO as gave undue emphasis to the work of the TASSO International Europhysics Conference on High 3-jet topologies, using information from both group. I presented our work in Mark-J, on the Energy Physics EPS HEP 95 p3): “At the time charged and neutral particles. discovery of gluon jets, at the opening talk of of PETRA's turn-on in 1978–79, it was widely The same experimental information the session at the Lepton/Photon Symposium believed that the initial energies of the fi rst was used later by PLUTO at PETRA when at Fermilab in July 1979 (Proceedings of the year at PETRA would not be high enough to searching for qq–g jets for the discovery of 1979 International Symposium on Lepton and see 3-jet events clearly. Therefore, one looked gluon bremsstrahlung (as suggested by J Ellis, 17 Photon Interactions at High Energies p3). As for jet broadening and high pT phenomena . M K Gaillard and G G Ross and by a few more I stated right after the talk (recorded in the … By this time Sau Lan Wu had developed theoreticians and phenomenologists), a proceedings), the keys to discovery were (a) and tested a 3-jet analysis method and had confi rmation of the existence of gluons (see comparison of our data to QCD predictions convinced herself that three-jet events, if eg Ch Berger (PLUTO) 1979 Proceedings for gluon bremsstrahlung, and (b) rejecting they were produced, could be detected once of the EPS International Conference on alternative models including quark–antiquark the PETRA energy went above three times High-Energy Physics Geneva p19). Some fragmentation and heavy quark decays, the SPEAR energy i.e. 3 × 7.4 ~22 GeV.” other experiment, at the same time and which were not well understood at the time. (Ref. 17 refers to the following sentences supported by our Υ → 3 gluons discovery, These key points, covered in my presentation, in the paper of John Ellis et al. [1976 Nucl. used nevertheless only charged particles. were entirely missing from TASSO’s. As Ellis Phys. B111 253]: “The fi rst observable effect A fuller recollection of the PLUTO himself points out, showing individual events should be a tendency for the 2-jet cigars to experiments and the gluon discovery can be by members of TASSO was intriguing, but be unexpectedly oblate, with a high large pT found at http://www.roma3.infn.it/~stella/ had nothing to do with the establishment of a cross section. Eventually, events with large PLUTO.gluon. gluon signal. In fact the TASSO events shown pT would have a 3-jet structure, without local Hans-Juergen Meyer, (at the time, Siegen had only half the energy and a large energy compensation of pT.”) University), and Bruno Stella, (at the time, imbalance, as TASSO only measured the With this conviction, I developed a 3-jet DESY), Roma Tre and INFN. charged tracks in the event. analysis with Georg (not Gus) Zobernig. The The work I presented at Fermilab, which fi rst event observed by this analysis was In e+e– collisions both the total energy compared both the fl atness distribution and presented by Wiik in June 1979 at Bergen. and the total momentum of events must Special Designs the 3-jet pattern quantitatively with QCD, as A few days later, more such events were be conserved. However, the fi ve events opposed to quark–antiquark models with found by our 3-jet analysis and they were presented by TASSO at the 1979 EPS heavy-quark decays, and which established presented by Söding at the EPS conference Conference only measured charged fl ux and the gluon signal in Mark-J, was published in in Geneva. This presentation by Söding was showed about half of the total energy. The August 1979 (D P Barber et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. the second public announcement by TASSO of momenta were also not conserved. Thus, one 43 830). TASSO showed no comparison of e+e– → qq–g. At the time of his talk, the other cannot conclude the discovery of the gluon UHV-Leakvalve their data with a QCD model at Fermilab at three collaborationsGatevalve HV and UHV at DESY – JADE, Mark-J based on such events. In fact, the TASSO

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speaker at the conference did not make any These five events of charged particles, Fermilab conference. claim of the gluon discovery at all. which do not conserve energy and momenta I take this opportunity to recall some more I believe that the true story of the discovery due to the large missing neutrals, do not by theoretical contributions, in addition to those of the gluon jet at PETRA was described by themselves show the existence of the gluon mentioned in my article. One was the sum Herwig Schopper, the director-general of DESY as pointed out by Paul Söding in his EPS rule derived in 1969 by Chris Llewellyn-Smith during the period, in his article in Physics conference talk (1979 EPS International for the contributions of quarks to the total Today (February 1980), which concluded that Conference on High-Energy Physics p280). momentum of the proton: experimental the first statistically significant confirmation Three-jet events can have many origins such data on electron and neutrino scattering of QCD with 3-jet events had come from the as heavy quark decays and gluon emission. To substituted into this sum rule demonstrated work in MARK-J. The group of physicists from ascertain that part of these events are indeed that about half was missing, presumably the Chinese Academy of Sciences made from gluon emission predicted by QCD, one carried by gluons. During the 1970s, scaling very important contributions to the gluon must compare the properties of the events violations in deep-inelastic scattering came discovery, which were completely ignored in with QCD. The QCD Monte Carol simulation to provide strong quantitative evidence for John Ellis's article. and data analysis leading to the distributions collinear gluon bremsstrahlung as calculated Hesheng Chen, Director, Institute of High for narrow and wide jets were developed and in asymptotically free QCD. I would also like Energy Physics, Beijing. carried out in Aachen. to recall that, following our suggestion that Klaus Lübelsmeyer, emeritus director, large-angle gluon bremsstrahlung might lead The strength of TASSO was to measure the RWTH I. to 3-jet events in the e+e– continuum in 1976 energy and momentum of charged particles. and the discovery of the Υ bottomonium The TASSO detector was built as a major joint ●● John Ellis replies: resonances in 1977, various groups of effort by my institute, I Physikalisches Institut At the outset of my article, I made it clear theorists suggested that the 3-gluon decays der Rheinisch-Westfiilischen Technischen that it was a personal reminiscence, mainly of Υ states might lead to 3-jet final states. Hochschule Aachen (RWTH I) and the DESY based on the early theoretical developments This possibility was pursued by the PLUTO group headed by G Wolf, P Söding and B Wiik. following the paper on large-angle gluon collaboration, which demonstrated in 1978 The most important parts of the TASSO bremsstrahlung that I wrote in 1976 with Mary that there was indeed a significant difference detector, the magnet, the time-of-flight Gaillard and Graham Ross. It was my intention between final states on- and off-resonance, system and the forward–backward argon not to take sides in the experimental priority as predicted by the 3-gluon theory. These calorimeter were built partly under my dispute, and I took pains in my article to avoid developments were impressive pieces of leadership, in RWTH I Aachen. doing so. For example, I repeated a remark I circumstantial evidence for the gluon, but In the article by John Ellis there were detailed made at the time of the Bergen conference were not as spectacular as the 3-jet events descriptions of the excitement of the first that one could not believe in 8 gluons on the seen in higher-energy running at PETRA, at five charged-track events. These events were basis of the single first 3-jet event shown there least in my view. Finally, in the years from scanned simultaneously at Aachen by me and by Bjørn Wiik, and I wrote only that gluons 1977 onwards, many younger theorists at my colleagues as well as at DESY, with daily “looked good” after the EPS conference in DESY and the University of Hamburg were exchange of information between the two Geneva where more 3-jet events were shown very active in the study of possible 3- and groups. In particular, the visual scanning of the by other members of the TASSO collaboration. 4-jet final states, and were very valuable hadronic final-state events and the interactive I did not write that the gluon had been consultants for their experimental colleagues reconstruction were done entirely in parallel discovered at that stage; I assigned credit working at PETRA. at both laboratories, sending data tapes each for the gluon discovery to the presentations ●● CERN Courier welcomes letters from night to Aachen and comparing results the by the four PETRA collaborations (JADE, readers. Please e-mail cern[email protected]. same day by telephone conversation. Mark-J, PLUTO and TASSO) at the subsequent We reserve the right to edit letters.

obituaries Guy von Dardel 1919–2009

Guy von Dardel, a well known figure at CERN studies he was employed by SAAB, the known to all who study particle physics at and in the international particle-physics National Defence Research Institute, and university level. community, passed away on 28 August. Atomic Energy Ltd. Called to Lund University in 1964, he Born on 26 August 1919 in Stockholm, He came to CERN at its beginning in 1954 became professor there in 1965 and director Guy von Dardel went on to study at the and was a full-time staff member until 1964, of the 1.2 GeV electron accelerator. This Royal Institute of Technology, obtaining his performing several experiments and working machine marked the start of the accelerator doctorate in 1953 with a thesis titled “The on technical developments. In particular, competence at Lund University that later Interaction of Neutrons with Matter studied he carried out the first measurement of developed into the MAX-lab for photon with a Pulsed Neutron Source”. During his the neutral pion’s lifetime, an experiment science.

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In the late 1960s, he performed an neutral pion. The result was consistent with experiment at CERN’s PS that measured the the first measurement, but with an order of decays of the Λ. Then, in the early 1970s, magnitude better precision. he involved the Lund group in a series of As a scientist, Guy von Dardel was experiments at the Intersecting Storage Rings characterized by his large flow of ideas; (ISR), which at the time provided the world’s ideas for physics experiments and ideas highest-energy particle collisions. There, he about instrumentation. He was also strong measured the production of various types in providing rapid and rough estimates, an of particles, and in particular participated important ability when discussing new ideas. in a series of experiments that observed He was an inspiration for all of those he the production of a high abundance of worked with. particles with large transverse momenta, His half-brother Raol Wallenberg which required an explanation in terms a disappeared at the end of the Second World substructure in the colliding protons. War after having saved tens of thousands of Guy von Dardel initiated the Scandinavian Jewish lives. Guy von Dardel was dedicated ISR Collaboration, which included the Niels to finding out his brother’s fate. He made Bohr Institute in Denmark and Bergen countless journeys to the Soviet Union University in Norway. He also initiated the Guy von Dardel. (Courtesy Len Sirman Press.) and Russia for discussions and to examine participation of some of the Lund group in records, taking the initiative for many actions, an experiment at DESY. Further experiments starting CERN’s preparations for the Large and he compiled an extensive archive followed there, but he did not himself Electron Positron (LEP) collider. He was later regarding his brother’s fate. participate in these. involved in the L3 experiment at LEP. We share our sorrow with his family and He was chair of the European Committee for In the mid-1980s, together with James convey our deepest condolences to his wife Future Accelerators (ECFA) from 1976–1977. Cronin, he conducted a new version of the Matilda and the rest of his family. During this period he was instrumental in experiment that measured the lifetime of the His colleagues and friends. Sam Lindenbaum 1925–2009

Sam Lindenbaum, whose distinguished scintillation counter hodoscopes. This work career at the Brookhaven National Laboratory led to the founding of the On-Line Data Facility, (BNL) spanned 45 years, died on 17 August which was used both by universities and by 2009. BNL groups, with Lindenbaum as group leader. Born in New York City, Lindenbaum During the 1960s Lindenbaum and his earned a bachelor’s degree in physics from group exploited online techniques further Princeton University in 1945, followed by in experiments at the AGS. Their research a master’s degree and PhD from Columbia included investigations of pion–nucleon University in 1949 and 1951, respectively. forward dispersion relations that proved He joined BNL in 1951 and he soon began the validity of a basic axiom of modern experimental research at the Cosmotron, relativistic field theory. They also found that where he developed the first differential gas the A2 meson was not “split”, thus helping to Cherenkov counters at this machine and confirm the validity of the quark model. proposed a theory known as the nucleon In 1970, Lindenbaum became co-group “isobar model” to explain the dominant leader of the Particle Spectrometer Group with features of high-energy pion production. his long-term collaborator, Satoshi Ozaki. With He also designed the radiation protection help from university user groups, the group shielding for the Cosmotron, proposed designed and constructed the Multiparticle the basic parameters of the Alternating Sam Lindenbaum. (Courtesy BNL.) Spectrometer (MPS) at the AGS, a 700-tonne Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) shielding and large-acceptance particle detector with was a consultant on many other high-energy electronic detector arrays and rapid automatic high-speed electronic sub-detector systems shielding projects. processing of complex particle interactions. that enabled detection of rare events. A more In 1959, Lindenbaum formed a new group The team developed an online computing powerful successor, MPS II, followed in the to develop a novel approach to study basic technique that fulfilled these requirements late 1970s. Using MPS II, the team discovered high-energy interactions, which required and, in 1962, it performed the first online direct evidence for glueballs. handling the high data rate made possible with computer experiments at the AGS, using Following the cancellation in 1983

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of the proposed high-energy collider, in relativistic heavy-ion collisions to search in 1996, returning in 1998 as a guest senior ISABELLE, at BNL, Lindenbaum worked for indications of “bubbles” of quark–gluon physicist to continue his research as part of on a time-projection chamber, for a new plasma that might be created prior to the the STAR collaboration. relativistic heavy-ion programme at the formation of hadrons. They published a Lindenbaum was highly appreciated by AGS and he began to focus his attention on paper on their theory, and another paper was his colleagues as a great scientific thinker magnet design and detector technology for pending at the time of Lindenbaum’s death. and a source of new and innovative ideas. the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). As In 1970, Lindenbaum became a faculty He was also a fierce defender of scientific a member of the STAR collaboration at RHIC, member at the City College of New York freedom and enjoyed spirited scientific and Lindenbaum, along with Ron Longacre at BNL, (CCNY), while retaining a joint appointment at philosophical debates. His brother, Stanley was interested in a theoretical interpretation Brookhaven. He retired from CCNY in 1995, Lindenbaum, a niece, Karen Koevary, and a of particle interactions at RHIC. Together they but held the title of professor emeritus at nephew, Michael Kimmel, survive him. studied the fluctuations and correlations the college from 1998. He retired from BNL Diane Greenberg, BNL. Jan Nassalski 1944–2009

Jan Nassalski, a prominent figure in the deep of the Programme Advisory Commission for inelastic scattering community, an ingenuous High Energy Physics of the Scientific Council physicist and a dedicated teacher, passed of JINR and he was a member of the Scientific away on 5 August. Council at DESY. He also chaired the High Jan graduated from the physics department Energy Physics Commission at the Polish of Warsaw University in 1966. He started Atomic Energy Council. his scientific career at Warsaw University In his home country, Jan was tireless in his of Technology and in 1971 he joined the outreach activities, publishing widely in the Institute of Nuclear Research (now the Soltan Polish media. Whenever CERN launched a Institute for Nuclear Studies), where he later new outreach initiative, the uptake in Poland became scientific director. His research was phenomenal, and Jan’s hand could be work centred on the physics of elementary seen behind the success. For example, a particles of matter and their interactions CERN educational CD was distributed free and he collaborated with the Laboratory of with a popular science magazine, and more High Energy Physics at JINR, the Rutherford recently, Jan played a vital role in making Laboratory in the UK, and Fermilab. From CERN’s high-school teacher programme a the late 1970s, however, his research was great success in Poland. He was particularly concentrated at CERN. proud of this work and justifiably so. His continuous participation in one of Jan was a delegate to CERN Council from CERN’s longest running experimental facilities December 2004, representing his country’s started when he joined the European Muon interests powerfully and with great conviction. Collaboration and in the early 1980s he set Although softly spoken, he knew how to carry up a group in Warsaw to study the nucleon Jan Nassalski, prominent Polish physicist. an argument. Yet even in the most heated of structure in deep inelastic muon scattering. debates, he was a model of politeness and He participated in the ground-breaking in understanding the quark/gluon structure courtesy. discovery in 1988 that the quark spins of matter. For his colleagues Jan was the Thanks to his natural kindness and sense contribute little to the nucleon spin and he reference point for all aspects of physics in of humour, his infinite patience and above was a key contributor to the structure-function the domain of deep inelastic scattering. all his extreme rigour and great integrity, studies in the New Muon Collaboration, Jan’s group from the Soltan Institute exchanges with Jan were of a high standard leading to the measurement that showed made successful contributions to the NA48 and rewarding. The quality and accuracy violation of the Gottfried sum rule. experiment at CERN, with read-out electronics of his judgments always made them an In the 1990s Jan focused on high-precision for the liquid krypton calorimeter. The group irreplaceable reference. Particle physics has experiments of the polarized structure was also active in physics analysis, leading lost not only an excellent physicist, but also a of the nucleon. Under his leadership the some studies of rare kaon decays and precise true gentleman. Warsaw group contributed to the first test measurements of fundamental properties Jan was to all of us more than a colleague. of the Bjorken sum rule by the Spin Muon of neutral mesons. In particular, Jan was We will greatly miss his perceptiveness Collaboration and he was essential in studies one of the main authors of the precision and sensitivity as well as his advice, and of gluon polarization in the nucleon by the measurement of the mass of the η. remember him as a precious friend. COMPASS experiment – an important step In addition to his research, Jan was chair His colleagues and friends.

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