Antipsychotics
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Original Research Published, Reproduced, Transmitted, Modified, Posted, Sold, Licensed, Or Used for Commercial Purposes
This work may not be copied, distributed, displayed, Original Research published, reproduced, transmitted, modified, posted, sold, licensed, or used for commercial purposes. By downloading this file, you are agreeing to the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Depot publisher’s Terms & Conditions. Versus Oral Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: Synthesizing Results Across Different Research Designs Noam Y. Kirson, PhD; Peter J. Weiden, MD; Sander Yermakov, MS; Wayne Huang, MPP; Thomas Samuelson, BA; Steve J. Offord, PhD; Paul E. Greenberg, MS, MA; and Bruce J. O. Wong, MD ABSTRACT he cornerstone of long-term maintenance therapy Objective: Nonadherence is a major challenge in schizophrenia Tof schizophrenia patients is relapse prevention. treatment. While long-acting (depot) antipsychotic medications are Relapse prevention is necessary—albeit not sufficient— often recommended to address adherence problems, evidence on for eventual successful rehabilitation.1 In practice, the the comparative effectiveness of depot versus oral antipsychotics is effectiveness of maintenance antipsychotic treatment is inconsistent. We hypothesize that this inconsistency could be due to often undermined by poor adherence to therapy. Not systematic differences in study design. This review evaluates the effect only is nonadherence the single greatest modifiable of study design on the comparative effectiveness of antipsychotic risk factor for relapse,2,3 it is also often undetected, formulations. The optimal use of different antipsychotic formulations resulting in lost opportunities to employ psychosocial in a general clinical setting depends on better understanding of the underlying reasons for differences in effectiveness across research interventions for adherence, as well as uncertainty as designs. to the relative contribution of lack of efficacy versus Data Sources: A PubMed literature review targeted English-language adherence problems to poor outcomes. -
Serotonin 2A Activation and a Novel Therapeutic Drug
Psychopharmacology (2018) 235:3083–3091 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug Baland Jalal1 Received: 23 April 2018 /Accepted: 17 September 2018 /Published online: 5 October 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Sleep paralysis is a state of involuntary immobility occurring at sleep onset or offset, often accompanied by uncanny Bghost-like^ hallucinations and extreme fear reactions. I provide here a neuropharmacological account for these hallucinatory experiences by evoking the role of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Research has shown that 5-HT2AR activation can induce visual hallucinations, Bmystical^ subjective states, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs), and modulate fear circuits. Hallucinatory experiences triggered by serotonin—serotonergic (Bpseudo^) hallucinations, induced by hallucinogenic drugs—tend to be Bdream-like^ with the experiencer having insight (Bmeta-awareness^) that he is hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic (Bpsychotic^ and Blife-like^) hallucinations where such insight is lost. Indeed, hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis have the classic features of serotonergic hallucinations, and are strikingly similar to perceptual and subjective states induced by hallucinogenic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin), i.e., they entail visual hallucinations, mystical experiences, OBEs, and extreme fear reactions. I propose a possible mechanism whereby serotonin could be functionally implicated in generating sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions through 5-HT2AR activity. Moreover, I speculate on the role of 5-HT2C receptors vis-à-vis anxiety and panic during sleep paralysis, and the orbitofrontal cortex—rich with 5-HT2A receptors—in influencing visual pathways during sleep paralysis, and, in effect, hallucinations. -
Atypical Antipsychotics TCO 02.2018
Therapeutic Class Overview Atypical Antipsychotics INTRODUCTION • Antipsychotic medications have been used for over 50 years to treat schizophrenia and a variety of other psychiatric disorders (Miyamato et al 2005). • Antipsychotic medications generally exert their effect in part by blocking dopamine (D)-2 receptors (Jibson et al 2017). • Antipsychotics are divided into 2 distinct classes based on their affinity for D2 and other neuroreceptors: typical antipsychotics, also called first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), and atypical antipsychotics, also called second- generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (Miyamato et al 2005). • Atypical antipsychotics do not have a uniform pharmacology or mechanism of action; these differences likely account for the different safety and tolerability profiles of these agents (Clinical Pharmacology 2020, Jibson et al 2017). The atypical antipsychotics differ from the early antipsychotics in that they have affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor in addition to D2. Clozapine is an antagonist at all dopamine receptors (D1-5), with lower affinity for D1 and D2 receptors and high affinity for D4 receptors. Aripiprazole and brexpiprazole act as partial agonists at the D2 receptor, functioning as an ○ agonist when synaptic dopamine levels are low and as an antagonist when they are high. Cariprazine is a partial agonist at D2 and D3. Pimavanserin does not have dopamine blocking activity and is primarily an inverse agonist at 5-HT2A receptors. The remaining atypical antipsychotics share the similarity of D2 and 5-HT2A -
Schizophrenia Care Guide
August 2015 CCHCS/DHCS Care Guide: Schizophrenia SUMMARY DECISION SUPPORT PATIENT EDUCATION/SELF MANAGEMENT GOALS ALERTS Minimize frequency and severity of psychotic episodes Suicidal ideation or gestures Encourage medication adherence Abnormal movements Manage medication side effects Delusions Monitor as clinically appropriate Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Danger to self or others DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA/EVALUATION (PER DSM V) 1. Rule out delirium or other medical illnesses mimicking schizophrenia (see page 5), medications or drugs of abuse causing psychosis (see page 6), other mental illness causes of psychosis, e.g., Bipolar Mania or Depression, Major Depression, PTSD, borderline personality disorder (see page 4). Ideas in patients (even odd ideas) that we disagree with can be learned and are therefore not necessarily signs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a world-wide phenomenon that can occur in cultures with widely differing ideas. 2. Diagnosis is made based on the following: (Criteria A and B must be met) A. Two of the following symptoms/signs must be present over much of at least one month (unless treated), with a significant impact on social or occupational functioning, over at least a 6-month period of time: Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech, Negative symptoms (social withdrawal, poverty of thought, etc.), severely disorganized or catatonic behavior. B. At least one of the symptoms/signs should be Delusions, Hallucinations, or Disorganized Speech. TREATMENT OPTIONS MEDICATIONS Informed consent for psychotropic -
Revision of Precautions Asenapine Maleate, Aripiprazole, Olanzapine
Published by Translated by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency This English version is intended to be a reference material to provide convenience for users. In the event of inconsistency between the Japanese original and this English translation, the former shall prevail. Revision of Precautions Asenapine maleate, aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine fumarate, clocapramine hydrochloride hydrate, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride/promethazine hydrochloride/phenobarbital, chlorpromazine phenolphthalinate, spiperone, zotepine, timiperone, haloperidol, paliperidone, pipamperone hydrochloride, fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine maleate, brexpiprazole, prochlorperazine maleate, prochlorperazine mesilate, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency Office of Safety I 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013 Japan E-mail: [email protected] Published by Translated by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency This English version is intended to be a reference material to provide convenience for users. In the event of inconsistency between the Japanese original and this English translation, the former shall prevail. propericiazine, bromperidol, perphenazine, perphenazine hydrochloride, perphenazine fendizoate, perphenazine maleate, perospirone hydrochloride hydrate, mosapramine hydrochloride, risperidone (oral drug), levomepromazine hydrochloride, levomepromazine maleate March 27, 2018 Non-proprietary name Asenapine maleate, -
Current P SYCHIATRY
Current p SYCHIATRY N ew Investigators Tips to manage and prevent discontinuation syndromes Informed tapering can protect patients when you stop a medication Sriram Ramaswamy, MD Shruti Malik, MBBS, MHSA Vijay Dewan, MD Instructor, department of psychiatry Foreign medical graduate Assistant professor Creighton University Department of psychiatry Omaha, NE University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE bruptly stopping common psychotropics New insights on psychotropic A —particularly antidepressants, benzodi- drug safety and side effects azepines, or atypical antipsychotics—can trigger a discontinuation syndrome, with: This paper was among those entered in the 2005 • rebound or relapse of original symptoms Promising New Investigators competition sponsored • uncomfortable new physical and psycho- by the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service (NMSIS). The theme of this year’s competition logical symptoms was “New insights on psychotropic drug safety and • physiologic withdrawal at times. side effects.” To increase health professionals’ awareness of URRENT SYCHIATRY 1 C P is honored to publish this peer- the risk of these adverse effects, this article reviewed, evidence-based article on a clinically describes discontinuation syndromes associated important topic for practicing psychiatrists. with various psychotropics and offers strategies to NMSIS is dedicated to reducing morbidity and anticipate, recognize, and manage them. mortality of NMS by improving medical and psychiatric care of patients with heat-related disorders; providing -
Is Aristada (Aripiprazole Lauroxil) a Safe and Effective Treatment for Schizophrenia in Adult Patients? Kyle J
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine DigitalCommons@PCOM PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers Scholarship 2017 Is Aristada (Aripiprazole Lauroxil) a Safe and Effective Treatment For Schizophrenia In Adult Patients? Kyle J. Knowles Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews Part of the Psychiatry Commons Recommended Citation Knowles, Kyle J., "Is Aristada (Aripiprazole Lauroxil) a Safe and Effective Treatment For Schizophrenia In Adult Patients?" (2017). PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship. 381. https://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/pa_systematic_reviews/381 This Selective Evidence-Based Medicine Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers at DigitalCommons@PCOM. It has been accepted for inclusion in PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@PCOM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Is Aristada (Aripiprazole Lauroxil) a Safe and Effective Treatment For Schizophrenia In Adult Patients? Kyle J. Knowles, PA-S A SELECTIVE EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE REVIEW In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For The Degree of Master of Science In Health Sciences- Physician Assistant Department of Physician Assistant Studies Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania December 16, 2016 ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not “Is Aristada (aripiprazole lauroxil) a safe and effective treatment for schizophrenia in adult patients?” STUDY DESIGN: Review of three randomized controlled studies. All three trials were conducted between 2014 and 2015. DATA SOURCES: One randomized, controlled trial and two randomized, controlled, double- blind trials found via Cochrane Library and PubMed. -
Reviews Insights Into Pathophysiology from Medication-Induced Tremor
Freely available online Reviews Insights into Pathophysiology from Medication-induced Tremor 1* 1 1 1 John C. Morgan , Julie A. Kurek , Jennie L. Davis & Kapil D. Sethi 1 Movement Disorders Program Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA Abstract Background: Medication-induced tremor (MIT) is common in clinical practice and there are many medications/drugs that can cause or exacerbate tremors. MIT typically occurs by enhancement of physiological tremor (EPT), but not all drugs cause tremor in this way. In this manuscript, we review how some common examples of MIT have informed us about the pathophysiology of tremor. Methods: We performed a PubMed literature search for published articles dealing with MIT and attempted to identify articles that especially dealt with the medication’s mechanism of inducing tremor. Results: There is a paucity of literature that deals with the mechanisms of MIT, with most manuscripts only describing the frequency and clinical settings where MIT is observed. That being said, MIT emanates from multiple mechanisms depending on the drug and it often takes an individualized approach to manage MIT in a given patient. Discussion: MIT has provided some insight into the mechanisms of tremors we see in clinical practice. The exact mechanism of MIT is unknown for most medications that cause tremor, but it is assumed that in most cases physiological tremor is influenced by these medications. Some medications (epinephrine) that cause EPT likely lead to tremor by peripheral mechanisms in the muscle (b-adrenergic agonists), but others may influence the central component (amitriptyline). -
Antipsychotic Combinations
Graylands Hospital DRUG BULLETIN Pharmacy Department Brockway Road Mount Claremont WA 6010 Telephone (08) 9347 6400 Email [email protected] Fax (08) 9384 4586 Antipsychotic Combinations Graylands Hospital Drug Bulletin 2008 Vol. 15 No. 3 February ISSN 1323-1251 Antipsychotic combinations Reasons for antipsychotic combinations Despite the development of efficacious medications for the treatment of schizophrenia, many people do There are a number of theoretical benefits and not respond adequately. To address this problem, reasons cited for antipsychotic combination the use of two or more antipsychotics simultaneously prescribing, these include: is a commonly employed treatment strategy. Although the use of combination antipsychotics is Complementary mechanisms of action4 (e.g. common in clinical practice, the risks and benefits adding an antipsychotic with strong dopamine have not been systematically evaluated to date. As a D2 blockade to a weak D2 blocker) result, current Australian treatment algorithms Partial replacement of antipsychotic action for including the Royal Australian and New Zealand drugs with intolerable adverse effects at higher College of Psychiatry Schizophrenia Guidelines and 5 doses (e.g. adding quetiapine to clozapine to the Western Australian Therapeutic Advisory Group minimise metabolic adverse effects) Antipsychotic Guidelines advise against the use of combined antipsychotics, except for short periods of Alternative where clozapine cannot be used6 changeover1,2. Most data on antipsychotic -
Low Continuation of Antipsychotic Therapy in Parkinson Disease – Intolerance, Ineffectiveness, Or Inertia? Thanh Phuong Pham Nguyen1,2,3,4*, Danielle S
Pham Nguyen et al. BMC Neurology (2021) 21:240 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02265-x RESEARCH Open Access Low continuation of antipsychotic therapy in Parkinson disease – intolerance, ineffectiveness, or inertia? Thanh Phuong Pham Nguyen1,2,3,4*, Danielle S. Abraham1,2,3,4, Dylan Thibault1,2, Daniel Weintraub1,5 and Allison W. Willis1,2,3,4,6 Abstract Background: Antipsychotics are used in Parkinson disease (PD) to treat psychosis, mood, and behavioral disturbances. Commonly used antipsychotics differ substantially in their potential to worsen motor symptoms through dopaminergic receptor blockade. Recent real-world data on the use and continuation of antipsychotic therapy in PD are lacking. The objectives of this study are to (1) examine the continuation of overall and initial antipsychotic therapy in individuals with PD and (2) determine whether continuation varies by drug dopamine receptor blocking activity. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using U.S. commercially insured individuals in Optum 2001– 2019. Adults aged 40 years or older with PD initiating antipsychotic therapy, with continuous insurance coverage for at least 6 months following drug initiation, were included. Exposure to pimavanserin, quetiapine, clozapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, or olanzapine was identified based on pharmacy claims. Six-month continuation of overall and initial antipsychotic therapy was estimated by time to complete discontinuation or switching to a different antipsychotic. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated factors associated with discontinuation. Results: Overall, 38.6% of 3566 PD patients in our sample discontinued antipsychotic therapy after the first prescription, 61.4% continued with overall treatment within 6 months of initiation. Clozapine use was too rare to include in statistical analyses. -
A Brief Overview of Psychiatric Pharmacotherapy
A Brief Overview of Psychiatric Pharmacotherapy Joel V. Oberstar, M.D. Chief Executive Officer Disclosures • Some medications discussed are not approved by the FDA for use in the population discussed/described. • Some medications discussed are not approved by the FDA for use in the manner discussed/described. • Co-Owner: – PrairieCare and PrairieCare Medical Group – Catch LLC Disclaimer The contents of this handout are for informational purposes only and are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical or psychiatric condition. Never disregard professional/medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read in this handout. Material in this handout may be copyrighted by the author or by third parties; reasonable efforts have been made to give attribution where appropriate. Caveat Regarding the Role of Medication… Neuroscience Overview Mind Over Matter, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health. Available at: http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/index.asp. http://medicineworld.org/images/news-blogs/brain-700997.jpg Neuroscience Overview Mind Over Matter, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health. Available at: http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/index.asp. Neurotransmitter Receptor Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse Common Diagnoses and Associated Medications • Psychotic Disorders – Antipsychotics • Bipolar Disorders – Mood Stabilizers, Antipsychotics, & Antidepressants • Depressive Disorders – Antidepressants • Anxiety Disorders – Antidepressants & Anxiolytics • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – Stimulants, Antidepressants, 2-Adrenergic Agents, & Strattera Classes of Medications • Anti-depressants • Stimulants and non-stimulant alternatives • Anti-psychotics (a.k.a. -
Doxepin Exacerbates Renal Damage, Glucose Intolerance, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Urinary Chromium Loss in Obese Mice
pharmaceuticals Article Doxepin Exacerbates Renal Damage, Glucose Intolerance, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Urinary Chromium Loss in Obese Mice Geng-Ruei Chang 1,* , Po-Hsun Hou 2,3, Wei-Cheng Yang 4, Chao-Min Wang 1 , Pei-Shan Fan 1, Huei-Jyuan Liao 1 and To-Pang Chen 5,* 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan; [email protected] (C.-M.W.); [email protected] (P.-S.F.); [email protected] (H.-J.L.) 2 Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard (Section 4), Taichung 40705, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street (Section 2), Taipei 11221, Taiwan 4 School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road (Section 4), Taipei 10617, Taiwan; [email protected] 5 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 542 Chung-Shan Road (Section 1), Changhua 50008, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.-R.C.); [email protected] (T.-P.C.); Tel.: +886-5-2732946 (G.-R.C.); +886-4-7256166 (T.-P.C.) Abstract: Doxepin is commonly prescribed for depression and anxiety treatment. Doxepin-related disruptions to metabolism and renal/hepatic adverse effects remain unclear; thus, the underlying mechanism of action warrants further research. Here, we investigated how doxepin affects lipid Citation: Chang, G.-R.; Hou, P.-H.; change, glucose homeostasis, chromium (Cr) distribution, renal impairment, liver damage, and fatty Yang, W.-C.; Wang, C.-M.; Fan, P.-S.; liver scores in C57BL6/J mice subjected to a high-fat diet and 5 mg/kg/day doxepin treatment for Liao, H.-J.; Chen, T.-P.