Tarnava Mare 2015 Biodiversity Survey Summary Report

Report editor: Dr Bruce Carlisle – Geography & Environment, Northumbria University.

Science team: Stephen Brennan, Silvia Cojocaru, Chloe Dalglish, Paul Leafe, Chris Ledbury, Olivia Norfolk, James O’Neill, Huma Pearce, Helen Rawlinson, Warwick Wainwright. Assisted by: Georgina Scott, Serban Tudor, Marcela Mann, Dragos Luntraru, Alin-Marius Nicula, Mihaela Hojbota, Andrei Nicoara, Bogdan Ciortan. With thanks to all the staff at Fundatia ADEPT, Cristi Malos – Babes-Bolyai University, all the dissertation students and volunteers.

Contents 1.0 Introduction...... 2 2.0 Methods ...... 3 2.1 Farmer interviews ...... 4 2.2 Land cover ...... 4 2.3 Grassland plants ...... 4 2.4 Grassland butterflies ...... 5 2.5 Birds ...... 5 2.6 Small mammals ...... 6 2.7 Large mammals ...... 6 2.8 Bats ...... 6 3.0 Vital statistics ...... 7 4.0 Farm survey ...... 15 5.0 Grassland plants ...... 20 6.0 Grassland butterflies ...... 27 7.0 Birds ...... 33 8.0 Small mammals ...... 44 9.0 Large Mammals ...... 45 9.1 Camera Trap Survey ...... 45 9.2 Observation of large mammal signs ...... 47

Page 1 1.0 Introduction This report summarises the data gathered by Operation Wallacea’s Transylvania project during the summer of 2015. This was the third year of the project, based on an annual survey in the Tarnava Mare Natura 2000 site to assess the effectiveness of maintaining the traditional agricultural practices in protecting this outstanding landscape and its species. The Operation Wallacea surveys provide annual data on a range of biodiversity and farming criteria. These data can then be used by Fundatia ADEPT, a Romania-based NGO, to help guide their farming and conservation initiatives.

The report gives a snapshot of the 2015 situation in terms of agriculture and biodiversity. Data from 2013 and 2014 are shown for comparison where appropriate. Changes in the data over a period of several years can be used to reveal how the biodiversity of Tarnava Mare is changing, for example in response to changing agricultural practices. Caution must be used when comparing differences between 2015, 2014 and 2013, as there are a variety of factors which can cause the numbers to be different, including slight changes to the methodology (see section 2), differences in the dates of the surveys, differences in climate and weather and natural population fluctuations.

While it is still too early in the project to confidently investigate change over time, the data from the first three years can start to be used to investigate spatial variation. For example, biodiversity and land cover of the surveyed villages can be compared to investigate the influence of land cover (as a function of land use) on the composition and abundance of species.

Section 2 “Methods” outlines the fieldwork methods used. Section 3 “Vital Statistics” presents a few key indicator figures, to give a very brief overview of the data and to compare the surveyed villages. Sections 4 to 9 give a more detailed summary of the data gathered by each survey team.

KEY MESSAGES There are many substantial increases and decreases in a wide variety of taxa, as well as taxa that have not changed. Much of this will be natural fluctuation or “noise” in the data. Some changes could be early warning signs of important changes to biodiversity and need to be followed closely in coming years. These include: Signs of a general trend of declining indicator plant abundance Declining butterfly diversity at Nou Sasesc A decrease in red-backed shrike abundance at all villages 8 grassland specialist bird species declining in numbers but 9 increasing Small mammal population crash

Page 2 2.0 Methods Some adjustments to methodologies were made in response to the experience gained during the first year of the project. See the 2014 summary report for further detail of these adjustments. Consequently 2013 data is not always directly comparable to data from subsequent years. The methods used in 2014 remained the same in 2015 to a great extent. However, the order in which the villages were surveyed changed slightly with Apold and Malancrav being switched around for logistical reasons. The weather conditions vary from year to year. The start of the 2015 fieldwork season was cool and wet, particularly while surveying at Richis and Nou Sasesc. This had an impact on the number of surveys that could be undertaken, and will also have had an influence on vegetation phenology and the abundance and activity of wildlife. Fieldwork was undertaken over an 8 week period from 18 June to 12 August 2015, in eight villages within the Tarnava Mare Natura 2000 site. In total, 48 days fieldwork were undertaken, with 6 days per village. Table 2.1 lists the villages and the respective dates for 2013, 2014 and 2015.

Much of the survey work was carried out along “the transects” which are 3 linear routes per village. Each route was selected with the aim of traversing land covers and land uses that are representative of the village’s surroundings. The routes are constrained by accessibility. The “central transect” is approximately 4km long and runs along the valley floor, upstream and downstream of the village. This transect runs through the village, usually alongside a road, near to the stream, and through more intensely farmed land. “West” and “east” transects are approximately 6km long and each takes a roughly semi-circular route from the valley floor up the valley sides, usually into less intensely farmed land, meadow grassland, pasture and woodland. There are no significant differences between the 2013, 2014 and 2015 transects.

There are seven main survey teams covering farmer interviews, grassland plants and land cover mapping, grassland butterflies, birds, small mammals, large mammals and bats. Further details of the methods of each team, and any notable alteration of methods, are given in the following sections.

Table 2.1. Survey schedules. Village 2013 Survey Dates Days 2014 Survey Dates Days 2015 Survey (N days) difference (N days) difference Dates (N days) Richis 20 to 22 July (3) -31 19 to 24 June (6) -1 18 to 23 June (6) Nou Sasesc 16 to 18 July (3) -20 26 to 30 June (5) -1 25 to 30 June (6) Mesendorf 2 to 4 July (3) +1 3 to 8 July (6) -1 2 to 7 July (6) and 3 to 5 August (3) -31 Viscri 6 to 8 July (3) +4 10 to 14 July (5) -1 9 to 14 July (6) and 30 July to 1 August (3) -20 Crit 27 to 30 June (4) +20 17 to 22 July (6) -1 16 to 21 July (6) and 25 to 28 July (4) -8 Daia --- No full survey --- 24 to 28 July (5) -1 23 to 28 July (6) Apold --- No full survey --- 7 to 11 August (5) -8 30 July to 4 August (6) Malancrav 11 to 14 July (4) +20 31 July to 5 August +7 6 to 11 August (6) (6) TOTAL 27 June to 5 August (30) +8 19 June to -1 18 June to 12 August (48) 11 August (48)

Page 3 2.1 Farmer interviews The farmer interviews involved asking a fixed set of questions covering topics such as farm characteristics (size, age etc.), crops grown, livestock, hay cutting dates and so on. The number of farmers interviewed varied amongst the villages, depending on the presence and effectiveness of a local person to make contacts, the willingness of farmers to participate, and how busy the farmers were. There was no strategy to selecting farmers – the participants were whoever was willing and available to be interviewed. The number of interviews in 2015 was noticeably higher than previous years. This was primarily due to the time and persistent effort put into arranging and carrying out the interviews. There were between 9 and 29 interviews per village in 2015, compared to between 3 and 9 interviews per village in 2014. 20 or more interviews were undertaken at 4 of the 8 villages. For previous years the small sample sizes mean the farm statistics derived from the interviews are unreliable. Data from the 2015 interviews will be much more representative of each village’s farm characteristics. The questions asked in 2013 and 2014 were repeated in 2015 – and 2015 also included additional questions on mowing technique, use of communal grazing and future plans that were added to the survey for the second half of the 2014 season.

2.2 Land cover The land cover survey was not repeated in 2015. Since the fieldwork season there has been ongoing work to produce a land cover map of the whole Tarnava Mare Natura 2000 site, using image processing of satellite imagery. Although a preliminary map has been produced and provided to Fundatia ADEPT, the mapping technique needs refinement. Results of this analysis will be reported independently, and summarised in the 2016 report.

The field-based land cover mapping will be repeated in 2016.

2.3 Grassland plants The plant team re-surveyed the sites from 2014 and 2013, using the same methods. So, Apold and Daia have now been surveyed in 2014 and 2015, while the other 6 villages have 3 years of surveys. To decide on locations of sites in 2014 and 2013, grassland was visually partitioned into high, medium and low nature value (HNV, MNV, LNV) categories based on indicators such as the presence of farm weed species, evidence of current use, shrub encroachment. On each transect a minimum of six plot locations were identified with the target of 2 HNV, 2 MNV and 2 LNV plots. This was not always achieved due to the prevalence or absence of grassland categories.

Each grassland plant plot is 50m by 5m. The surveyors walk the length of the plot counting the number of individuals of 30 species defined as indicators of HNV dry grassland in Fundatia ADEPT’s guide “Indicator Plants of the High Nature Value Dry Grasslands of Transylvania” (Akeroyd and Badarau, 2012). Betony was also counted as, although it is an indicator for damp grasslands, it is relatively abundant and widespread on the surveyed grasslands.

The species in flower change as the fieldwork season progresses. Surveying a plot on a different date is likely to give different results. This is of particular relevance when comparing data from different years to assess change. Also, as the season progresses, the number of mown fields increases and the number of fields available for survey, with standing wild flowers, decreases. This could affect the representativeness of a village’s plant surveys, and could also affect comparisons between years if the survey date is not similar. In 2015 there were different surveyors for the first 4 and last 4 villages.

Page 4 2.4 Grassland butterflies The grassland plant plots are also used for the butterfly surveys, although they are extended to 50m by 10m. All butterflies seen in a 5 minute walk along the length of the plot are counted. The butterfly counts take place between 10am and 4pm, to avoid the cooler parts of the day. Butterfly counts do not take place if it is raining. However, there still remains wide variation in the abundance of butterflies due to weather conditions and time of day. The team aims to repeat the survey of each site two or three times (dependant on presence of suitable weather conditions) to reduce the impact of weather conditions on the data. The number of times plots were surveyed is summarised in table 2.2. If a plot was not surveyed at all it was usually due to the location already being mown. If a plot was surveyed only once it was usually due to rain preventing surveys. This particularly applied to Nou Sasesc where 6 of the 12 sites were only surveyed once, and none of the sites were surveyed 3 times. Each year the butterfly survey leader has changed.

Table 2.2. Summary of how many times plots were surveyed at each village. Village N sites Not surveyed Once 2 times 3 times N surveys Apold 12 1 - 2 9 31 Crit 18 2 3 4 9 38 Daia 11 3 - - 8 24 Malancrav 11 1 - 5 5 25 Mesendorf 15 3 - 8 4 28 Nou Sasesc 12 - 6 6 - 18 Richis 12 - - 6 6 30 Viscri 13 1 3 5 4 25

2.5 Birds Standing point counts were undertaken at 500m intervals along each of the three transects for each village, giving a target of 13 point counts per east and west transect, and 9 point counts per central transect. Some point counts from 2014 and 2013 have now been removed due to proximity to a point on another transect. Central transects for Daia and Richis were established for the first time in 2015. Each point count lasted 10 minutes and all individuals seen or heard were counted. The surveys began soon after dawn, between 0545 and 0615, and were usually completed before midday.

The time of year and amount of mown grass will affect the numbers and species of birds being recorded. Also as the morning progresses, there is a very noticeable decrease in the amount of bird song and activity. So, points further along a transect tend to have fewer birds. Most surveys were repeated, walking the transect in the opposite direction to compensate for the time of day effect. The Viscri central transect and all 3 Nou Sasesc transects were only surveyed once due to poor weather. 2015 surveyors were different to those of 2014 and 2013.

In addition to the point counts, the mist netting and ringing survey was continued. Three nets were set up from dawn until about 1100 in scrub areas adjacent to farmland, across bird movement corridors. In 2015 the mist netting and ringing took place at all 8 villages, as opposed to just 5 in 2014.

A night-time corn crake survey was also continued. The approximate distance and direction of corn crake calls was recorded on linear walks through potential corn crake habitat. The survey was relatively late in the breeding season and so very few records were obtained, which does not give an

Page 5 an accurate estimate of corn crake abundance. There are also logistical and health and safety issues around the night-time survey technique. This activity will not be repeated as part of the “standard” Operation Wallacea suite of surveys. The feasibility of a pre-season corn crake survey is being considered. Data from the corn crake survey is not presented in this summary report.

2.6 Small mammals The small mammal survey methods were re-designed for 2014 and continued in 2015, following limited trapping success in 2013. Cheaper plastic traps were used instead of folding Sherman traps. The lower cost meant more traps could be bought, and replaced when stolen. Grids of 4 by 5 or single lines of 20 traps were laid out in different habitat types (low and high nature value (LNV and HNV) grassland, and scrub/woodland edge), dependent on characteristic and shape of the habitat type. Traps were set each evening and checked the following morning. The trap lines / grids were in place for at least 4 nights. 2015 surveyors were different to those of 2014 and 2013.

2.7 Large mammals The large mammal surveys commenced in 2014 were continued in 2015. Two survey techniques were used: camera traps and observation of signs such as scat and tracks.

For each village, the camera traps were set up for 2 or 3 days in a woodland location, then moved to a second woodland location for another 2 or 3 days. The cameras were placed in strategically chosen locations that seemed likely to experience frequent large mammal activity. The season began with 4 cameras at Richis. Then additional cameras were acquired giving 6 at Nou Sasesc, then 7 for the other villages. 1 camera was stolen at Apold giving 6 at the last village, Malancrav. Fewer cameras were stolen in 2015 compared to 2014, partly due to attaching cameras with padlocked cables.

The survey of large mammal signs involved walking the east and west transects, recording sightings, scat, tracks, digging and any other signs of large mammal presence, and GPS coordinates of their location.

2.8 Bats In 2014 there was a more extensive and systematic survey of bats than in 2013. This was repeated in 2015. Various methods were used at each village, including roost surveys, bat activity transect surveys, static detector surveys and mist netting.

A separate report on the 2015 bat survey is being produced.

Page 6 3.0 Vital statistics

This section presents selected summary information to give a concise overview of the data. Remember that various factors can influence the data including natural fluctuations in wildlife populations, natural variation from year to year due to changing vegetation phenology, timing of the survey relative to the day of the year and time of day, surveyor knowledge and experience, and sample size. The methods described above have been designed to limit these issues, while allowing a relatively rapid biodiversity assessment across the Tarnava Mare.

Figures 3.1 to 3.3 summarise the farm interview data. Figure 3.1 shows the mean farm size for each village’s interview respondents for 2013, 2014 and 2015. There is variation between years, particularly for Mesendorf. The 2015 data is based on a lot more interviews and can be considered more representative. The graph illustrates that the 2014 and 2013 interviews did not give an accurate representation of each village. Consequently, no further comparison between 2015 and previous years is made in this report. Crit, Daia and Nou Sasesc have larger farms than the other villages, on average. Viscri has smaller farms.

Figure 3.1. Farm size, showing the mean total farm area for 2013, 2014 and 2015 interviewees. Village abbreviations: AP – Apold, CR – Crit, DA – Daia, MA – Malancrav, ME – Mesendorf, NS – Nou Sasesc, RI – Richis, VI – Viscri.

Figure 3.2 shows the mean extent of cultivation, hay meadows and other agricultural land use at each village. Crit and Nou Sasesc have more cultivation than other villages. Malancrav, Richis and

Page 7 Viscri have smaller areas of hay. However, in Viscri the hay area occupies a large proportion of the farm due to the small average farm size. Daia and Richis have relatively large areas categorised as other (which includes silage and pasture). Despite the greater sample size in 2015, it is still felt that this may not give an accurate picture of the extent of different farming types across the villages. This is partly due to the still limited sample size, and also the potential inaccuracy of farmer responses. The ongoing land cover mapping work has the potential to give a more complete and representative picture of this.

Figure 3.2. Farm land use, showing the 2015 mean area of cultivation, hay, and other use as shaded stacked columns. Village abbreviations: AP – Apold, CR – Crit, DA – Daia, MA – Malancrav, ME – Mesendorf, NS – Nou Sasesc, RI – Richis, VI – Viscri.

Page 8 Figure 3.3 shows the mean number of milk cattle and ewes at each village. There are notable differences between villages. Crit and Daia have a large number of sheep on average. The number of sheep is much greater than the number of milk cattle at all villages except Nou Sasesc. Nou Sasesc and Viscri have fewer livestock than the other villages. Again, despite the greater sample size in 2015, it is still felt that this may not give an accurate picture of the number of livestock across the villages. There is large variation amongst farms. Small traditional farms may have one or two cows and a few sheep or goats. More specialised farms have large flocks of sheep. The results shown depend heavily on how many of these different types of farm were included in the survey.

Figure 3.3. Farm livestock, showing mean number of ewes and milk cattle in 2015. Village abbreviations: AP – Apold, CR – Crit, DA – Daia, MA – Malancrav, ME – Mesendorf, NS – Nou Sasesc, RI – Richis, VI – Viscri.

Page 9 Figure 3.4 summarises the grassland plant data. For each survey site, a “3-way diversity” score has been calculated (see section 6 for details) and is summarised for each village in figure 3.4. All villages have a wide range of “3-way diversity” scores, although this is less so for Apold. No village has scores that are noticeably greater than other villages. At Daia and Richis the score tends to be lower in 2015 than 2014 or 2013. There are no clear differences between years for any of the villages.

Figure 3.4. Site-level grassland plant survey “3-way diversity” scores, summarised for each village, for 2013 (white boxes) , 2014 (light grey boxes) and 2015 (dark grey boxes). Higher scores indicate higher diversity of indicator species. In each boxplot: the horizontal line represents the median value; the height of the box represents the inter-quartile range (IQR); the length of the whiskers represents whichever is shorter of the maximum/minimum value or 1.5 times the IQR; circles represent outliers (data points beyond the whisker range).

Page 10 Figure 3.5 summarises the grassland butterfly diversity. No village is clearly more diverse than the others, but Viscri consistently has a lower median value. Nou Sasesc has a consistent decline in butterfly diversity across the 3 years. However, the 2015 data was heavily influenced by very wet weather. There is a wide range of butterfly diversity levels at all of the villages, but less so at Apold and Viscri which lack any very diverse plots.

Figure 3.5. Plot-level butterfly diversity data, summarised per village, for 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes) and 2015 (dark grey boxes). In each boxplot: the horizontal line represents the median value; the height of the box represents the inter-quartile range (IQR); the length of the whiskers represents whichever is shorter of the maximum/minimum value or 1.5 times the IQR; circles represent outliers (data points beyond the whisker range).

Page 11 Red-backed shrike abundance is summarised in figure 3.6. Daia had a noticeably higher number of red- backed shrike than the other villages in 2014. In 2015 Daia still had a higher number than other villages. In all villages fewer red-backed shrike were seen in 2015 compared to 2014. This needs to be monitored closely in future years to check whether 2015 was a short-term blip or a more long-term change. There were fewer birds recorded in 2015 across all species, and fewer species. This may be a consequence of a change to the surveying personnel. Section 7 includes bird data reported as a percentage of the total number of birds recorded in a year. This adjustment can compensate for a change in detection rate due to different surveyors. With this adjustment, only Mesendorf and Nou Sasesc have a greater than 20% decline in red-backed shrike numbers.

Figure 3.6. Number of red-backed shrike per point count, per village, for 2013 to 2015.

Page 12 Figure 3.7 indicates that small mammal abundance was markedly lower at all villages in 2015 compared to previous years. Small mammal populations can fluctuate widely over short time periods. This population crash in 2015 may be short term but continued monitoring is needed.

Figure 3.7. Small mammal abundance per trap day, per village, for 2013 to 2015.

Page 13 The large mammal signs of presence data summarised in Figure 3.9 show that some villages have more frequent signs in 2015, while others have fewer. Mesendorf has consistently more signs than other villages. Apold and Nou Sasesc seem to have less large mammal activity than the other villages. There has been a substantial increase in the number of signs at Viscri between 2014 and 2015.

Figure 3.9. Signs of large mammal presence per kilometre, per village, 2014 and 2015.

Page 14 4.0 Farm survey

The data collected during the farm interviews over the 3 years is presented in table 4.1. Note that in both 2013 and 2014 the number of interviews that could be conducted was low. This reduces the reliability of the data, both in terms of comparing villages and considering changes from year to year. A lot more interviews were conducted in 2015, and the results differ notably from the previous years (see figure 3.1 and table 4.1). It is assumed that the 2015 data are more representative and reliable. The 2015 data are not compared to the 2014 and 2013 data in this report.

In 2015 additional questions on mowing technique, use of communal grazing and future plans were included. The farm interviews capture a wide range of information. Two index values have been calculated to summarise this range of information and to try to pick out key differences between villages. The data used to calculate the indices and the indices are shown in tables 4.2 and 4.3.

The intensification index is the average of the following 5 scores:  Livestock score: mean number of livestock per interviewee divided by 150 (uses the sum of all the types of livestock recorded). More intense farming can involve larger herds/flocks.  Communal grazing score: 1 minus the proportion of interviewees who use the communal grazing. Intensification can involve abandoning the communal grazing system and grazing your own animals on private pasture.  Hand mown score: 1 minus the proportion of the hay area that is mown by hand. More intense farming involves using hay cutting machinery instead of hand mowing.  Hay score: 1 minus the proportion of the total farm area that is used for hay. More intense farming is associated with abandonment of hay meadows.  Cultivation score: the proportion of the total farm area that is used for cultivation. More intense farming is associated with more crop cultivation.

The change index is intended to capture how much the farming system is likely to change in the near future towards greater intensification. The index uses questions about whether interviewees are likely to increase or decrease various aspects of their farming, such as numbers of sheep, or area of cultivation, or amount of hay mown by tractor for example. An “increase” response scores +1, while a decrease response scores -1. No response or “no change” scores 0. These scores can be summed for each village to give a village-level measure of likelihood of further intensification. If every interviewee responded “increase” the score would be the number of interviewees. Or if everyone responded “decrease” the score would be minus the number of interviewees. The change index is the average of the following 4 scores:  Hay change score: based on adding together the response sums for more/less hay mown by hand, mower and tractor. The score is re-scaled to range from 0 to 1 where 0 would represent all interviewees saying “increase” to all types of hay cutting, and 1 would represent all saying “decrease”.  Silage change score: based on the response sum for more/less silage production. The score is re-scaled to range from 0 to 1 where 0 would represent all interviewees saying “decrease”, and 1 would represent all saying “increase”.  Crop change score: same method as silage change score but using more/less crops question.  Livestock change score: based on adding together the response sums for more/less milk cattle, beef cattle and sheep. The score is re-scaled to range from 0 to 1 where 0 would represent all interviewees saying “decrease” to all the types of livestock, and 1 would represent all saying “increase”.

Page 15 Table 4.1. Farm interview results for 2013 to 2015. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

N interviews 7 13 11 5 29 4 24 9 10 20 6 6 29 4 3 11 24.7 17.2 19.9 24 22.8 23.8 20.9 28.3 14.3 15.4 29.2 15.3 17.3 15.5 15.7 17.9 N years (6 to 40) (4 to 37) (8 to 40) (15 to 40) (1 to 95) (8 to 42) (3 to 50) (2 to 80) (2 to 30) (3 to 40) (6 to 100) (9 to 20) (2 to 35) (10 to 29) (10 to 23) (5 to 24) 25 197.1 Farm area (0.75 to 14.9 69.3 32.8 21.4 27 21.8 26.8 8.7 13.5 (0.03 to 172.3 16.3 29 50.3 24 (ha) 90) (0 to 54) (3.5 to 200) (3 to 120) (0 to 100) (7 to 60) (3 to 80) (3 to 50) (0.5 to 40) (0 to 53) 1000) (7 to 680) (0 to 100) (4.8 to 53) (5 to 100) (4 to 60) Cultivation 6.2 3.5 12.8 12.9 10.5 5.8 4.9 7.7 4.1 5.5 53.7 11.5 5.8 3 14.3 10.4 (ha) (0 to 15) (0 to 14) (0 to 65) (0 to 60) (0 to 60) (2 to 10) (0 to 18) (1.5 to 25) (0.5 to 10) (1 to 25) (0 to 300) (0 to 40) (0 to 40) (0 to 6) (2 to 30) (3 to 29) 9 (0.75 to 10.1 24 19.6 12.5 10 8.9 6.5 1.8 5.5 47.5 75.8 10.6 4.9 27.3 9.8 Hay (ha) 20) (0 to 49) (0 to 115) (2 to 60) (1 to 50) (5 to 20) (1 to 60) (1.5 to 20) (0 to 5) (0 to 25) (0 to 200) (5 to 300) (1 to 60) (0 to 15) (3 to 70) (1 to 30) 10 Jul 26 Jun 22 May 24 Jun 28 Jun 09 Jul 27 Jun 02 Jul 25 Jul 29 Jun 30 Jun 22 Jun 25 Jun 01 Jul 28 May 30 May Date of first (01 Jul to (15 Jun to (01 Jun to (30 May to (01 Jun to (01 Jul to 20 (15 May to (01 Jul to 10 (01 Jul to 15 (15 May to (30 Jun to (01 May to (15 May to (01 Jul to 01 (20 May to (15 May to hay cut 08 Aug) 01 Aug) 20 Jul) 01 Jul) 01 Aug) Jul) 01 Aug) Jul) Aug) 01 Aug) 01 Jul) 07 Jul) 15 Jul) Jul) 10 Jun) 01 Jul) 9.9 1.5 32.5 0.3 3.4 11.3 8.3 12.6 2.9 3.5 95.9 85 2.8 21.1 8.7 3.8 Other (ha) (0 to 60) (0 to 15) (0 to 140) (0 to 1.5) (0 to 42) (0 to 45) (0 to 70) (0 to 40) (0 to 25) (0 to 50) (0 to 500) (0 to 380) (0 to 30) (0 to 53) (0 to 26) (0 to 25) 11.9 2.7 19.2 10.4 14.8 18.8 14.8 14 6.7 8.3 103.5 124.3 16.1 5.5 10 14.1 N milk cattle (0 to 45) (0 to 20) (0 to 87) (3 to 30) (0 to 100) (1 to 45) (0 to 41) (5 to 30) (1 to 40) (0 to 31) (0 to 560) (2 to 650) (0 to 200) (0 to 18) (2 to 24) (0 to 65) 1.4 0 9.1 2.4 0.3 0.3 6.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 7 21.5 6.8 2.8 4 7.1 N beef cattle (0 to 4) (0 to 0) (0 to 75) (0 to 11) (0 to 3) (0 to 1) (0 to 25) (0 to 5) (0 to 10) (0 to 10) (0 to 30) (0 to 64) (0 to 100) (0 to 10) (0 to 12) (0 to 24) 33.6 65.2 308.1 56.8 92.8 302.5 92.1 91.2 25.5 49.3 54.2 105.8 31.1 14.3 23.3 10.8 N ewes (0 to 120) (6 to 294) (0 to 2000) (0 to 250) (0 to 1600) (0 to 1200) (0 to 1200) (0 to 260) (0 to 170) (0 to 500) (0 to 250) (0 to 600) (0 to 450) (0 to 35) (5 to 35) (0 to 40) 12.4 5.1 101.4 47.4 1.8 150.5 6.3 30.8 5.6 11.3 46 34.2 12.6 6 8.3 6.1 N lambs (0 to 80) (0 to 20) (0 to 850) (0 to 230) (0 to 20) (0 to 600) (0 to 100) (0 to 80) (0 to 35) (0 to 80) (0 to 250) (0 to 200) (0 to 185) (0 to 17) (0 to 14) (0 to 25) 3.3 4.2 56.5 4.6 13 26.8 2.5 1 1.2 6.6 14.3 13.7 42.1 0 0 0 N goats (0 to 18) (0 to 37) (0 to 300) (0 to 10) (0 to 150) (0 to 107) (0 to 51) (0 to 4) (0 to 9) (0 to 93) (0 to 70) (0 to 70) (0 to 500) (0 to 0) (0 to 0) (0 to 0) 6 5.5 5.6 1.6 6.9 9.3 3.9 5.8 3.6 5.9 3 4.8 3.2 2.3 2.7 4.2 N pigs (1 to 15) (0 to 15) (0 to 40) (0 to 4) (0 to 100) (0 to 24) (0 to 15) (0 to 26) (0 to 20) (0 to 32) (0 to 6) (0 to 20) (0 to 14) (0 to 3) (0 to 4) (0 to 15) N horses & 1 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 1 1 0.3 0.8 1.8 2.8 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 donkeys (0 to 2) (0 to 4) (0 to 2) (0 to 2) (0 to 4) (0 to 1) (0 to 3) (0 to 2) (0 to 1) (0 to 3) (0 to 10) (0 to 15) (0 to 7) (0 to 2) (0 to 1) (0 to 3) N wolf and bear attacks on livestock in last 12 months 0 2 6 0 4 3 2 6 4 8 13 6 2 0 0 8 Continued…

Page 16 Table 4.1. cont... Richis Viscri 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

5 7 18 6 6 9 N interviews 20.2 19 22.4 18.2 20.3 20.3 (3 to 45) (6 to 44) (1 to 50) (6 to 25) (2 to 50) (14 to 25) N years 8.6 5.6 12.3 14.3 9.25 6.9 (1.5 to 16) (2.5 to 12) (0 to 70) (5 to 28) (5 to 23) (1 to 16) Farm area (ha) 3.2 2.1 4.2 1.8 2.6 1.6 (0.5 to 5) (1 to 4) (0 to 15) (0 to 3.5) (0 to 10) (1 to 3) Cultivation (ha) 3.6 3.5 3.5 8.4 5.65 4.6 (0 to 10) (1 to 10) (0 to 13) (2.5 to 25) (2.5 to 7.4) (1 to 7) Hay (ha) 04 Jul 22 May 26 May 08 Jul 01 Jul 30 Jun (01 Jul to 15 (01 May to (05 May to (01 Jul to 30 (01 Jul to 01 (15 Jun to Date of first hay Jul) 10 Jun) 01 Jun) Jul) Jul) 07 Jul) cut 1.8 0 5 4.1 1 1 (0 to 7.5) (0 to 0) (0 to 56) (0 to 14.75) (0 to 6) (0 to 7) Other (ha) 3.4 2.9 3.8 7.2 4.33 6 (1 to 6) (0 to 10) (0 to 18) (0 to 29) (0 to 10) (0 to 10) N milk cattle 2 0.9 1.3 0.7 1.83 0.4 (0 to 7) (0 to 4) (0 to 8) (0 to 3) (0 to 4) (0 to 3) N beef cattle 30.8 43.9 54.9 28 20 19.7 (0 to 150) (0 to 300) (0 to 300) (0 to 60) (0 to 76) (0 to 55) N ewes 10.2 10.1 10.1 12.7 9.17 1.1 (0 to 50) (0 to 70) (0 to 58) (0 to 40) (0 to 30) (0 to 4) N lambs 2.6 0 0.2 0 0 0 (0 to 13) (0 to 0) (0 to 3) (0 to 0) (0 to 0) (0 to 0) N goats 5.4 3.7 5.4 2.7 4.17 3 (2 to 9) (1 to 7) (0 to 14) (0 to 5) (0 to 15) (0 to 8) N pigs 1 1.6 1.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 N horses & (0 to 2) (1 to 2) (0 to 4) (0 to 1) (0 to 1) (0 to 1) donkeys N wolf and bear attacks on livestock in 0 0 2 0 0 0 last 12 months

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Table 4.2. Interview data used in the calculation of intensification and change indices. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All Total Farm area (ha) 193.2 598.39 502.45 257.1 471.72 263.95 220.56 61.99 2569.36 Total Cultivation Area (ha) 42 198.9 107.75 99.3 93.43 114.45 75.65 11.14 742.62 Total N livestock 1053 3743 2840 1660 3251 454 1274 274 14549 Proportion using shared grazing 0.50 0.68 0.58 0.58 0.66 0.73 0.76 1.00 0.66 Total hay area hand mown (ha) 9.5 46.5 2.5 25.5 97.18 0 24 3.5 208.68 Total hay area (ha) 131.5 300.57 195.5 87.5 298.18 107.25 55.2 41.75 1217.45 Sum of More/less milk cattle 0 5 12 5 2 2 -7 4 23 Sum of More/less beef cattle -1 1 1 2 0 3 Sum of More/less sheep 5 7 2 10 -2 -1 -2 1 20 Sum of More/less hay by hand -1 1 2 5 3 1 -3 0 8 Sum of More/less hay by hand mower 0 -1 0 -1 Sum of More/less hay by tractor 3 6 13 7 6 6 1 4 46 Sum of More/less silage 3 1 1 2 7 Sum of More/less crops 1 0 11 8 2 4 0 0 26 Proportion inheriting farm 0.91 0.92 0.78 1.00 0.96 0.82 1.00 1.00 0.92 N interviews 13 29 24 20 29 11 18 9 153

Table 4.3. The intensification and change indices for each village, and their component scores. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All Livestock score 0.54 0.86 0.79 0.55 0.75 0.28 0.47 0.20 0.63 Communal grazing score 0.50 0.32 0.42 0.42 0.34 0.27 0.24 0.00 0.34 Hand mown score 0.93 0.85 0.99 0.71 0.67 1.00 0.57 0.92 0.83 Hay score 0.32 0.50 0.61 0.66 0.37 0.59 0.75 0.33 0.53 Cultivation score 0.22 0.33 0.21 0.39 0.20 0.43 0.34 0.18 0.29 Hay change score 0.47 0.46 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.39 0.53 0.43 0.44 Silage change score 0.50 0.50 0.56 0.53 0.52 0.59 0.50 0.50 0.52 Crop change score 0.54 0.50 0.73 0.70 0.53 0.68 0.50 0.50 0.58 Livestock change score 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.51 0.52 0.42 0.59 0.55

Intensification Index 0.50 0.57 0.60 0.55 0.47 0.52 0.47 0.33 0.52 Change index 0.52 0.51 0.57 0.56 0.50 0.55 0.49 0.50 0.53

The intensification and change indices are visualised in figure 4.1. Viscri is shown to have a lower level of intensification than other villages. This may be due to the survey not including any of the more intense farms with large sheep flocks. Apart from Viscri, there is a spectrum of change and intensification index values. The two indices show some degree of relationship. Villages with a high intensification index tend to also have a high change index, although Crit does not fit this pattern. Richis has the only change index below 0.5. It is the only village where respondents overall think they will decrease the number of livestock. This may be an indication of abandonment of farming.

The calculation of the intensification and change indices is experimental. The choice of data, and calculation method may not be appropriate. The interview data may not be representative of a village as a whole due to the limited sample size. Nonetheless this data is included in this report to promote thought and discussion.

Page 18

Fig. 4.1. The intensification and change indices for each village. Village abbreviations: ALL – all villages, AP – Apold, CR – Crit, DA – Daia, MA – Malncrav, ME – Mesendorf, NS – Nou Sasesc, RI – Richis, VI – Viscri.

Page 19 5.0 Grassland plants

The indicator plant data for each site has been converted to three measures to characterise the indicator species diversity and abundance. These three measures have been combined into a single “3-way diversity” score, which is presented in Figure 3.4 of the summary statistics. The three measures are: A. Richness: Species richness, the number of indicator species B. Evenness: 1 – Berger Parker dominance index C. Abundance: Total number of individuals of each indicator species The “3-way diversity” score is calculated as: A + 10B + C/100. This re-scales the three measures to similar ranges of values, and then adds them together.

Figures 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 show the richness, evenness and abundance measures for each village, and for all 3 survey years. There is a wide range in the values of the measures across the sites at each village. There are some differences between years. This may be due to difference in the date of survey in 2013 compared to the other two years. There will also be natural fluctuation. Annual plant species change their location from year to year, and can change from lying within a 50m by 5m plot to outside from year to year. Year on year changes must be interpreted with caution, and longer term trends over several years will be more reliable. The graphs in figures 5.1 to 5.3 do not reveal any consistent trends except perhaps Malancrav richness decreasing, Viscri evenness increasing, Nou Sasesc and Richis abundance decreasing.

Figure 5.1. Site-level plant indicator species richness measure, summarised for each village, for 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes) and 2015 (dark grey boxes). In each boxplot: the horizontal line represents the median value; the height of the box represents the inter-quartile range (IQR); the length of the whiskers represents whichever is shorter of the maximum/minimum value or 1.5 times the IQR; circles represent outliers (data points beyond the whisker range).

Page 20

Figure 5.2. Site-level plant indicator species evenness measure, summarised for each village, 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes) and 2015 (dark grey boxes). See figure 5.1 for boxplot specifications.

Figure 5.3. Site-level plant indicator species abundance measure, summarised for each village, 2013 (white boxes), 2014 (light grey boxes) and 2015 (dark grey boxes). See figure 5.1 for boxplot specifications.

Table 5.1 presents data on the three measures and the “3-way diversity” score for each site, for all 3 years. Sites with a consistent change in the 3-way score have their name highlighted in the ‘Site’ Page 21 column. There is a lot of fluctuation from one year to the next. Only 14 sites have consistent change. 9 of these 14 have a decreasing trend. This illustrates that overall there is a general trend of decreasing plant diversity from 2013 to 2015. However, there is a lot of variability amongst the sites, and if this is a genuine trend there are various factors that could cause this, including weather conditions, scheduling of the surveys, and surveyors.

Table 5.1. Indicator plant diversity and abundance measures for each site of each village. Dark green: >= 50% increase. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease.

Richness Evenness Abundance 3-way score

Site 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 GB_AP01 2.0 2.0 0.2 0.5 46.0 33.0 4.4 7.2 GB_AP02 2.0 5.0 0.1 0.7 34.0 78.0 3.8 12.7 GB_AP03 4.0 2.0 0.4 0.3 215.0 3.0 10.0 5.4 GB_AP04 4.0 6.0 0.5 0.4 161.0 329.0 10.8 13.5

GB_AP05 2.0 6.0 0.2 0.4 193.0 120.0 5.6 10.9

GB_AP06 4.0 5.0 0.4 0.6 70.0 194.0 9.1 12.8

Apold GB_AP07 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 GB_AP08 5.0 4.0 0.5 0.6 61.0 61.0 11.0 10.5 GB_AP09 4.0 5.0 0.6 0.4 53.0 98.0 10.9 10.4 GB_AP10 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 254.0 1.0 4.8 1.0 GB_AP11 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 148.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 GB_AP12 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 GB_CR01 4.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 31.0 0.0 17.0 9.5 0.0 2.8 GB_CR02 4.0 9.0 9.0 0.4 0.8 0.5 50.0 412.0 611.0 8.3 20.6 19.9 GB_CR03 4.0 8.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 57.0 63.0 0.0 7.4 15.5 0.0 GB_CR04 2.0 0.0 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 14.0 0.0 53.0 2.9 0.0 9.9 GB_CR05 7.0 8.0 8.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1210.0 388.0 848.0 24.4 16.7 21.0 GB_CR06 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 2124.0 936.0 0.0 27.0 15.6 0.0 GB_CR07 3.0 5.0 4.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 2354.0 1991.0 1174.0 28.1 25.9 16.6 GB_CR08 5.0 2.0 6.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 228.0 71.0 581.0 11.7 3.0 16.9

GB_CR09 5.0 0.0 8.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 548.0 0.0 945.0 14.5 0.0 23.6

Crit GB_CR10 0.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 58.0 6.0 0.0 8.7 3.7 GB_CR11 4.0 2.0 3.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 34.0 4.0 12.0 9.6 4.5 6.5 GB_CR12 4.0 4.0 2.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 49.0 75.0 15.0 7.3 7.0 6.8 GB_CR13 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 254.0 285.0 1041.0 10.5 14.1 18.5 GB_CR14 3.0 3.0 4.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 236.0 255.0 404.0 9.9 9.8 13.5 GB_CR15 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 GB_CR16 3.0 3.0 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1011.0 1589.0 1659.0 14.1 19.0 21.0 GB_CR17 3.0 0.0 3.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 411.0 0.0 687.0 11.2 0.0 9.9 GB_CR18 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1305.0 987.0 1999.0 17.1 13.0 23.1 GB_DA01 5.0 6.0 0.7 0.5 70.0 49.0 12.4 11.4 GB_DA02 6.0 6.0 0.4 0.6 29.0 32.0 10.4 12.6 GB_DA03 8.0 6.0 0.6 0.4 110.0 104.0 15.4 10.7 GB_DA04 3.0 5.0 0.2 0.2 86.0 99.0 5.5 8.4

GB_DA05 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 25.0 14.0 4.1 1.1

GB_DA06 5.0 3.0 0.5 0.3 49.0 6.0 10.2 6.4 Daia GB_DA07 8.0 9.0 0.7 0.5 62.0 101.0 15.9 15.4 GB_DA08 8.0 11.0 0.7 0.6 139.0 261.0 16.3 19.1 GB_DA09 9.0 11.0 0.5 0.7 355.0 450.0 17.5 23.0 GB_DA10 7.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1176.0 0.0 22.5 0.0 GB_DA11 5.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 174.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 GB_MA01 12.0 8.0 8.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 419.0 299.0 74.0 22.3 15.8 16.0 GB_MA02 12.0 7.0 4.0 0.8 0.3 0.1 286.0 324.0 832.0 22.7 12.8 12.9 GB_MA03 7.0 6.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.0 133.0 170.0 0.0 16.1 13.2 0.0

GB_MA04 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 118.0 163.0 57.0 10.5 11.7 10.7 GB_MA05 5.0 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 43.0 210.0 0.0 9.8 6.0 0.0 GB_MA06 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 270.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0

Malancrav GB_MA07 4.0 4.0 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 189.0 82.0 38.0 7.7 7.1 3.7 GB_MA08 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 173.0 39.0 0.0 9.5 10.3 0.0 GB_MA09 2.0 3.0 5.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 134.0 11.0 247.0 4.4 7.7 13.3 GB_MA10 0.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 24.0 9.0 0.0 5.7 7.5

Page 22 Richness Evenness Abundance 3-way score

Site 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 GB_MA11 8.0 2.0 6.0 0.7 0.1 0.5 210.0 8.0 120.0 17.0 3.3 12.0 GB_MA12 8.0 0.5 772.0 20.8 GB_ME01 2.0 3.0 6.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 35.0 50.0 308.0 4.4 4.5 12.5 GB_ME02 7.0 6.0 5.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 2259.0 1198.0 406.0 30.0 19.5 13.7 GB_ME03 5.0 5.0 4.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 64.0 49.0 111.0 10.6 11.8 11.1 GB_ME04 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 42.0 0.0 0.0 8.9 0.0 0.0 GB_ME05 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 227.0 0.0 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.0

GB_ME06 5.0 4.0 7.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 526.0 283.0 423.0 15.4 9.4 13.7 GB_ME07 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.0 0.0 GB_ME08 6.0 7.0 6.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 167.0 211.0 598.0 12.0 14.7 14.9

GB_ME09 6.0 6.0 4.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 613.0 118.0 331.0 18.4 13.4 12.9 Mesendorf GB_ME10 1.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 16.0 11.0 31.0 1.2 4.8 10.1 GB_ME11 4.0 6.0 6.0 0.4 0.7 0.5 154.0 250.0 164.0 9.6 15.2 12.5 GB_ME12 2.0 4.0 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 72.0 96.0 24.0 6.6 7.5 4.9 GB_ME13 5.0 5.0 6.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 655.0 829.0 209.0 16.9 19.1 14.5 GB_ME14 6.0 5.0 5.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 1030.0 644.0 485.0 22.6 15.8 16.1 GB_ME15 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 28.0 21.0 17.0 1.3 1.2 4.9 GB_NS01 5.0 2.0 3.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 260.0 13.0 12.0 12.9 4.4 9.0 GB_NS02 7.0 5.0 8.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 1105.0 255.0 379.0 20.2 12.4 14.9 GB_NS03 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 1.0 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.0 GB_NS04 2.0 3.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 35.0 230.0 0.0 6.6 5.5 0.0 GB_NS05 9.0 12.0 14.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 527.0 1367.0 693.0 21.2 29.3 28.0 GB_NS06 11.0 9.0 9.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 261.0 321.0 795.0 19.4 16.9 24.2 GB_NS07 10.0 9.0 7.0 0.7 0.4 0.6 705.0 340.0 291.0 24.1 16.5 16.0

Nou Sasesc Nou GB_NS08 2.0 2.0 3.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 32.0 9.0 19.0 3.9 4.3 7.4 GB_NS09 12.0 9.0 13.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 948.0 338.0 702.0 27.1 16.8 26.5 GB_NS10 10.0 7.0 6.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 692.0 127.0 73.0 23.3 14.2 11.3 GB_NS11 9.0 11.0 7.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 290.0 466.0 367.0 16.7 18.4 14.7 GB_NS12 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 2.0 2.0 12.0 7.0 7.0 1.1 GB_RI01 5.0 8.0 6.0 0.2 0.7 0.7 204.0 279.0 73.0 9.0 17.5 13.6 GB_RI02 6.0 7.0 4.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 164.0 147.0 29.0 13.0 13.0 9.1 GB_RI03 9.0 7.0 9.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 284.0 521.0 123.0 18.0 17.7 16.2 GB_RI04 11.0 8.0 9.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 825.0 355.0 531.0 25.2 16.1 20.7

GB_RI05 6.0 9.0 4.0 0.6 0.7 0.2 248.0 348.0 166.0 14.0 19.0 7.8

GB_RI06 10.0 9.0 5.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 755.0 503.0 213.0 24.6 20.5 13.6

Richis GB_RI07 8.0 10.0 4.0 0.7 0.6 0.4 470.0 567.0 52.0 20.2 21.6 8.8 GB_RI08 1.0 8.0 2.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 2.0 184.0 21.0 1.0 16.9 3.6 GB_RI09 4.0 6.0 6.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 466.0 456.0 368.0 10.6 13.5 13.5 GB_RI10 3.0 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 8.0 215.0 11.0 6.8 4.7 4.8 GB_RI11 7.0 7.0 8.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 599.0 338.0 544.0 17.8 12.6 19.2 GB_RI12 5.0 4.0 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 793.0 287.0 73.0 13.6 7.3 9.7 GB_VI01 7.0 12.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 385.0 273.0 0.0 13.6 19.6 0.0 GB_VI02 5.0 6.0 6.0 0.3 0.5 0.6 199.0 111.0 148.0 9.6 12.0 13.6 GB_VI03 4.0 9.0 8.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 11.0 289.0 150.0 10.5 18.9 16.9 GB_VI04 6.0 8.0 6.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 403.0 254.0 242.0 13.6 14.8 10.2 GB_VI05 2.0 5.0 4.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 5.0 274.0 89.0 4.1 8.4 5.9

GB_VI06 4.0 8.0 6.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 210.0 172.0 100.0 8.0 14.4 14.0

GB_VI07 8.0 7.0 7.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 854.0 1120.0 384.0 18.9 19.7 17.3 Viscri GB_VI08 7.0 6.0 9.0 0.7 0.2 0.4 475.0 582.0 979.0 18.4 14.0 22.4 GB_VI09 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 22.0 43.0 12.0 1.2 4.3 1.1 GB_VI10 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 21.0 57.0 51.0 3.6 5.0 5.9 GB_VI11 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 9.0 18.0 7.0 1.1 1.2 3.5 GB_VI12 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 73.0 12.0 1.0 3.6 3.0 GB_VI13 0.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 20.0 60.0 0.0 4.7 7.4 TOTAL 20.0 24.0 21.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 31331.0 26688.0 25122.0 339.6 297.7 278.6

Table 5.3 shows the abundance of each indicator species that was surveyed, totalled for each village. This could potentially mask the within-site natural fluctuations in abundance and reveal more systematic trends. However, the differences in survey date remain an influencing factor. The 2014 Annual Report noted that “all villages with both 2013 and 2014 data, except Viscri, have more notable decreases (reds and yellows) than increases (greens)”. The 2015 survey found a slight further Page 23 decrease in the total abundance over all villages combined and at Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc and Viscri. Apold and Daia also experienced a total decrease in 2015. Crit and Malancrav experienced an increase of the total. Species that experienced a consistent decline or increase over the 3 years are listed in Table 5.2. Although there is a mixture of increases and decreases, there is evidence of a general drop in abundance across species and villages which should be monitored in future years, to reveal whether this is natural variation, or due to surveying artefacts such as change in survey date or surveying staff, or an actual decline in wildflower abundance.

Table 5.2. Species with consistent change over three years at a village or overall. Species showing consistent increase Species showing consistent decline  Large speedwell – Crit  Jurinea – Malancrav, Nou Sasesc, All  Greater milkwort – Nou Sasesc, All  Sainfoin – Malancrav, Richis  Siberian bellflower – Malancrav  Lady’s bedstraw – Malancrav  White dwarf broom – Richis, All  Crown vetch – Viscri, All  Charterhouse pink – Nou Sasesc  Yellow scabious – Mesendorf, Richis  Mountain clover – Mesendorf  Dorycnium – Crit, Malancrav, Viscri  Yellow scabious – Malancrav, Viscri  Wild thyme – Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc  Greater self-heal – Nou Sasesc  Marbled white – Malancrav  Sword-leaved fleabane – Viscri  Deptford pink – All  Deptford pink - Crit  Betony – Mesendorf, Richis

Page 24 Table 5.2. Abundance of each indicator species at each village. Grey: no record for two consecutive years. Dark green: >= 50% increase. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease. Note: Six indicator species (Adonis vernalis, Viola hirta, Orchis militaris, Dictamnus albus, Echium maculatum, Gentianopis ciliate) were not present in any site in any year, and so are not included in this table.

Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages

2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Three-toothed Orchid Orchis tridentata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nodding Sage Salvia nutans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 1043 0 0 0 0 0 135 0 Jurinea Jurinea mollis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177 22 0 0 0 0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 4 0 Large Speedwell Veronica austriaca 0 0 36 169 301 4 27 0 4 0 12 4 7 0 0 10 160 0 0 92 31 30 50 26 47 Greater Milkwort Polygala major 0 0 0 0 0 98 204 117 0 115 0 87 60 113 197 623 13 267 60 0 0 30 41 81 137 Purple Viper's Grass Scorzonera purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 5 Hairy Flax Linum hirsutum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 243 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 Siberian Bellflower Campanula sibirica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 35 2 0 17 7 0 0 17 0 0 12 0 0 6 1 6 Yellow Flax Linum flavum 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 467 3 183 0 0 0 97 17 23 White Dwarf-Broom Chamaecytisus albus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 377 0 77 347 0 0 0 0 10 90 Kidney Vetch Anthyllis vulneraria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 23 3 617 50 0 0 0 1 81 9 Sainfoin Onobrychis viciifolia 210 160 1300 169 523 40 427 1187 735 305 821 538 1697 2327 367 880 2150 1417 977 908 3332 2530 1449 851 937 Charterhouse Pink Dianthus carthusianorum 47 0 1198 92 539 69 76 617 76 720 864 720 1010 293 413 1443 193 27 357 0 12 0 527 182 518 Squinancywort Asperula cynanchica 187 1124 193 323 320 356 782 63 0 5 287 331 513 373 200 323 1207 140 147 538 458 1470 444 249 586 Mountain Clover Trifolium montanum 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 23 0 5 7 47 93 20 3907 513 0 2193 97 0 0 0 9 768 89 Lady's Bedstraw Galium verum 110 204 3649 2406 3832 2560 1507 1133 378 155 2694 3229 2353 1313 1807 1890 860 683 1037 465 837 877 1686 1501 1482 Crown Vetch Coronilla verum 513 468 473 649 573 233 542 700 491 425 1155 600 620 1943 1163 1027 1090 1287 193 1837 963 590 1200 737 555 Yellow Scabious Scabiosa ochroleuca 1353 1388 67 89 67 167 133 287 1000 6585 24 7 0 313 0 17 1147 17 0 25 40 97 310 334 1036 Wall Germander Teucrium chamaedrys 0 0 0 71 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 970 793 573 207 1407 877 0 148 77 196 302 193 Greater Self-heal Prunella grandiflora 1617 0 0 126 16 753 44 0 764 40 0 0 0 3 80 193 3 0 20 0 905 83 1 530 50 Dorycnium Dorycnium pentaphyllum 7 236 462 222 157 764 631 317 51 35 774 996 1120 2710 1797 1787 5827 1250 2307 4102 3120 1590 2365 1026 983

Page 25

Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages

2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Sword-leaved Fleabane Inula ensifolia 0 88 40 3 3 22 53 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 30 1613 0 7 0 28 53 276 7 39 Wild Thyme Thymus glabrescens 7 0 0 0 0 105 31 993 480 2105 438 262 80 860 167 50 650 3190 390 0 25 0 490 529 332 Deptford Pink Dianthus armeria 0 0 0 15 27 127 31 570 775 45 0 124 97 437 7 43 257 43 223 0 206 0 211 162 58 Betony Stachys officinalis 0 0 14764 17554 20429 2975 467 557 55 95 8351 6545 2690 4527 580 1340 197 97 40 6 6 20 4734 3476 3135 TOTAL 4180 3668 22187 21889 26805 8273 4960 6857 4836 10745 15428 13491 10357 16220 11563 11143 16060 14000 7347 7985 10111 7447 14123 11043 10309

Page 26 6.0 Grassland butterflies

Table 6.2 shows the abundance of each observed butterfly species summed per village. Notable changes between years have been highlighted. These should be interpreted with caution due to natural variability, the influence of weather during the survey period, and changes in surveying staff.

The total number of butterflies recorded at each village should be less influenced by surveyor bias. In 2014 three villages showed notable decreases in abundance. In 2015 butterfly abundance recovered by more than 20% in two of those villages – Richis and Viscri. But Nou Sasesc showed a further decline.

Table 6.1 shows the species that have consistently decreased or increased in 2014 and 2015. Apold and Daia do not appear in the table as these villages were not surveyed in 2013. 27 species show a total of 56 incidents of consistent increase, while 17 species show a total of 27 incidents of consistent decrease. Nou Sasesc has 9 species experiencing a consistent decline – more than any other village. Some of these consistent changes are for species with a low number of records, and therefore a difference of just a few butterflies can appear to be a notable change. Differences in surveyor can have an influence in such cases. Changes for the more abundant butterflies are more reliable. Of the species with more than 50 individuals per hectare in a single year (those in bold in table 6.1), 9 species have 24 incidences of consistent increase, while 12 species have 20 incidences of consistent increase.

The Nou Sasesc butterfly community should be monitored closely – but it may just be due to the survey moving to earlier in the fieldwork season in 2014 and 2015 being a particularly wet survey week. There is not consistently clear evidence of any other species or villages being of concern.

Table 6.1. Species with consistent change over three years at a village or overall. Species in bold had 50 or more individuals in a single year – and are more reliable trends than species with few individuals observed. Species showing consistent increase Species showing consistent decline  Marbled white – Crit, Mesendorf, Viscri  Marbled white – Malancrav  Meadow brown – Crit, Viscri  Silver washed fritillary – Mesendorf,  High brown fritillary – Richis Nou Sasesc, All  Dark green fritillary – Crit, Mesendorf, All  Heath fritillary – Crit, All  Weaver’s fritillary – All  Large skipper – Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc,  Small pearl bordered fritillary – All All  Nickerls fritillary – Mesendorf, Richis, All  Silver spotted skipper – Crit  Twin spot fritillary – Mesendorf  Small white – Nou Sasesc  Dingy skipper – Crit, Viscri  Fenton’s wood white – All  Wood white – Malancrav, Mesendorf,  Bath white – All Nou Sasesc, Richis, All  Small heath – Nou Sasesc  Small heath – Malancrav  Dryad – Mesendorf  Chestnut heath – Malancrav, Nou Sasesc,  Clouded yellow – Nou Sasesc Richis, All  Ringlet – Nou Sasesc  Pearly heath – Mesendorf, All  All blues – Nou Sasesc  Pale clouded yellow – Crit, Viscri, All  Meleager’s blue – Malancrav,

Page 27  Brimstone – Crit, All Mesendorf, Richis, All  Ringlet – Crit  Reverdin blue – Richis  Chalk hill blue – Malancrav, All  Holly blue – Nou Sasesc, Viscri  Silver studded blue – Viscri  Common blue – Nou Sasesc  Baton blue – Nou Sasesc  Red admiral - Mesendorf  Idas blue – Crit, All  Common blue – Crit, Mesendorf, Richis, All  Chapman’s blue – All  Green underside blue – Richis, All  Short tailed blue – Malancrav, Mesendorf, Nou Sasesc, All  Brown argus – Malancrav, All  Large copper – All  Common glider – Malancrav

Page 28 Table 6.2. Grassland butterfly abundance (numbers per hectare) at each village. Grey: no sighting two years running. Dark green: >= 50% increase. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages

2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Marbled white Melanariga galathea 5 2 42 113 164 46 71 181 22 5 42 216 279 121 104 97 46 44 43 23 121 196 76 86 112 Meadow brown Maniola jurtina 238 204 145 297 458 167 213 174 196 114 214 414 354 195 168 171 98 98 117 46 189 269 145 223 247 Silver washed fritillary Argynnis paphia 18 2 4 1 9 3 0 2 4 2 31 8 2 7 5 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 8 5 2 High brown fritillary Argynnis adipe 9 2 0 8 1 2 5 0 2 0 0 29 18 2 20 14 1 1 8 0 2 0 0 9 6 Marbled Fritillary Brenthis daphne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 7 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Assman's Fritillary Melitaea britomartis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Knapweed fritillary Melitaea phoebe 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Lesser marbled fritillary Brenthis ino 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Queen of Spain Fritillary Issoria lathonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dark Green Fritillary Argynnis aglaja 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 Weaver's fritillary Boloria dia 0 0 0 6 6 1 3 0 0 3 0 8 8 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 3 Small Pearl-Bordered Fritillary Boloria selene 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pallas Fritillary Argynnis laodice 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pearl bordered fritillary Clossiana euphrosyne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spotted fritillary Melitaea didyma 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 12 0 1 9 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 Heath fritillary Mellicta athalia 0 0 4 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 Marsh fritillary Eurodryas aurinia 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Little fritillary Melitaea asteria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nickerls Fritillary Melitaea aurelia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 4 3 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 1 2 Niobe Fritillary Argynnis niobe 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Twin Spot Fritillary Brenthis hecate 0 0 0 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1

Page 29 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages

2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Spotted Fritillary Melitaea didyma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small skipper Pyrgus sylvestris 0 0 10 2 4 3 2 20 0 0 10 4 6 10 1 21 1 0 4 4 0 3 9 1 5 Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola 0 0 0 41 15 10 2 0 5 0 0 55 33 0 24 13 0 0 1 0 21 11 0 20 10 Large skipper Ochlodes venatu 1 1 5 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 9 5 0 5 3 1 0 1 0 8 0 0 6 1 0 Grizzled skipper Pyrgus malvae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dingy skipper Erynnis tages 3 7 2 3 13 6 3 4 8 5 2 0 0 17 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 4 5 3 4 Silver spotted skipper Hesperia comma 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Safflower skipper Pyrgus carthami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Large Chequered Skipper Heteropterus morpheus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 Chequered skipper Carterocephalus palaemon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small white Artogeia rapae 11 2 7 1 3 1 1 12 26 29 8 1 3 9 2 1 8 1 1 3 4 1 8 6 5 Large white Pieris brassicae 0 5 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 Green-Veined White Pieris napi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wood White Leptidea sinapis 2 1 0 8 6 1 3 0 1 10 0 11 22 0 3 6 0 1 6 0 0 1 0 3 7 Fenton's wood white Leptidea mersei 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Bath white Pontia daplidice 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small heath Coenonympha pamphilus 32 33 13 15 10 11 27 2 19 54 30 26 17 10 7 5 4 7 3 21 24 12 13 18 21 Chestnut Heath Coenonympha glycerion 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 20 0 2 1 0 3 4 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 2 3 Pearly Heath Coenonympha arcania 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 4 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Dryad Hipparchia dryas 17 49 19 39 18 41 79 23 35 26 8 1 0 87 0 0 36 0 0 0 3 0 29 17 18 Clouded yellow Colias crocea 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 5 0 3 10 1 0 7 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 0 Danube clouded yellow Colias myrmidone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Page 30 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages

2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Pale clouded yellow Colias hyale 14 18 1 13 20 11 12 0 11 9 2 3 2 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 16 27 1 9 12 Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus 3 10 1 1 10 5 5 17 8 10 0 4 2 13 4 0 5 1 1 0 0 1 6 3 5

All blues 404 440 149 20 56 89 226 33 286 342 179 28 68 129 74 60 178 34 70 269 11 42 156 114 153 Chalk-Hill Blue Lysandra coridon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Meleager's blue Meleageria daphnis 1 0 139 0 0 1 0 15 1 0 174 4 0 95 0 0 128 1 0 265 0 0 136 1 0 Silver Studded Blue Plebejus argus 218 130 1 15 13 74 43 0 61 40 1 19 14 0 62 24 0 28 23 1 9 18 0 59 37 Mazarine Blue Cyaniris semiargus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Iolas blue Iolana iolas 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alcon Blue Phengaris alcon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baton blue Pseudophilotes baton 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Reverdin blue Lycaeides argyrognomon 19 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 5 2 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 Idas blue Lycaeides idas 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Holly blue Celastrina argiolus 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 4 0 3 23 2 0 42 0 1 3 1 0 15 0 1 Common blue Polyomattus icarus 144 154 0 1 8 12 86 3 207 186 0 2 9 7 3 2 1 3 7 0 0 7 2 44 52 Chapman's Blue Polyommatus thersites 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Large blue Maculinea arion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Green underside blue Glaucopsyche alexis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eastern Short Tailed Blue Everes decoloratus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Short Tailed Blue Cupido argiades 21 62 0 2 1 0 1 0 7 33 0 2 13 0 1 21 0 0 14 0 0 1 0 4 17 Adonis Blue Polyommatus bellargus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Osiris Blue Cupido osiris 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

Page 31 Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri All villages

2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Blue sp. Lyacaenidae 0 92 0 0 31 0 95 0 0 74 0 0 23 0 0 10 0 0 19 0 0 14 0 0 41 Brown Argus Aricia agestis 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Sooty Cooper Lycaena tityrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scarce copper Heodes virgaureae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Purple Shot Copper Lycaena alciphron 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brown Hairstreak Thecla betulae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Large Copper Lycaena dispar 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Swallowtail Papilio machaon 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scarce swallowtail Iphiclides podalirius 0 1 3 0 5 2 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 Painted lady Synthia carduii 3 0 2 10 3 2 0 0 0 0 5 9 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 1 4 1 Map Araschnia levana 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 Peacock Inachis io 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Comma Polygonia c-album 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Red admiral Vaness ataanta 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 White Admiral Limenitis camilla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Common Glider Neptis sappho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 791 793 431 594 817 403 667 508 636 644 569 841 915 772 536 475 580 239 343 651 409 614 645 655 784

Page 32 7.0 Birds

Table 7.2 shows the abundance of each bird species per point count at each village. The abundance as a percentage of the total number of birds throughout the season is also given. This latter figure partly compensates for differences due to change of surveyor each year. Overall in 2015 a lot fewer birds per point count were recorded compared to 2014, and fewer than 2013.

The number of highlighted cells illustrates the fluctuations in species numbers between 2013 and 2015. This will partly be natural variation, but also change in surveying staff. For example, in 2014 there was a fall in the number of house sparrows and tree sparrows, but an increase in sparrow sp., with these trends reversed in 2015. This is very probably an artefact of the different surveyors. Likewise there is a fall in the number of middle spotted woodpecker in 2014, but rises in great spotted woodpecker, spotted woodpecker sp. and woodpecker sp. with the trends reversed in 2015.

The species showing consistent decline or increase in 2014 and 2015 in certain villages or overall are shown in table 7.1. Of the species showing consistent decline, eight are associated with grassland, according to Birdlife International’s online species database. Abundance of these species should be monitored closely in the villages where they have declined. There are more species showing a consistent increase than a consistent decrease at particular villages. Nine of these are associated with grassland. This is encouraging.

Apold is the village that appears most frequently on the species decline list (7 out of 20 times). It also appears most frequently on the species increase list (12 out of 35 times), suggesting that the bird population around Apold is more changeable than elsewhere. Apart from this, no village seems to stand out as having more prevalent bird population changes.

Table 7.1. Species with consistent change over three years at a village or overall. Species in bold are associated with grassland according to Biidlife International’s online species database. Species showing consistent increase Species showing consistent decline  Barn swallow – Apold  Blackcap – Malancrav  Black redstart – Malancrav, Nou Sasesc  Cuckoo – Crit and Viscri  Black woodpecker – Crit, Malancrav,  Grey heron – Apold Mesendorf and Total  Jay – Nou Sasesc  Blackbird – Richis  Lesser spotted eagle – Viscri  Blue tit – Apold  Lesser whitethroat – Apold  Coal tit – Apold  Linnet – Viscri  Collared dove – Apold  Spotted flycatcher – Apold and Total  Collared flycatcher – Crit  Stock dove – Viscri  Feral pigeon – Apold, Mesendorf and  Thrush nightingale – Apold Richis  Tree pipit – Apold and Mesendorf  Goldfinch – Apold  Tree sparrow – Richis  Greenfinch – Apold  Whinchat – Nou Sasesc  Grey-headed woodpecker – Nou Sasesc  Willow warbler – Apold and Total  Hooded crow – Nou Sasesc  Wood warbler – Mesendorf  House martin – Malancrav  Yellow wagtail – Apold and Mesendorf  Lesser whitethroat – Nou Sasesc  Mallard – Total

Page 33  Mistle thrush – Apold  Pheasant – Richis and Total  Quail – Apold  Song thrush – Nou Sasesc  Tree creeper – Apold, Malancrav, Nou Sasesc and Total  Whinchat – Viscri  White stork – Apold and Viscri  White wagtail – Nou Sasesc  Wren - Apold

Page 34 Table 7.2. Bird abundance per point count (abundance as % of season’s total birds recorded in brackets). Dark green: >= 50% increase in both abundance per point count and % of season’s total. Light green: >= 20% increase. Yellow: <= 20% decrease. Red: <= 50% decrease. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total

2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

Barn Swallow 2.26 2.73 3.67 2.47 4.31 3.67 7.1 5.77 4.05 4.05 3.75 3.62 2.74 1.7 2.41 2.67 2.24 6.38 3.51 2.08 2.47 3.05 2.07 3.33 3.51 3.23 Hirundo rustica (0.54) (0.7) (2.22) (1.51) (1.19) (2.26) (0.96) (3.55) (1.71) (1.16) (2.17) (2.54) (0.74) (1.05) (0.79) (0.67) (0.63) (2.43) (0.71) (1.04) (1.73) (0.58) (1.12) (11.25) (6.71) (14.04) Barred Warbler 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 Sylvia nisoria (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0)

Bee-eater 1.22 2.24 0.17 0.07 0.08 0.23 1.17 1.73 0.9 0.9 0.73 0.01 0 0.02 0.22 0.22 0.03 0.81 0.74 0.31 0.32 0.15 0.18 0.39 0.65 0.46 Merops apiaster (0.29) (0.58) (0.11) (0.04) (0.02) (0.14) (0.16) (1.07) (0.38) (0.26) (0.42) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.07) (0.06) (0.01) (0.31) (0.15) (0.15) (0.23) (0.03) (0.1) (1.33) (1.25) (2.01) 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 Bird of Prey (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Black Redstart 0 0.33 0.27 0.1 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.2 0.1 0.18 0.23 0.04 0.1 0 0 0.15 0.24 0.03 0.23 0.08 0 0.12 0.02 0.04 0.18 0.15 Phoenicurus ochruros (0) (0.08) (0.16) (0.06) (0.05) (0.13) (0.03) (0.13) (0.04) (0.05) (0.13) (0.03) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.07) (0.01) (0.05) (0.04) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.14) (0.35) (0.66) Black Stork 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ciconia nigra (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) Black Woodpecker 0.13 0.25 0.29 0 0.03 0.05 0 0.03 0 0.03 0.17 0 0.1 0.27 0 0.11 0.03 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.13 Dryocopus martius (0.03) (0.07) (0.17) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.1) (0) (0.03) (0.16) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0.14) (0.55) Blackbird 0.09 0.64 0.38 0.37 0.31 0.45 0.69 0.61 0.22 0.36 0.35 0.31 0.52 0.67 0.38 1.04 1.34 0.27 0.74 0.96 0.09 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.55 0.57 Turdus merula (0.02) (0.16) (0.23) (0.23) (0.08) (0.28) (0.09) (0.38) (0.09) (0.1) (0.2) (0.22) (0.14) (0.41) (0.12) (0.26) (0.38) (0.1) (0.15) (0.48) (0.06) (0.05) (0.13) (0.85) (1.05) (2.48) Blackcap 0 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.03 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.24 0.02 0 0.21 0.31 0.28 0.09 0.52 0.28 0 0.42 0.23 0.1 0 0.04 0.13 0.17 0.12 Sylvia atricapilla (0) (0) (0.01) (0.1) (0.01) (0.09) (0.01) (0.03) (0.1) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.08) (0.17) (0.03) (0.13) (0.08) (0) (0.08) (0.12) (0.07) (0) (0.02) (0.45) (0.33) (0.51) Blue Tit 0.04 0.13 0.22 0.08 0.49 0.11 0.34 0.2 0.17 0.16 0.05 0.13 0.5 0.17 0.34 0.39 0.31 0.08 0.21 0.08 0.03 0 0 0.12 0.28 0.13 Cyanistes caeruleus (0.01) (0.03) (0.13) (0.05) (0.14) (0.07) (0.05) (0.13) (0.07) (0.05) (0.03) (0.09) (0.14) (0.11) (0.11) (0.1) (0.09) (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.39) (0.54) (0.59) 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.28 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.09 0 Buzzard sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.16) (0) Chaffinch 0 0.29 0.1 0.29 0.68 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.05 0.23 0 0.66 0.93 1.17 0.16 0.17 0.38 0.32 0.4 0.19 0.24 4.44 0.16 0.3 0.83 0.31 Fringilla coelebs (0) (0.07) (0.06) (0.18) (0.19) (0.15) (0.03) (0.12) (0.02) (0.07) (0) (0.46) (0.25) (0.72) (0.05) (0.04) (0.11) (0.12) (0.08) (0.1) (0.17) (0.85) (0.09) (1) (1.58) (1.34) Chiffchaff 0.35 0.2 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.12 0.02 0.25 0.12 0.26 0.41 0.22 0.76 0.69 0.05 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.19 Phylloscopus collybita (0.08) (0.05) (0.08) (0.03) (0.02) (0.05) (0.01) (0.02) (0.05) (0) (0.14) (0.08) (0.07) (0.25) (0.07) (0.19) (0.19) (0.02) (0.04) (0.06) (0.04) (0.02) (0.06) (0.38) (0.41) (0.85) Coal Tit 0 0.04 0.19 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.07 0.01 0 0 0.13 0 0 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.04 Periparus ater (0) (0.01) (0.12) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.11) (0.01) (0.15) Collared Dove 0 0.02 0.1 0.03 0.02 0 0.38 0.14 0 0.15 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0.24 0.42 0.21 0.03 1.27 0 0.04 0.23 0.06 Streptopelia decaocto (0) (0) (0.06) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.09) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.09) (0.08) (0.11) (0.02) (0.24) (0) (0.13) (0.44) (0.25) Collared Flycatcher 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.01 Ficedula albicollis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.03) Common Buzzard 0.43 0.93 0.44 0.59 0.29 0.53 0.66 0.33 0.61 0.28 0.3 0.37 0.62 0.52 0.44 1.06 0.66 0.68 1.3 0.38 0.21 0.15 0.82 0.45 0.63 0.48 Buteo buteo (0.1) (0.24) (0.27) (0.36) (0.08) (0.33) (0.09) (0.2) (0.26) (0.08) (0.17) (0.26) (0.17) (0.32) (0.14) (0.27) (0.18) (0.26) (0.26) (0.19) (0.14) (0.03) (0.44) (1.53) (1.21) (2.11) Common Grasshopper Warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 Locustella naevia (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0)

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Common Kingfisher 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alcedo atthis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Common Nightingale 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Luscinia megarhynchos (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Common Whitethroat 0.09 0.07 0 0.08 0.14 0.03 0.38 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.12 0.19 0.34 0.03 0.57 0.17 0 1.09 0.46 0.16 0.32 0.2 0.09 0.32 0.15 Sylvia communis (0.02) (0.02) (0) (0.05) (0.04) (0.02) (0.05) (0.02) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.08) (0.05) (0.21) (0.01) (0.14) (0.05) (0) (0.22) (0.23) (0.11) (0.06) (0.11) (0.29) (0.61) (0.65) Corn Bunting 0 0 0 0.12 0 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.02 Emberiza calandra (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0.08) Corncrake 0 0 0 0.03 0.1 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.16 0.06 0 0.04 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.17 0 0.01 0.06 0.01 Crex crex (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.04) (0.04) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.04) (0.12) (0.04) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crake sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 Crow sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Cuckoo 0 0 0 0.07 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0.74 0.38 0.1 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.06 Cuculus canorus (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.15) (0.19) (0.07) (0.01) (0.01) (0.17) (0.17) (0.25) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 Eagle sp (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) Feral Pigeon 0 0.4 1.29 0.41 0.05 0.16 2.52 0.17 1.46 0.98 0.57 0.03 0.36 0.94 0.09 0.61 0.17 0 0.26 0.33 0.69 1.05 1.34 0.41 0.65 0.65 Columba livia (domest.) (0) (0.1) (0.78) (0.25) (0.01) (0.1) (0.34) (0.11) (0.62) (0.28) (0.33) (0.02) (0.1) (0.58) (0.03) (0.15) (0.05) (0) (0.05) (0.16) (0.48) (0.2) (0.72) (1.4) (1.24) (2.82) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.66 0 0 0.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.09 0 Finch sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.17) (0) Garden warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 Sylvia borin (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Goldcrest 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Regulus regulus (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) Golden Oriole 0.13 0.15 0.41 0.53 0.8 1.16 0.69 0.77 0.68 0.18 0.35 0.34 1.07 0.64 0.38 0.94 0.34 0.84 0.26 0.5 0.34 0.54 0.45 0.46 0.57 0.6 Oriolus oriolus (0.03) (0.04) (0.25) (0.32) (0.22) (0.71) (0.09) (0.47) (0.29) (0.05) (0.2) (0.24) (0.29) (0.39) (0.12) (0.24) (0.1) (0.32) (0.05) (0.25) (0.24) (0.1) (0.24) (1.56) (1.08) (2.62) Goldfinch 0.26 0.45 0.78 0.32 0.36 0.28 0.86 0.3 0.1 0.08 0.22 0.18 0.12 0.13 0.25 0.3 0.55 0.92 0.58 0.73 0.26 1.8 0.16 0.31 0.48 0.38 Carduelis carduelis (0.06) (0.12) (0.47) (0.2) (0.1) (0.17) (0.12) (0.18) (0.04) (0.02) (0.13) (0.12) (0.03) (0.08) (0.08) (0.07) (0.15) (0.35) (0.12) (0.37) (0.19) (0.35) (0.09) (1.04) (0.93) (1.64) Goshawk 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.04 0.03 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Accipiter gentilis (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.02) Great Grey Shrike 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.38 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.04 0.01 Lanius excubitor (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.07) (0.03) Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 arundinaceus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Great Spotted Woodpecker 0.13 0.82 0.3 0.03 0.8 0.27 0.79 0.22 0 1.1 0.42 0 0.83 0.28 0.19 0.28 0.21 0.49 0.09 0.13 0.1 0.24 0.13 0.11 0.63 0.25 Dendrocopos major (0.03) (0.21) (0.18) (0.02) (0.22) (0.16) (0.11) (0.13) (0) (0.31) (0.24) (0) (0.22) (0.17) (0.06) (0.07) (0.06) (0.19) (0.02) (0.07) (0.07) (0.05) (0.07) (0.37) (1.21) (1.09)

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Great Tit 0.65 2.87 1.14 0.58 2.36 0.95 2.03 0.88 0.32 3.08 1.4 0.19 1.67 0.61 1.63 1.43 0.66 0.95 0.65 0.79 0.24 0.88 0.2 0.54 1.91 0.85 Parus major (0.15) (0.74) (0.69) (0.35) (0.65) (0.59) (0.28) (0.54) (0.13) (0.88) (0.81) (0.13) (0.45) (0.38) (0.54) (0.36) (0.18) (0.36) (0.13) (0.39) (0.17) (0.17) (0.11) (1.84) (3.66) (3.69) Green woodpecker 0.3 0.67 0.68 0.2 0.42 0.61 0.14 0.48 1 0.39 1.03 0.25 0.16 0.42 0.78 0.83 0.28 0.49 0.44 0.1 0.16 0.12 0.32 0.4 0.41 0.52 Picus viridis (0.07) (0.17) (0.41) (0.12) (0.12) (0.38) (0.02) (0.3) (0.42) (0.11) (0.6) (0.18) (0.04) (0.26) (0.26) (0.21) (0.08) (0.19) (0.09) (0.05) (0.11) (0.02) (0.17) (1.35) (0.79) (2.24) Greenfinch 0 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.54 0.13 0.45 0.33 0.05 0.39 0.02 0 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.3 0 0.35 0.6 0.08 0 0.22 0.11 0.06 0.32 0.11 Chloris chloris (0) (0) (0.06) (0.03) (0.15) (0.08) (0.06) (0.2) (0.02) (0.11) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0.04) (0.03) (0.07) (0) (0.13) (0.12) (0.04) (0) (0.04) (0.06) (0.22) (0.6) (0.48) Grey Heron 0.04 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 Ardea cinerea (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) Grey Wagtail 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Motacilla cinerea (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) Grey-headed Woodpecker 0 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.21 0.02 0 0.23 0.03 0 0.29 0.03 0 0.11 0.17 0.11 0.07 0.02 0 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.04 Picus canus (0) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0.07) (0.02) (0) (0.08) (0.02) (0) (0.03) (0.05) (0.04) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.07) (0.24) (0.15) Hawfinch Coccothraustes 0.83 0.69 0.76 0.39 0.03 0.28 0 0.34 0.2 0 0.27 0.46 0.07 0.38 0.22 0 0.31 2.08 0.09 0.02 0.06 0 0 0.52 0.12 0.31 coccothraustes (0.2) (0.18) (0.46) (0.24) (0.01) (0.17) (0) (0.21) (0.08) (0) (0.15) (0.32) (0.02) (0.23) (0.07) (0) (0.09) (0.79) (0.02) (0.01) (0.04) (0) (0) (1.74) (0.22) (1.33) Hobby 0.09 0 0 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.02 0 0.03 0.01 0 0 0.06 0.04 0.03 0 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.04 Falco subbuteo (0.02) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.02) (0.04) (0) (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0.1) (0.04) (0.15) Honey Buzzard 0 0.04 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 0.02 0.07 0 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.01 Pernis apivorus (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.05) (0.04) Hooded Crow 0.04 0 0 0.24 0.39 0.02 0 0.27 0 0 0 0.12 0 0.16 0 0.02 0.1 0.41 0.77 0.96 6.79 31.37 2.21 1.52 3.28 0.45 Corvus cornix (0.01) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.11) (0.01) (0) (0.16) (0) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0.1) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.15) (0.15) (0.48) (4.77) (6.01) (1.19) (5.16) (6.28) (1.97) Hoopoe 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.06 0.05 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 Upupa epops (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.02) (0.07) (0.01) (0.04) (0.14) (0.04) (0.08) House Martin 0.65 0.53 0.03 1.64 0.41 1.92 2 1.06 0.17 1.64 6.05 0.01 0 0.05 0.13 0 0.1 1.08 0.3 0.1 0.4 0 0 0.58 0.55 1.25 Delichon urbica (0.15) (0.14) (0.02) (1) (0.11) (1.18) (0.27) (0.65) (0.07) (0.47) (3.49) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0.04) (0) (0.03) (0.41) (0.06) (0.05) (0.28) (0) (0) (1.97) (1.05) (5.46) House Sparrow 1.52 1.69 1.16 1.73 0.76 2.36 3.72 1.16 4.54 1.1 3.82 2.91 0.86 2.78 3.47 0.3 1.17 2.7 1.28 1.52 6.06 1.63 0.86 3.49 1.22 1.92 Passer domesticus (0.36) (0.43) (0.7) (1.05) (0.21) (1.45) (0.51) (0.71) (1.92) (0.31) (2.2) (2.04) (0.23) (1.71) (1.14) (0.07) (0.33) (1.03) (0.26) (0.76) (4.25) (0.31) (0.46) (11.8) (2.34) (8.34) Icterine Warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 Hippolais icterina (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) Jackdaw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.66 0 0 0.14 0 0 Corvus monedula (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.46) (0) (0) (0.46) (0) (0) Jay 1 1.2 0.43 0.37 0.59 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.82 0.82 0.32 0.26 0.16 1.34 0.41 0.07 0.19 0.26 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.41 0.52 0.32 Garrulus glandarius (0.24) (0.31) (0.26) (0.23) (0.16) (0.23) (0.05) (0.22) (0.13) (0.23) (0.47) (0.23) (0.07) (0.1) (0.44) (0.1) (0.02) (0.07) (0.05) (0.04) (0.03) (0.01) (0.04) (1.37) (1) (1.38) Kestrel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.11 0.01 0 0.01 Falco tinnunculus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.06) (0.03) (0) (0.06) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0 Lark sp (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) Lesser Grey Shrike 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.01 0 Lanius minor (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0)

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Lesser Spotted Eagle 0.17 0.07 0.02 0.07 0 0.06 0 0.05 0 0.02 0 0.1 0.03 0.11 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.1 0.05 0 0.07 0.02 0.03 Aquila pomarina (0.04) (0.02) (0.01) (0.04) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0.01) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.07) (0.01) (0) (0.25) (0.04) (0.14) Lesser Spotted Woodpecker 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.03 0 0 0.06 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.04 0.03 0.02 Dendrocopos minor (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.05) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.07) (0.11) Lesser Whitethroat 0.22 0.04 0 0 0.05 0 0.14 0 0 0 0.07 0.01 0.1 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.14 0.03 0.05 0.06 0 1.15 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.03 Sylvia curruca (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.04) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.22) (0.01) (0.08) (0.32) (0.13) Linnet 0.09 0.16 0 0.15 0.05 0.06 0 0.06 0 0.05 0.02 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.12 0.05 0 0.08 0.05 0.03 Carduelis cannabina (0.02) (0.04) (0) (0.09) (0.01) (0.04) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.08) (0.01) (0) (0.26) (0.09) (0.12) Little Owl 0 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 Athene noctua (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0.02) Long-tailed tit 0.3 0.27 0 0.25 0 0.03 0.28 0.47 0.12 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11 0.07 0.08 Aegithalos caudatus (0.07) (0.07) (0) (0.15) (0) (0.02) (0.04) (0.29) (0.05) (0.03) (0.06) (0) (0) (0) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.36) (0.14) (0.37) Magpie 0.17 0.15 0.3 0.19 0.24 0.2 1.76 0.59 0.32 0.39 0.42 0.04 0.09 0 0.16 0.19 0.31 0.89 0.67 0.33 2.82 2.63 1.93 0.8 0.61 0.51 Pica pica (0.04) (0.04) (0.18) (0.11) (0.07) (0.13) (0.24) (0.37) (0.13) (0.11) (0.24) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0.05) (0.05) (0.09) (0.34) (0.14) (0.16) (1.98) (0.51) (1.04) (2.69) (1.16) (2.2) Mallard 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0.05 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 Anas platyrhynchos (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) Marsh Tit 0.78 0.78 0.24 0.31 0.76 0.22 1 0.09 0.41 1.15 0.23 0.5 0.36 0.03 0.53 0.56 0.24 0.51 0 0.17 0.09 0.1 0 0.39 0.59 0.15 Poecile palustris (0.19) (0.2) (0.14) (0.19) (0.21) (0.13) (0.14) (0.06) (0.18) (0.33) (0.13) (0.35) (0.1) (0.02) (0.18) (0.14) (0.07) (0.2) (0) (0.09) (0.06) (0.02) (0) (1.33) (1.13) (0.65) Marsh Warbler 0 0 0 0.02 0.05 0 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.01 0 0.02 0.16 0 0.14 0.14 0 0.12 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.04 Acrocephalus palustris (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.05) (0) (0.04) (0.05) (0) (0.06) (0.02) (0.01) (0.05) (0.14) (0.03) (0.16) Meadow pipit 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Anthus pratensis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Middle Spotted Woodpecker 0.39 0.02 0.17 0.34 0.14 0.14 0 0.17 0.27 0.05 0.15 0.72 0.07 0.17 0.41 0 0.07 0.22 0 0.02 0.06 0 0.13 0.35 0.04 0.13 Dendrocopus medius (0.09) (0) (0.11) (0.21) (0.04) (0.09) (0) (0.11) (0.11) (0.01) (0.09) (0.51) (0.02) (0.11) (0.13) (0) (0.02) (0.08) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0) (0.07) (1.18) (0.07) (0.59) Mistle Thrush 0 0.05 0.48 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.01 0.01 0.07 Turdus viscivorus (0) (0.01) (0.29) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.31) Montagu's Harrier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Circus pygargus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) Nuthatch 1.3 1.89 0.44 0.61 1.29 0.3 0.48 0.39 0.37 1.38 0.2 0.84 0.95 0.44 1 0.87 0.24 0.46 0.35 0.21 0.19 0.05 0.09 0.61 0.97 0.3 Sitta europaea (0.31) (0.49) (0.27) (0.37) (0.36) (0.18) (0.07) (0.24) (0.15) (0.39) (0.12) (0.59) (0.26) (0.27) (0.33) (0.22) (0.07) (0.18) (0.07) (0.11) (0.13) (0.01) (0.05) (2.06) (1.86) (1.3) Olivacious Warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 Iduna pallida (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.02) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Owl sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Pheasant 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.14 0 0.03 0 0 0.02 0 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.03 0.09 0.23 0.01 0.24 0 0.02 0.06 0.07 Phasianus colchicus (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.09) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.07) (0.01) (0.02) (0.12) (0.01) (0.05) (0) (0.07) (0.11) (0.31) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 Picus sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0)

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0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.1 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 Pigeon sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) Quail 0 0.02 0.16 0.02 0 0 0.1 0.13 0 0 0 0.19 0.38 0.08 0 0 0 0.03 0.16 0.04 0.06 2.85 0.09 0.06 0.37 0.07 Coturnix coturnix (0) (0) (0.1) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.08) (0) (0) (0) (0.13) (0.1) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.03) (0.02) (0.04) (0.55) (0.05) (0.2) (0.7) (0.29) Raven 0.39 0.24 0.46 0.53 0.14 0.84 0.24 0.14 0.88 0.15 0.22 0.22 0.26 0.39 0.41 1.15 0.31 0.3 0.77 0.33 0.13 0.66 0.05 0.38 0.43 0.35 Corvus corax (0.09) (0.06) (0.28) (0.32) (0.04) (0.52) (0.03) (0.09) (0.37) (0.04) (0.13) (0.15) (0.07) (0.24) (0.13) (0.29) (0.09) (0.11) (0.15) (0.16) (0.09) (0.13) (0.03) (1.28) (0.81) (1.53) Red-backed Shrike 1.26 1.93 1.35 1.71 1.49 1.41 4.86 2.13 0.32 1.2 1 0.9 1.29 0.5 1.88 1.5 1.03 1.35 1.44 0.31 1.06 1.76 0.95 1.18 1.71 1.11 Lanius collurio (0.3) (0.5) (0.82) (1.04) (0.41) (0.87) (0.66) (1.31) (0.13) (0.34) (0.58) (0.63) (0.35) (0.31) (0.62) (0.38) (0.29) (0.52) (0.29) (0.15) (0.74) (0.34) (0.51) (3.98) (3.26) (4.83) Red-breasted Flycatcher 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ficedula parva (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Reed Warbler Acrocephalus 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.07 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.09 0 0 0.09 0 0 0.12 0 0 0.15 0 0 0.07 0 scirpaceus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.14) (0) River Warbler 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 Locustella fluviatilis (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.1) Robin 0.13 0.11 0.29 0.08 0 0.09 0.03 0.19 0.07 0.07 0.25 0.26 0.16 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.14 0.11 0.09 0 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.14 Erithacus rubecula (0.03) (0.03) (0.17) (0.05) (0) (0.06) (0) (0.12) (0.03) (0.02) (0.14) (0.19) (0.04) (0.04) (0.02) (0) (0.04) (0.04) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.37) (0.13) (0.6) Rook 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21.47 7.37 15.5 4.45 0.74 1.92 Corvus frugilegus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (15.06) (1.41) (8.36) (15.06) (1.41) (8.36) Scops Owl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Otus scops (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) Sedge warbler Acrocephalus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 schoenobaenus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Serin 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 Serinus serinus (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.1) 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 Shrike sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Skylark 0 0.02 0 0.17 0.02 0.03 0 0.06 0.02 0.03 0 0.21 0.5 0.83 0.03 0.02 0 0 0 0 1.04 0.83 1.8 0.3 0.17 0.35 Alauda arvensis (0) (0) (0) (0.1) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.14) (0.14) (0.51) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.73) (0.16) (0.97) (1) (0.32) (1.54) Song Thrush 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.12 0.02 0.05 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.03 0.03 0.23 0 0.06 0.31 0 0.09 0.08 0.03 0 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.09 Turdus philomelos (0.01) (0.01) (0.03) (0.07) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.14) (0) (0.01) (0.09) (0) (0.02) (0.04) (0.02) (0) (0.07) (0.14) (0.06) (0.39) Sparrow sp. 2.17 0 0 0 1.75 0 3.48 0 0 3.43 0 0.96 0.66 0 0 0.56 0 0 1.3 0.15 0 4.02 0 0.35 1.72 0.02 Passer sp. (0.52) (0) (0) (0) (0.48) (0) (0.47) (0) (0) (0.98) (0) (0.67) (0.18) (0) (0) (0.14) (0) (0) (0.26) (0.08) (0) (0.77) (0) (1.19) (3.28) (0.08) Sparrowhawk 0.04 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.03 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Accipiter nisus (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0.01) (0.02) Spotted Flycatcher 0.17 0.05 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.13 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 0 Muscicapa striata (0.04) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.09) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.03) (0.01) Spotted Woodpecker 0 0 0 0 0.14 0 0.24 0 0 0.13 0 0 0.12 0 0 0.22 0 0 0.19 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.13 0 Sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.06) (0) (0) (0.04) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.25) (0)

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Starling 9.35 0.02 0.03 1.1 45.78 0.28 15.69 0.03 0.39 0.66 0 0.21 3.88 0.39 0 7.15 0.1 0 5.91 4.5 1.1 115.66 0.21 1.17 21.53 0.65 Sturnus vulgaris (2.22) (0) (0.02) (0.67) (12.63) (0.17) (2.13) (0.02) (0.17) (0.19) (0) (0.14) (1.05) (0.24) (0) (1.81) (0.03) (0) (1.19) (2.25) (0.77) (22.17) (0.12) (3.97) (41.17) (2.85) Steppe buzzard 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Buteo buteo vulpinus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Stock Dove 0.57 0.05 0.13 0.17 0.05 0.06 0.79 0.13 0.05 0.13 0.13 0.1 0.12 0.08 0.13 0.07 0.69 0.03 0 0.02 0.26 0.05 0 0.17 0.12 0.12 Columba oenas (0.13) (0.01) (0.08) (0.1) (0.01) (0.04) (0.11) (0.08) (0.02) (0.04) (0.08) (0.07) (0.03) (0.05) (0.04) (0.02) (0.19) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.19) (0.01) (0) (0.57) (0.23) (0.52) Stonechat 0 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.07 0.2 0.05 0.31 0.07 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.16 0.3 0.07 0.22 0.51 0 0.12 0.22 0.11 0.09 0.21 0.08 Saxocola torquatus (0) (0.02) (0.03) (0.04) (0.02) (0.08) (0.01) (0.13) (0.02) (0.09) (0.04) (0.02) (0.05) (0.01) (0.05) (0.07) (0.02) (0.08) (0.1) (0) (0.08) (0.04) (0.06) (0.3) (0.41) (0.36) Swift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.01 0 0 Apus apus (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) Tawny Owl 0 0.02 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Strix aluco (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) Tawny Pipit 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Anthus campestris (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) Thrush Nightingale 0.48 0.11 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.15 0.04 0 0.05 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 0.04 Luscinia luscinia (0.11) (0.03) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.09) (0.03) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0.03) (0.16) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tit sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) Tree Pipit 0.26 0.11 0 0.14 0.17 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.1 0.11 0 0.07 0.05 0 0.25 0.35 0.21 0.11 0.05 0.21 0.07 0.22 0 0.12 0.14 0.04 Anthus trivialis (0.06) (0.03) (0) (0.08) (0.05) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.04) (0.03) (0) (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0.08) (0.09) (0.06) (0.04) (0.01) (0.11) (0.05) (0.04) (0) (0.41) (0.27) (0.19) Tree Sparrow 2.13 0.62 1.89 0.1 0.03 0.14 5.21 1.66 3.95 0.08 1.28 0.49 0.22 0.28 1.75 0.22 0.59 4.86 2.63 0.52 4.93 1.1 2.59 2.5 0.92 1.15 Passer montanus (0.51) (0.16) (1.15) (0.06) (0.01) (0.09) (0.71) (1.02) (1.67) (0.02) (0.74) (0.34) (0.06) (0.17) (0.58) (0.06) (0.16) (1.86) (0.53) (0.26) (3.46) (0.21) (1.4) (8.47) (1.75) (4.99) Treecreeper 0 0.04 0.21 0 0.03 0 0 0.08 0 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.08 0 0.02 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.06 Certhia familiaris (0) (0.01) (0.13) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0.01) (0.05) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0.26) Turtle Dove 0 0 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.24 0.31 0 0 0.02 0.01 0 0.02 0 0.06 0.03 0.11 0.23 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.09 Streptopelia turtur (0) (0) (0.03) (0.04) (0.01) (0.08) (0.03) (0.19) (0) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.04) (0.05) (0.03) (0.02) (0.01) (0.05) (0.11) (0.11) (0.4) 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0.23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 Warbler sp. (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) Whinchat 0 0.16 0 0.14 0.2 0.02 0.79 0.08 0.02 0.1 0 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.19 0.06 0.03 0 0.12 0.04 0 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.16 0.04 Saxicola rubetra (0) (0.04) (0) (0.08) (0.06) (0.01) (0.11) (0.05) (0.01) (0.03) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) (0.06) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.02) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.07) (0.18) (0.3) (0.16) White Stork 0 0.11 0.14 0.2 0.12 0.16 0.03 0.02 0 0.02 0 0.31 0.17 0.02 0 0 0 0.14 0.09 0 0.01 0.22 0.45 0.12 0.09 0.1 Ciconia ciconia (0) (0.03) (0.09) (0.12) (0.03) (0.1) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.22) (0.05) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0.24) (0.4) (0.18) (0.44) White Wagtail 0.13 0.47 0.19 0.15 0.19 0.11 0.38 0.27 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.25 0.24 0.41 0.09 0.2 0.59 0.11 0.26 0.23 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.23 0.22 Motacilla alba (0.03) (0.12) (0.12) (0.09) (0.05) (0.07) (0.05) (0.16) (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.18) (0.07) (0.25) (0.03) (0.05) (0.16) (0.04) (0.05) (0.12) (0.05) (0.01) (0.05) (0.47) (0.44) (0.96) White-backed Woodpecker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 Dendrocopos leucotos (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) Willow Warbler 0.04 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.01 0 Phylloscopus trochilus (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.05) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.06) (0.01) (0)

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Wood pigeon 1.65 1.05 1.27 0.19 0.12 0.19 0.62 0.48 0.49 0.7 0.57 0.21 0.36 0.23 0.16 0.43 0.31 0.22 0.44 0.27 1.01 0.39 0.46 0.5 0.5 0.49 Columba palumbas (0.39) (0.27) (0.77) (0.11) (0.03) (0.12) (0.08) (0.3) (0.21) (0.2) (0.33) (0.14) (0.1) (0.14) (0.05) (0.11) (0.09) (0.08) (0.09) (0.13) (0.71) (0.07) (0.25) (1.7) (0.96) (2.13) Wood Warbler 0.04 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 Phylloscopus sibilatrix (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.01) Woodlark 0 0 0 0.03 0.32 0.02 0.1 0.22 0.05 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.03 0.35 0.1 0 0 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.06 Lullula arborea (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.09) (0.01) (0.01) (0.13) (0.02) (0.03) (0.01) (0.03) (0.03) (0.01) (0.01) (0.09) (0.03) (0) (0) (0.03) (0.08) (0.02) (0.03) (0.17) (0.28) (0.25) Woodpecker sp. 0 0.22 0 0.02 0.42 0 1.07 0 0 0.31 0 0.01 0.31 0 0 0.3 0 0.05 0.07 0 0 0.17 0 0.01 0.32 0 Picidae (0) (0.06) (0) (0.01) (0.12) (0) (0.14) (0) (0) (0.09) (0) (0.01) (0.08) (0) (0) (0.07) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.04) (0.61) (0) Wren 0 0.02 0.05 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0.02 0 0.01 0 0.05 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.02 Troglodytes troglodytes (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0.01) (0.09) Wryneck 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.02 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 Jynx torquilla (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.06) (0) (0.01) Yellow Wagtail 0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.21 0 0.05 0.06 0 0.01 Motacilla flava (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.03) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.14) (0) (0.03) (0.2) (0.01) (0.03) Yellowhammer 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.49 0.29 0.25 0.48 0.13 0.63 0.18 0.13 0.44 1 0.58 0.31 0.78 0.72 0.46 1.21 0.63 0.43 1.05 0.79 0.44 0.59 0.38 Emberiza citrinella (0.02) (0.02) (0.07) (0.3) (0.08) (0.15) (0.07) (0.08) (0.27) (0.05) (0.08) (0.31) (0.27) (0.36) (0.1) (0.2) (0.2) (0.18) (0.24) (0.32) (0.3) (0.2) (0.42) (1.47) (1.13) (1.68) 32.87 26.73 21.32 18.8 68.64 19.66 65.69 24.3 24.54 28.51 26.17 18.41 24.74 17.41 21.28 29.28 17.62 30.19 32.84 19.79 55.53 190.07 35.84 29.56 52.29 22.98 Total (7.8) (6.87) (12.93) (11.44) (18.94) (12.11) (8.91) (14.97) (10.38) (8.13) (15.12) (12.91) (6.71) (10.72) (7.02) (7.39) (4.92) (11.52) (6.6) (9.91) (38.95) (36.44) (19.32) (100) (100) (100)

Page 41 Table 7.3 summarises the ringing surveys of 2014 and 2015. The mist netting and ringing only occurred at 5 of the villages in 2014. All eight were surveyed in 2015. As a consequence overall more individuals were ringed in 2015, and many species had notably more individuals ringed in 2015. Most of the notable declines highlighted in red in table 8.3 are for species with less than 10 individuals caught in any year. Many factors can cause these numbers to fluctuate so not too much can be read into any increases or declines.

Table 7.3. Number of individuals ringed for each species at each village and overall. Mesen- Nou Species Apold Crit Daia Malancrav dorf Sasesc Richis Viscri Total 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 Barn swallow 0 32 0 0 0 138 8 0 0 4 0 0 5 8 179 Barred Warbler 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 4 5 Black Redstart 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 Blackbird 1 1 2 8 6 3 0 3 7 3 0 3 2 12 27 Blackcap 11 10 5 5 1 2 3 17 1 3 0 1 1 21 39 Blue Tit 13 7 0 5 0 0 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 15 18 Chaffinch 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Chiffchaff 11 4 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 12 9 Collared Flycatcher 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Common Nightingale 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Common redstart 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Common Whitethroat 7 8 0 0 31 25 1 1 25 0 7 62 41 101 107 Corncrake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Garden Warbler 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 6 5 Goldfinch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Great Reed Warbler 1 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 Great Spotted Woodpecker 0 2 2 2 1 5 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 8 12 Great Tit 23 8 16 24 19 6 27 4 3 14 2 11 0 96 61 Greenfinch 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Green Woodpecker 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 Hawfinch 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 9 Hobby 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Hoopoe 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 House Sparrow 0 0 2 4 10 1 0 0 7 0 11 15 2 27 25 Icterine Warbler 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Jay 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 2 0 6 2 Kingfisher 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Lesser Grey Shrike 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lesser Spotted Woodpecker 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 Lesser Whitethroat 5 4 1 0 2 8 0 8 0 9 5 9 3 17 37 Linnet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 3 Long-eared owl 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 Long-tailed tit 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Marsh Tit 13 9 3 7 0 0 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 26 22 Marsh Warbler 5 11 2 1 26 40 0 0 10 27 7 37 12 70 108 Middle Spotted Woodpecker 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 Nuthatch 0 0 5 5 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 Quail 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Red-backed Shrike 0 15 25 38 43 60 12 1 12 15 1 12 26 92 168 River Warbler 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 Robin 3 3 3 6 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 7 12 Scops Owl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 Sedge Warbler 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 Serin 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Song Thrush 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 6 Sparrowhawk 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Spotted Flycatcher 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Starling 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0

Page 42 Mesen- Nou Species Apold Crit Daia Malancrav dorf Sasesc Richis Viscri Total 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 Stonechat 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 Thrush Nightingale 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Tree Pipit 0 0 0 3 1 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 8 Tree Sparrow 0 0 0 1 14 34 7 25 26 90 6 60 6 81 188 Treecreeper 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Whinchat 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 19 0 0 6 3 7 23 White Wagtail 25 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 2 Willow Warbler 25 5 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 26 13 Wood Warbler 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 Woodlark 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 Wryneck 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 Yellowhammer 3 0 3 0 2 4 1 0 11 0 0 7 8 16 23 Village Total 156 147 73 123 179 344 93 89 141 177 41 240 117 741 1179

Page 43 8.0 Small mammals

In 2015 there was an extreme decrease in the number of small mammals captured, shown by the predominance of red cells in Table 8.1. The total number of captures dropped from 386 to 49, from a similar trapping effort (2500 trap days in 2014, 2540 in 2015). The decline occurred across all 8 villages and all habitat types. All species experienced a substantial decline except Field vole. The survey methodology was considered as a possible cause of the decrease in numbers. However, the same sites and the same methods were used in 2014 and 2015. Such a wide-spread and general decline is most likely due to an environmental factor such as weather conditions. An extended period of persistent rain and cool weather in June may have caused a population crash.

Table 8.1. Small mammal captures per 1000 trap days, for each species, for each village, in total and for each habitat type (2014 value : 2015 value). Species abbreviations: AA Apodemus agrarius Striped field mouse; AF A. flavicollis Yellow-necked mouse; AS A. sylvaticus Wood mouse; CL Crocidura leucodon Bi-coloured white toothed shrew; CS C. sauveolens Lesser white toothed shrew; MA unidentified vole; MAG Microtus agrestis Field vole; MAR M. arvalis Common vole; MG Myodes glareolus Bank vole. Habitat abbreviations: L/M/HNV - low/medium/high nature value grassland; SC - scrub; WE -woodland edge. Grey - zero captures in 2014 and 2015. Dark green - captures in 2015 but none in 2014. Red - captures in 2014 but none in 2015. Light green - captures both years with more than 50% increase. Orange - captures both years with more than 50% decrease.

Apold Crit Daia Malancrav

LNV MNV SC Total LNV MNV SC Total HNV LNV SC Total LNV MNV SC Total

AA 40 : 20 40 : 0 30 : 20 37 : 13 20 : 0 0 : 25 140 : 25 53 : 17 0 : 0 80 : 0 80 : 0 53 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 40 : 0 13 : 0 AF 0 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 50 3 : 17 0 : 0 0 : 0 40 : 0 13 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 13 0 : 5 AS 50 : 0 90 : 0 160 : 40 100 : 13 60 : 0 100 : 0 90 : 0 83 : 0 0 : 0 30 : 0 50 : 0 27 : 0 130 : 0 60 : 0 150 : 0 113 : 0 CL 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 3 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 CS 0 : 0 10 : 0 10 : 0 7 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 50 30 : 0 10 : 0 17 : 15 MA 20 : 0 20 : 0 0 : 0 13 : 0 40 : 0 40 : 0 30 : 0 37 : 0 10 : 0 20 : 0 30 : 0 20 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 MAG 0 : 0 20 : 0 0 : 0 7 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 13 0 : 50 0 : 21 10 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 MAR 20 : 0 270 : 10 20 : 0 103 : 3 40 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 17 : 0 10 : 0 20 : 0 10 : 0 13 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 7 : 0 MG 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 40 : 0 17 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 Site Total 130 : 20 450 : 10 230 : 110 270 : 47 170 : 0 150 : 38 350 : 75 223 : 38 30 : 0 150 : 0 170 : 0 117 : 0 150 : 50 110 : 0 210 : 13 157 : 20

Table 9.1. cont.

Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Grand

LNV MNV SC Total LNV MNV WE Total HNV LNV WE Total LNV MNV SC Total Total

0 : 0 20 : 0 0 : 0 7 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 230 : 14 40 : 21 160 : 57 108 : 31 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 8 0 : 3 37 : 9 AA 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 20 : 0 0 : 0 60 : 0 20 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 6 : 2 AF 0 : 0 20 : 0 80 : 0 33 : 0 10 : 0 210 : 0 0 : 0 73 : 0 80 : 0 70 : 0 360 : 7 133 : 2 0 : 0 0 : 0 20 : 0 7 : 0 74 : 2 AS 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 CL 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 1 CS 0 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 3 : 0 10 : 0 MA 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 20 : 0 0 : 0 7 : 0 30 : 7 0 : 43 0 : 0 8 : 17 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 4 : 5 MAG 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 10 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 3 : 0 20 : 0 10 : 0 20 : 0 13 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 19 : 0 MAR 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 2 : 0 MG Site 0 : 0 50 : 0 80 : 0 43 : 0 40 : 0 230 : 0 0 : 0 90 : 0 380 : 21 120 : 64 600 : 64 283 : 50 0 : 0 0 : 0 30 : 8 10 : 3 154 : 19 Total

Page 44 9.0 Large Mammals

9.1 Camera Trap Survey Table 9.1 summarises the large mammals recorded by the camera traps, per village. At Crit the total number of individuals per 24 hours has been relatively low both years, while at each of the other seven villages more than one individual was recorded per 24 hours of footage in 2014 and/or 2015.

Roe deer Capreolus capreolus was the most frequently recorded species both years, and was recorded at every village both years. Nou Sasesc and Richis had a notable decrease in recordings (red shading), while Apold and Daia had a notable increase (green shading). There were notable increases in the number of recordings of red deer, beech marten, pine marten and badger. There were no recordings of European wildcat or brown hare in 2015.

The number of hours of footage varies between villages and years, partly due to the length of time that the cameras were installed, and also due to the number of cameras used.

Page 45 Table 9.1. Summary of the large mammals recorded by the camera trap survey. Records per 24 hours per camera (records). Grey cells are either uncertain species, or less than 3 records in 2014 and 2015. Red - a 50% decrease or more. Green - a 50% increase or more. Species abbreviations are explained in Table 9.2. Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Species total Species 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 0.41 0.44 0.28 0.31 0.14 0.58 0.74 0.5 0.78 0.18 0.38 0.21 0.8 0.34 0.77 0.54 0.57 0.39 CC (4) (8) (4) (9) (2) (17) (11) (11) (19) (5) (6) (5) (15) (11) (12) (21) (73) (87) 0 0.06 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.05 0 0.46 0 0 0 0 0.51 0.1 0.06 0.1 CE (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (1) (0) (13) (0) (0) (0) (0) (8) (4) (8) (22) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.06 0 0.04 0 FSS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (5) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0.11 0 0 0 0.04 0 LE (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (5) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0.31 0.07 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.04 MF (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (9) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (9) 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.05 0 0.02 MM (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (2) (0) (5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0.02 0 MM/MF (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) 0 0.61 0 0.03 0 0.2 0 0.05 0 0 0.06 0 0.16 0.09 0 0.1 0.03 0.12 MMS (0) (11) (0) (1) (0) (6) (0) (1) (0) (0) (1) (0) (3) (3) (0) (4) (4) (26) 0 0.11 0.14 0 0.07 0 0.2 0.18 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.1 0.06 0.05 SS (0) (2) (2) (0) (1) (0) (3) (4) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (4) (8) (11) 0 0.33 0 0 0.07 0.1 0.07 0 0.12 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.04 0.05 UA (0) (6) (0) (0) (1) (3) (1) (0) (3) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (5) (12) 0.21 0.56 0 0.03 0 0.24 0 0.05 0.25 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.12 0.14 VV (2) (10) (0) (1) (0) (7) (0) (1) (6) (3) (2) (4) (4) (2) (1) (2) (15) (30) Village 0.62 2.11 0.42 0.42 0.28 1.53 1.08 0.86 1.39 0.81 1.01 0.38 1.44 0.56 1.53 0.98 1.04 0.91 Total (6) (38) (6) (12) (4) (45) (16) (19) (34) (23) (16) (9) (27) (18) (24) (38) (133) (202) Installed time (hr) 233.00 432.08 340.90 686.97 349.02 706.33 354.85 528.00 586.12 683.22 378.88 572.45 451.38 775.32 375.38 926.00 3069.53 5310.37

Table 9.2. Key to large mammal names. Code Latin Species Code Latin Species CC Capreolus capreolus Roe deer MM Martes martes Pine marten CE Cervus elaphus Red deer MMS Meles meles European badger EC Erinaceus concolor Eastern hedgehog SS Sus scrofa Wild boar FSS Felis silvestris silvestris European wildcat SV Sciurus vulgaris Red squirrel LE Lepus europaeus Brown hare UA Ursus Arctos Brown bear ME Mustela erminea Stoat VV Vulpes vulpes Red fox MF Martes foina Beech marten

Page 46 9.2 Observation of large mammal signs Table 9.3 summarises the results of the large mammal transect surveys per village. Crit, Daia and Mesendorf have had the greatest frequency and abundance of signs in both years, followed by Malancrav. Viscri had a very notable increase in signs in 2015. In 2015, roe deer, red deer, badger, wild boar and red fox signs were seen at all eight villages, similar to 2014. There were many more badger signs in 2015, compared to 2014, over-taking roe deer to become the most frequently observed species. There was a notably greater number of badger signs at all eight villages. Most villages also experienced a notable decrease in the number of wild boar and red fox signs. Such differences may partly be due to differences in surveyor interpretation of the signs.

Page 47 Table 9.3. Summary of the large mammal signs observed on the transect surveys. Greyed out cells are either uncertain species, or less than 3 signs in 2014 and 2015. Red - a 50% decrease or more. Green - a 50% increase or more. See table 9.2 for species abbreviations. Species Species Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 0.85 0.15 2.69 1.98 1.7 0.62 1.72 0.3 1.66 2.38 0.91 0.99 1.38 1.54 0.24 1.18 1.37 1.14 CC (11) (2) (38) (28) (22) (8) (23) (4) (21) (30) (11) (12) (17) (19) (4) (20) (147) (123) 0 0 0.28 0.07 0 0 0.22 0 0.08 0.08 0 0.08 0 0.08 0 0 0.07 0.04 CC/CE (0) (0) (4) (1) (0) (0) (3) (0) (1) (1) (0) (1) (0) (1) (0) (0) (8) (4) 0.38 0 0 0 0.23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 CC/CE/SS (5) (0) (0) (0) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (8) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 CC/LE (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) 0.23 0.15 1.34 0.42 0.23 0.46 0.22 0.07 1.19 1.03 0.25 0.25 0.16 0.41 0.06 1.12 0.46 0.51 CE (3) (2) (19) (6) (3) (6) (3) (1) (15) (13) (3) (3) (2) (5) (1) (19) (49) (55) 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 EC (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16 0 0.08 0 0.16 0 0 0 0.06 EE (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (0) (1) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 FSS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) 0.15 0 0.14 0.07 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.03 LE (2) (0) (2) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (2) (1) (7) (3) 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.07 0 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0.01 ME (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) (1) 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.07 0.37 0 0 0 0.17 0.08 0 0 0.06 0.02 0.08 MF (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (5) (0) (0) (0) (2) (1) (0) (0) (1) (2) (9) 0 0.08 0 0 0 0.08 0.07 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.01 0.04 MM (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (1) (4) 0.08 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0.32 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.03 MM/MF (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (3) (7) (3) 0.31 0.77 0.28 1.13 0.15 2.86 0.45 1.2 0.4 2.22 0.08 1.4 0.16 1.22 0 1.71 0.22 1.56 MMS (4) (10) (4) (16) (2) (37) (6) (16) (5) (28) (1) (17) (2) (15) (0) (29) (24) (168) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 MMS/MM/MF (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 MMS/MS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 MMS/MS/MM (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) 0.15 0 0.07 0.07 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.01 MMS/UA (2) (0) (1) (1) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (1)

Page 48 Species Species Apold Crit Daia Malancrav Mesendorf Nou Sasesc Richis Viscri Total 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 0 0.15 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 MMS/VV (0) (2) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 OC (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) 0.54 0.15 1.13 0.42 1.62 0.46 0.67 0.37 0.63 0.48 0.5 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.12 0.35 0.66 0.33 SS (7) (2) (16) (6) (21) (6) (9) (5) (8) (6) (6) (1) (2) (4) (2) (6) (71) (36) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 SS/MMS (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0) 0 0 0.42 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 SS/UA (0) (0) (6) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (7) (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 SV (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) 0 0.15 0.07 0.42 0.54 0.23 0 0.15 0.32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0.11 0.14 UA (0) (2) (1) (6) (7) (3) (0) (2) (4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (2) (12) (15) 0.31 0.15 0.21 0.07 0.69 0.15 0.67 0.52 0.95 0.32 0.41 0.08 0.32 0.16 0 0.35 0.43 0.23 VV (4) (2) (3) (1) (9) (2) (9) (7) (12) (4) (5) (1) (4) (2) (0) (6) (46) (25) 3 1.92 6.71 4.66 5.41 5.02 4.48 3.14 6.42 6.81 2.15 3.14 2.27 4.06 0.59 5.12 3.8 4.27 Village Total (39) (25) (95) (66) (70) (65) (60) (42) (81) (86) (26) (38) (28) (50) (10) (87) (409) (459) Transect length (km) 13.01 14.15 12.95 13.38 12.62 12.1 12.32 16.99 107.52

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