DOCSLIB.ORG

Raleigh Business Owner Reflects on Damage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Raleigh Business Owner Reflects on Damage WWW.TRIANGLE TRIBUNE.COM Death of Floyd hits The Triangle home for commissioner By Greg Childress RIBUNE THE POLICY WATCH TTHE TRIANGLE’S CHOICE FOR THE BLACK VOICE The death of George Floyd after former Minneapolis police of- ficer Derek Chauvin kneeled on his neck has revived painful VOLUME 22 NO. 23 WEEK OF JUNE 7, 2020 $1.00 memories for Durham County Commissioner Brenda Howerton. “My heart is heavy,” Howerton said Monday. “I am one of those mothers whose sons have been murdered, so today is not an easy day for me.” N.C. Central graduate Howerton was one of several elected officials who joined leaders of the Durham Branch of the NAACP, Organizing Against Isaiah Totten receives Racism Durham, Durham Clergy United and the Durham Com- Bill Dooley scholar- mittee on the Affairs of Black People at a press conference to talk about the judicial systems, racism and protests over athlete award. George’s death. “When racism and bias cause our children to be murdered, this is not an easy conversation,” Howerton said. “I’m here to stand for our black boys and our black men that are being murdered. They don’t have a right to breathe.” Howerton’s oldest son, Charles Lamont Howerton, a promising engineering student at Hampton University, was shot and killed Please see FLOYD/2A White Trump racism pulls greatest event threat from By Kelvin De'Marcus Allen NC SPECIAL TO THE TRIBUNE By Bryan Anderson, It has been quite a few years since I've jogged, Gary D. Robertson walked or bicycled in my and Jill Colvin neighborhood – alone that THE ASSOCIATED PRESS is. I've come to accept the RALEIGH — President Don- sobering reality that if my ald Trump announced Tues- white neighbors cannot day night that he is seeking a readily identify my black, new state to host this male body, I will likely be summer’s Republican Na- perceived as a threat to tional Convention after their safety, and the ill- North Carolina refused to fated possibilities from COURTESY guarantee the event could be there are just too numer- held in Charlotte without re- ous to mention here. PR PROs, LLC after a $250,000 renovation earlier this year. strictions because of ongoing Research from the Mary- concerns over the coronavi- land Population Research rus. Center found that black Trump announced the men who live in predomi- Raleigh business news via tweet, complaining nately white neighbor- the state’s governor, Demo- hoods often avoid crat Roy Cooper, and other exercising outdoors be- officials “refuse to guarantee cause of fears that others that we can have use of the will misunderstand their owner reflects on Spectrum Arena” and were presence in the neighbor- not “allowing us to occupy hood. According to MPRC the arena as originally antic- faculty associate Ray- ipated and promised.” shawn Ray, "being black damage, protests “Because of @NC_Gov- and male subjectively in- ernor, we are now forced to fers being criminal.” So, Floyd under the knees of a Even so, Fields, who was pre- seek another State to host the armed with my intuition By Lori D.R. Wiggins Minnesota police officer. paring to reopen her doors 2020 Republican National and research like that of CORRESPONDENT Fields is, however, a rarity soon since Gov. Roy Cooper Convention,” he wrote. Ray, more often than not, RALEIGH – Around midnight here as an African American, eased COVID-19 restrictions, Trump and the Republican I'm usually accompanied on May 31, bedtime for Valerie woman-owned business and isn’t angry. In fact, she stops National Committee had by my wife, our teenage K. Fields and her husband sud- property owner. far short of chastising the van- been demanding that the daughter and granddaugh- denly became a wide-awake She opened her agency on dals who used rocks and convention be allowed to ter, or no neighborhood sleepover at her business, PR Blount Street in January after bricks to shatter the front move forward with a full walk, jog or bicycling for PROS, LLC. completing a $250,000 ren- glass panel windows of her crowd and no face coverings me. Overnight, the public rela- ovation of a historic commer- business to instead focus on — raising alarms in a state Like most black men tions agency had become one cial building in the mostly those actions as a visible that is facing an upward born before and during the of several downtown Raleigh black Prince Hall District near symptom of America’s deep- trend in its virus cases, with civil rights era, I have been businesses vandalized as pro- Shaw University, the first rooted ills of racism, police about 29,900 cumulative subjected to all manner of tests turned to unrest brewing HBCU in the southeast. The brutality and injustice. cases and 900 deaths as of profiling by white folks. worldwide following the May area was the hub of black busi- Tuesday. Around 700 And, in many ways, like 25 videotaped death of George ness in 1950s Raleigh. Please see VANDALISM/2A COVID-19 patients are cur- my contemporaries, I have rently hospitalized. Mecklen- become somewhat numb burg County, where to the damage it has had Charlotte is located, ac- on my psyche. White rac- counted for 4,500 cases — ism is so pervasive that more than double the next- white folks no longer need highest county — and nearly to openly espouse it. It is 100 deaths. engrained in our struc- Durham small businesses “We have been committed tures, both large and small. to a safe RNC convention in And those of us who are North Carolina, and it’s un- old enough to remember fortunate they never agreed having been subject to its ask for COVID relief aid to scale down and make insidious and vile effect, changes to keep people police ourselves so that we By Freda Freeman safe,” Cooper tweeted in re- can limit some of the CORRESPONDENT sponse to the decision. “Pro- trauma it will inevitably tecting public health and cause us. DURHAM – Small business safety during this pandemic But Ahmaud Arbery, a owners are asking Durham city is a priority.” much younger man than and county officials to invest A traditional GOP conven- myself, grew up in a world in businesses that have, in tion brings together roughly where many young black turn, poured money into the 2,500 delegates, the same men and women believe local economy for years. They number of alternate del- freedom and citizenship are asking local government egates and many times more mean the same for them as for $4 million in relief aid to guests, journalists and secu- it does for their white help them recover from the rity personnel. Officials in counterparts. I contend impact of COVID-19. both parties have been pre- that it does not, and it's a The city of Durham has allo- paring contingency plans for hard truth for them to cated $1 million through its months given the uncer- swallow. But a truth non- small business COVID relief tainty and dangers posed by etheless, and the anger program, in addition to $1 mil- the virus and evolving re- and outrage that a great lion Duke University has FILE strictions on large gatherings many young people are pledged to help small busi- meant to slow the spread of now expressing is sparked, nesses. However, during a vir- revenue for the city. said, if necessary, more public COVID-19. Trump’s an- in part, by feeling betrayed tual public forum last week, Mayor Steve Schewel agreed funding may also be available. nouncement came after a call by a system that has failed Leonardo Williams, co-owner more support is needed, espe- Schewel said city admin- with Cooper Friday in which to live up to the American of Zweli’s restaurant and a cially for historically disadvan- istrators wish the money, the president had told creed of liberty, justice and member of the newly formed taged or immigrant which may be made available Cooper he wanted a tradi- equality for all. Durham Small Business Coali- businesses. “I acknowledge starting this week, could be tional convention with a Arbery did not have the tion, asked the city for an ad- and I believe that we have not given out as grants, but upon packed arena full of del- benefit of "lived experi- ditional $1 million and the been as fast in the support of advice from the city attorney egates — and with no face ences" to aid him in con- county to match that $2 mil- our small businesses as we and the University of North coverings to prevent the sidering whether his lion. need to be, but we’re moving Carolina School of Govern- spread of COVID-19. innocent trespass would Williams said, collectively, with a lot of urgency now, and ment, the money must be During the call, when be the impetus that would the businesses on the call have I think we’re in a pretty good made available as long-term. Trump “insisted on a full cause his tragic and un- contributed $600,000 in re- place,” he said. Schewel said The money from Duke Univer- convention arena with no timely death. Nor should sources to nonprofit com- the city hopes to secure more sity may be awarded as forgiv- munity organizations and $6 funding from private corpora- face coverings and no social Plase see RACISM/2A million in sales tax, which is tions and large businesses. He Please see DURHAM/2A Please see TRUMP/2A Index 5007 South Park Drive, Suite 200G Publisher: Gerald O.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minneapolis-St. Paul News Coverage of Minority Communities
    Minnesota Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Minneapolis-St. Paul News Coverage of Minority Communities December 2003 A report of the Minnesota Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights prepared for the information and consideration of the Commission. Statements and observations in this report should not be attributed to the Commission, but only to participants at the community forum or the Advisory Committee. The United States Commission on Civil Rights The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is an independent, bipartisan agency established by Congress in 1957, reconstituted in 1983, and reauthorized in 1994. It is directed to investigate complaints alleging that citizens are being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices; study and collect information relating to discrimination or a denial of equal protection of the laws under the Constitution because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or in the administration of justice; appraise federal laws and policies with respect to discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or in the administration of justice; serve as a national clearinghouse for information in respect to discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin; submit reports, findings, and recommendations to the President and Congress; and issue public service announcements to discourage discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws.
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Press and the End of Racial Segregation in the U.S
    MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD? THE BLACK PRESS AND THE END OF RACIAL SEGREGATION IN THE U.S. MILITARY, 1948-1954 Mark Slagle A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Dr. Barbara Friedman Dr. Anne Johnston Dr. Donald Shaw Dr. Crystal Feimster Dr. Richard Kohn ©2010 Mark Slagle ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT MARK SLAGLE: Mightier Than The Sword? The Black Press and the End of Racial Segregation in the U.S. Military, 1948-1954 (Under the Direction of Dr. Barbara Friedman) Although President Harry S. Truman ordered the integration of the U.S. military in 1948, the armed forces made limited progress in desegregating before the summer of 1950. The outbreak of war on the Korean peninsula that year forced the military to re-evaluate its policy of segregation and ultimately led the complete integration of all the armed forces. This study analyzes how the largest and most influential black newspapers fought for military integration and how these publications reacted when it arrived. By examining how the black press sought to achieve its goals, this study illustrates the ways in which black newspapers did and did not operate as a dissident media source. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the efforts of a number of people. Barbara Friedman shepherded this project from vague idea to finished product. Anne Johnston, Don Shaw, Richard Kohn, and Crystal Feimster all provided valuable suggestions and support throughout the process.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Paul African American Historic and Cultural Context, 1837 to 1975
    SAINT PAUL AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORIC AND CULTURAL CONTEXT, 1837 TO 1975 Ramsey County, Minnesota May 2017 SAINT PAUL AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORIC AND CULTURAL CONTEXT, 1837 TO 1975 Ramsey County, Minnesota MnHPO File No. Pending 106 Group Project No. 2206 SUBMITTED TO: Aurora Saint Anthony Neighborhood Development Corporation 774 University Avenue Saint Paul, MN 55104 SUBMITTED BY: 106 Group 1295 Bandana Blvd. #335 Saint Paul, MN 55108 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Nicole Foss, M.A. REPORT AUTHORS: Nicole Foss, M.A. Kelly Wilder, J.D. May 2016 This project has been financed in part with funds provided by the State of Minnesota from the Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund through the Minnesota Historical Society. Saint Paul African American Historic and Cultural Context ABSTRACT Saint Paul’s African American community is long established—rooted, yet dynamic. From their beginnings, Blacks in Minnesota have had tremendous impact on the state’s economy, culture, and political development. Although there has been an African American presence in Saint Paul for more than 150 years, adequate research has not been completed to account for and protect sites with significance to the community. One of the objectives outlined in the City of Saint Paul’s 2009 Historic Preservation Plan is the development of historic contexts “for the most threatened resource types and areas,” including immigrant and ethnic communities (City of Saint Paul 2009:12). The primary objective for development of this Saint Paul African American Historic and Cultural Context Project (Context Study) was to lay a solid foundation for identification of key sites of historic significance and advancing preservation of these sites and the community’s stories.
    [Show full text]
  • MVSC-F099.4-K16.Pdf
    [PAGE 1] KANSAS CITY CALL TENTH ANNIVERSARY AND PROGRESS EDITION Vol. 10 No. 13 Kansas City, Mo., July 27, 1928. PROGRESS THE PROGRESS of Negroes in the United States is so great that history will point out what you have done as one of the achievements which mark this age. Your rise is one of the best proofs of the value of the American theory of government. Successes by individuals here and there have been multiplied until now yours is a mass movement. You are advancing all along the line, a sound basis for your having confidence in the future. The world’s work needs every man. I look to see the Negro, prepared by difficulty, and tested by adversity, be a valued factor in upbuilding the commonwealth. In the Middle West, where The Kansas City Call is published, lies opportunity. In addition to urban pursuits you have available for the man of small means, the farm which is one of the primary industries. The Negro in your section can develop in a well rounded way. Above all things, take counsel of what you are doing, rather than of the trials you are undergoing. Look up and go up! Julius Rosenwald [page 2] “PROGRESS EDITION” CELEBRATING THE KANSAS CITY CALL’S TENTH ANNIVERSARY Kansas City, Missouri, Friday, July YOU ARE WELCOME! The changes in The Kansas City Call’s printing plant are completed. We now occupy 1715 E. 18th street as an office; next door at 1717 is our press room and stereotyping room; upstairs is our composing room; in the basement we store paper direct from the mill.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Urban History
    Journal of Urban History http://juh.sagepub.com/ ''From Protest to Politics'' : Community Control and Black Independent Politics in Philadelphia, 1965-1984 Matthew J. Countryman Journal of Urban History 2006 32: 813 DOI: 10.1177/0096144206289034 The online version of this article can be found at: http://juh.sagepub.com/content/32/6/813 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: The Urban History Association Additional services and information for Journal of Urban History can be found at: Email Alerts: http://juh.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://juh.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://juh.sagepub.com/content/32/6/813.refs.html Downloaded from juh.sagepub.com at Harvard Libraries on March 22, 2011 “FROM PROTEST TO POLITICS” Community Control and Black Independent Politics in Philadelphia, 1965-1984 MATTHEW J. COUNTRYMAN University of Michigan This article traces the origins of black independent electoral activism in Philadelphia during the 1970s to the Black Power movement of the 1960s. Specifically, it argues that Black Power activists in Philadelphia turned to electoral strategies to consolidate their efforts to achieve community control over public insti- tutions in the city’s black working-class neighborhoods. Finally, the article concludes with a brief evalu- ation of the careers of African American activist state legislators David Richardson and Roxanne Jones and W. Wilson Goode, Philadelphia’s first African American mayor. Keywords: Black Power; community control; independent politics; Democratic Party The political philosophy of black nationalism means that the black man should control the politics and politicians in his own community.
    [Show full text]
  • Twin Cities Funk & Soul
    SEPTEMBER 25, 2012 I VOLUME 1 I ISSUE 1 DEDICATED TO UNCOVERING MUSIC HISTORY WILLIE & THE PROPHETS BAND OF KUXL JACKIE BUMBLEBEES OF PEACE THIEVES RADIO HARRIS 99 SECRET STASH ISSUE 1: TWIN CITIES FUNK & ANDSOUL MUCH SEPTEMBER MORE 25, 2012 The Philadelphia Story (AKA Valdons) mid 70s courtesy Minnesota Historical Society. Photo by Charles Chamblis. Left to right: Maurice Young, Clifton Curtis, Monroe Wright, Bill Clark Maurice McKinnies circa 1972 courtesy Minnesota Historical Society. Photo by Charles Dance contest at The Taste Show Lounge, Minneapolis late 70s courtesy Minnesota Historical Chamblis. Society. Photo by Charles Chamblis. 02 SECRET STASH VOLUME 1 - ISSUE 1: TWIN CITIES FUNK & SOUL SEPTEMBER 25, 2012 INTRODUCTION It was three years ago that we launched Secret Stash Records. About a year and a half lat- er, we started working on what would eventually become our biggest release, Twin Cities Funk & Soul: Lost R&B Grooves From Minneapolis/St. Paul 1964-1979. What follows is our attempt to share with you some of the amazing stories, history, and photos that have been so gracious- ly shared with us during the course of producing a compilation of soulful tunes from our hometown. ..... R&B, soul, and funk music in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota went through dra- matic changes during the 1960s and 1970s. Predating these changes, a vibrant jazz scene beginning in the 1920s laid the groundwork with several players being instrumental in helping teach young local R&B mu- sicians how to play. However, many of the early R&B pioneers, including Mojo Buford, Maurice McKin- nies, and Willie Walker, came to Minnesota from other states and brought the music with them.
    [Show full text]
  • African American Newsline Distribution Points
    African American Newsline Distribution Points Deliver your targeted news efficiently and effectively through NewMediaWire’s African−American Newsline. Reach 700 leading trades and journalists dealing with political, finance, education, community, lifestyle and legal issues impacting African Americans as well as The Associated Press and Online databases and websites that feature or cover African−American news and issues. Please note, NewMediaWire includes free distribution to trade publications and newsletters. Because these are unique to each industry, they are not included in the list below. To get your complete NewMediaWire distribution, please contact your NewMediaWire account representative at 310.492.4001. A.C.C. News Weekly Newspaper African American AIDS Policy &Training Newsletter African American News &Issues Newspaper African American Observer Newspaper African American Times Weekly Newspaper AIM Community News Weekly Newspaper Albany−Southwest Georgian Newspaper Alexandria News Weekly Weekly Newspaper Amen Outreach Newsletter Newsletter Annapolis Times Newspaper Arizona Informant Weekly Newspaper Around Montgomery County Newspaper Atlanta Daily World Weekly Newspaper Atlanta Journal Constitution Newspaper Atlanta News Leader Newspaper Atlanta Voice Weekly Newspaper AUC Digest Newspaper Austin Villager Newspaper Austin Weekly News Newspaper Bakersfield News Observer Weekly Newspaper Baton Rouge Weekly Press Weekly Newspaper Bay State Banner Newspaper Belgrave News Newspaper Berkeley Tri−City Post Newspaper Berkley Tri−City Post
    [Show full text]
  • Passioned, Radical Leader Who Incorporating Their Own
    Vol. 59 No. 11 March 13 - 19, 2019 CELEBRATING MARCH 14, 2018 25 Portland and Seattle Volume XL No. 24 CENTS BLACK MEN ARRESTED AT STARBUCKS WANT CHANGE IN U.S. RACIAL ATTITUDES - PG. 2 News ..............................3,8-10 A & E .....................................6-7 Opinion ...................................2 NRA Gives to Schools ......8 NATIONAL NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION CHALLENGING PEOPLE TO SHAPE A BETTER FUTURE NOW Calendars ...........................4-5 Bids/Classifieds ....................11 THE SKANNER NEWS READERS POLL Should Portland Public Schools change the name of Jefferson High School? (451 responses) YES THE NATION’S ONLY BLACK DAILY 129 (29%) NO Reporting and Recording Black History 322 (71%) STUDENTS WALK OUT 75 Cents VOL. 47 NO. 28 FRIDAY, APRIL 20, 2018 Final Seventy-one percent of respondents to a The Skanner News poll favored keeping the name of Thomas Jefferson High School intact. CENTER192 FOCUSES ON YOUTH POLL RESULTS: YEARS OF THE 71 Percent of TO HELP SAVE THE PLANET The Skanner’s Readers Oppose BLACK PRESS Jefferson Name Change Alumni association circulating a petition OF AMERICA opposed to name change PHOTO BY SUSAN FRIED SUSAN BY PHOTO By Christen McCurdy Hundreds of students from Washington Middle School and Garfield High School joined students across the country in a walkout and 17 minutes of silence Of The Skanner News to show support for the lives lost at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida Feb. 14 and to let elected officials know that they want stricter gun control laws. he results of a poll by The Skanner News, which opened Feb. 22 and closed Tuesday, favor keeping the Oregon Introduces ‘Gun Violence Restraining Orders’ Tname of North Portland’s Thomas Jefferson High School.
    [Show full text]
  • Intergroup Relations Between Blacks and Latinos in Philadelphia, 1950S to 1980S
    “THE BATTLE FOR HARMONY”: INTERGROUP RELATIONS BETWEEN BLACKS AND LATINOS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1950S TO 1980S by Alyssa M. Ribeiro BS, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004 MA, University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Alyssa M. Ribeiro It was defended on March 18, 2013 and approved by Laurence Glasco, Associate Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Associate Professor, Department of History Rob Ruck, Professor, Department of History Joe W. Trotter, Professor, Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University Dissertation Advisor: Edward K. Muller, Professor, Department of History ii Copyright © by Alyssa M. Ribeiro 2013 iii “THE BATTLE FOR HARMONY”: INTERGROUP RELATIONS BETWEEN BLACKS AND LATINOS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1950S TO 1980S Alyssa M. Ribeiro, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 This dissertation is a case study that explores black and Latino relations in North Philadelphia neighborhoods from the 1950s through the 1980s. It draws upon community organization records, local government documents, newspapers, and oral histories. In the fifties and sixties, scarce housing, language barriers, Puerto Ricans’ ambiguous racial identity, and slow adaptation by local institutions contributed to racial tension and social segregation. But from the late sixties through the late seventies, black-Latino relationships markedly improved. During this crucial decade, blacks and Latinos increasingly drew upon their shared circumstances to form strategic alliances. They used grassroots organizing to pressure existing institutions, focusing on basic issues like schools, housing, and police.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources on African American History in Texas
    East Texas Historical Journal Volume 38 Issue 1 Article 9 3-2000 Advancing from History's Hollow to History's Mountain: Sources on African American History in Texas Alwyn Barr Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Barr, Alwyn (2000) "Advancing from History's Hollow to History's Mountain: Sources on African American History in Texas," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 38 : Iss. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol38/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 28 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION ADVANCING FROM HISTORY'S HOLLOW TO HISTORY'S l\10UNTAIN: SOURCES ON AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY IN TEXAS b.Y' Alwyn Barr During a conference on Civil Rights in Austin at the Lyndon Johnson Presidential Library in 1972, former President Johnson declared: Until we overcome unequal history, we cannot overcome unequal opportunity, But to be black in a white society is not to stand on equal and level ground. While the races may stand side by side. whites &tand on history's mountain and blacks stand in history's. hollow ... It's time we get down to the business of trying to stand black and white on level ground. I These words of Lyndon Johnson provide the theme of this essay: advancing from history's hollow to history's mountain.
    [Show full text]
  • Christ Episcopal Church Amidst Massive Resistance: a Theological Examination of Christian Duty
    Christ Episcopal Church Amidst Massive Resistance: A Theological Examination of Christian Duty Jennifer M. McBride Massive Resistance Through School Closings: A Narrative In 1896, the United States Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson opinion approved the philosophy of “separate but equal,” allowing the state to maintain distinct public facilities for black and white Americans provided that such facilities were equivalent in regards to funding and quality. However, by 1951, when the average black as compared to the average white school in Virginia was receiving only half of the local and state funding per child, often had too little space in inadequate buildings, while white and black teachers earned grossly disparate salaries, it had become strikingly obvious that separate schools were not at all equal and that white Southerners would never, of their own volition, attend to the black community’s rights. NAACP lawyers began challenging these injustices present in the school system in the 1930’s, and by the 1950’s they were contesting segregation itself. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed its Plessy ruling and held in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case that “separate but equal” is inherently unequal and that segregated public education by race is unconstitutional. However, in its first decision, the court did not instruct the localities on how to implement desegregation, and a year later the Supreme Court remanded procedural decisions to the district courts, specifying that the localities must implement desegregation in the public schools “with all deliberate speed.”1 Deeming the state of Virginia as “the gateway to the South” and drawing from Civil War imagery, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodicals and Serials at BCAARL
    Periodicals and Serials at BCAARL Newspapers in Print Denver Blade 31 August 1961 16 January 1964 05 January 1965 January – March 1968 Denver Inquirer 1952-1953 Denver Star 12 May 1882 24 December 1938 Denver Weekly News October – December 1972 1987-2003 (some gaps) East Denver Five Pointer 15 October – 22 October 1936 Energy Scene 1979 (some gaps) Five Pointer 11 November 1943 Five Points Forum 1978 (some gaps) St. Louis American 06 October 1934 Urban Spectrum 1987-2003 (some gaps) Newspapers on Microfilm Afro American (Baltimore) 1893-1988 Atlanta Daily World 1931-2000 Bilalian News (Chicago) 1975-1981 Birmingham World 1945-1996 The Call (Kansas City) 1954-1998 Call and Post (Cleveland) 1934-2000 Chicago Crusader 1983-2000 Chicago Defender 1956-1969 Denver Star 1937-1963 Dodge City Daily Globe (KS) 1911-1925 Forward Times (Houston) 1960-1983 Gary Crusader (IN) 1964-2000 Indiana Herald (Indianapolis) 1953-1998 Journal and Guide (Norfolk) 1916-1998 Las Vegas Voice 1964-1976 Los Angeles Sentinel 1969-2000 Louisville Defender 1951-2000 Michigan Chronicle (Detroit) 1943-2000 Milwaukee Courier 1964-1999 Muhammad Speaks (Chicago) 1961-1975 Muslim Journal (Chicago) 1982-2000 New York Amsterdam News 1962-2000 New Crusader (Chicago) 1962-1982 Philadelphia Tribune 1912-2000 Post Tribune (Dallas) 1959-1994 St. Louis Argus 1954-1984 Academic Journals on Microfilm/Microfiche African American Review (v.26-v.36) 1992-2002 Afro-Hispanic Review (v.10-v.21) 1991-2002 Bibliographic Survey of the Negro in Print (v.1-v.7) 1965-1971 Black Heritage (v.17) 1977-1978
    [Show full text]