ESTUDIOS DEL TANAJ 54 Falsos Mesías Judíos

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ESTUDIOS DEL TANAJ 54 Falsos Mesías Judíos ESTUDIOS DEL TANAJ 54 Falsos Mesías Judíos Por: Eliyahu BaYona Director Shalom Haverim Org New York Estudios del Tanaj – Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • 1. El pueblo que andaba en tinieblas, vio una luz grande. Sobre los que habitan en la tierra de sombras de muerte resplandeció una brillante luz. • 2. Multiplicaste la alegría, has hecho grande el júbilo, y se gozan ante ti, como se gozan los que recogen la mies, como se alegran los que reparten la presa. • 3. Rompiste el yugo que pesaba sobre ellos, el dogal que oprimía su cuello, la vara del exactor como en el día de Madián, • 4. y han sido echados al fuego y devorados por las llamas las botas jactanciosas del guerrero y el manto manchado en sangre. • 5 Pues nos ha nacido un hijo, un hijo que nos ha sido dado, y la autoridad está sobre su hombro, y el maravilloso consejero, el poderoso Dios, el Padre eterno, llamó su nombre, "el príncipe de la paz". • 6 En señal de abundante autoridad y de paz sin límite sobre el trono y el reino de David, para que se establezca firmemente en justicia y en equidad ahora y siempre. El celo del Señor de los ejércitos hará que esto suceda.. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • 6 En señal de abundante autoridad y de paz sin límite sobre el trono y el reino de David, para que se establezca firmemente en justicia y en equidad ahora y siempre. El celo del Señor de los ejércitos hará que esto suceda.. • Lemarbé hamisrá uleshalom en kes al kisé David ve’al mamlakto lehakin otá ulesa’ada bemishpat ubitzdaká me’atá ve’ad olam kinat Adonai tzevaot ta’aseh zot. ]לְמַרְ בֵּ ה כ[ )לְמַרְ בֵֵּּ֨ ה ק( הַמִּשְרָָׁ֜ה ּולְשָׁלֹ֣ וםאֵֵּֽ ין־קֵֵּ֗ ץ עַ ל־כִּסֵֵּּ֤א דָׁ וִּד֙ וְעַ ל־מַמְ לַכְ ת וֹּ֔ לְהָׁכִֵּּ֤ ין • אתָׁהּ֙וֵֽלְסַעֲדָֹּׁ֔ה בְמִּשְפָׁ ָּ֖טּובִּצְדָׁקָׁ ָ֑ המֵּעַתָׁה֙ וְעַ ד־ע םולָֹּׁ֔ קִּ ַ֛נְאַ ת יְהוָׁ ָ֥הצְבָׁא ָּ֖ ותתַ עֲשֶׂ ה־ז ֵֽ את׃ Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • En el judaísmo, "mesías" originalmente significaba un rey divinamente designado, como David, Ciro el Grande o Alejandro Magno. • Más tarde, especialmente después del fracaso del Reino Hasmoneo (37 a.e.c.) y las guerras judío-romanas (66-135 e.c.), la figura del mesías judío era la que libraría a los judíos de la opresión y conduciría a un Olam Haba (" mundo por venir ") o la era mesiánica. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Sin embargo, el término "falso mesías" estuvo ausente en gran parte de la literatura rabínica. • La primera mención se encuentra en el Sefer Zorobabel, de mediados del siglo VII, que usa el término, mashiah sheker, ("falso mesías"). Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Estos son las personas que dicen ser los libertadores de Israel divinamente designados para lograr el establecimiento del prometido reino mesiánico. • Algunos de los pseudo-Mesías que surgieron en varias épocas eran impostores que buscaban explotar la credulidad de las masas con fines egoístas; Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Otros, víctimas de sus propias creencias o delirios. • Todos ellos tenían como objetivo la restauración de Israel a su tierra natal. • Algunos buscaron lograr esto a través de la penitencia, el ayuno y la oración, y esperaron milagros para ayudarlos; otros apelaron a las armas. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • En relación con su papel mesiánico, algunos promulgaron la parte de los reformadores religiosos, introduciendo innovaciones e incluso tratando de subvertir el judaísmo existente. • Como existía la creencia en dos Mesías, un Mesías Efrático, que sería el precursor del Mesías Davídico, aparecen entre los pseudo- Mesías tanto los que dicen ser el Mesías de la casa de David como los que pretenden ser el Mesías, hijo de José. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Su influencia fue principalmente local y temporal; algunos, sin embargo, lograron atraer a un gran número de seguidores y crearon movimientos que duraron períodos considerables. • Los efectos de estos movimientos mesiánicos fueron perniciosos. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Muchos de estos Mesías y sus seguidores perdieron la vida en el curso de sus actividades; y engañaron a la gente con falsas esperanzas, crearon disensiones, dieron lugar a sectas e incluso se perdieron muchos del judaísmo. Estudios del Tanaj 53 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Los pseudo-Mesías comienzan a aparecer con el final de la dinastía asmonea, cuando Roma comenzó su trabajo de aplastar la independencia de Judea. • Para el mantenimiento del estado en peligro, la gente esperaba un Mesías. Estudios del Tanaj 53 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • En el primer siglo. • De Josefo parece que en el primer siglo antes de la destrucción del Templo surgieron varios Mesías que prometieron alivio del yugo romano y encontraron seguidores. • De acuerdo a Josefo, conocemos: Estudios del Tanaj 53 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Así, alrededor del 44, informa Josefo, un cierto impostor, Theudas, que afirmó ser un profeta, apareció e instó a la gente a seguirlo con sus pertenencias al Jordán, que él dividiría por ellos. obtuvo unos 400 seguidores. Cuspius Fadus envió una tropa de jinetes tras él y su banda, mató a muchos de ellos y tomó cautivos a otros, junto con su líder, a quien decapitó. ("Ant." Xx. 5, § 1). Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Shimón bar Kokba • Con la destrucción del Templo, la aparición de los Mesías cesó por un tiempo. • Sesenta años después tuvo lugar un movimiento político-mesiánico de grandes proporciones con Bar Kokba a la cabeza. Este líder de la revuelta contra Roma fue aclamado como el Rey Mesías por Akiba, quien se refirió a él, Num. xxiv. 17: Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Clamaron por ser Mesías Judío • Menahem ben Judá. • A diferencia de estos Mesías, que esperaban que se lograra la liberación de su pueblo a través de la intervención divina, Menahem, el hijo de Judas el Galileo y nieto de Ezequías, el líder de los zelotes, que había turbado a Herodes, era un guerrero. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Shimón bar Kokba • En 132, la revuelta dirigida por Bar Kokhba se extendió rápidamente desde el centro de Judea por todo el país, cortando la guarnición romana en Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalén). • Según Cassius Dio, 580,000 judíos perecieron en la guerra y muchos más murieron de hambre y enfermedades. Además, muchos cautivos de guerra de Judea fueron vendidos como esclavos. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Shimón bar Kokba • Sin embargo, este revés hizo que el emperador Adriano reuniera una fuerza romana a gran escala de todo el Imperio, que invadió Judea en 134 bajo el mando del general Sexto Julio Severo. • En un intento por borrar cualquier recuerdo de Judea o el antiguo Israel, el emperador Adriano borró el nombre del mapa y lo reemplazó con Siria Palaestina. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Moisés de Creta. • Esta expectativa en relación con los disturbios en el imperio romano que asistieron a las invasiones, puede haber levantado al Mesías que apareció por esta época en Creta y que se ganó a la población judía para su movimiento. • Se llamó a sí mismo Moisés y prometió guiar a la gente, como el antiguo Moisés, a través del mar hasta Palestina. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Sereno o Serene • Entre 720 y 723, un sirio, Sereno (su nombre se da de varias maneras en las fuentes como Sherini, Sheria, Serenus, Zonoria, Saüra; ver Grätz, l.c. v. 401-402), apareció como el Mesías. • La ocasión inmediata para su aparición pudo haber sido la restricción de las libertades de los judíos por parte del califa Omar II. (717-720) y sus esfuerzos de proselitismo. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Sereno o Serene • Bajo la influencia de las Cruzadas, el número de Mesías aumentó, y el siglo XII registra muchos de ellos. • Uno apareció en Francia (c. 1087), y fue asesinado por los franceses; otro apareció en la provincia de Córdoba (c. 1117), y uno en Fez (c. 1127). Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Yizak ben Yakob Obadia • Ishak ben Ya'kub Obadiah Abu 'Isa al- Isfahani (684–705), quien dirigió una revuelta en Persia contra el califa omeya' Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. • David Alroy, nacido en Kurdistán, quien alrededor de 1160 se reveló contra el califa antes de ser asesinado. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Moisés Botarel de Cisneros • Moisés Botarel de Cisneros, estuvo activo alrededor de 1413; afirmó ser un hechicero capaz de combinar los nombres de Dios. • Moses Botarel fue alumno de Jacob Sefardi, quien lo instruyó en la Kabbala. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • Asher Lamlein • Asher Lämmlein, fue un judío nacido en Alemania que apareció en Istria, cerca de Venecia, en 1502 y, alentado por las obras de Isaac Abrabanel, se proclamó precursor del Mesías judío. • Declaró que si los judíos mostraban un gran arrepentimiento y caridad, el Mesías no dejaría de aparecer en seis meses. Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • David Reubeni • David Reubeni (1490–1541?) Fue un activista político judío, "mitad místico, mitad aventurero". • Aunque algunos eruditos son reacios a creer sus afirmaciones de nobleza, citando sospechas de fraude, hizo incansables esfuerzos para hacer una alianza entre cristianos y judíos contra musulmanes por la intermediación del joven rey, John (João ) de Portugal), en noviembre de 1525, Estudios del Tanaj 54 Yeshayahu 9 • David Reubeni • Sin embargo, recibió una audiencia con el rey, acompañado de una carta de recomendación del Papa Clemente VII, y siempre había insistido en que era hijo de un monarca fallecido (Rey Suleiman de borabor), y que él era el Ministro del Departamento de Guerra de ese reino, ahora gobernado por su hermano mayor, el Rey José de Habor.
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