ment of the Senate to the following bills The Senator from North Carolina [Mr. SENATE of the House: GRAHAM], the Senators from Alabama [Mr. HILL and Mr. SPARKMAN]. the Sena­ TuESDA Y, APRIL H. R. 1861. An act for the relief of Eliza­ 25, 1950 beth and Lawrence Wong; tor from Wyoming [Mr. HUNT], and the H. R. 4857. An act for the relief of Mrs. Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER] are

ADVERTISING OF LI~UOR, · BEER, AND an editorial entitled "Regulatory Madness," There being no objectjon, the resolu­ WINE-LETTER .- FE.OM MRS. : R. H. published in the Bos.ton Herald of April 17, tion was ordered to be printed in the SORJ.i!NSEN 1950, which appears in the Appendix.] RECORD, as follows: [Mr. LANGERt asked and obtailled leave PORT AND PLAYGROUND OF THE SOUTH- "Resolution relating to extension of Wiscon­ to have printed in th& RECORD a letter from .WEST-ARTICLE FROM THE HOUSTON _sin Central Airlines temporary certificate Mrs. R. H. Sorensen, and an article enclosed, CHRONICLE of public convenience and necessity with regard to advertising ot liquor, beer, [Mr. JOHNSON of Texas asked and ob­ "To the Civil Aeronautics Board: and wine, which appears in the Appendix.) tained leave to have printed in the RECORD "The Wisconsin State Aeronautics Com­ ORR OIL WELL-EDITORIAL FROM THE an article entitled "Port and Playground of .mission respectfully requests that favorable v.-ooD COUNTY DEMOCRAT the Southwest," written by Don Hinga, and consideration be given to the application of published in the April 12 issue of the Hous­ Wisconsin Central Airlines for renewal or [Mr. MARTIN asked ·and obtained leave ton Chronicle, which appears in the Ap­ extension of its Temporary Certificate of to have printed in the RECORD an editorial pendix.] Public convenience and Necessity, on a regarding the Orr oil well, from the Wood permanent basis, or on such other basis as County Democrat, of Quitman.. Tex., the RENEWAL OF FRANCHISE OF WISCONSIN the board may deem advisable. issue of April 20, 1950, whtch appears in CENTRAL AIRLINES "The Wisconsin State Aeronautics Commis­ the Appendix.] Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, there is sion firmly believes that Wisconsin Central DECLINE IN AMERlCAN SHIPPING­ now pendi115 before the Civil Aeronau­ Airlines bas demonstrated in a very posi­ ARTICLE BY J. S. ARMSTRONG tics Beard, an important matter vital to tive manner the value of interstate feeder airline service,. to Wisconsin, and the obvi­ [Mr. O'CONOR asked and obtained leave the future of my State-t~e renewal of ous potential that exists for this type of to have printed in the RECORD an article the temporary certificate of public con­ service. The Wisconsin State Aeronautics relating to the decline in American ship­ venience and necessity of Wisconsin Commission further believes that it would ping, written by J. S. Armstrong, financial Central Airlines. The Badger State has be a tragic mistake to deny the extension of editor of the Sun, and published in the always been aviation-minded, and fur­ Wisconsin Central Airlines' Certificate, and Baltimore Sun of April 23, 1950, which nished more a via tors to the Army Air would do irreparable harm to air transporta­ appears in the Appendix.] Forces during the war than did any tion in Wisconsin and the -Nation. MEETING OF AMERICANS AND RUSSIANS other State in the Union except the "This company, which commenced sched­ AT THE -STATEMENT OF JOSEPH much more populous State of Texas. uled operations hardly more than 2 years ago, has provided a remarkable and continu­ P. POLOWSKY Moreover, Wisconsin business is avia­ ally expanding air transportation service to [Mr. DOUGLAS asked and obtained leave tion-minded,.recognizing that air freight the people of Wisconsin, in spite of ex­ to have printed in the REcbRD a statement and air travel are indispensable to the tremely limited airport fa.cillties, over which entitled "The·-Oath at the Elbe," by Joseph America of 1950 and of the years to it has had no control. P. Polowsky, together with an introductory come. "When Wisconsin Central Airlines began statement by hlm which · appear in the I have been in contact, therefore, with operations, the company was compelled to Appendix.] the Civil Aeronautics Board on behalf use a small type of aircraft adaptable to the of the permanent renewal of the fran­ existing airports rather than a larger air­ THE OWEN LATTIMORE CASE-EDITORIAL craft which would have been more suitable FROM THE RAP~D CITY JOURNAL chise because it is unthinkable that Wis­ for· the traffic potential available. [Mr. MUNDT asked and obtained leave to consin should be denied this crucial "At the time operations were started, only have printed in the RECORD an editorial feeder air-line service. five of nine airports to which the company entitled -"Not Disloyalty, Just American During last year, 33,000 passengers inaugurated service in Wisconsin had paved Tragedy,'' from the Rapid Gity (S. Dak.) were carried by the company. Twenty­ runways; two of the nine airports had lights; Journal, which appears in the Appendix.) iv:-o thousand ton-miles of express was and only three of the nine airports had per­ manent administration buildings. COMMUNISTS IN GOVERNMENT carried. Wisconsir. Central Airlines has, moreover, now in operation a complete "After certification of Wisconsin Central [Mr. MUNDT asked and obtained leave to Airlines, and establishment of service by the have printed in the Appendix o~ the RECORD network of radio and navigation aids company,_the municipalities served were en­ .an editorial regarding Communists in Gov­ which enable it to assure safe, unbroken couraged to proceed with airport improve­ ernment, from the Aberdeen (S. Dak.) Ameri­ service to some 26 cities through 20 air­ ments for which they had plans but did not can-News, which appears in the Appendix.) ports, including 5 cit~es in the Upper feel warranted in making until scheduled air service was assured. TRIBUTE TO THOMAS JEFFERSON BY Peninsula of Michigan. "During the past 2 years, WJsconsin cities HARRY H. SCHLACHT The company employs 207 people, of whom 81 percent are veterans of World on the airline routes have been carrying out [Mr. WILEY asked and obtained leave to their plans for needed improvements for have printed in the RECORD an editorial pay­ War II. better service, so that now seven of nine air­ ing tribute to Thomas Jefferson, by Harry H. Folks from all the cities served by Wis­ ports have paved runways and the remaining Schlacht, which appears in the Appendix.} consin Central have appealed to me and . two will be paved by August 31, 1950. All to other - members of the Wisconsin nine airports now are lighted; five airports REGULATION OF THE MOTION-PICTURE ~elegation for the franchise renewal. have permanent airline station facilities, and INDUSTRY-STATEMENT BY SENATOR For -example, the city of Stevens Po.int one facility will be constructed this year; WILEY has invested-including Federal, State, plans have been tentatively considered at [Mr. WILEY asked and obtained leave to and local funds---$245,000 in money to two other airports. have printed in the RECORD a statement pre­ assure the finest possible airport service "By the fall of 1950 the handicaps which pared by him regarding an invitation to faced Wisconsin Central Airlines in 1948 with for Wisconsin Central; and that situa­ respect to airports will be removed, which appear before the Committee on Interstate tion is paralleled by other community and Foreign Commerce to testify, which ap­ will enable the company to utilize more suit­ pears in the Appendix.] efforts throughout Wisconsin. All the able aircraft to develop the potential on its cittes on the route-Eau Claire, Wiscon­ routes that is known to exist." SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS ARE sin Rapids, Menomonie, Marinette, Moved by Dr. L. O. Simenstad that the fore­ DEMOCRACY AT GRASS ROOTS-EDI· Wausau, Rhinelander; Green Bay, Clin­ going resolution be adopted by the St at e TORIAL FROM THE SAN MARCOS REC· tonville, Oshkosh, Superior-Duluth, Mil­ Aeronautics Commission, and that copies ORD waukee, Madison, anci. so forth-depend thereof be sent to the Civil Aeronautics Board, Wisconsin Congressional Representa­ [Mr. JOHNSON of Texas asked and ob· vitally on this service, and their eyes are tives, all cities on the routes of Wisconsin tained leave to have printed in the RECORD on the Civil Aeronautics Board. Central Airlines, and all dally newspapers in an editorial entitled "Soll Conservation Dis­ I have received a resolution, conveyed Wisconsin. tricts Are Democracy at Grass Roots," pub­ by George B. Burdick, assistant secre­ Motion seconded by Dr. Alvin G. Sell. lished in the April 21 issue of the San Marcos tary, adopted by the Wisconsin State Carried unanimously. Record, which appears in the Appendix.] Aeronautics Commission; appealing for CERTIFICATION REGULATORY MADNESS-EDITORIAL the franchise renewal. I ask unanimous I hereby certify that the foregoing reso­ FROM THE BOSTON HERALD consent that this resolution ·may be lution is a true and correct copy of the reso­ . [Mr. JOH~SON of Texas asked and ob· printed at this point in the body of the lution adopted by the Wisconsin State Aero­ tained leave to have printed in the RECORD RECORD. nautics Commission, meeting in regular '5678 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25

~ession at Madison, Wis., on Friday, April 14, give support. I am afraid such a failure guished themselves by their progress toward 1950. would be picked up and used to the discredit national stability and a self-sufficient GEORGIA B. BURDICK, of the United States. economy. Assistant Secretary. I am acquainted with many who have a More so tlian any other nation in the world, MADISON, WIS., April 17, 1950. close personal knowledge of the fund's or­ let it be emphasized, has Israel discharged ganization and the work it is doing. I am its humanitarian responsibility with regard CHILDREN'S AID BILLS-EDITORIAL COM· impressed with the businesslike and efficient to the unfortunate displaced persons of the MENT AND COMMUNICATIONS way in which this humanitarian undertak· Jewish race who were the object of such Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, ing is carried on. I doubt if our country harsh treatment and such untold sufferings on behalf of my colleague, the distin­ has ever spent money to a better cause than at the hands of both Nazi Germany and it has done in getting milk and other aid Soviet Russia. guished senior Senator from New Jersey to millions of children throughout the world. It would be too much to expect that, in [Mr. SMITH], I wish to invite the atten­ Your help in this matter will be appre­ the span of 2 years and in the face of the tion of the Senate to an editorial printed ciated. tremendous difficulties encountered on in the April 3 edition of the Hudson Dis­ Sincerely yours, every hand, Israel would now be free of patch, of Jersey City, entitled "Crowley EDWARD P. CROWLEY, troubles. As a matter of fact, there is grave Urges United States Back UN Children's President. concern among its inhabitants and its friends throughout the world over the reported Aid Bills." feverish rearmament program of the sur­ In the same connection, I call the APRIL 4, 1950. Hon. ALEXANDER SMITH, rounding Arab states. Following inquiries to attention of the Senate to two commu­ United States Senate, the State Department, I am informed that nications addressed to my distinguished Washington, D. c. · there need be no concern in this respect, that colleague; one under date of March 31 · DEAR SENATOR SMITH: The General Feder­ both Israel and her Arab neighbors are free from the Jersey City Junior Chamber of ation of women's Clubs has been very much to import arms and munitions necessary for Commerce, over the signature of the interested in the agency, internal security. . President of that body, Mr. Edward P. UNICEF. We understand that this spring Nevertheless, the feeling persists in Israel Crowley; the other under date of April 4, UNICEF will practically go out cf existence, and elsewhere that the Arab states have far . although some of its funds may be available greater access to supplies of arms, and are over the signature of Dorothea D. Buck, for use for another 6 months. importing implements of warfare in quanti­ president of the General Federation of we agree with those who are advocating ties which would seem far beyond any rea­ Women's Clubs. the setting up of a perm:.ment agency for sonable requirements of internal security, I ask unanimous consent that both of children in the United Nations. Such a pro­ It is to be hoped that the officials of our State these communications, together with the gram surely must be carried out, but such Department, and O'Qr representatives in· the editorial to which I referred, be placed things move slowly, and while the agency is United Nations, will watch . this particular in the body of the RECORD at this point being organized we fear that work for the phase of tl;le Near East situation closely, to children may suffer in · the interim. There­ the end that the uns.table and' uneasy peace in my remarks. fore, we should like to ask that appropriations now prevailing there be not permitted to ex­ There being no objection, the matters for UNICEF be granted for one more year. plode into a conflagration that might easily were ordered to be printed in the REC­ · The work for children seems to me ex­ engulf the whole world. ORD, as follows: · tremely important from every point of view, Ou such an occasion as this it affords me even including that of containing com­ the , utmost satisfaction to accord to the [From the Hudson Dispatch, Jersey City, leaders and the· people of Israel sincere felici· N. _J., of April 3, 1950] munism. Of course, some of the emergency for children is over but the worlr that will tations on the extraordinary progress that CROWLEY URGES UNITED STATES BACK UN be don~. if UNICEF is retained for another has been made, and to extend to them the CHILDREN'S AID BILLS year, would be in such areas perhaps as utmost good wi~hes for increased progress warning against a walkout by United southeast Asia, where the condition is and continued security. States from United Nations' International chronic. Having visited these areas myself Long Iive Israel. Children's Emergency fund, Edward P. Crow­ recently, I know the need of American aid ley, president of Jersey City Junior Cham­ ·in order to actually combat communism Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, in the ber of Comrperce, yesterday threw full sup_­ from taking over those underprivileged parts editorial columns of the New York Times port behind two bills now before Congress of the world. of Sunday, April 23, 1950, deserved trib­ bearing upon the fund's future. . I earnestly hope that you will use your in­ ute was paid to the signal accomplish­ These bills, S. 2920 and H. R. 7743, intro­ fluence in having UNICEF supported for one ments of the State of Israel in the 2 years duced respectively by Senator ROBERT A. more year, or until such time as a permanent of its existence. TAFT, Of Ohio, and Representative ABRAHAM organization can be set up within the United I ask unanimous consent that the edi­ A. RIBICOFF, ·of Connecticut, would make Nations. torial from the New York '.Times be re­ available for another year an outstanding Sincerely yours, authorization of $25,000,000 for the continu­ DORTHEA D. BucK, printed in the RECORD .. ation of the fund's world-wide work for Mrs. J. L. Bl~.ir Buck, There being no objection, the editorial needy, sick and homeless children. President. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, "Let it n;-ver be said of the people of the SECOND ANNIVERSARY OF INDEPEND· as follows: United States," said Crowley, "that they were ENCE OF ISRAEL ISRAEL'S SECOND BIRTHDAY the first to withdraw their support from Today Israel celebrates the second anni­ this international effort that has already Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I ask versary of its establishment as a free and made an honored name for itself throughout unanimous consent to have printed in independent state. Born in the. fires of war, the world. It has had very little to spend, the RECORD a statement I have prepared surrounded by enemies, attacked by neigh· relatively speaking, only the smallest part congratulating Israel on the second an­ bors, this little country has earned its place of the money expended by our country for in the world through the courage, endurance, foreign-aid programs, but it has made that ni,versary of her independence. There being no objection, the state­ and devotion of its people. Its first 2 years little go a long way in getting relief to chil­ have been tempestuous; and while Israel's dren. And, in doing · the job it has built ment was ordered to be printed in the difficulties and sacrifices are by no means up an enormous store in the world's good­ RECORD, as follows: over, there is no longer doubt-if there ever will, in which the United States shares." STATEMENT BY SENATOR . O'CONOR was any-that here is a nation founded upon In these times of internal unrest when RO rock and not upon sand. THE JERSEY CITY JUNIOR ·many long-established nations are finding it In the last 12 months, perhaps the develop­ CHAMBER OF C ')MMERCE, extremely difficult to rehabilitate and stabi­ ment of most immediate significance to Jersey City, N. J., March 31, 1950. lize their economic and political economies, Israel has been the stabilization of the mili­ The Honorable H. ALEXANDER SMITH, there would seem to be special significance tary situation. The armistice agreements Senate Office Building, · to the week-long celebration now being ob­ have held firm; and if there is no peace, at Washington, D. C. served throughout the United States to mark least there is no war. But of greatest long­ MY DEAR SENATOR SMITH: We understand the second anniversary of the proclamation range importance to the new state is the that Senator TAFT has introduced a bill (S. _of independence of Israel. As one of the human tide of immigrants that has con­ 2920) in support of the United Nations Inter­ newest nations of the world, Israel has made tinued to sweep through its open gates. national Children's Emergency Fund. We remarkable progress during the 2 years of its Israel now has nearly 1,300,000 people, of trust you will lend your support to this formal existence. Despite the scars left by whom almost 400,000 have ari'ived since the measure for the fund which, in the opinion the bitter struggle to defend her borders, and spring of 1948. of many of us, has done a rt:.murkably fine under the further handicap of a constant The pressures on this infant nation-not job in the international field. flow of immigrants from the displaced-per­ least of which is the military threat from its It would be a pity if this work came to an sons camps of Europe, and elsewhere, the Arab neighbors-have imposed an almost un­ end through the failure of our Congress to leaders and the people of Israel have distin- bearable strain on its economy. .Outside 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5679 help is still essential. That help has been CONFIF..MATION OF NOMINATIONS TO procedure in the courts, their nomina­ freely given, both from private sources and THE TAX COURT tions should follow the regular order. from such public bodies as the Export-Import Mr. GEORGE. Mr. President, as in But in view of' the statement of the dis­ Bank, which has made a $100,000,000 loan to tinguished Senator from Georgia, for Israel. Industrial and agricultural produc­ executive session, I report favorably from tion is increasing; but there is still a long the Committee on Finance the nomina­ whom I have the profoundest respect, in economic row to hoe. Meanwhile, the prob­ tions of three of the judges of the Tax the emergent situation he sets forth I lem of earning a living has not blinded the Court, and I ask unanimous consent for shall not interpose objection at this time, state ·to its first responsibility: its children. the present consideration of the nomina­ and therefore do not object to the im­ Education ls now compulsory for all, Arab tions, for the following reasons: medjate consideration of the nomina­ and Jewish, between the ages of 5 and 13. The three judges nominated are the tions. While Israel has not been faultless in every Mr. GEORGE. Mr. President, I thank aspect of its relations with the UN, it must Honorable John W. Kern, of rndiana, be recognized that it has been forced to live Hon. Charles R. Arundell, of Oregon, the Senator. I would not make this re­ almost from one crisis to another, and in a and Hon. Clarence V. Opper, of New York. quest if the judges were not already in bitterly hostile environment. Israel is un­ Each of these judges is now in service, service, and if they had not heretofore questionably a shining outpost of democracy and has been in service for quite a length been confirmed. in the Middle East, a proud and independent of time. They have been endorsed by The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ nation . to which its many friends in the the Senators from the States from which jection, the clerk will state the nomina­ United States wish a happy birthday, with they come, and since the court has an tions. long years of peace and prosperity to come. enormous volume of work before it, and The legislative clerk read the nomina­ Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, I ask has to assign hearings in different parts tion of John W. Kern, oi L~diana, to be unanimous consent to have printed in o.r the country, it is of course proper and a judge of the Tax Court of the United the RECORD a statement I have prepared advisable, and almost necessary, that the States. on the second anniversary of the inde­ nominations of these present judges be The VICE PRESIDENT. Without pendence of the state of Israel. confirmed at the earliest possible time objection, the nomination is confirmed. There being no objection, the state­ in order that they may go to the various The legislative clerk read the nomina­ ment was ordered to be printed in the parts of the country to which they have tion of Charles R. Arundell, of Oregon, RECORD, as follows: been assigned. to be a judge of the Tax Court of the One of the golden threads in the fabric of The nominations of these three judges, United States. American history has been American aid and all of whom are now in service, as I have The VICE PREDIDENT. Witho12t ob­ support for oppressed peoples who would said, were unanimously reported favor­ jection, the nomination is confirmed. fight for their freedom. Our own independ­ ably by the Committee on Finance. No The legislative clerk read the nomina­ ence was won with the aid of foreign blood objection has been filed, and I therefore tion of Clarence V. Opper, of New York, and treasure sacrificed in the universal cause ask unanimous consent that as in execu­ of freedom, and we were still a young and to be a judge of the Tax Cour11 of the struggling nation when Benjamin Franklin tive session the nominations may be United Sta'~ 3S. said, "Where liberty is, there is my country." presently considered, and, if confirmed, The VICE PRESI!JENT. Without ob­ It is altogether fitting and proper, there­ that the President be notified at once. jection, the nomination is confirmed; fore, for Americans to salute one of the great The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ and, without objection, the President will anniversaries in the history of human free­ jection? be immediately notifJd of the confirma­ dom. Two years ago, another nation con­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the ticns. ceived in liberty and dedicated to the propo­ distinguished Senator from Georgia tell sition that all men are created equal was the Members of the Senate whether it WINNING THE COLD WAR IV born. After an interval of 20 centuries, the is absolutely necessary that the . judges Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, to­ Jewish people kept their rendezvous with destiny when the state of Israel declared its be confirmed today, rather than that the day, April 25, is the fifth anniversary of independence. nominations take the regular procedure? two of the greatest events in the lifetime In all history no nation had ever assumed Mr. GEORGE. I am able to say that o! any now living. Five years ago today so heavy a burden. Yet this new struggling it is very proper. The chief judge has the United Nations Conference held its state was not content merely to fight for advised me that assignments have al-· opening session in San Francisco. Five survival in war and to find bread for its ready been made, bu~ that the . judges years ago today a patrol group of the immigrants. In the spirit of the great ren­ would hesitate to go to hear cases, or he American Army and a small detachment dezvous to which it was dedicated, it under­ would hesitate to request them to go, of Russian soldiers met and clasped took at the same time to build the political until their nominations were acted upon. hands on the banks of the Elbe River in cornerstone of the ·new state. It dared to convene a constitutional assembly. It dared I therefore think it is necessary that the Germany, It was a strange chance, and to write a new constitution. Senate act at this time. it should turn out to be a happy chance, One might have expected that the con­ Mr. WHERRY. Was there a full that these great events took place simul­ stitution would be some makeshift affair, membership present when the unani­ taneously. some loose "Articles of Confederation" to ac­ mous reports were ordered by the com­ · There came into my office last Friday commodate the many shades of political mittee? and again this morning, former Pvt. opinion in Israel. One might have expected Mr. GEORGE. A reasonably full Joseph Polowsky, of Chicago. Mr. the constitution, born in time of war, to membership. Polowsky was one of six Americans com­ exalt military authority, to exact conformity, Mr. WHERRY. So that the distin­ manded by Lt. Albert L. Kotzebue who in the name of patriotism, to subordinate guished Senator would say there was no made that first unofficial but historic individual freedom to the security of the opposition? fledgling state. But Israel is no comfort to contact w;th our eastern allies. the expectations of the narrowly practical, Mr. GEORGE. There was no opposi­ It was a tragic meeting in view of the cautious, the calculating, the realistic. tion. This is the fourth appointment on mistakes which had led the Russians to That constitution is another achievement the bench of Judge Arundell; Judge bombard a group of refugees, crowded at in human freedom, a beacon not only for Opper, of New York, I think, has received the water's edge, the night befor:;. But the oppressed peoples of the Middle East, two appointments; and Judge Kern, of on the other hand, it was a happy and but for all the world. Blended in the con­ Indiana, has also served two terms, or is joyous meeting of young men :r 1l of the stitution are the ethical values of ancient serving his second term. He is now the exhilaration of victory. · Far more sig­ Judea, that exalt the fundamental dignity presiding judge of the court. nificant than that. however. W'.l.S the ex­ of the person made in God's image; the Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I shall guarantees of freedom of speech and con­ pressed determination that a war like science, of modern democracy, and a recog­ depart from my regular course about this must never happen again. nition of state responsibility for providing confirmations of . appointees. I still In Mr. Polowsky's words: opportunity for a decent livelihood in this maintain that the nominations of all The greetings took place in the midst or age of world-wide economic fluctuation. judges of civil courts should follow the some 200 corpses of old men, women, and All freedom-loving Americans will join in regular procedure. I stated once on the children. After the preliminary greetings, the hope.that the bond of sympathy between Senate fioor, and I wish to repeat, that the Americans and Russians looked down at America and Israel will grow ever stronger when -it comes to the appointment of the bodies, and fragments of · bodies-espe~ .with. tpe years.. · Federal judges, who handle the judicial cially the body of a child with blue eyes 5680 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE · APRIL 25 anrt long brown hair, clutching crayons in the commemorate, with appro­ responsibility of leading the world to the one hand, a doll in the other. priate ceremonies, the anniversary of April ways of peace, there is no-other factor more At this historic moment of the meeting of 25, 1945, when their armies at the Elbe River important to our own national well-being the nations, all of the soldiers present-­ and their Governments at San Francisco met than the selection of men of competence and Americans and Russians-swore that they as friends to help open up a peaceful world; integrity for those offices which direct the would do everything in their power to prevent recommends that other states members of destinies of our military establishments. such things from ever happening again, the United Nations join in the commemora­ swore that the nations --vould and must live tive ceremonies." Mr. President, that utterance is as true at peace. today as it was a year ago. Thus, I again The ti.i;ne has come for the nations to re­ Mr. President, that great organization take great comfort and encouragement affirm that solemn oath at the Elbe. from which we hope for so much, the in the fact that in selecting a successor As one of the six American infantrymen United.Nations, seems to be resting and to the Under Secretary of the Army, Mr. to make the boat crossing over the Elbe 5 i·usting. In default of making precious Voorhees, the President of the United years ago, ~s one of the American and Rus­ advances toward international comity, States has so quickly noted the compe­ sian soldiers to take the oath at the Elbe, I we are watching a tremendous building tence and integrity which I predicted Mr. believe I voice something of the thoughts arise on the shores of the East River in and feelings of all of us on this fifth anni­ Alexander would bring to his present vernary. New York. We are reading about plans high post. I therefore join in calling upon the 11a­ for developing the neighborhood which In the light of my prior unqualified tions for a new birth of conciliation and surrounds it. Foiled of spiritual achieve­ recommendation of this fine American. it friendship, that the oath sworn on the ment, we are trying to take refuge in a will not be difficult to understand why I blood-soaked historic ground at the Elbe great material monument of hopes that feel a sense of genuine satisfaction over River shall not have been taken in vain. have been well nigh abandoned. the fact that Mr. Alexander's nomination Is it inappropriate, Mr. President, to Meanwhile the delegates to the United is before this body for an even higher Nations Conference were meeting in San call the attention of the Senate and of post than the one he is now filling so ably. its Foreign Relations Committee again I predicted a year ago that we of the Francisco. Addressing the delegates at to the resolutions presented by some of that initial meeting, the chairman of the Senate, who had the privilege to act oper.ing session said: its members who are not satisfied to see affirmatively on Archie Alexander's prior the United Nations lose force, lose faith, nomination, would be able to take pride We approach our task humbly, ~ut with and fail of achievement? Senate Reso­ in the fact that we were adding new united resolution. The prayers of the i;cople 133 of the world are with us. They are spoken lution still rests in the files of the vision. strength, and courage to our in many tongues and in the words of many Foreign Relations Committee. Perhaps Nation's leadership. creeds. But they are as one voice, rising from it is not the best way to reconstruct that So today, Mr. President, as I urge the the tragedy and suffering of war, in prayer great Organization to do something more unanimous confirmation of the nomina­ for lasting peace. Thus fortified, and with useful and more effective. Perhaps none tion of Archibald S. Alexander to be the guidance of Aln:ighty God, we must and of its provisions are applicable to this Under Secretary of the Army, I say with shall fulfill the purpose for which we have present period of stagnation and decay. come together. · · complete confidence that by again honor­ If something better can be conceived, if ing him, we also do honor to ourselves. In his message to the United Nations something better can be done, by all For the purpose of the RECORD, Mr. Conference, President Truman asserted means let it be presented and offered President, I ask unanimous consent to that-- for our consideration. The inexcusable include in my remarks the full text of we hold a pc,werful mandate from our thing is that we should allow this cher­ my statement of last August 8. · people who believe we will fulfill this obli­ ished dream of peoples of the world to There being no objection, the state­ gation. We must prevent, if human mind, fade away into unsubstantial mists and ment was ordered to be printed in the hearts, and hope can prevent it, the repeti­ leave not a wrack behind. RECORD, as follows: tion of the disaster from which the entire But something of hope, something of world will suffer for years to come. strength, and something of practical STATEMENT BY SENATOR HENDRICKSON If we should pay merely lip service to in­ achievement which was present at that Mr. President, in these trying and turbu­ spiring ideals and later do violence to sim­ lent days when our Nation is confronted ple justice, we '\70Uld draw down upon us historic meeting on the Elbe still re­ with the terrific responsibility of leading the bitter wrath of generations yet unborn. mains today. That was not a meeting the world to the ways of · peace, there is We must not continue to sacrifice the of diplomats. That was not a meeting no other factor more important to our own flower of our youth merely to check madmen, of rulers. That was a meeting of ordi­ national well-being than the selection of those who in every age plan world domina­ nary man. Governments did not speak men of competence and integrity for those tion. The sacrifices of our youth today must to governments. People spoke to people. offices which direct the destinies of our mili­ l~ad, through our efforts, to the building Let us remember that these same men tary establishments. Thus, Mr. President, it for tomorrow of a mighty combination of who spoke to each other, and the hun­ is not only comforting but it is most en­ nations founded upon justice and united for couraging to note that the Senate now has peace. dreds of thousands and millions of men, before it for consideration, the name of women, and children who were behind Archibald S. Alexander for the post of As­ Mr. President, if we look at the world as them, whether in Russia, in Europe, or sistant Secretary of the Army. it lies before us today with too myopic a in North America, have still the same Without reflection upon anyone hereto­ vision, if we scan the omens with too ma­ desires-to live in a peaceful world as fore appointed by the President to high terialistic an examination, both these brothers. Let us still remember that office, I know of no nomination made during gre&t events tak:~ on the guise of tragic there are here and there, in spite of re­ the Truman administration which is more commendable. Colonel Alexander comes failures. Surely cynical disillusion must peated discouragements, fruitful rem­ from an old and distinguished New Jersey have come first and strongest to the dis­ nants of a faith that the thing can be family and througP.out his life, he has re­ appointed youth who fought and suffered done. On that memorable day on the flected the fine traditions of that family. and many of whom died in that conflict Elbe those soldiers talking to soldiers As the one who was privileged to oppose which was to bring peace to the world. swore an oath that it should be done. Colonel Alexander as a candidate for the Yet Joseph Polowslty today has not lost Mr. President, let us, as people talking to United States Senate in the senatorial cam­ his faith. Again, in his own words, let people, swear the same oath and the paign of 1948, I was not long in discovering thing will be done. that my opponent was a formidable foe. me present his earnest suggestion: This was so because his strength was in his Five years ago today the soldiers of the NOMINATION OF ARCHIBALD S. ALEXAN­ character, integrity, and his fine gentlemanly world handed the oath of dedication and DER TO BE UNDER SECRETARY OF THE qualities. It is probably safe to say that friendship, sworn in blood, on to the states­ ARMY there was never a political campaign in the men of the world meeting together at San history of the State of New Jersey which Francisco. The United Nations has been en­ Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, was waged on a higher level than the one trusted with the obligation of taking the on August 8 last, in urging the Senate of to which I refer and for this, Colonel Alex· initiative in carrying forward every means of the United States to confirm the nomina­ ander deserves much of the credit. By train­ bringing us closer to a peaceful world. It tion of my good friend and neighbor ing and experience, in peace and in war, must be the fervent hope of the nations of Archibald S. Alexander, for the post of Colonel Alexander, as has been indicated, is the world that the General Assembly of the eminently fitted for the high office to which United Nations, as ·it reconvenes in session, Assistant Secretary of the Am1y, I said, he has been nominated. will approve a resolution to the effect that: among other things: In urging the unanimous support of his "The General Assembly recommends that In these trying and turbulent days when nomination by the Senate, I have every each year on April 25 the United States and c1.1r ~ation is confronted with the terrific confidence that the day is not far distant 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5681 when those of us who enjoyed the privilege On page 56 of the Senate engrossed amend­ on this subject for a number of years, of acting upon this appointment, will be ment, line 15, strike out "eight" and insert and who, in the last Congress, presented able to take pride in the fact that by our in lieu thereof "fifteen". affirmative vote on this nomination, we On page 57 of the Senate engrossed amend­ the so-called Kem amendment, which added new visi'on, wisdom, strength, and ment, lines 6 and 7, strike out "one on March was a step toward the final legislation courage to our Nation's leadership. 1, 1953, one <'< March 1, 1955, and one on which is now presented. Commendation March l, 1957" and insert in lieu thereof should also go to the distinguiushed Sen­ AMENDMENT OF ECONOMIC .COOPERA- "one on May l, 1956; one on May l, 1961, ator from Massachusetts [Mr. SALTON­ TION ACT OF 1948 and one on May 1, 1966". STALL], and to the chairman of the The Senate resumed the consideration On page 57 of the Senate engrossed amend­ Armed Services Committee, the Senator of the bill (S. 3304) to amend the Eco­ ment, line 8, strike out "eight" and insert from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS], who have nomic Cooperation Act of 1948, as in lieu thereof "fifteen". On page 57 of the Senate engrossed amend­ given much thought and very helpful at­ amended. ment, beginning with line 18, strike out all tention to this proposed legislation. Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, I down to and including line 2 on page 58. Many worth-while suggestions have been suggest the absence of a quorum. On page 58 of the Senate engrossed amend­ made by the Senator from Oregon [Mr. The . PRESIDING OFFICER

gress on ·the Marshall plan. This was VII. A MISSOURIAN TAKES ). "SHOW-ME" LOOK have been tried. They show no indications the inception of the plan. AT THE MARSHALL PLAN IN OPERATION of working now in Europe. Trade restric­ tions, unbalanced budgets, rationing, priori­ The President said: Recently a number of Missouri farm­ ties, allocation of matel'.ials, and over-valua­ In developing this program, certain basic ers returned from an agricultural· tour tion of currencies, all are hindering recovery. considerations have been kept in mind. of several Marshall-plan countries. The These socialistic devices interfere with the .tour was sponsored by radio station natural course of production and commerce, According ~o Mr. Truman: ·KCMO, of Kansas City. rendering futile any help on our part. Any Fir.st, the program is designed to make J. L. Snyder, of Holden, Mo., wrote me further aid we send will also go down the genuine recovery possible within a definite .a very interesting letter about his ob­ drain unless these countries discard their period of time, and not merely to continue nationalization schemes. relief indefinitely. servations as an on-the-spot observer of -the Marshall plan. The Truman-Marshall plan is conditioned Mr. President, let me repeat that state­ on a program of self-help by the borrowing Mr. Snyder wrote: governments. But these 16 nations have ment: The purpose of the trip was to study Euro­ given no indication that they intend to dis­ First, the program is designed to make pean agriculture, trade relations, and to learn ·card the socialistic practices which have genuine recovery possible within. a definite the ·facts about the Marshall-plan money. I nullified our aid thus far, and which will as .period of time, and not merely t<;> .continue paid 9my own expenses; and therefore I am surely continue to parnlyze economic recov­ relief indefinitely. free to express my own opinions. ery in these countries. The Truman-Mar­ Mr. Snyder said that he was greatly shall plan would only defeat its own end by The period of time set for this genuine encouraging the ill-conceived policies which recovery was 4 years. surprised to find Europe, as a whole, in are at the root of western Europe's economic I am confident that we all want to get better condition than he had been led to troubles. · western Europe off our backs, to use Mr. think. Hoffman's expression, just as soon as He wrote: Mr. President, th2..t was said by me in possible. But even the Administration It was a very great disappointment to us the debate in 1948. The words are as now admits that the Mar~hall plan is to find that the people of the middle or lower appropriate today r.s they were then. not bringing about genuine recovery in classes knew absolutely nothing about the Certain of the Marshall-plan countries western Europe. On February 21 last, generous gifts of our money. Those we had have balanced their· budgets and de­ hoped would be friendly because of our fi­ valued their currencies. These steps Secretary of State Acheson testified be­ nancial aid were antagonistic. They claimed fore the House Committee on Foreign that it had been a detriment tp them. In have had desirable effects. Affairs on the foreign aid bill. During -France, the wealthy have become wealthier, But the so-called dollar shortage still the course·of his· testimony Mr. Acheson and the poor liave become poorer. plagues the Marshall-pian countries. ·was asked this question by Representa­ The principal reason for this condition .tive RIBICOFF, of Connecticut: Mr. Snyder then said: is the fact that most of the Marshall­ We had been led to think that with finan­ p1an countries persist in making use of Mr. Secretary, do you think that aid to cial aid we have been selling democracy and Europe will end in 1952? helping to keep communism down. In this a hodgepodge of trade restrictions, ·al­ we have definitely been "taken for a ride." locations, rationing, priorities, bilateral M;r., ·Acheson replied:· treaties, government planning, price fix­ No; I do not think that all American a-id, Mr. Snyder asks how our aid can help ing, profit fixing, ·wage fixing, imprirt _certainly in the world and certainly to some promote democracy if the leaders of the prohibitions, multiple currencies, and parts of Europe, will end in 1952. (House countries and the men who administer hearings •. p. 19) any number of similar socialistic devices the aid are the only people in that coun­ whose net effect has been regimentation It is clear, then, that instead of being try who know where the money comes of the European economy, and extreme a genuine recovery program, to use Mr. from. economic nationalism. ' Truman's language, the Marshall plan He expressed concern over the fact that Marshail-plandollars are beingused Mr. Hoffman has admitted several has become merely another of a !Ong times recently that the situation is a series of foreign relief programs since to !:mild up foreign competition. He said: serious one. He has stated that Europe the war, most of which are now unhon­ "must bring these barriers down" and Belgium and Holland are exporting dairy ored and unsung. must create a free market ·or there will VI. MARSHALL PLAN FUNDS HA VE NOT BEEN pro'ducts, and like the other countries, have become our competitors in the world market. be no permanent road to prosperity USED WISELY OR EFFECTIVELY after 1952. Now for another of the. President's ob­ Mr. Snyder was not at all convinced . But cles:Jite certain efforts which have jectives. Mr. Truman said: that Marshall-plan countries would be of been made by ECA to bring about so­ Second, the program is designed to i'nsure value to us as allies in a war with Russia. called integration of the European mar­ that the funds and goods which we furnish He said: ket, the situation has become steadily will be used most effectiv.ely . for European It is my opinion that in case of war with worse. recovery. Russia, we cannot count on France or Italy as an ally. But if. we build a national de­ As Representative LODGE, of Connecti­ Instead, the Marshall plan has been fense excelled by no other country on earth, cut, stateu during the House committee used as a dumping chute for hundreds they will know that by joining us they will hearings: of millions of dollars' worth of things, be on the winning side. Economic nationalism in Europe is ramp­ making no contribution at all to effective Our only hope is to build a nation so ant (House hearings, p. 607). European recovery. strong both economically and militarily that For instance, the sum of $270,000,000 no power on earth will dare attack us. Then Henry Hazlitt, contributing editor of has been spent for tobacco to be sent to no American boy will have to lie in the ceme­ Newsweek magazine, anrt author of its Europe under the Marshall plan. In teries over tl:ere because we thought of business column, told the House com­ other words, more than a quarter billi,m Europe first. mittee: ·dollars, taken from the American tax­ VIII. MARSHALL-PLAN COUNTRIES HAVE USED OUR The sad fact is that our Government payers, under the taxing. power, have DOLLARS TO EXPERIM.>NT WITH SOCIALISTIC foreign-aid program has had exactly the been used to send gifts of tobacco to DEVICES OF A DISTRESSING NUMBE! AND opposite effect of the one its supporters western Europe under a so-called recov - VARIETY hoped for. It has slowed down the pace of ery program. Mr. President, during the debate in economic recovery instead of increasing it. the Senate in 1948 on the original ECA It has set back economic freedom instead Recently a Greek scholar visiting in of promoting it. the United States remarked that the autilorization bill, the following state­ Marshall plan is choking itself to death ment was made: This, then, Mr. President, is the situa­ on nylon stockings, lipsticks, plastic All of the dollars in the world cannot of tion which our efforts have created. combs, and canned tuna fish. themselves cure the economic. ills of the 16 The Marshall plan participating coun­ · In his view, the insistence of the Marshall-plan countries. Whether they solve tries have used our dollar gifts, not in .United States on shipping. finished prod­ thei.r basic economic problems depends not accord with any over-all plan of inte­ on the. amount of our ~id but upori the ac­ ucts, antj things that are unnecessary to tions of their own governments. These na­ grated recovery, but instead, with the life in_Greece, is stifling Greek economy tions at the present time are carrying out notable exception of Belgium, the Mar­ arid making the Greek people lazy and vast socialistic exp.eri~~n~s which have been shall-plan countries have used our ' dependent. unsuccessful every time and everywhere they dollars to promote, with costly results..! XCVl--359 5684 OONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE experiments with socialistic devices of suggest to the American taxpayers fi­ our own Government is tottering on the a distressing number and variety. nancing his give-away plan ·that· it is brink of bankruptcy-, · and when we con­ Imagine the chaos that would result "immoral" to ask the Socialist Govern­ sider the fact that the needs of our own if each 1 of our 48 States suddenly ment of Britain to accept a loan instead people are being neglected to prop up undertook to put into effect socialistic of a gift; he now tells us that they can­ Socialistic governments abroad, the re­ nightmares originating in the fertile and not expect Europe to regain her eco­ duction called for by the proposed disturbed brains of government planners nomic feet for 50 years, which is exactly amendment is modest, indeed. from Marx to Cripps, and to regiment the reverse of all the Administration's Mr. President, . the American front all trade with neighboring States in soothing utterings about "genuine re­ line is not on the Rhine or in the torrid accordance with 3-, 5-, or 10-year plans. covery" in 1952. jungles of Burma: it"is in a sound Amer­ This is exactly what has happened in X. MARSHALL PLAN SHOULD BE TERMINATED IN ican economy, and a strong national de­ Europe-and its activation has been AN ORDERLY YET SPEEDY FASHION fense. made possible by Marshall-plan dollars. Nevertheless, we have embarked on In 1879 Gladstone said: IX. THE MARSHALL PLAN IS OPERATING IN REVERSE this costly and, as I believe, unwise pro- The first thing is to foster the · strength of The original ECA authorization bill, gram. • the empire by just legislation and economy passed early in 1948, provided that of a The American taxpayers have a right at home. • • • Here is my first principle total of about $6,000,000,000 authorized, to expect that the investment already .of foreign policy: good government at home. $1,000,000,000 should be available only made will not go completely for naught. The greatest contribution we can in the form of loans or guaranties. Last They have a right to expect that the make to the peace of the world is to year the amount made available for Marshall plan should be terminated in show the people of other countries that loans was .reduced to $150,000,000 of a a speedy yet orderly fashion. the great experiment in self-government total authorization of about $4,000,000,- I do not advocate an immediate termi­ launched on this continent some 150 000. nation of our aid to western Europe. Our years ago can be made to work. The pending authorization bill specif­ aid should, however, be reduced sharply Are we making it work by spending ically limits none of the amount author~ this year, and terminated completely by billions of .dollars more than we take in ized to loans. Instead, it has left to the the end of the fiscal year 1952, as origi­ from taxes? discretion of ECA Administrator Hoff­ nally contemplated. Furthermore, steps Are we making it work when we run man the amount to be allocated in the should be taken to insure that the re­ the printing presses 24 hours a day, turn­ form of loans. mainder of the program is administered ing out I O U's to be paid when? By On Tuesday, February 21, Mr. Hoff;. in a manner more economical to our tax­ our children, or our child:r:en's children? man testified before the Senate com­ payers and in a manner designed to pro­ Mr. ~resident, during ·the debate •on mittee. During the course of his testi­ mote and encourage genuine recovery in the original Marshall plan authorization mony, the following- colloquy occurred western Europe. bill in 1948, I made the following state­ between the senior Senator from Wis­ In order that these objectives may be ment: · consin [Mr. WILEY] and Mr. Hoffman: attained, I suggest that the pending bill The emotional interest exhibited In some Senator WILEY. Is there any of this loaned be amended in certain particulars. I quarters today in favor of distributing among to any country under the terms of the act do not say that other amendments would the peoples of foreign lands the wealth ac­ or is it given? not be desirable, but I have offered three cumulated in this country by many genera­ Mr. HOFFMAN. The present proposed bill amendments to the pending bill. tions of thrifty and frugal-minded people, would leave it optional, but there would be First. An amendment to reduce the appears to be one of .those strange emotional very little in the way of loans; some loans. authorization for the next fiscal year by manias, or moral epidemics, which have ex­ Senator WILEY. So it is virtually an out­ cited the minds of men from time to time at $1 ,000,000,000. various periods in the world's history. and-out grant; is that right? Second. An amendment to terminate M -· . HOFFMAN. Yes; I think there might aid to any country participating in the An interesting book on this subject has be $75,000,000 in loans out of the $2,950,- been written, strangely enough, by an 000,000, but that would be about all that program which in the future nationalizes should be placed. or socializes ·additional basic industries. Englishman'., L. C. Mackey. It is entitled Third. An amendment to terminate "Extraordinary Popul~r Delusions and Mr. President, it occurs to me that aid to any country participating in the the Madness of .Crowds." this situation is antithetical to sound program which continues to funnel war The author says: international economics. The Marshall materials from the United States to Rus­ In reading the history of nations, we find plan seems to be operating exactly in sia and her satellites. that, like individuals, they have their whims reverse. If it is a genuine recovery pro­ I shall discuss at another and appro­ and their peculiarities; their seasons of ex­ gram, as we were told by the President priate time the second and third amend­ citement and recklessness, when they care in 1947, if the plan has brought about ments to which I have referred. - not what they do. a substantial increase in production in Mr. President, the pending bill would I should like to repeat that statement, western Europe, as stated by Mr. Hoff­ authorize the expenditure of $2,950,000,- Mr. T'resident: man now, then sound economics de­ 000 ~o continue ECA another year. The We find that {nations) like individuals, mands that the proportion of loans to amendment to which I am now address­ • • • have • • • their seasons of outright grants be increased, not de­ ing myself would reduce the amount au­ excitement and recklessness, when they care creased to the vanishing point. thorized by $1,000,000,000. not what they do. We find that whole com­ Mr. Hoffman, in his testimony before Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the munities suddenly fix their minds upon one the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Senator yield? object , and go mad in its pursuit; that mil­ on Febru!'trY 24, offered an interesting, Mr. KEM. I am about through with lions of people b<:come simultaneously im­ and, I may say, a novel explanation of pressed with one delusion, and run after it, niy prepared statement, which I should till their attent ion is caught by some new his position on the matter. He said: like to complete before yielding. I shall tally more captivating than the first {preface, To ask them to take loans instead of be very glad to yield to the distinguished p. xix). grants is to ask them to commit what I Senator from Ohio when I am through Every age has its peculiar folly; some think is an immoral act. (House hearing!!, with my statement. scheme, project, or fantasy into which it p. 77.) If the Senate sees fit to adopt the pro­ plunges, spurred· on either by the love of gain, the necessity of excitement, or the mere force Mr. Hoffman then said-and I ask posed amen:iment, ECA will still° have of imitation. Failing in these, it has some particular attention to this language, Mr. available for distribution to Europe next madness, to which it is goaded by political or President- year one thousand nine hundred and religious causes, or both combined. Every It will take 50 years for Europe to come fifty million dollars, plus an estimated one of these causes influenced the Crusades, back, in my opinion, to where she is earn­ $149,000,000 which, it is expected, will and conspired to render them the most ex­ ing enough to handle what she needs in a. be carried over from this year's appro­ traordinary instance upon record of the ex­ given year and service the debt she now has priation. tent to which popular entlrnsiasm can bE} (House hearings, p. 78). carried {p. 354). When we consider the fact that a con­ If two or three persons can only be found Mr. Hoffman says it will require 50 siderable portion of ECA funds have to take the lead in any absurdity, however years. been used for purposes making no effec­ great, there is sure to be plenty of imitat ors. In other words, Mr. President, Mr. tive contribution to genuine European Like sheep in a field, if one cleats the stile, Hoffman not only has the temerity to recovery, when we consider the fact that the rest will follow (p. 613) • 1950 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE 5685 This book originally published in 184L from Nevada submitted them for the Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, if the was reprinted in America in 1932. For RECORD last year. I examined them, and Senator will permit, let me say that I do this American edition a special preface I think they are an important contribu­ not see in the treaties anything which was written by a distinguished American. tion to the study of the funneling of the limits the application of such agree­ the Honorable Bernard M. Baruch. Mr. materials and goods produced by the ments. The treaty between Great Brit­ Baruch wrote: American people through the countries ain and Russia, for instance, merely says. The migration of some types of birds; the of western Europe to Russia and the in article VII: incredible mass performance of the whole satellite countries. Each high contracting party undertakes species of ocean eels; the prehistoric tribal Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, will the not to conclude any alliance and not to take humun eruptions from central Asia; the Senator yield further? part in any coalition directed against the Crusades; the medieval dance craz~s; or, other high contracting party. getting closer to economics, the Mississippi Mr. KEM. I yield. and South Sea Bubbles; the Tulip Craze; Mr. M:ALONE. Does the Senator from Mr. KEM. Does not the preamble of e:1d (are we too close to add?) the F1orida Missouri take into consideration the fret the treaty between Great Britain and boom and the 192S market-madness in Amer­ thaii today France and England, 2 of the Russia say something about aggression ica and its sequences in 1930 and 1931- 16 Marshall-plan nations, have nonag­ by the Hitler government or its suc­ all these are phenomena of mass action un­ gression treaties with Russia still in good cessor? der impulsions and controls which no sci­ standing, which so far as I know are still ence has explored. They have power un­ Mr. MALONE. Here is the opening expectedly to affect any static condition or in force; at least, we have not heard language of the British-Russian treaty: anything or received any notice to the so-called normal trend. For that reason, His Majesty the King of Great Britain, they have place in the consideration of contrary. I submitted those treaties for Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond thoughtful students of world economic the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in March 1949. the seas, Emperor of India, and the Pre­ conditions. One of them was dated 1942, and was sidium of the Supreme Council of tho Union Mr. Baruch did i:wt do so, but he might signed by Anthony Eden, for the British of Soviet Socialist Republics; Empire, and by V. Molotov, for Russia. well hav·~ included the infamous Salem Desiring to confirm the stipulations of the witchcraft persecutions as another ex­ With the Senator's permission, I should agreement between His Majesty's Govern­ . like to read briefly from it: ment in the United Kingdom and the Gov­ ample of mass action under impulsions ernment of the Union of Soviet Socialis·t Re­ ARTICLE VI and controls, or moral epidemics. publics for joint action in the war against Mr. President, on the great seal of the The high contracting parties agree to render Germany, signed at Moscow on the 12th State of Missouri there is wr~tten: "Salus one another all possible economic assistance July, 1941, and to replace them by a formal populi supr..:ma lex esto"-V;t the wel­ after the war. treaty. fa:;:e of the people be the supreme law. ARTICLE VII Each high contracting party undertakes The formal treaty takes in more ter­ The welfare of our own people-that is, ritory. It came later and could well ap­ the welfare of the people of the United not to conclude any alliance and not to take part in any coalition directed against the ply to any other nation attacking either States, and not the people of any for­ other high contracting party. of the contracting parties, as the case eign land across the sea-shot!ld be the might be. first concern of the people of the United Now let me refer to the French-Russian Mr. KEM. The Senator from Nevada States. treaty, signed by Bidault, for France; would know more about that than I Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, will and by Molotov, for Russia. The treaty would know. I was under the impres­ the Senator yield? was signed in Moscow on December 10. sion that the treaty had to do particu­ Mr. KEM. I am glad to yield. 1944. It was also mentioned by me in larly with aggression by the government Mr. MALONE. ::=-rom the well thought the same address in the Senate, and both of Germany. In any event, it is clear out address which the distinguished these nonaggressio11 treaties were printed that the treaty constitutes a military al­ Senator from Missouri has just made, I in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in March liance between Great Britain and understand that he intends to offer or 1949: Articles V and VI of the French­ Russia. has offered to the ECA extension bill an Russian treaty read as follows: Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, if the amendment prohibiting the payment of ARTICLE V money or the sending of goods to nations· Senator will further yield, I should like The high contracting parties undertake to call his attention to a joint resolu­ which are assisting Communist areas. not to conclude any alliance and not to take Mr. KEM. I have offered such an part in any coalition directed against ci ther tion which the junior Senator from amendment, to be printed and lie on the of the high contracting parties. Nevada introduced in the Senate on table. I propose to discuss that amend­ January 24, 1950. I understand that the ARTICLE VI Senator's amendment corresponds to the ment tomorrow. The high contracting parties agree to ren­ Mr. MALONE. I should like to ask der each other every possible economic as­ joint rnsolution introduced by the junior the Senator whether he recalls that in sistance after the war, with a view to facili­ Senator from Nevada. I had intended March 1949, I listed, in a speech I made tating and accelerating reconstruction of to submit an amendment to the ECA bill in the Senate, 85 trade treaties which the both countries, and in order to contribute to in line with my joint resolution of Janu­ 16 Marshall-plan countries then had the cause of world prosperity. ary 24, 1950, but now I "intend to sup­ made with Russia and the iron-curtain I should like to ask the distinguished port the amendment which has been countries, under which treaties they were Senator from Missouri whether he has submitted by the distinguished Senator shipping to Russia and the iron-curtain any kno·.vledge of these nonaggression from Missouri which I understand, will. countries all kinds of goods, such as ball treaties, particularly as to whether they if accepted, accomplish the same bearings, tool steel, heavy farm machin­ have been abrogated in the meantime. purpose. ery, construction equipment, farm ma­ Mr. KEM. I have no knowledge as to Mr. KEM. I am glad to have the dis­ chinery, railroad cars, locomotives, and that. As I recall, the treaty between tinguished Senator from Nevada join practically everything necessary for the Great Britain and Russia has to do with me in that matter. waging of a third world war against us aggression from Hitler or from some suc­ Mr. MALONE. The first paragraph and to consolidate their gains in Europe cessor of the Hitlerian government. I do of the joint resolution which I introduced and in Asia. on January 24, 1950, as it appears on I also would like to know whether the not recall the circumstances relative to the treaty between France and Russia. page 818 of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Senator recalls that on January 24, of reads as fallows: this year, in bringing the list of such At any rate, they are 20-year military treaties up to date, I said there are 95 alliances; and in case of war between Joint resolution to prohibit financial aid such treaties in good standing as of that Russia and the United States, it seems to any foreign country engaging in trade to me that the governments of Great with Russia, her satellite countries, or any date. other area dominated or controlled by Russia. In view of the amendment the Senator Britain and Frane;e would be required to bas submitted, I am inquiring whether make a det.ermination as to which of its Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ or not he has considered this feature of allies it would associate itself with­ sent tJ have appear in the RECORD at this our relations with the nations of Europe. whether it would join the cause of Russia point the joint resolution introduced by Mr. KEM. I was very much inter­ or whether it woult.1 join the cause of the the junior Senator from Nevada, pro­ ested in those treaties when the Senator United States. hibiting assistance to such countries. 5686 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 There being no objection, the resolu­ between ECA countries and countries behind sion today. i: · expect· to· discuss that tion was ordered to be printed in the the iron curtain. phase of the matter tomorrow. RECORD, as follows: Metal-working tools, steel, ball bearings, electrical machinery and apparatus, grain Mr. TAFT. ·Mr. President, will the Joint resolution to prohibit financial aid to mills, heavy road machinery, farm machinery, Senator yield? any foreign country engaging in trade with and assembled motor vehicles are ·a few of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Russia, her satellite countries, or any other the many items being sent to Russia's sat­ Senator from Missouri yield to the Sen­ area dominated or controlled by Russia ellite countries from ECA nations. ator · from Ohio? Whereas one of the alleged basic purposes It is the opinion of informed people that Mr. KEM. I yield. of the Marshall plan is the restoration or Russia cannot process and manufacture Mr. TAFT. Has the S~nator offered maintenance in European countries of prin­ goods fast enough to keep her satellite his amendment to cut the appropriation ciples of individual liberty, free institutions, countries contented, and without our help by $1,000,000,000? and genuine independence through a joint Russia will fail in her aggression. It is par­ program based upon self-help and mutual co­ adoxical that only with our help can Rus­ Mr. KEM. I have not asked that it be operation; and sia defeat us. taken up. I offered it. It lies on Whereas Russia and other Communist­ Is there a cold war? Let us make up our the table, and it has been printed. dominated and controlled countries and minds. If there is no cold war, let us trade Mr. TAFT. I wonder whether the areas have refused to participate in such with Russia openly and freely. If there is Senator should not off er it. joint program; and a cold war, on the "other hand, if we are Mr. President, a parliamentary inquiry. Whereas Communist actions have endan­ fighting communism, let us stop all assist­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The gered world peace; and ance of every nature to those countries as­ Whereas certain participating nations un­ sisting Russia or in the Communist area. Senator will state it. der the Marshall plan by trading with Russia It is downright silly to say there is a cold Mr. TAFT. May I ask whether any and other Communist-dominated and con­ war and at the same time help our enemy amendment is pending at this time? trolled countries and areas and through non­ in that cold war to consolidate her gains, to. The PRESIDING OFFICER. There is aggression pacts and treaties are violating help our enemies fight world war III. no amendment pending. . the basic principles of the Marshall plan Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I wish Mr. KEM. I should be very glad to and are aiding and fostering communism call up the amendment which I pre­ in other areas of the world through furnish­ to commend the Senator from Missouri ing the necessary equipment, machinery, and for his amendment and his address be­ viously submitted, to reduce the authori­ supplies to consolidate Communist gains in fore the Senate today. It is high time zation in the pending measure by eastern Europe and in Asia; and that we made up our minds which side $1,000,000,000. Whereas such nations are furnishing Rus­ we are on. Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I am very sia and the Communist areas necessary .much interested in cutting the appro­ equipment, machinery, and suppi°ies for In other words, now we- are furnish­ ing to the 16 Marshall-plan countries priation. I fully agree with the Sena­ world war III; and tor's warning that we are facing this Whereas it is the sense of the Congress raw materials and money and industrial and t.he basic policy of the Marshall plan machinery. In truth, we are furnishing year a deficit of $6,000,000,000, and next and its enabling legislation that assistance a very large amount of machinery, raw year, a deficit of six or seven billion dol­ to any participating country which fails in materials, and money to the 16 Mar­ lars. It seems to me we must cut every any way to meet its obligations to sustain shall-plan countries; and the fact is­ phase of Government operation. Cer­ and strengthen the principles of individual tainly there is no reason that I can see liberty, free institutions, and genuine inde­ as shown by the 95 trade treaties made by the 16 Marshall-plan countries with for not making a cut in the aid to for­ pendence, through cooperating with such eign countries. I can see some reason Communist nations and areas, should be ter­ Russia or with satellite countries, with minated: Now, therefore, be it ·which we claim we are in a cold war at perhaps for not cutting appropriations Resolved, etc., That on and after the date this moment-that much of those ma­ for the American armed forces, but aside of the enactment of this joint resolution, no terials and supplies is going from the from that, it seems to me that if those financial aid shall be given by the United Marshall-plan countries to Russia or the in charge of the Government take the States or any agency or officer thereof position that this appropriation for a (whether by loan, grant, lend-lease, or in satellite countries on the first bounce. We ship the materials to the Marshall­ gift to many foreign nations cannot be any other manner) to any foreign country cut, then I cannot see how we can hope which engages in trade or commerce on or plan countries an·d that machinery is in­ after such date with Russia, her satellite stalled and is used for the manufacture to cut domestic expenditures. It seems countries, or any other Communist-domi­ of the products and commodities later to me the place to begin, if we are going nated or controlled area in any other country. shipped to Russia and her satellites-it to reduce the budget, is here-to begin SEc. 2. It is the sense of the Congress that whenever we come to anything on which no moneys shall hereafter be appropriated is a manufacturing in transit rate. we can begin. As a matter of fact, in the case of the and no loans shall hereafter be made and So I have every sympathy with the no equipment or supplies of any kind shall treaty between Great Britain and Rus­ be furnished to any nation engaging in such Senator's desire to cut the budget. I sia, which was placed in the CONGRES­ have no desire to destroy the ECA pro­ trade or commerce or permitting its nationals s10NAL RECORD in March 1948 by me, the to do so. gram in any way. I wonder whether first item covered in that treaty was 1,100 the Senator has given any consideration Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, if the locomotives, needed desperately by Rus­ to the basis on which the amount of the Senator from Missouri will permit, I ask sia for any war with us-either cold or program is predicated, and what the unanimous consent to have inserted at hot. basis is for the $3,100,000,000. Does the this point in the RECORD a release issued We say that nothing which can be Senator know why $3,100,000,000 was by me on January 24, 1950. used for waging war or in any way to used rather than $2,100,000,000, or There being no objection, the release strengthen these nations for that pur­ $2,600,000,000? was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, pose will be shipped by us to those areas. Mr. KEM. I suppose that an effort as follows: On the other hand, I ask the distin­ guished Senator from Missouri whether will be made to justify the amounts be­ OUR INTERNATIONAL STUPIDITY fore the Appropriations Committee. This country is now arming Russia. he was motivated, in offering this But I cannot help recalling the justifi­ We censured ourselves for permitting a amendment, by the fact that not only cations which were made before the short-sighted administration to send scrap are these treaties in existence and being committee last year. For instance, we iron and oil to Japan before Pearl Harbor, fultUed at this time, but that England, were told that certain sums would be "but today we are treating the Communists India, and other nations within the ster­ paid out in this country for American much better; we are seeing to it that they ling bloc have recognized Communist get, not scrap, but finished products. We wheat. The amounts stated by Mr; China, and are daily increasing such Hoffman before the Appropriations Com­ bowed our heads in shame over our permit­ shipmen.ts to Communist China, thus ting scrap iron to be sent to Japan. Now is mittee were far in excess of the pur­ the time to bow our heads in shame again. consolidating the Communist gains as chases actually made. Apparently this "Aid which we are sending to ECA coun­ well as preparing for war? is, to some extent at least, merely win­ tries is finding its way in finished products Mr. KEM. I think that is a very im­ dow dressing; the figures are picked out to the Communist countries," said MALONE, portant consideration, and I thank the of the air, and the ECA Administrator and to back up this serious charge he sub­ Senator from Nevada for the important feels no moral compulsion whatever to mitted a list of 95 recent trade agreements contribution he has made to the discus- follow the figures which he so glib~y re- 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5687 cites before the Appropriations Commit- United Kingdom during the following · Mr. TAFT. I am afraid I do not know. tee. . year. I had not thought so, but I have not Mr.· TAFT. I have tried to analyze, Mr. KEM. I think that is a very per­ checked it. The Senator will find in the from such documents as are available, tinent suggestion. Was the statement of budget estimates submitted by the ERP the advances to the United ~ingdom Sir Stafford Crirps made in the House the same figure of $687,000,000 for Great contained in the bill, because there are of Commons? Britain, and it is reached on the basis somewhat better statistics available as Mr. TAFT. It was. of the balance of payments. In that is to the United Kingdom than as to other Mr. KEM. Does the account which the estimated the amount of imports and countries·. But, taking the United King­ Senator has before him indicate how the payments for services, exports, and re­ dom, for example, the table on country­ statement was received by the Members ceipts for services. It seems fairly clear aid programs shows that, of the total of of the House of Commons? Did they that the estimated balance for 1949-50 $2 , 025 , COO,OOO~the balance I think is for show any marks of satisfaction? has not taken into account the change in shipping and other things-$687,000,000 Mr. TAFT. Oh, yes; they applauded. the British balance-of-payment situa­ is to go to the United Kingdom. I shall I do not have before me that particular tion brought about by devaluation, and ask permission later to put the figures account, but Sir Stafford was greatly a11- the amount figured for Great Britain's in the RECCRD. Of the total, $326,000,000 plauded, particularly from the minis­ balanc3 in 1949-50 is probably over­ is for agricultural prod"Jcts, and about terial benches, as having accomplished stated by at least $200,000,000. How $3 ~ 6 . 000,000-strange to say, exactly the a great feat-and it was a great feat. much the 1950-51 estimate is over­ same figure-is for industrial products. He points out as one of the most impor­ stated is, I suppose, a matter of conjec­ Whether that is a mere chance, or tant reasons for the result- ture, but I at least wish to suggest to the whether that figure was merely picked, The reduction in the United Kingdom's own Senator and to the Senate that we re­ or the sum merely happened to be divid­ expenditure on imports from the dollar area, examine the situation and ask for a re­ bringing it now within the rate of $1,200,- estimate by ECA for the coming year in ed up in that way, I do not know. With 000,000 a year, which we have laid down in transportation, $34,000,000, ·added, the the light of the developments of the Brit­ our program. • • • This major achieve­ ish balance of payments today. total is $687,000,000. Does the Senator ment is a triumph of cooperative effort by commonwealth countries of the sterling area. It is quite possible they have had a know whether that total is reached by balanced budget for the past 6 months, providing certain commodities which are Mr. KEM. Does the Senator recall and that situation may be only tempo­ needed, or whether it has to do with the whether Sir Stafford Cripps made any rary. Perhaps they cannot balance it for so-called dollar balance or dollar deficit aclrnowledgment of the assistance given the next 6 to 9 months, but certainly it of the British Government? him by his American friends in accom­ must be much closer to balance than Mr. KEM. I do not know how the plishing this result? when the estimate was made last fall by figures were arrived at, but I can say · Mr. TAFT. Oh, yes. The golden-dol­ the ECA. The bill is stili based in its with assurance that it is improbable lar balance has been built up by ECA amounts on the estimate made before the there will be any relationship between money to more than $2,000,000,000, which condition developed which has been those figures and the final pui:chases is considered the safe point. They do shown by the statement of Sir Stafford made, in the event the bill is passed and not like to go below that point, which is, Cripps. the appropriations made. We have I think, a reasonable position to take. I am interested in ascertaining what learned that from the past. But what interests me is the justification is the amount the authorization in the Mr. TAFT. I wonder whether the for advancing to the British $687,000,000, bill can be reduced. I am sure the es­ Senator has read the statement made by if, in view ·of devaluation, they are able timate can be cut and can still accom­ Sir Stafford Cripps in the House of Com­ to pay their own way. The devaluation plish the purposes of ECA, but whether mons, on Tuesday, April 4. I will read has injured us. It enabled England to it can be cut a billion dollars, a billion the essential feature of it. He said: sell goods in competition with American and a half dollars, or a half-billion dol­ I should like to give to the House the fig­ goods in all parts of the world. It has lars, I do not know. There is nothing ures on our gold and dollar position for the built up their exports, and it has enabled in the hearings, so far as I have been first quarter of this year. During that period them to ship goods to this country more able to ascertain, that can enlighten the the sterling area earned a net gold and dol­ cheaply, Slnce they have that advan­ Senate. I think we have a right to ask lar surplus of $40,000,000 compared with a tage over us, and have taken it, why of those who advocate this tremendous deficit of $31,000,000 in the fourth quarter should we go on advancing additional expenditure that they tell us the rea- of 1949, a deficit of $539,00(),000 in the third quarter of 1949, and a deficit of $330,000,000 sums to the British in any amount? . sons for the large amount required. in the corresponding-that is, the first­ Mr. KEM. Particularly in view of the Why do they have to have so many quarter of 1949. We received assistance un­ current deficit j.n our finances. pounds of wheat and so many pounds der the EUropean recovery program, largely Mr. TAFT. Particularly in view of of cotton? This is the most vague es­ in the -form of reimbursement for expendi­ the deficit in our own finances, and .the timate that I know of among all the es­ ture already incurred by us, amounting to fact that the British budget is balanced. timates submitted to the Senate. As to $229,000,000, and we also drew on the Can a­ It is rather interesting that in present­ their· domestic expenditures, the state­ dian credit to the extent of $27,000,000. ing the budget Sir Stafford Cripps is ask­ ment is presented in detail and we can Thus the gold and dollar reserves rose by $296,000,000 during the quarter, so that, on ing for the same tax levy, but he is re­ check it. But why should we give $687,- · the 31st of March 1950 they stood at $1 ,984,- ducing the income tax during the coming 000,000 to the British instead of $300,- 000,000, compared with $1,688,000,000 on the year as to lower incomes. That has to 000,000? I can find nothing in my 31st of December 1949, and $2,241,000,000 on be made up by taxes on gasoline, for the studies to answer that question. the 31st of March 1948, immediately before most part. r,:Ir., KEM. Do I corre~tly understand the European recovery program was put into Mr. KEM. Does the account which is the Senator to say that the British Gov­ operat ion. before the Senator indicate .whether the ernment has balanced its budget both in­ .The Senator will see that that means allocations for food subsidies to the Brit­ ternally and externally as of today? that the sterling area, during the 6 ish people are being reduced in any way? Mr. TAFT. · In the past 6 months it months beginning the 1st of October of Mr. TAFT. No. My recollection is }:-_as balanced its external budget. So that the subsidies are about the same. far as its internal budget is concerned, it last year and ending the 1st of April, There has been a little shuffling of the may be balanced with some American this year, actually had a net surplus, subsidies. · assistance, because counterpart funds are without assistance from the E6A, of Mr. KEM. Am I correct in my under­ used to some extent to help to balance $9,000,000. Because of the devalu ... tion standing that the subsidies enable Brit­ the budget. of the pound, therefore, the British Gov.:. ish housewives to buy items of groceries Mr. KEM. Am I correct iri under­ ernment has balanced its international for far less than their American counter­ standing. that $500,000,0DO of the coun­ budget. The question which occurs to parts pay in this country? terpart funds· have bee.n used to retire me is whether that fact has been taken · Mr. TAFT. I do not think it is far the British internal debt? into account. I think obviously it has less, but it is less. · Mr. TAFT. That is what I understood not been taken into account by the ECA~ Mr·. KEM. · Is it not true that on some last year, yes. I wonder why, if' the British Gover'n­ items the· prices in England are as little Mr. KEM. Under those circum­ ment is able to bR.lance its dollar budget, as one-fourth of the prices paid by Amer- stances, does it not seem that the pur­ We should advance anything to the ican housekeepers? · poses of the original ECA Act have been 5688 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25

accomplished, so far as England is con­ immediately before the European recovery we and the rest of the ~terling area have cerned, and so far as gifts from America program was put Into operation. made a further . advance in our long and It ls not possible so soon after the event arduous campaign to close the dollar gap. are concerned? to give a complete explanation of these But we must not be complacent as to these Mr. TAFT. I am not quite certain. changes in our position. In broad terms the results or o\lerestimate the· progress which That is what I should like to know. It various causes are known well enough, but has been made. To-the extent that the last has been suggested in the statement of their relative importance will not be able to quarters results benefited by a seasonal in­ Mr. Cripps that the situation is only be assessed until a good deal later. Look­ crease in income, we must expect that a temporary, due to certain things ·which ing at the position over the past 6 months correspo:Q.ding seasonal decline will affect may not recur, but he said that as to the since devaluation and comparing it with adversely the results of the months imme­ last quarter of 1949 whatever temporary the difficult situation we faced in the sec­ diately before us. Some of the saving on ond and third quarters of 1949, I think it dollar purchase throughout the sterling area conditions there were continued even can be said that two main types of in­ may also have been seasonal or temporary more strongly in the first quarter of fluence have been at work in bringing about in character. To this extent it may be bal­ 1950. So I do not know. It may be that an improvement in our affairs. The first anced by higher dollar imports later in the a hearing will show that there will clearly type consists of those factors which are out­ year. We have also still been enjoying some be a deficit in the balance of payments side our own control and which cannot be of the temporary after effects of devaluation, during the coming year, but I am quite relied upon to continue; and the second ts altho~ght latterly to a smaller extent than certain that if so, it must be smaller than the result of policies which we have adopted previously; these effects, unlike the more the ECA thought it would be when it to meet our difficulties and which may, we permanent benefits of devaluation, will hope, have a more lasting effect. Under the quickly pass. Nor can we be certain that made the budget 6 months ago. first heading, factors .outside our control, the present level of demand for exports from Mr. KEM. Does the Senator's study which reversed tendencies that had worked the rest of the sterling area to the dollar of the figures indicate that important so strongly against us last summer, I would area will be indefinitely continued, or that discrepancies, or, shall we say, differ­ refer to the two most important- their prices will be maintained. ences, exist between the estimates pre­ 1. The renewed lnfiow of dollars and the In looking forward we must bear in mind sented by the Administrator to the Ap­ resumption of buying which had been held that the substantial gains over the last 6 propriations Committee and the actual up in anticipation of a possible devaluation; months followed a period in which we lost and nearly a third of our reserves of gold and purchases made? 2. The increased demand from the dollar I dollars. Our policy ts so to order our affairs Mr. TAFT. So far as can figure, the area for many sterling area goods. This fol­ that when the European recovery program budget estimate submitted, to the extent lowed a further expansion in industrial ac­ ends, in the middle of 1952, we can stand that it is based on an estimated balance tivity in the United States, and the rebuild· on our own :leet, without exceptional external of payments for 1949-50, is at least 1ng of their stocks of commodities. Its ef­ aid. To that end we must maintain a rigor­ $2,000,000,000 wrong today, We have fect has been the more marked since it has ous economy in dollar eftpehdlture and covered three-fourths of the period. As coincided with the normal seasonal increase encourage the maximum - dollar earning to whether the estimates for next year in dollar· earnings from some of the major throughout the sterling area. We must con­ are correct, I have no means of checking sterling area exports such as wool and cocoa. serve our strength and rebuild our resources Under the second category which covers until they are strong enough to withstand at the present time. the results of policy decision, I mention the wbatever strain the difficult and uncertain Mr. KEM. How about purchases as following as the most important: future may bring. between different commodities in this (a) The reduction in the United King­ country? Have the estimates been fol­ dom's own expenditure on imports from the Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I ask unan­ lowed closely? dollar area, bringing it now within the rate imous consent that there be printed in Mr. TAFT. That I do not know. That of $1,200,000,000 a year, which we have laid the R1i.:CORD a break-down of the .United is in the hearings, on page 27, as to what down in our program, together With similar Kingdom's allocation of $687,000,000. successful action by our partners in the 'i'here being no objection, the break­ they estimate for next year, but how sterling area, in accordance with the under­ closely the estimates have been followed standings reached at the Finance Ministers' down was ordered to be printed in the I do not know. meeting last July. This major ~chievement RECORD, as follows: If the Senator does not object, I should ls a triumph of cooperative effort by Com­ Estimated EGA-financed 'PfOgram, by com­ like to offer a number of matters for the monwealth countries of the sterling area. modity group, in the fiscal year 1950-51 RECORD. On its maintenance in the period imme­ [!n millions of dollars] Mr. KEM. That will be an important diately ahead of us depends much of our United Kingdom­ contribution to the RECORD. hope for the future balance of our payments with the dollar area. .Requested 'PfOgram Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I ask unani­ (b) The improvement in our position fiscaZyear1950-51 mous consent to have inserted in the . with such hard-currency countries as Bel­ Food and agricultural imports: RECORD at this point the statement by gium, Switzerland, and Persia, which has Food------119.4 Feed and fertilizer------12. O the Chancelor of the Exchequer on resulted mainly from our better competitive Natural fibers ______123. 0 Britain's reserve position, which is dated position following devaluation. Other agricultural products______72. 0 April 4, 1950. (c) The substantial improvement of the There being no objection, the s~ate­ United Kingdom's position on invisible ac­ Total food and agricultural count, due in large measure to a reduction . ment was ordered to be printed in the products_~------326.4 in expenditure over a wide range of trans­ RECORD, as·follows: actions. APRIL 4, 1950. Industrial imports: ( d) Finally, the recovery in our earnings Fuels ------90. 0 BRITAIN'S RESERVE POSITION from United Kingdom exports to the dollar Industrial raw materials ______150. O TEXT OF THE STATEMENT MADE BY sm STAFFORD area. Capital equipment ------66. 4 CRIPPS, CHANCELOR OF THE EXCHEQUER, IN The explanations which I have given apply Other manufactures and raw ma- THE HOUSE OF COMMONS ON TUESDAY, APRIL broadly to the whole period since devalua­ terials------20. 0 4, 1950 tion. There have, of course, been changes I should like to give to the House the within that period. In the early part, as I Total industrial imports ______326. 4 figures on our gold and dollar position for made clear in my statement on the results the first quarter of this year. During that for the fourth quarter of 1949, the immedi· Total commodity imports ______652. 8 period the sterling area earned a net gold ate and short-term effects of devaluation Transportation ------34. 3 and dollar surplus of $40,000,000, compared were particularly noticeable. Since then with a deficit of $31,000,000 in the fourth these .more temporary effects have naturally Total ECA-f.nanced program___ 687. 1 quarter of 1949, a deficit of $539,000,000 in declined in importance. But this decline has Total allotment from fiscal year the third quarter of 1949, and a deficit of been offset, and indeed more than offset, in appropriation ______687. 1 $330,000,000 in the corresponding, that is, the the first 3 months of this year by those other first, quarter of 1949. We received assistance factors, which I have already mentioned, Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I ask unan­ under the European recovery program, largely such as the increased demand for sterling­ imous consent that there be inserted in in the form of reimbursement for expendi­ area exports and the further reduction in the RECORD at this point a statement of ture already incurred by us, amounting to our imports from the dollar area. Our net the various country aid programs mak­ $229,000,000, and ·we also drew on the Ca­ payments in gold and dollars to nondollar ing up the total of $2,925,000,000, in­ nadian credit to the extent of $27,000,000. countries and some of our payments on tn­ cluding the British estimate -of $687,- Thus, the gold and dollar reserves rose by vlsibie account have recently been at a par­ $296,000,000 during the quarter, so that on ticularly low level. 000,000. March 31, 1950, they stood at $1,984,000,000, TM results of these last 6 months are un­ There being no objection, the state­ compared with $1,688,000,000 at December 31, doubtedly gratifying. Whatever the results ment was ordered ·to be printed in the 1949, and $2,241,000,000 at March 31, 1948, of a more detailed analysts, they reveal that RECORD, as follows: 1950. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5689 Country aid programs, first 15 months, Country aid programs, first 15 months, Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I ask unan­ 1949-50 and 1950-51 1949-50 and 1950-51-Continued imous consent that there be inserted in (Millions of dollars] (Millions of dollars] the RECORD at this point a copy of the April 1948- April 1048- l!J49-50 I l!J50-51 I 1949-50 I 1950-51 2 Economic Cooperation Administration's June 1949 1 June l!J49' budget estimate covering the United Austria______280. 0 +166. 4 · +124. 4 Norway______101. l +90.0 +67.1 Kingdom for three periods, which ap­ Belgium______2Gl. 4 +2E6. 9 +142. 8 Portugal______------+31.5 +23.5 II-125 Denmark______126. 2 +87. 0 +65.1 Sweden______45. 4 +48.0 +34.3 pears on page of the budget esti­ Trie~t<'------17. 9 +13. 4 +10. 0 Turkey______49. 0 +59.0 +44. l mate. :I<'ranre______1,313.4 +673.1 .+502.8 United Kingdom. 1, 61!J. 7 +919. 8 +687.1 Germany______613. 5 a +740. 3 +552. 9 There being no objection, the estimate Greece______191.7 +15fi.3 +148.8 TotaL ____ _ 5, 953. 0 3 +3, 953. 2 +2,925.0 Iccl~nd______8. 3 +7. o +5. 2 was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Ireland______86. 3 +44. 9 +33. 5 Italy______668. o +364. O +wo. 6 1 Fifth report to Congress of the Economic f1oopcration as follows: Netherlands______571.1 +295:6 +rn2. 8 Administration for the period Apr. 3-June 30, 1949 • . 2 ECA appropriations jnstificntions, 1951. See footnotes at end of table. ~Includes OARIO A assistance of ~ 3!!7,900,000. Economic Cooperation Administration-Coim try, United Kingdom-Estimated balance of payments in gold and dollars and all currencies !Million dollars and dollar cquivalontsj

1948 1949-50 1950-51

Item Total all cur­ Total all cur­ Total all cur­ United Tot::il gold rcncies (ex­ United Total gold rencics (ex­ United Total gold rencies (ex States and dollars eluding own States and dollars eluding own states and dollars eluding own DOT) DOT) DOT)

1. Imports.------· -GS!l.O -1, 644. 0 -6, 390. 0 - 628. 9 -1, 400.1 -ll, 031.8 -G64.G -1, 204. 5 -5, 748. 2 2. Payments for services.------254. 0 -739. 0 -1, 8i8. !) - 225. 0 -338. 0 -1, 211. 0 -224.0 . - 339. 0 -1, 148.0 3. Ex ports ____ ------+262.0 + 6'.l l.O +s, 462. !l +240. 0 +u75.o +s, 300. 1 +268. 5 +755. 5 +5,2!!7.2 4. Receipts for services.------+338. 0 +504. 0 +2, 3SO. 9 +239. 0 +243.0 +1, 613. 0 +248.0 +25!l.O +1,810.0 5. Current account balance._------"·------340. 0 -l, 188.0 -425. l -374. 9 -820.1 -329.1 -372.1 - 529. 0 . +211.0 6. Settlements (neO------10.0 -323. 0 ------·------6.0 -246. 0 ------>+10. 0 -165.0 7. C:apit:il oprral ions (net)------+210.0 + 606.0 ------+2.0 +110. 0 --·------80.0 -30.0 8. -80.0 -905. 0 -378. 9 -956.1 -442.1 -724. 0 Balance of paymcuts. _------: - ~------METHOD .OF FINANCING

9. Chanve in reserves.------+220. 0 ------+36. 3 ------13.1 1 +50.0 }~ : ~iaP~1J~.:~:~_ !~::~:::::::: :::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: ------+685:o- =:::::::::=::: =::::::::::: ------+iiiii:s· :::::::::::::: :::::::::::: +687.1

Mr. TAFT. I also ask that there be ments on current and capital account Mr. MALONE. Mr. President-- inserted table 7, on page 17, from the with all areas. Mr. KEM. Mr. President, I yield to There being no objection, the table the Senator from Nevada. British Economic Survey for 1950, show­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Mr. MALONE. :i: was very much in­ ing United Kingdom balance of pay- as follows: terested in .the colloquy between the senior Senator from Ohio and the junior 'IABLE 7.-United K fngdom balance of payments on curreut and capital account with all areas 1 Senator from Missouri. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Will the Second Senator suspend for a moment? The Year l!l47 Year 1948 First half lmlf l!l49, Year 1949, Chair would like to suggest that Sena- · l!l49 provision.al provisional tors observe the rules they make. ------1-----1----- Mr. MALONE. Will the Chair outline A. CURRENT ACCOUNT to us just what rule to which he is re­ I. Dollar area: £ million £ mitlicn £ million £ million £million Imports (f.o .b.)______561 405 204 236 440 ferring? Exports and re-exports (f.o.b.)------119 176 91 88 179 Mr. CONNALLY. A Senator may not ------1----1---- yield except for a question. Visible balance_----- __ ------­ -442 -22!! -113 -148 -261 Invisibles (net).------113 - 51 -22 +8 -14 Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, ------1-----1----- as I understand, the Senator from Mis­ - 555 - 280 -135 -140 -275 souri yielded the floor to the Senator II. Rest of world: from Nevada. Imports (f.o. b) ______------r.67 1, 365 758 772 1, 530 Exports and re-exports (f.o.b.) ______974 1, 378 814 797 1, 611 Mr. KEM. I did not yield the floor. I ------1-----1----- yielded for a question. Visible balance.------+1 +rn +56 +25 +81 -52 +162 +64 +oo +124 Mr. MALONE. I should like to ask Invisibles (net).------1-----1----- the Senator the question. I was very Surplus<+> or deficit(-) on current account. ___ _ -45 +175 +120 +85 +205 ======l=====I===== much interested in the colloquy which III. Total: ensued between the senior Senator from Imports (f.o. b.) ______------__ ------_ l, 528 1, 770 962 1, 008 1, 970 Ohio and the junior Senator from Mis­ Exports and re-exports (f.o.b.)------1, O!J3 ---1, 554 _____005 ,_____ 885 ,____ 1, _ 700 souri, and how the committee arrived Visible bnlance_ ------_------4~5 -216 -57 -123 -180 at the amount of money involved in the In visiblcs (net). __ ------165 +111 ----+42 1-----+68 1-----+no ECA bill. I should like to ask the Sena­ - 600 -105 -15 -55 -70 tor from Missouri if he does not believe that the same method of arriving at the B. CAPJTAL ACCOUNT amount at this time-and it is admit­ (1) Gold and dollar deficiL------1, 024 423 239 142 381 tedly the trade balance deficit-was ar­ (2) Net decrease in United Kingdom external capital assets 2______------______-295 -105 -99 1-197 '-296 rived at in the same way the deficit ad­ <3) Net change in sterling liabilities: mittedly was arrived at in March 1948? (a) Nonsterling area countries ______------247 -27 37 10 34 - 98 ' 73 -25 I have before me a table which was sub­ (b) Sterling area countries ••• -· --~------129 mitted for the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Net overseas disinvestment______coo 105 15 55 70 March 4, 1948, by the junior Senator from Nevada. It shows each of the 16 1 The figures in this table are revisions of those in Command 7723. Details will be shown in the white paper on the United Kingdom Balance of Payments, to be published shortly. Marshall-plan nations listed alphabeti­ 2 This item is explained and amplified in Balance of Payments white papers (e.g. Command 7793). It inc:udcs cally. It shows their total imports in overscns inn·stment (mainly in the sterling area), sale of overseas assets (e. g., Argentine railways in 1948) and repay­ dollars, their total dollar earnings, and ment of Joans by the United Kingdom. a Of which, -GO revaluation payments, matched by +Go in item B (3). earnings from sources other than the 5690 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 United States, and then the United gation of Great Britain to buy wheat in support of tlie debate on this subject, States funds to be made available to from Canada. It resulted, as might would like to ask unanimous consent to them under the Marshall plan. They have been anticipated, in purchases of have inserted in tpe RECORD a table pre­ add up to a total. of $6,860,000,000. I wheat from the United States far below pared in March 1949. showing the $5,360,- assume the Senator remembers the de­ the estimates made by Mr. Hoffman be­ 000,000 trade-balance deficit of the 16 bate at that time. That amount was fore the Committee on Appropriations. nations, corresponding tu our_appropri­ for a 15-month period. For the 12- In other words, we lost going and coming, ation for that year, showing that that month period, which was later adopted, We put up the money, but we did not very simple method is being used-in the figure corresponding to the $6,860,- sell the goods. other words, we simply pick up the check. 000,000 was $5,360,000,000, which was Mr. MALONE. Will the Senator fur­ I ask unanimous consent to have the the approximate amount of the funds ther yield for another question? table included in the RECORD at this point. actually appropriated. The trade-bal­ Mr. KEM. I am glad to yield further. There being no objection, the table ance deficit, clearly, is added up each Mr. MALONE. If the Senator will was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, year, and that must have been the way permit, the junior Senator from Nevada, as follows: the present amount was arrived at. I will inquire of the Senator from Mis­ so·1ri if he agrees with the junior Sena­ Allocation ~~=f ~;0~~~~- Financial tor from Nevada, that the fallacy of Country Population Area under Marshall- tion (l937 =100 aid per plan (12-month unless other- capita such an estimate is that we have no con­ period) wise noted) trol over the purchases of the 16 Euro­ pean Marshall-plan countries. In other Square miles words, if the beneficiary countries have .Austria______7, 000, 000 32, 369 $142, 000, 000 150 $20.3 earned more than was estimated, they Belgium and Luxemburg______8, 687, 000 '12, 774 252, 000, 000 2 84 29.0 Denmark·------4, 024, 000 lfi, 575 128, 000, 000 a 117 30. 9 have simply purchased more goods. The France __ ------39, 700, 000 212, 659 1, 119, 000, 000 4106 28.2 deficit then would remain the same. Greece._------7, 788, 000 50, 257 145, 000, 000 & 75 ' 18. 7 Iceland______127, 800 39, 709 10, 000, 000 (6) 78. 0 Would it be a weakness in the whole Ireland______2, 989, 700 27, 137 119, 000, ooo 7 109 40.0 system, in the judgment of the Sena­ Italy __ _------45, 800, 000 119, 800 680, 000, 000 8 80 14.8 tor from Missouri, that we have no con­ Netherlands------9, 090, 000 12, 862 550, 000, 000 g 90 61.0 NorwaY------~------2, 937, 000 124, 556 27, 000. 000 7122 9.2 trol whatever over their purchases, and Portugal__------8, 132, 900 35, 466 None (10 11) that if we could theoretically make up Sweden______6, 674, 000 173, 347 26, 000. 000 7107 3.9 the existing balance they could increase Swi~~~~~t~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ----~~~~·-~~------~~·-~~~------~~~~ ------iiiifoi -: :::::::::::::: them at any time at their own option Import------" ------____ L______1213 105 •• : .~------· by additional purchases? TurkeY------18, 971, 300 294, 416 None (1'.U) ------Unit.ed Kingdom______47, 889, 000 94, 279 1, 3781 000,000 1115 · 29.-8 Mr. KEM. I think it is a very decided Western Germany (United State'!, · weakness. We found that to be the United Kingdom, French zones)____ 45, 417, 200 96, 300 16 784, 000, 000 7 11 42 17; 3 situation in the case of purchases· of TotaL------259, 495, 600 1, 348, 243 5, 360, 000, 000 American wheat. Mr. Hoffman ap­ peared before the Committee on Appro­ 1 State Department, European Recovery Plan, Country Studies, Austria. Estimate, 1947. 2 Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (United Nations, January 1948 issue): September 1947. priations and said that he was going to a International Financial Statistics, January 1948; p. 63. · buy certain specific quantities of Ameri­ 'International Financial Statistics, September 1947. · a State Department, European Recovery Plan, Country Studies, Greece (1939=100). can wheat. Then Sir Stafford Cripps 6 No data. and Mr. Ernest Bevin came to the United 1 Hearings, Senate Foreign Relations Committe~ pt. 3, p. 1222: (Figures: End ·of 1947.) s State Department, European Recovery Plan, uountry Studies, Italy. · States and had their dollar talks with 1 State Department, European Recovery Plan, Country Studies, Netherlands (second quarter, 1947}. the State Department. As a result, they 10 State Department, European Recovery Plan, Country Studies. (No general industrial index available.) 11.- FuJI capacity. decided to use $175,000,000 of Marshall.­ 12 House Committee on Foreign .Affairs Publication, entitled "Background Information on European Countries.'! plan money to ·pay for wheat which {Re~trictcd.) Aug. 21, 1947. Great Britain had previously contracted 131938=100. u State Department, European Recovery Plan, Country Studies, Turkey. to buy in Canada. There was no men­ ta Above prewar. tion in the authorization, and there was 16 Including Saar. no mention in the hearings before the 11 United States zone, 48; United Kingdom zone, 37. Senate Committee on Appropriations, of Mr. MALONE. I should like to ask Recapitulation of tables showing illustrative any authorization of ECA money to pay further permission of the Senator from composition of imports of commodities anci for wheat bought by Great Britain in Missouri to have included at this point in services from Western Hemisphere and pos­ Canada. I anticipate that if the Ad,­ the RECORD another table, prepared at sible sources and distribution of financing, ministrator had disclosed to the com­ the same time, showing the $6,860,000,000 Apr. 1, 1948, to June 30, 1949 mittee that he intended to use $175,000,- trade-balance deficit for the 16 nations 000 of American taxpayers' money for for the 15-month period, which corre­ [.At July 1, 1947, prices) that purpose, he would have encountered sponded to the 12-month period just violent opposition. · Possible sources of mentioned. It also shows the total im­ financing I give the Administrator credit, be­ ports in dollars into those countries, the cause I do not think that at the time he total earnings in dollars, and it shows Total. Sources appeared before the Committee on Ap­ that the amount which each one of these im- other New propriations he had the slightest idea of nations was to receive of the $6,860,000,- ports 1 Dollar than United earn­ n~w States using $175,000,000 of his funds, or any 000 for the 15-month period, which was .ings 2 funds, for the purpose of mak1ng pay­ later reduced to '.1 12-month. period and ~~~~~ funds a ments.on wheat contracted to be bought $5,360,000,000, and · corresponds almost funds by Great Britain from Canada. Not­ exactly to their trade-balance deficits. ------1------Mils. of Mils. of Mils. of withstanding that, and relying on cer­ I ask unanimous consent to have the dols. dols. dols. tain weasel words in the appropriations table included in the RECORD at this .Austria ______----- 233 39 12 182 Belgium-Luxemburg_Denmark ______853 334 196 323 act, the Administrator, in order to assist point. - 237 45 28 164 in the dollar talks, devoted $175,000,000 There being no. objection, the table France ____ ------1, 931 369 128 1, 434 for that purpose. He allocated $175,~ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Greece __ ------262 67 9 186 Iceland._------23 10 13 000.,000 to be used in payment of. an obli- as fallows: · Ireland •• ------192 40 152 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5691 Recapitulation of tables showing illustrative There being no objection, the article discussion of the pending measure is composition of imports of commodities and was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, concluded. services from Western Hemisphere and pos­ as follows: Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will sible sources ar:d distribution of financing, Apr. 1, 1948, to June 30, 1949-Continued WAR GOODS SMUGGLED TO EAST VIA GERMANY the Senator yield? FRANKFURT, GERMANY, April 5.-Western Mr. KEM. I yield to the Senator from [At July 1, 1947, prices) officials said today that west Germany had Nebraska. become a funriel for war materials smuggled Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I Possible sources of into Communist satellite states. financing should like to ask the distinguished Sen­ Soviet Russia is believed master minding ator from Missouri whether, in a study of the war shipments through deals with pri­ Total Sources vate firms and international gangs, they said. the evidence in support of the authoriza­ im- other New The war goods are bought in some west tion which the Senate is now consider­ ports t Dollar than United European countries and in west Germany, ing, he finds any evidence which would earn­ new States ings 2 the officials asserted. indicate that Great Britain is eliminat­ ~f~~~ funds 3 Communist gangs recently were reported ing the trade barriers in her dealing with funds sniping at west Germany's economy by flood­ other ECA countries, as well as other ------1---1------ing the country with black-market goods. countries outside of ECA; and, further­ Mil-s . of Mils. of Mils. of Officials said they buy the war materials and more, whether Great Britain is attempt­ Italy ______dols . dols. dols. critical items with dollars and marks ob­ 1, mo 1!!3 108 869 tained through illegal cigarette and coffee ing, in the convertibility of currency, to Notherlamls_ ------­ 1, 13fi 271 HiO 705 aid countries which are recipients of ECA 2fi3 l!i3 56 34 sales. Portug;alNurway_ __- ··______------_ Allied regulations strictly forbid shipments funds, or whether, on the other hand, Sweclon ____ _ ------__ !~i !~; -----43------33 of war materials or strategic items to the Switzerlaml______Great Britain is attempting to force to Turkey ______5:l5 5~5 ------eastern countries except under license. But trade with her countries which formerly Unitesed to be fighting com­ to be used for transporting troops, not munism in western Europe anQ. on the only against the island of Formosa, but Tax-free payments by corporations to high western side of Russia, whereas it has that in the event of trouble in the Far executives would be subject to surtax, and recently very promptly, I may say, recog­ East, they could be used against the these would be retrospective to last year. Philippines, against southeast Asia, and (ii) Gasoline: Tax would go up 9d. a gal­ nized the Communist regime in China, and has been assisting it in numerous indeed could be used against the Amer­ lon, bringing the price to 3s.; but the stand­ ican occupying forces under General ard ration would be doubled to allow motor­ .ways. For instance, I believe the able ists to do about 180 miles a month. Senator from California pointed out on MacArthur in Japan. They would be a (iii) Purchase tax: Purchas.~ tax on highly the floor of the Senate one day that some notable addition to the military strength priced automobiles would be reduced from 90 airplanes belonging to the American of the Communist forces in that area of 66.6 to 33.3 percent; but a purchase tax of air-line company headed by General the world. 33.3 percent would be put on commercial Chennault-- Mr. KEM. Would the Senator feel vehicles to restrict their purchase at home Mr. KNOvVLAND. Seventy-one planes. that that purpose is along the lines of a and encourage their availability for export. statement made by Mr. Clement Attlee, (iv) Beer: The beer· duty would remain the Mr. KEM. Seventy-one planes had same, but the gravity would be increased by been turned over to the Chinese Com­ the Prime Minister of Great Britain, on 3 degrees, bringing it about halfway back to munist Government by the British au­ a notable occasion, that in economic mat­ prewar strength. thorities in Hong Kong. I should like ters Great Britain looks to Russia rather (v) Health service: Contrary to the pro­ to ask the Senator how it is possible for tl;lan to the United States? posal made last autumn, no charge would· the Socialist Government of Great Brit­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I would say to the be made at present for prescriptions. The ain to be fighting communism in western Senator from Missouri that many of us, power to charge would remain, but i'.; was I think, who have beenfavorablydisposed hoped to find a more easily administered Europe, as we are led to believe, but method of economizing on this branch of assisting in promoting communism in in the past toward the ECA legislation­ expenditure. No increase in the cost of the China? and on this matter there are honest dif­ health service could be allowed. Any ex­ Mr. KNOWLAND. That is one of the ferences of opinion as to what the best pansion in one part of the service in future questions which I hope the spokesmen of thing may be-recognize the fact that would be met by economies, or if necessary this problem is global in character, and by contraction, in others. the administration on the Foreign Re­ lations Committee will answer on the that a wall cannot be built against com­ (vi) Housing: The rate of housing had munism in Europe while some of the been cut to 185,000 a year last autumn. It floor of the Senate before we come to a would now be restored to 200,000 a year for vote on this bill. As the Senator may same people who are being helped in the 3 years 1950-52. know, before the Committee· on Appro­ Europe are accelerating the spread of (vii) Food subsidies: These would remain priations we raised the question of the communism in Asia, because in the event unchanged at £410,000,000 !'I. year. 71 planes belonging to the American world war III should break out-and we company, which the Eritish Government all hope and pray that it will not-it will Mr. KEM. May I ask the Senator be global in character, and what from Ohio if he ~las any figures as to of Hong Kong was turning over to the what provision is made in Sir Stafford Chinese Communists. We satisfied our­ strengthens communism in Asia i.G bound Cripps' re.cent budget for aid to agt:d selves that the American Government to strengthen it all over the world. needy people? had made representations both through Mr. KEM. I should like to ask the Mr. TAFT. No, I do not. I can get the consul general at Hong Kong and able Senator from California, who was that for the Senator rather soon. The through the American Embassy in Lon­ a member of this body at the time the social-service budget is very large. But don, and through the State Department so-called Truman doctrine was promul­ I am not certain how it is divided. in Washington. gated, if he understood that the encircle­ Mr. KEM. Is it not true that the Brit­ I have no criticism at this time of our ment of Russia by American money and ish Government makes a larger payment own officials because of the representa­ AmericaIJ. arms proposed under the Tru­ to the needy aged people of Great Britain tions they have ·made. However, i have man doctrine contemplated encirclement 5694 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 on one side of Russia or entirely around has been taken on the floor of the Sen­ I shouid like to ask t.he Senator from the geographical limits of that country? ate and elsewhere in the country by ~alif ornia whether he believes that any Mr. KNOWLAND. I think it was those who have pointed out the grave restrictions placed by the Congress in clearly indicated on the floor of the Sen­ implications of the recognition of the the ECA extension act or in the appro­ ate by Senators who were the spokesmen Communist regime in China. priation bill to folow it are likely to of the administration and by other Sen­ Mr. KEM. Has that had any effect on prove entirely futile, if notwithstanding ators that the menace of communism the release of ECA money to Great such restrictions, Mr. Hoffman is given was world-wide in character, and that if Britain by Mr. Hoffman? authority to carry out any transactions it was not possible to stop the constant · Mr. KNOWLAND. I think it has not, which he believes are in the interest of nibbling-off of country after country, it to date. the act or will promote the purposes of would be difficult to hold any place in the Mr. President, if the Senator will yield the act. world. Therefore, in addition to giving to permit me to ask a further ques­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I say to the Sen­ aid to the countries of western Europe, tion-- ator from Missouri that the longer I have we assisted Greece and Turkey, and ulti­ Mr. KEM. I am glad to yield. been here in Washington-I have been mately Iran and other countries, so that Mr.· KNOWLAND. Does the Senator in the Senate a little more than 5 years the world would not be overwhelmed from Missouri know how he can square now-the more convinced I have become piecemeal by the police state which was the position taken by the administra­ that the founding fathers were correct on the march. tion-which the administration has when they wanted this Government to be Mr. KEM. Has it been brought to the rather consistently taken, I may say­ a government of laws, not a government attention of the Senator from California in objecting rather strenuously to hav­ of men. that the Truman doctrine has been ing any restraints or restrictions written If we write out the law specifically and modified by any official statement by Mr. into the ECA Act by the Congress, on then require administrative officials to '.l'ruman or by the Secretary of State? the ground that to do so might imptnge fo~low the directives of the Congress, I Mr. KNOWLAND. No. To the con­ upon the sovereignty of such nations, think we shall be much better off. trary, in some of the more recent state­ with its own actions, in the case of both I have in mind the fact that in con­ ments of the Secretary of State, he seems Greece and Korea, in laying down the nection with the arms-implementation to have been emphasizing what has been law-namely, in saying that if certain bill, the Congress of the United States called in the past the Truman doctrine, things were not done by those countries, appropriated $75,000,000, to be used for namely, that it is dangerous to the peace ECA fund.:> would be withheld? Person­ assistance to China. At the request of and security of the world to have com­ ally I find it rather difficult to follow the the administration, the language of that munism spread either in Europe or in consistency of that line of action. act was broadened somewhat, so as to Asia. Mr. KEM. Mr. President, I find it .provide that the assistance might be Mr. KEM. Did he hold that view at extremely difficult to follow the consist­ granted in the general area of China. the time of the recognition of Communist ency of such action. I think I read, not However, the legislative intent was very China by Great Britain? long ago, an interview with Mr. Hoff­ clear, namely, that the Congress rec.og­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I shall only say to man, in which he was quoted as saying nized that with the administration giv­ the Senator from Missouri that I do not in effect, that a certain country of ing 98 percent of its attention to Europe believe this Government made repre­ western ;:urope would have to do some­ and only 2 percent of its attention to the sentations to the Government of Great thing which he had in mind, or else he Far East, we were likely to be faced with Britain pointing out the serious nature would crack down on it. Certainly it is a great debacle in that area of the world. of Great Britain's unilateral action in difficult for me to understand how Mr. So even with that limited sum of breaking away and in recognizing the Hoffman can crack down on any coun:.. money-and, as I have said, it was very Communist regime in China. try in western Europe except by with­ _clear that the legislative intent was that I may say, as I am sure the able Sen­ holding ECA funds if that country did China was to receive some help-so far ator from Missouri knows, that never, I not do what Mr. Hoffman thought it as I know, since the arms-implementa­ think, in the long history of the British should do. tion bill was passed at the last session of Empire has that nation been so insulted Certainly Mr. Hoffman is an agent of Congress, not a penny of that money has as it has been by the Communist regime the United States, and any authority been expended for the assistance of the in China, because the British emissary which he has comes from the Congress non-Communist regime in China; but to has been cooling his heels outside the of the United States; the Congress is its the contrary, any . allocations of that Communist foreign office in Peiping since source. Therefore it is extremely diffi­ money which have been made have been January 6, when Britain recognized the cult for me to understand how Mr. Hoff­ mad~ to other countries in the Far East, Communist regime in China. So far as man, who is empowered by the Con­ countries outside of China. I can fathom, up to the moment the gress, can do things which it is improper So we see that when we leave such Communists in China have not yet de­ for the Congress itself to do, so we are · mLtters solely to the discretion of the cided whether they will recognize the told. present administration, that is the type Government of Great Britain. Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will of cooperation the Congress receives. Mr. KEM. Is it not true that Ameri­ the Senator yield at this point? · Mr. KEM. I thank the Senator. can soldiers, wearing the uniform of the Mr. KEM. I am glad to yield. I had told the Senator from Delaware United States, have been seized by the Mr. Y-NOWLAND. I may say that I that I would yield to him. However, I Chinese Communists and are now in have not had a chance to study the do not see him here on the floor at the prison in China? Senator's amendments. It may be that moment. Mr. KNOWLAND. That is correct; a I shall find that I cannot vote for any of Mr. President, if there are no further United States Marine sergeant and a them. questi01;1s to be asked of me, I yield the United States sailor have been held for However, it seems to me that it is fioor. 18 months there. There are a number better legislative procedure, and it is Mr. LEHMAN obtained the floor. of our representatives, from American fairer to the countries with whom we Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, will consulates and from the United States deal, for the Congress to lay down cer­ the Senator yield, to permit me to sug­ Embassy at Nanking, who thus far have tain basic principles, just as a lending . gest the absence of a quorum? not been able to get out of that country; institution lays down certain princi­ Mr. LEHMAN. Yes; if I may receive and a number of other American citizens ples-for instance, that the borrower unanimous consent not to lose the floor must put his financial house in order, by yielding for that purpose. I ask are in the same boat. and so forth-and to make its rules ap­ Mr. KEM. Does the Senator from plicable to all comers, rather than to pick such unanimous consent, Mr. President. California know whether the facts per­ out several nations, which at the moment The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there taining to the recognition of Communist appear to be weak, and use its power objection? The Chair hears none, and it China by Great Britain were brought to against them, but apparently hesitate to is so ordered. the attention of Mr. Hoffman before that impose the same restrictions against Mr. LEHMAN. Very_ well;. I yield, act occurred? pther nations which, in :..act, may need with that understanding. Mr. KNOWLAND. I am sure Mr. the object lesson a little more. Mr. BREWSTER. I. suggest ·the ab­ Hoffman is aware of the position which Mr. . KEM. It seems so to me. sence of a quorum. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5.695 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The is also a defense program. The develop­ The specialized agencies of the United clerk will cali the roll. ment, with our assistance, of prosperous Nations have already been working with The legislative clerk proceeded to call and sound economies among the free and a number of countries to improve condi­ the roll. democratic people of the world may well tions in those countries. Many other Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, I ask be a stronger measure of security and nations besides our own are prepared to unanimous consent that the order for defense in the kind of struggle in which make experts available in various fields a quorum call be rescinded and that we are engaged than are the purely mili­ of technical knowledge so that the ex­ further proceedings under the call be ta:i;y steps which are being taken. change of technical know-how and skills suspended: But the foreign-aid programs, and can be on a truly cooperative and inter­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there particularly the point 4 program, are · national basis. objection to the request of the Senator much more than defense measures. It is a fact that many of the under­ from Maine? The Chair hears none, They are constructive; they represent a developed areas would prefer to work and it is so ordered. The Senator from concept of international relations which with and through an international or­ New York. is dynamic and which recognizes that the ganization which pools the knowledge Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I rise to economic, socia,l, and moral interests of and skill of all the world rather than speak on S. 3304, the foreign-assistance this country are intimately bound up directly and exclusively with the United bill, and to express my full and whole­ with those of the other free peoples of States or with any one nation. To the hearted support for every one of the pur­ the world. extent that effective results can be ac­ poses encompassed in this measure. I The close relationship of our economy complished through international ma­ hope that it passc:..1 and that the full au­ to the economies of other countries has chinery, we should be willing and anxious thorizations provided in this measure become increasingly clear to us. All of to give our wholehearted support to are voted by the Senate. the statistics show that our trade with these agencies. Our object in this pro­ Today I shall confine my remarks developed countries is at a much higher gram is not to get credit for playing largely to that portion of this bill which level than it is with underdeveloped Santa Claus, but rather to reap the provides for the so-called point 4 pro­ countries. Not only are we able to ac­ greater benefits which woulJ come from gram. This is the program which Presi­ quire from these developed areas many helping to dispel the atmosphere of eco­ dent Truman, in his historic inaugural products which our industries and our nomic hopelessness in which totalitari­ address 2 years ago, called a bold new people need and desire, but we are able anism and tyranny thrive. Increasing program for cooperative development of to sell them more of our own products. the prestige of the United Nattons is al­ the underdeveloped areas of the earth. l find that before World War II, our :rr.ost as much to our own interest as is Later in the course of this debate I exports to the developed areas averaged increasing the prestige of our own hope to speak on other aspects of the about $5 ". 80 per capita, whereas our ex­ country. foreign-aid program and on other provi­ ports to the underdeveloped areas of the I have not been able to make a detailed sions of the legislation now before us. world averaged only 70 cents per capita. appraisal and analysis of the exact func­ But, today I shall address myself largely The contrast is even more startling when tions for which the $45,000,000 authorized to point 4. To my mind, point 4 pro­ we look at some of our principal export in this bill is to be expended. However, pose:; simply the expansion of the items. For example, during recent years I note that the Secretar.y of State, in his world's production of goods and serv­ the United States has sent to the devel­ testimony before the Foreign Relaticns ices. By means of the point 4 program, oped countries from 20 to 30 times as Committee, indicated that the figure re­ we hope to insert the key of technical much tobacco per person as has been quested was arrived at as the result of know-how into the door of the world's sent to the underdeveloped areas. Last months of careful planning by many.dif­ treasury of human and material re­ year we sold 27 p~unds of the rolled and ferent agencies of the United States sources. finished output of steel mills to the Government. The Secretary of State Unfortunately, in these days there is a highly developed areas but only 3 pounds said that the extensive experience which tendency to assess the impor.tance of any per person to the underdeveloped areas. the Institute of Inter-American Affairs measure in terms of its cost. In a bill In 1948 and 1949 we sold 6.3 pounds of and other agencies gained in Latin Amer­ authorizing expenditures of more than raw cotton for each person in the de­ ica was heavily drawn upon in formulat­ $3,175,000,000, it is difficult to put in veloped areas and less than 1 pound per ing the specific programs to be initiated proper perspective a program author­ person to the underdeveloped :::.reas. under the proposed point 4 program. izing only $45,000,000, or less than 1 Y2 The same pattern prevails for a long list In my opinion, the action of the House percent of the total expenditure author­ of manufactured products. It seems of Representatives in cutting the amount ized in the bill. But as I have consid­ clear that even though other countries requested by the State Department 'was ered this program, I have become con­ may learn to produce more for them­ most regrettable. By its very nature, vinced that ultimately it can become one selves, they develop at the same time a the point 4 program can never cost the of the most far-reaching and significant greater demand along with increased large sums which are involved in pro­ aspects of our entire foreign policy. means to pay for imports from us. A grams of supply and of economic· support, Like the other foreign-aid measures prosperous nation, like a prosperous man, such as are provided under other titles which we have approved, this program makes the best customer. of Sena,te bill 3304. As I have already serves our own interest as well as the There is one aspect of this program· said, the amount requested for this pro­ interest of other people. But unlike which especially appeals to me. The gram is less tha"n 1 % percent of the many other programs, this one does not bill authorizes a part of the $45,000,000 total proposed in the whole foreign-aid involve the assumption by us of the to be made available for the technical bill. The reduction made by the House burdens of direct support for the people assistance programs Of the United Na­ results in very little s.avings. But this needing assistance. In fact, it operates tions. As a nation, we have made the small cut would cripple or altogether on the reverse principle. Its purpose is strengthening of the United Nations one prevent the launching of activities which to provide technical means whereby of the cornerstones of our foreign policy. can produce benefits of vast value--much other peoples may take the initiative in Our hope for a secure and a peaceful more than can be measured in thousands meeting their own needs. world rests in large measure on our hope or even millions of dollars. I hope that Unfortunately, the troubled and un­ eventually to make the United Nations the Senate will approve the full amount certain state of the world today forces us an effective instrument for the achieve­ recommended by the Senate Foreign Re­ to concentrate much of our thought and ment of world order and justice. lations committee and that our conferees energies on defense and security. We are Although many United Nations activi­ will stand firm on this point in negotiat­ developing ever more powerful instru­ ties have been prejudiced by obstacles ing with the House. ments of destruction. We are appropri­ raised by the current policies of the · I was very much interested in Ambas­ ating large sums for the maintenance of Soviet Union, and although the United sador Philip Jessup's testimony before our own armed forces. We are assisting Nations is not yet effective in achieving the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. other free nations in. building up their all of the high purposes for which it was Ambassador Jessup has just returned defensive armaments. created, this world organization is pe­ from a trip to the Far East. He de­ In a true sense, Mr. President, the en­ culiarly equipped to render real service scribed the interest and enthusiasm of tire foreign-aid program now b~fore us in the field of technical cooperation. the far-eastern countries for the point 569.6 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 4 program and indicated some of the Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I desire been the cost of defense if western Eu­ specific activities in which these areas to address myself briefly to the consid­ rope were 'linked t.o the east intead of are interested. I noted that these coun­ eration of S. 3304, and in support of that to the west. It was pointed out earlier tries, over whose future we are so deeply very far-reaching measure. · in my statement that in order to bring concerned today, want assistance of a Last January the Subcommittee on about conditions irt · the world under very simple and interesting kind. They Relations with International Organiza- which freedom can ..survive, the United · do not ask for vast steel inills or other . tions, of which I am chairman, submit­ . States requires the maximum assistance elaborate industrial developments. ted a report on United States relations · and support from all other like-minded They want to develop, for instance, a new with international organizations. That nations, since joint action is far more variety of rice that can be grown by dry report pointed out that American foreign , effective than ·uncoordinated attempts farming instead of by wet farming. policy is seeking to bring about condi­ on the part of individual governments. What a profound difference in the econ­ tions in the world in which democratic That is one thing that rates approval omy and living conditions in the Far government and institutions can survive about the Marshall plan. We are joined East such a development could bring and flourish. It is difficult, if not impos­ with like-minded nations in a coo·pera­ about. sible, however, to maintain international tive venture. The same is true with re­ Ambassador Jessup spoke also of the organizations, either witMn the United spect to the Korean aid part of the bill, control of malaria, which is one of the States or elsewhere in the world, unless · the title for assistance to Palestine refu­ greatest problems in the entire Orient. conditions of peace, freedom, and econ­ gees, and the technical-assistance He also found a great need for informa­ omic well-being can be brought about in amendment. The self-help and mutual­ tion about the best kinds of trees to plant other parts of the world. In order to ac­ aid features of these programs gtre under various climatic conditions. Cer­ complish these basic objectives, this Gov- greater strength than if these states were tainly an increase in the amount of forest . ernment requires the maximum assist­ seeking the same ends individually in­ timber available would be of major sig­ ance and support from all other like­ stead of collectively. nificance in the whole economic life of minded nations, since joint action is far Programs of this kind will never be these areas. more effective than uncoordinated at­ understood by the Communists. The Ambassador Jessup described how the tempts on the part of individual govern­ programs are based on freedom and tol­ problem of finding a simple means of ments. I should like briefly to comment erance-on the give and take of ideas. ascertaining the level of the underground on this statement. The principal aim The Soviet Union in its dealings with its water table was of vast importance to of American foreign policy, namely, to friends never operates on what we call some of these peoples. It might lead, bring about conditions in the world in a give and take basis, unless those words for instance, to finding a simple method which democratic government and insti- · mean give order and take whatever you for getting water for irrigation. These . tution·s can survive, is the aim of the can get by force or otherwise. Whoever are simple problems, but once solved, American people. We do not need any may have first used the word "satellite" new horizons would be opened to all those polls to tell us that the goals of our fore­ to describe the relationship of the Soviet millions of people in the Orient. bears are our goals today. The men and Union to eastern Europe, it describes the We can help in these problems, Mr. women who fled repression and intoler­ relationship perfectly. I suspect the President. Our help, if given in time ance built a nation of freedom and tol­ word just ·grew up pretty much like and in adequate amounts, can have a erance. Our Nation today, in a world Topsy. It was so natural. great effect in bettering economic con­ threatened by forces that would mold all Mr. President, the great difficulty that ditions and in influencing the outcome of minds to a single, godless pattern, stands we encounter as we try to build a world the mighty ideological struggle which is · as a great beacon, a beacon to which the of freed om and tolerance is that at every now going on in that part of the world. peoples of the world look for guidance, turn we are confronted by a force that Last Saturday, Mr. President, our dis­ help, and strength. Someone has re­ promises what may, at first glance, ·seem tinguished Secretary of State, Mr. Dean marked on the way in which one candle to be far more than we can offer. All Acheson, spoke to the American Society can pass its flame to other candles to democracy has to offer is the opportunity of Newspaper Editors, and described the make a dark room bright. And iri the for a man to make his own choices, exer­ situation which we now confront. process, the first candle does Lot go out. cise his own will, create his own wealth, There are great areas of the world- The light it first carried becomes choose his own government. Democracy stronger. offers a man a chance to work. Com- Said Secretary Acheson- Mr. President, so it is with the United . munism, on the other hand, promises where people are · 11ving in a state of ex­ States. As we kindle and encourage and not freedom, not a chance to work, but treme poverty that is almost impossible for us to imagine. Millions of these people are nourish freedom and democracy in west­ it promises, rather, a surcease of any not content any more to accept those con­ ern Europe, in the Far East, in the under­ necessity to exercise one's own will, of ditions of poverty for themselves or their developed areas of the world, we become any necessity to make the difficult po­ children. They are looking for a way out. stronger and our way of life more secure. litical choices that confront a free peo- That is a good thing. The will to change The chairman of the Senate Foreign . ple, of any necessity to worry about is half the battle. But the question is Relations Committee, the distinguished where the next meal is ·coming from. whether these people will choose a way out senior Senator from Texas, said during Communism tells the people that they that leads to freedom. If we want them to move in the direction of freedom, we must his splendid presentation of this bill that · need not worry. The state will take care help them._ he doubted whether those who oppose the of all. The state knows what is best. Marshall plan have seriously considered Mr. President, I daresay that a man's That is how Secretary Acheson de­ whether the United States is stronger desire to make free choices, to have fined the situation. In my judgment, and more secure by reason of our having freedom, bears a very direct relationship point 4 is one of the fundamental an­ friends in western Europe who have re­ to his well-being. We know that it is in swers to the situation which Secretary tained their freedom with our help, or places where chaos, hunger, and de­ Acheson described. whether our Nation would have been pression prevail that communism I feel, Mr. President, that we should more secure by keeping its aid at home thrives, partly because the people do not endorse and support this program with and running the danger of being friend­ care; partly because the people are ripe real enthusiasm for its ultimate possi­ less in a world of chaos, distress, and targets for the threats .and coercion that bilities. Let us look at it not as a $45,- communism. the Communists are so adept at em­ 000,000 aid program, but as an enlight­ One must agree with the senior Sena­ ploying. It is against this background ened and dynamic movement to partici­ tor from Texas that we are far more that we should consider the President's pate with all other free countries in shar­ secure today with friendly democracies recommendations that the Congress au­ ing the knowledge and skill possessed by in western Europe than we could ever be thorize $2,950,000,000 in new money for each of us for the benefit of all. This with Communist satellites facing us ECA for the coming fiscal year. Mr. is a very great concept. It opens up one across the seas, surrounding our Ameri­ Hoffman told the Senate Committee on of the doors which can lead us out of the can troops in Germany. It is now ap­ Foreign Relations: narrow corridor of conflict in which we parent that Marshall-plan aid which has We are laying before you our best care­ are now confined. It is full of opportu­ preserved and strengthened democracy fully screened est imates as to the require­ nities and of prospects which we cannot in Europe is cheaper, far cheaper, for ments of the fiscal year. This is the mini­ and dare not discard. the American taxpayer, than would have mum we think we shall need but, if we can 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 5697 save any of it without wrecking the recov­ _getting together enough food to subsist INVESTIGATION C"? SUBVERSIVE ACTIVI­ ery program. I again pledge you my word we on. This is the area marked o1f by com­ TIES IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE shall do so. · munism for future exploitation; and a Mr. JENNER. Mr. Pr-?Jident, one of In the light of the sertolis. world-wide fruitflll field it 1s for that purpo~e be­ the earliest lessons I learned in the confiict between totalitarianism and de­ cause communism holds out to those sometimes rough and tumble politics of mocracy. and in view of Mr. Hoffman's livilm in misery many false yet glo~ my home State of Indiana was to speak assurance that we sb$11 save ·where sav­ promises of a better llfe. with which· it guardedly lest what I said might rise -to ing 1s possible Without Jeopardizing the tries to lure the victims to accept the haunt me at a later date. program. I for one hesitate to assume Communist totalitarian enslavement and That warning well could have been the responsibility for cuts in funds which police state. heeded by one of my distinguished col­ may adversely a.ffect our security and There will be found in the program leagues. in view of the debate in this carefully worked-out program. Permit recommended by the committee that the body yesterday relative to the current me to urge strongly that no cut be made ·united states plans to use a substantial investigation into certain charges in the requested. and recommended au­ part of the requested funds for participa­ brought by tLe distineuished senator thorization, and that we endorse the tion in the technical assistance work of from Wisconsin CMr. M=cAR7HYJ, which unanimous recommendation of the com­ the United Nations. This is both wise charges are the subject now of what mittee and vote the full amount. and necessary. One of the main aims purports to be 8.n inquiry by a subcom­ I do not ask you to take this position of the United States foreign palicy is mittee of the Senate Committee on For­ on the record alone. The momentum of to support and strengthen the United eign Relations. of which ·the distin­ European recovery 1s now for the first Nations. whose.anniversary. incidentally~ guished Senator from Maryland 1s time really being felt. The stepped up we observe today. By supporting the chairman. U. S. S. R. war of nerves in part grows technical assistance work of the special­ During the colloquy between the senior out of the fact that Russia knows her ized agencies of the UN we shall promote Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS] path to conquest is dally becoming more the improvement and stabiliza.tion of the and the distinguished senior Sena­ d!fficlllt .in western Europe. Dare we at world in which we live and thus further tor from Maine c.Mr. BREWSTER] yester­ such a time and in the face of the eVi­ our own security. day. as repart;'*1 in today's CONGRES­ _dence submitted take the chance of The studies which the Subcommittee SIONAL RECORD, the Senator from Maine meeting our responsibilities with too lit­ on International Organizations has made referred to remarks made on the floor tle and too late? of our participation in such organiza­ of the Senate Monday, July 19, 1947. ThiS year's requests are based on sub­ tions indicate that dollars contributed During the debate the senior Senator stantial estimates of probable dollar sav­ in that field are well spent. Assurance from Maine said. referring to previous ings and earnings which will require 1s given that this subcommittee of the remarks made by the distinguished Sen­ strenuous e1forts and heavy ·sacrifices of Committee on EXpenditures in the Ex.. ator from Maryland: western Europe. Any cut in the ·funds ecutive Departments will give close at­ I think it does not quite follow the pat­ might jeopardize the program. Dare tention to the way in which technical tem which the Senator from Maryland laid we, entrusted with the well-being of our assistance funds spent through inter­ down in a rather historical case as to the country. vote less? national organizations are administered. conduct cf investigations, when some 2 years Substantial gains have been made in It is hoped that when this program com~ ·ago he insisted. in a very forcefUl speech on up again I will be able to report to you the Senate 1loor, that future investigatiotis the European battle for freedom as the should be absolutely bipartisan, by having committee report and the senior Senator on the administration of these programs. an equal memba'Shfp. from Texas have made clear. But let The technical assistance program en­ us not be lulled into inactivity by that visaged in title V, especially as it per­ Mr. President. I happened to be the hop~ful fact. We still have some dis­ tains to the United Nations and its spe­ chairman of the Subcommittee on Priv­ tance to go before we can call ERP a cialized agencies is a logical companion ileges and Elections of the Committee on complete success, and nothing can kill measure for the ECA. We should in all Rules and Administration about which it quicker than inadequacy of funds. candor reco~ that it is a new ven­ the distinguished senior Senator from We should not forget that Commu­ ture. and many of its phases will have Maryland was speaking at that time, in nists have taken on renewed confidence to be developed by experience in the July 1947. in Europe due to Red victories in China field. Yet the requested amount 1s ·not Because. Mr. President. the junior and the-1 anticipated end of ERP. For excessive. and the anticipated benefits Senator from Indiana was engaged in that ret.lson our aid.· even though in re­ have great promise. far out of propor­ debate with the senior Senator from duced amount, is just as Vital now as it tion to the relativeiy small outlay. Maryland on that occasion, I feel it my wes in 1947. We refused to vote too In closing, Mr. President. may I re­ duty today to enlarge upan the remarks little then. - Let me urge that we refuse· spectfully suggest that title V is an in­ made by my distingubhed colleague to do so now. We are more than half.. ternational measure of the greatest sig.. from ?.:aine and repeat some of the way on the road to VictOry in Europe, nificance in this day when a nation·s statements made on that occasion by the and it is unthinkable that we shall fall Policies must concern themselves with senior Senator from Maryland. now. The arguments which supparted the battle for men's minds. This 1s the I believe they are particularly apropos. full appropriations in· the past are still way to win friends for the United states On page 9365 of the CONGRESSIONAL potent. and to give helpful assistance to the RECORD of July 19. 1947. I find these re­ Mr. President, before concluding. let cause of international relations iii the marks particularly applicable to the pro­ me address certain remarks to that par­ direction of winning the cold war. at­ ceedings now under way by the Senate ticular portion of this subject . matter taining greater freedom, and building a Foreign Relations Subcommittee in its which was so ably discussed by the junior better world in which to live. conduct of the investigations and the Senator from New York CMr. LEmlANJ Mr. President, the pending bill offers charges that there are or have been Com­ in connection with title V of the bill the American people Positive wa.Ys in munists in the employ of certain agen­ under consideration, namely. technical which they can combat the promises of cies of the Federal Government. assistance to the underdeveloped areas. communi..<::JD with realistic. material ben­ I shall comment further after this par­ A United States program of $45,000.000 is efits for the people who want to choose ticular quotation from the remarks contemplated for the period ending with the way of democracy rather than the made by the distinguished Senator from June 30, 1951. way of tot-alitarianism. If there is one Maryland app1·oximately 2 years ago: This 1s a tremendously important un· thing that is clear to me it is that if I respectfully suggest to the able Senator "dertaking. Remember. the so-called un­ we sit back and do nothing, the world from Indiana without questioning that the derdeveloped areas are peopled by two- will fall bit by bit under communistic motives which prompted the action whleh thirds this control until eventually this Nation heretofore has been taken, that in my Judg­ of the human beings on globe. ment the committee would be well-advised A great many of them live under condi­ might go down. We must be atilrmative. to have the recount made completely in the tions of great hardship. Their income We must be positive. We must be con­ open.and to have everything done there made is low; health conditions are bad; life is structive. We must look t.o the future. known to the public. for a star-chamber pro­ short; and most of the time is spent 1n This bfil points the way. ceeding, no matter how hOn.est it may be, no 5698 CONGRES-SIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 matter how fair lt may be, w1ll leave the even allow the Senator from Wisconsin 1lar statements-the senior Senator Impression 1n the minds of many that some­ to be present at the star-chamber from Maryland charged- thing has taken place which perhaps should proceedings. not have taken place 1n the committee. Proceedlngs are being conducted 1n a closed Mr. WHERRY.· Mr. President. will room :trom which the publlc and representa­ In the instant case, Mr: President, the the Senator yieid for a. question? tives o1 the press are excluded, and the par­ investigating subcommi~ is comprised Mr. JENNER. I yield. ticipants 1n that-procedure are cautioned to of three Democrat.s and two Republi­ Mr. WHERRY. Was there anyone on give out no tntormatton. • • • It seemed to me the publlc interest was not being cans. The Senator from Maryland, on committee Sen­ the who represented the 6el'Ved by such a procedure. July 19, 1947, said the investigation ator from Wisconsiii in any way, shape. n there ls to be any logic or any progress should not be conduct.ed in that way; form. or manner to question the witness 1n government or tn ctvmzatton, what we that it should be a- bipartisan investi­ 'or to help conduct the investigation? should do ls to use the wrongs O! yester­ gation. Mr. JENNER. I shall go into that a day to make the rights oi today and 1n the Senators will recall that when the Sen• little later. But I will answer the Sena­ fUture. ator from Wisconsin present.ed on the tor by saying, "No; there was not." Even . What a poor and_pusmantmous argument it ls to say ..When · you gentlemen were 1n Senate :floor this case of the individuals ·the minority counsel was excluded from oontrol you did not act rlghi. · Now we are working for the Government which he the committee room. That is the kind in control and we are not going to act considered dangerous because of th~ of proceeding. That is the kind of in.;. right." - · : _ . materials in their files, he then pointed vestigatfon which is behig conducted. · - What an admission Of evil doing to use out that the material in those files had Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President. will as an excuse the wrongs Of someone else to been developed by thousands of investi­ the Senator yield? justify the wrongs or yourselt. gators working for the Government and Mr. JENNER. I yield. Mr. President. the chickens have come that it would be impossible for him to Mr. BREWSTER. I think the Senator home to roost. Let us look &t the record. develop the case independent of the files from Indiana. referred to the Senator Referring again to the debate of yes­ and suggest.ed that the committee mem­ from Wisconsin as hiring FBI men. terday, I quote again from my distin­ bership examine the :files and determine Probably the Senator meant to refer to guished colleague, the senior Senator who the dangerous individuals were. them as former FBI men. from Maryland, chairman of the Com­ With this the Senate ·unanimously Mr. JENNER. Yes; the Senator from munist-investigating subcommitt.ee, as agreed and voted for a complete investi­ Wisconsin hired former FBI men as his follows: gation and request.ed that an the :files be investigators to make investigation of the I am not relJing entirely upon the staff obtained. case which the Senate has directed the O! the committee, because isometimes I can Sumequently, the Senator from Mary­ subcommittee to make. That is what I get access to th1Dgs to which, perhaps, a land and the Senator from Connecticut am objecting to. sta1f ~vestigator could not get access. rather cleverly shifted on the shoulders The action in question. Mr. President, of the Senator from Wisconsin the bur­ The fact.s, Mr. President. corroborate came from the self-same Senator who 2 that statement by the able Senator from den of proving, independent of the mes. years ago objected so strenuously to what Maryland. · the cases of those who were dangerous to he termed "star-chamber proceedings.. The record of committee proceedings our Government. The Senator from by the then Subcommittee on Privileges Wisconsin hired number of former FBI of the United States Senate reveals that a and Elections. the senior Senator from Maryland wa.S men and is now doing the job which the With further reference to alleged star.;. committee should have done if the the original sponsor of the present Sec­ chamber proceedings, permit me to read retary of State, Dean Acheson, the man committee were to try to make a com­ from page 9367 of the CORGUSSIORAL really under fire in the state Department plete investigation. REcoBD of the same date, thiS statement Communist cases. Strangely, however, we discovered. this by the able senior Senator from Mary­ The record will show that Mr. Ache­ morning when one of his witnesses was land: son was first sponsored. for a Govern­ presented to the committee in executive I th1nk the committee owes tt t.<> the people ment job in 1933 by the Senator _. from session, the chairman upon his own initi­ of the State of Maryland and t.<> one of our Maryland CMr. TYDINGS], who sponsored ative ruled that the Senat.or from Wis­ colleagues who ls a swom-ln Mem~ of this him for appointment as Under S~retary consin co\lld not be present and refused body f,() dlsclose- of the Treasury. As corrobo11L-tion of even to put the matter to a formal vote this fact, I refer to the CoNGiiESSIONAL of the committee because, as he said, the Note this. Mr. President. I am quot­ ing from the senior Senator from Mary­ RECORD of May 12. 1933, page 3336. On Senator from Connecticut was absent; the following page of the same> RECORD, this despite the fact that a quorum was land. who is chairman of the subcom­ mittee of the Senate Committee on For­ we find this quotation from the ..distin­ definitely present. If the committee guished Senator from Maryland: -. wanted a bipartisan investigation. with eign Relations conducting an investiga­ the absence of the Senator from Con­ tion of Communists in Government. He Apart from the fact that Mr. Acheson said the committee should· disclose-­ comes from Mai'yland, I belleve you gentle­ necticut the committee might have had men will find he w1ll be a pleasant surprise from day day. from hour t.<> hour, and its first chance for once. to 1n the omce. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will minute to minute, everything that takes the Senator yield for a question? place 1n the room. Mr. President. I think the American From the same page, Mr. President, I people Will agree that Mr. Acheson has Mr. JENNER. I Yield. been "a surprise"; but in addition, his Mr. WHERRY. The Senator used the quote the disttnguished Senator from Maryland again: Damon and Pythias defense of the con­ expression "when be put on a witness Victed perjurer. Alger Hiss, has certainly this morning.., Is the Senator referring :I had hoped that the Investigation would to be open, free, and above board, and without been a shock the Nation. to the Senator from Wisconsin CMr. I continue the quotation: McCARTHY]? any tinge Of part1sansh1p. He has great ability and great industry, Mr. JENNER. I am referring to the It IS a terrible thing that by connivance, by the suppression of facts. or by the utter­ and holds a high conception Qf any govern­ Senator from Wisconsin. In other ance Of charges w.hich have not been thor­ mental responsiblllty. and lt 1s a real pleas­ words. they have thrown the burden on oughly investigated and from wblch the ure tor me to endorse him. the Senator from Wisconsin to prove the evidence on both sides bas not been pre­ I am satisfied the committee W1ll have no · case. He has had to hire FBI men to sented. on the floor Of the Senate. the Sen­ regrets tt they endorse h1m. bring in the facts and the witnesses. It ator from Indiana 1n the charges which he Mr. President, in view of the declara- should not be his duty to do that. But bas just made, 1B sitting as a Judge without a complete trial of the case. -tlon by the able Senator from Maryland the responsibility was shifted to him. that he has access to things to which Then when he brings Witnesses into this I ask the membership· of the Senate, perhaps a sta1f investigator could not star-chamber proceeding, the Senator Mr. President, in all candor, who is sit­ ob~ access, let me state ~t this point from Maryland, who objected to what he ting as judge and jury in th~ matter now some facts about the "interlocking di­ called a. star-chamber proceeding when before the Foreign Relations subcom­ rectorate of Whitewash, ·Inc." In fact, the junior Senator from Indiana was mittee. Mr. President, about the only thing the chairman of a subcommittee conducting Again, Mr. President-and I might administration has is whitewash; it has an investigation 2 years ago, would not comment that the record is full of sim- plenty of that. 1950 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5699 A gentleman by the name of Seth Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the any and all information I have-which Richardson was named by the President Senator yield? I have done as I have developed it-that to conduct a resurvey of the McCarthy Mr. JENNER. I yield. he assured me, if I would give the com­ cases. He heads the Civil Service Com­ Mr. WHERRY. I wish to ask the Sen­ mittee the names of all the witnesses, the mission's Loyalty Review Board. ator whether he can think of a person witnesses would not be browbeaten, but Mr. Richardson is a law partner-­ who could be more dangerous to the would be properly treated; and that he Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will United States of America than a pervert, assured me I would be allowed to sit in, the Senator yield at this point? who is in the most vulnerable position to at the time the witnesses I had developed Mr. JENNER. I yield for a question. be blackmailed into giving information were called, which is merely the usual Mr. McCARTHY. I wonder whether which he would not give for any reason senatorial courtesy. I was very happy the Senator from Indiana is aware of in the world-not even for money-ex­ to find it was to be accorded to me. This the fact that on April 3 the Loyalty Re­ cept for the position in which he finds morning Mr. Budenz was on the stand, view Board met, the purpose of the himself. and, as the Senator knows, Mr. Budenz meeting being to determine· what the Mr. JENNER. Personally, I cannot. I is a witness the Government has used President asked for in his letter, in which think the American people are utterly time after time. The Government has he requested a resurvey. After discus­ disgusted. vouched for his veracity; and well it may, sion, a motion was made, and was unani­ Why the Board to which the Senator for he is one of the most truthful men mously adopted, to the effect that the from Wisconsin has just ref erred would I have ever known. Mr. Budenz was on Board would not consider anything hav­ refuse to go into cases of perversion or the stand in executive session this morn­ ing to do with bad security risks. That homosexuals in the Government service, ing. Is the Senator aware of the fact action was taken on April 3 by the Board I cannot understand for the life of me. that the chairman notified me, on his which was called together to investigate Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the own, that I would be excluded from the the so-called McCarthy charges. Senator yield for a further question? hearing, despite yesterday's promise; Mr. JENNER. I see-in other words, Mr. JENNER. I am glad to yield for that I then asked the chairman whether some more of "Whitewash, Inc." a question. he would not put that matter up to the Mr. McCARTHY. Yes. Mr. WHERRY. The President is hid­ committee, as I thought it was a matter Flrst, a motion was made, and unani­ ing behind these files, under the theory that not he, as chairman, should decide, mously carried, that the Board would that to make the files available to the but that the committee as a whole de­ not under any circumstances investigate Senate committee would make a gest apo cide; that he looked around the room anything having to do with bad security of the FBI. He says publicly that he and saw that there were two minority risks. cannot reveal the evidence because to do members and one other majority mem­ . Second, there was rather lengthy dis­ so would violate the conditions under ber besides himself, which gives an even cussion again; and again a motion was which the confidential information has balance, and then said, "I will not put made, and unanimously carried, to the been received. this up to the committee until Senator effect that under no circumstances would I ask the Senator whether the rights McMAHON is here." the Board delve into any cases of per­ of individual informants are any more Mr. JENNER. Yes; I have gone into version and-that despite the fact, as the Yiolated if the same information is that. I am apprised of that. Senator will recall-- turned over to a committee of the Sen­ Mr. McCARTHY. Then, does the Sen­ Mr. JENNER. In other words, white­ ate, rather than to a Presidentially ator know-and here is something I am wash does not apply to p~rversion. Is appointed board of citizens-private citi­ ·sure he does not know, and, had I been .that it? zens-who now are given the files by the allowed to remain during the session, Mr. McCARTHY. I guess it does not. President of the United States. perhaps I might feel under an obligation Then there was additional lengthy Mr. JENNER. No; but the idea is to not to divulge it, but it is information argument as to what they were asked dress up a big commission to undertake which I think the Senate should have to do in the President's letter. a ·study of the matter, and let the Presi­ and which the Nation should have I may say that this matter has never dent appoint them. But he does not now-- before been made public; I finally got trust the elected ofiicials of this great Mr. JENNER. I should think the Sen­ the documents on this matter, only this democracy to see the files in private. No ator from Maryland would want them morning. one has asked or is asking that the files to have it, because the Senator from Also, after ·very lengthy discussion, be made public. The Senator from Maryland, 2 years ago, was very much . they decided that the only thing the Maryland, as I have said, objected to opposed to star-chamber proceedings, Board would deal with would be acts of star-chamber proceedings in the case of and I am sure he would be glad if all disloyalty. Does the Senator follow me? the Subcommittee on Privileges and ·this information were given out to the Mr. JENNER. I do. Elections, and so this proceeding was public, hour by hour, day by day, minute Mr. McCARTHY. In other words, . started with all the fanfare of a movie by minute. when their report comes out, it will cover premiere; but now, when the committee Mr. McCARTHY. Then here is som.e nothing but specific. acts of disloyalty. gets down to work, and it begins to pinch, information which developed today and Just what is meant by that, I do not the committee is going to turn it off, as which I should like to ask the Senator know. one would turn a water faucet on or off. ' whether he is aware of. It was after Some of the members of the Board When they want to take the testimony I left the committee-that is, while I was have indicated that they do not feel that of a witness in secret, they will take his not there. For instance, Mr. Buctenz, membership in a Communist Party or­ testimony in secret, and will exclude , who, as the Senator knows, is the former ganization is disloyalty, or that the hold­ others from the room. The Senator f ram editor of the Daily Worker, and at one ing of a card of membership in the Com­ Wisconsin cannot ask a question. The time a top Communist-and as I have munist Party is disloyalty. I assume, minority counsel cannot ask a question. said, his veracity has been vouched for then, that by "disloyalty" in that case is Then, when they want to have another by the Government countless times­ meant an act of espionage. show, they will bring in the klieg lights, proceeded to give the names of individ­ Mr. JENNER. Perhaps they mean the press, and the cameras, and away we uals who were Communists. Without after a man has been convicted by a jury, go with a public hearing. i think it is going into the number of names given, Mr. McCARTHY. I do not know. time that the Senate rise to its feet to he gave the nam> of one individual who However, I thought the Senate should demand that the resolution adopted by is now in the State Department, receiving know that after the Board met, it de­ it unanimously be followed meticulously. a very high salary in a very important cided unanimously that it would not in­ Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will position. I emphasize that he occupi.es vestigate any bad security risks or any the Senator yield for a question? a very important position. Mr. Budenz cases of homosexuals. I thought the Mr. JENNER. I yield for a question. -put the finger on him as a member of the ·Senator would be interested in knowing Mr. McCARTHY. Is the Senator Communist Party. that. aware of the fact that yesterday I was I 'especially call that to the Senator's Mr. JENNER. Yes; I am interested in · called over to the subcommittee, in exec­ attention, in view of Mr. Truman's state­ knowing it. It is just some more of utive session, and asked by the Senator ment last night that there is Il')t a single "Whitewash, Inc." from Maryland to give the committee Communist in the Government; and I XCVI--360 5700 .CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 s:.iggest that· Mr. Truman today call the Mr. McCARTHY. But, yesterday, the that. The Senator from Wisconsin Senator from Maryland and ask him for Senator from Maryland · said; "When brought up that subject, I _had called a transcript of the hearings. The Sen­ those witnesses ·are called, you will be the Senator from Maryland before I ator from Maryland informed me that I permitted to be present." When one c;>f took the floor. The shoe is on the other could not have a transcript of the hear­ the top witnesses was called, the chair­ foot now. Two years_ ago, the Senator ing, that the hearing was secret. He in­ man changed his mind, and, as I have from Maryland had me here, kicking me formed Mr. Lattimore and his lawyer, said, without even presenting the ques­ around. Today is my day in court. however, that they could have a tran­ tion to the committee, he said, "In view Mr. TYDINGS. · Mr. President, will script of the hearing. of the fact that Senator McMAHON is not the Senator yield? l Mr. JENNER. That is, Lattimore here, I will not submit it to the com­ Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President-­ could have it, but the Senator from Wis­ mittee. I will take it upon myself to Mr. JENNER. I will yield for a ques­ consin could not have it. Is that cor· order you, as another Senator, excluded." tion only. ·· I do not want to lose the rect ? I trust the Senator from Massachusetts floor. Mr. McCARTHY. I assume that if will pardon me. Mr. McCARTHY. I should like to ask Mr. Lattimore could have a transcript, Mr. JENNER. I appreciate the Sen­ the Senator whether he will call upon then perhaps the President of the United ator's contribution. I think this thing the Senator from Maryland to have the States could have a transcript. inust go to the American people. I think official reporter bring in the record of . Mr. JENNER. I should think he the people of the United States should the proceedings· this morning, ~ot the might give the President one, particu­ be apprised of what is going on. record of the proceedings after I was larly after the President said last night­ Mr. LODGE. Mr. President-- ejected from the room, not the -record and I quote him: The PRESIDING OFICER. Does the of any final decision, but the record of Not a single person who has been adjudged Senator from Indiana yield to the Sen­ the proceedings just prior to the time Mr. to be a Communist or otherwise disloyal re­ ator from Massachusetts? Lattimore and his attorney left, at which mains on the Goverment pay roll today. Mr. JENNER. I yield for a question. time the Senator from Maryland said So, if Mr. Budenz, in the star-chamber Mr. LODGE. I do not want to ask that the record would be made available proceedings, has given the name of a a question. to Mr. Lattimore and his attorney, and Communist who is now in the Govern­ Mr. JENNER. I do not want to lose that it would not be available to anyone ment service, certainly the President of the floor. I desire to continue my· re­ else. I ask the Senator whether he will the United States should have to eat marks. They are not very long. not ask the Senator from Maryland to those words. However, the President Mr. LODGE. The Senator is making bring in the official reporter and have may be referring to the fact that it is a statement which is incorrect. him read exactly what was said. necessary to convict a man, as Alger · Mr. JENNER. Which Senator is mak­ Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will Hiss was convicted, before it can actually ing a statement which is not correct? the Senator yield? be shown that he is a Communist, and Mr. LODGE. The Senator from In­ Mr. JENNER. I will yield for a ques­ it may be then found that some other diana. tion only. I do not want to ·lose the men in high places will not want to turn Mr. JENNER. I wish the Senator _ floor. their backs on such persons. would correct me, then. I want to be · Mr. TYDINGS. In my own time, Mr. LODGE rose. ·accurate. when I know what has been said, I shall Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will Mr. LODGE. Under the agreement address myself to the subject matter the Senator yield further? ·which was finally reached in the sub­ which has been discussed in my absence. '. Mr. JENNER. I yield. committee this morning, after a very long The subcommittee is now investigat­ discussion, the record that we are mak­ ~ Mr. McCARTHY. I should like to .fng; it is meeting upstairs with Mr. make it clear that at that time the Sen­ ing now with Mr. Budenz will · not be Budenz. His testimony is important. ator from Massachusetts was present, made available to Mr . Lattimore or his He has frequently complimented me on and as I recall-and if I am wrong he "lawyer. the fairness with which I have treated can correct me-the Senator from Mas­ Mr. JENNER. Let me ask the dis­ him. I intend to treat all witness~s fair­ sachusetts objected very strenuously to tinguished Senator from Massachusetts, ly, whether they be pro or con, and no having this transcript made available to Did the senior Senator from ·Maryland one is going to get me off my feet on anY.one. He took the position that if want to make the record available to that particular roadway. I say to the this was an executive session, it should Mr. Lattimore, and yet refused to make Senator from Wisconsin that yesterday be a;n executive sessiOn, and that the it available to the junior Senator from it was unanimously voted in the com­ ·secret transcript should not be made Wisconsin? Is that a fact, or not? mittee that the procedure adopted this ·available. Mr. LODGE. The decision which was morning should be fallowed. The Sen­ · Mr. JENNER. But the chairman said taken, and that was finally taken-- ator from Maryland had no more to do that Mr. Lattimore could have a copy of Mr. JENNER. I do not want to know with it than did the other Senators pres­ the transcript, did he? about the final decision; I want to know ent. I resent this attack, singling me Mr. McCARTHY. That is correct. whether the chairman of the subcom­ out as responsible for committee action, Mr. JENNER. But that the Senator mittee ever suggested to the subcommit­ when the committee has heard both sides from Wisconsin could not have it? ·tee that Mr. Lattimore should have this and has decided on a course of action. Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, will the record, but that the junior Senator· from Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Wisconsin should not have it? Senator yield? Mr. JENNER. I will yield for a ques­ Mr. LODGE. I do not recall that. Mr. JENNER. For a question only. tion. Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will I do not want any speeches. Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will ·the Senator yield to the Senator from Mr. LODGE. I shall not make a the Senator Yield to me for a moment? Maryland? speech. Will the Senator permit me to Mr. JENNER. I will yield to the Sen­ Mr. JENNER. I will be glad to yield. say that the Senator from · Maryland ator from Massachusetts in a moment. Mr. TYDINGS. It seems to me that spoke the truth when he -said that a cer­ Mr. McCARTHY. I · may say also, a good many statements have been made tain procedure was agreed upon? I am despite the fact that I was called to the here, one of which I just now heard, glad to accept the responsibility for hav­ . subcommittee yesterday and told that concerning the chairman. The Senator ing made 'it clear this morning that, in when my ·witnesses, that is, witnesses from Maryland never suggested that a my opinion, the r·ecord which we made whom I myself have found-at tremen­ copy of the record be given to Mr. Latti­ · today. of the testimony of Mr. Budenz dous cost-I have four former FBI men more without its being given to the Sen­ · shpuld not be made available for distri­ working for me, excellent men, and I ator from Wisconsin. bution. I reached that decision after have had a great deal of difficulty find­ Mr. JENNER. I am glad to have that thinking about it during the night. ing the witnesses, !Or various reasons, cleared up. Evidently the members of the st~bcom­ which I intend to discuss on the Senate Mr. TYDINGS. .I should like the Sen­ mittee agreed with me, because it was floor one of these days-- ator to be more certain of his facts be­ unanimously voted to adopt that policy. Mr. JENNER. The Senator should fore he goes on-- ·I do not want the Senator from Mary­ not have to develop them. That is the Mr. JENNER. . Wait a minute. The land to bear the whole responsibility for committee's job. Senato:~ from Indiana did not go into something as to which I bear a share_ o!. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5701' the responsibility, and for which I do not Lattimore were made in the open and, said and done, the charges against Owen apologize at all. · therefore, he would be entitled to reply Lattimore have been made in the open. Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will in the open. Obviously he could not re­ Why the change of tactics in secret? We the Senator yield? · ply unless he kriew what the charges do not want star-chamber proceedings. Mr. JENNER. For a question. were. Therefore, confronted with the rrhe Senator from Maryland counseled Mr. McCARTHY. I wish the Senator proposition of how we could be in execu­ me against it. He said, "The public is from Indiana would ask the Senator tive session and still require Mr. Latti­ entitled to the facts, hour by hour, min­ from Massachusetts and the Senator more to reply in open session without all ute by minute, and day by day." from Maryland whether yesterday they the testimony, it was agreed to allow Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will had not decided and voted unanimously, both the Senator from Wisconsin and the Senator yield? and, I will say, ridiculously, that Mr. Mr. Lattimore and his attorney to be Mr. JENNER. I promised to yield to Lattimore and his attorney could be present, and no one else. the Senator from Massachusetts. Then present all during the taking of Mr. This morning, when we met, some I shall yield to the Senator from Mary­ Budenz's testimony. In other words, Members who had been absent .yester­ land. while there was a witness developing the day wanted to change that procedure. Mr. LODGE. Will the Senator per­ facts about Communists in·Governnient At the time the question was under dis­ mit me to say that it is my understand­ service, Mr. Lattimore, who has been ac­ cussion it was agreed, tentatively, that ing that the record we are making today cused, and, I think rightly so, of being we would exclude Mr. Lattimore and his is a secret record. I say to my able a very active Communist, was to be pres­ attorney, but should give him a summary friend from Indiana that I do not think ent with his coansel. That is what the of the evidence which dealt with him, but we can ever ferret out disloyal persons subcommittee voted upon unanimously we would give him nothing that Mr. in any Government Department without yesterday, and it also voted unanimously Budenz would testify to with which Mr. having executive sessions and confiden­ that I could be present, as the Senator Lattimore was not intimately concerned. tial procedure. from Maryland stated. The procedure The purpose of giving Mr. Lattimore Mr. JENNER. That is exactly correct. was changed when the Senator from a summary was so that he could know Mr. LODGE. Let me say one more Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER] pointed out what the charges were. It is pretty thing. I have consistently taken the that he ·was not present yesterday and difficult to answer charges without know­ position that it is the custom of the Sen­ he thought it was ridiculous to have Mr. ing what the charges are. After we ate, ever since I have been a Member of Lattimore hearing all the te~timony, had discussed the matter at some length it, to allow Members of the Senate to sit much of which did not concern him. the summary idea was dropped,· or at in at meetings of the Senate committees. There was then no committee action. least we dropped it tentatively to take it That has always been a courtesy ex­ The chairman said, "If Mr. Lattimore up later if the committee wanted to take tended to Senators. So, whenever the must go, then Mr. McCARTHY must go." it up. We have since been proceeding question of the Senator from Wisconsin I said to the Senator from Maryland, without Mr. Lattimore, without his coun­ · being present at a meeting of the sub­ "Are you taking it upon yourself to eject sel, or without anyone in the room except committee has come up, I have always me from the committee room? If so, the members of the committee, Mr. voted in favor of having him present. I good; I want to know that; but I should Budenz, and the counsel for the commit­ ' want to make that point clear. That · like to ask a favor, namely, that you sub­ tee, and without Mr. Lattimore's having has been my position consistently, be­ mit the matter to the four Senators pres­ the advantage of knowing what Mr. Bu­ cause I think the precedents and the ent and have them vote upon the very denz is saying which might concern him. custom of the Senate are clear on the simple proposition of whether I can, as If the charges had been made in private, point, and I do not think we should dis­ a Senator, remain and hear such wit- that procedure might· be open to en­ criminate against any Member of the . nesses as I brought, even though Mr. dorsement, but as the charges against Senate, including the Senator from Wis- Lattimore has gone." Mr. Lattimore were all made in public, . consin, in that respect. The Senator from Maryland then dis­ is it fair that the evidence against him Mr. McCARTHY: Mr. President-­ cussed the matter with the Senator from be taken in private so that he cannot Mr. JENNER. I yield to the Senator Rhode Island [Mr. GREENJ. The Sena­ answer? from Wisconsin for a question. tor from Rhode Island expressed an . Mr. JENNER. Mr. President, right · Mr. McCARTHY. Let me ask this opinion thereon, and the Senator from there-- question in order to clear up the point I Maryland said; "I shall not submit this Mr. TYDINGS. If the Senator will have in mind: I understood the Sena­ matter to a vote until Senator McMAHON permit me to conclude my statement. tor from Maryland to say that my exclu- is present." The committee, therefore, held in abey­ . sion from the committee room was the I should like to know whether the ance the final decision as to what it would result of unanimous action taken yes­ Senator from Massachusetts and the do with reference to testimony adduced terday. Apparently I misunderstood Senator from Maryland will agree that from ·Mr. Budenz with reference to Mr. the Senator from Massachusetts to say that is exactly what happened. ·Lattimore. · that the Senator from Maryland spoke Mr. JENNER. I shall be glad to yield There is no mystery about it. The the truth. As I understand the situa­ for an answer to that question. committee has had some minor disagree­ tion now, it is admitted that I am correct Mr. TYDINGS. I should like to thank ments, but it is purely a unanimous when I say that the Senator from Mary­ the Senator from Massachusetts for committee on the main purpose. No land this morning took it upon himself -bringing a little bit of truth into the dis­ committee always sees as one man. We to refuse to put the question to the com­ cussion which, up to the time he spoke, are a friendly committee, and we are mittee, and took it upon himself to ex­ had been absent. It is somewhat di:ffi­ running down every clue. I myself have clude me, and said he would not put this cult for Senators who do not serve on done an enormous amount of personal question up to the committee unless and committees to come to the floor and tell investigation. I am still doing that. until the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. what goes on in committees. If I were We have endeavored to investigate to the McMAHON] was present. I think the going to commerit on what had taken fullest extent, and if it will just keep out RECORD should be clear on that point, place in a committee, I would rather do . of the newspapers and keep off the Sen­ because the Senator from Maryland inti­ it not on hearsay, but on fact. ate floor for a while, we will get to the mated that I was in error. I thought What happened yesterday was this: truth of the matter. the Senator from Massachusetts had The committee wanted to ask Mr. Mr. JENNER. The distinguished Sen­ seconded the Senator from Maryland. Budenz a question in executive session. ator says, "If it will just keep out of the Apparently I was mistaken. The chairman, therefore, called the com­ newspapers." It started off in the news­ Mr. JENNER. I do not know what mittee together yesterday and said, "How papers, with the kleig lights and the fan­ goes on in the committee. I am not a · shall we proceed?" It was unanimously fare of a great movie premiere. member of the committee. However, I agreed that the Senator from Wisconsin Going back to the Senator's remarks in do know that every committee takes a should be present in our executive ses­ July 1947, when the junior Senator from record of its proceedings. If the record sion, and that Mr. Lattimore and his Indiana was conducting a similar com­ was taken accurately-and I presume attorney should be present in executive mittee, he said, "You cannot make it a the record was taken accurately-the session, because the charges against Mr. star-chamber proceeding." After all is record of the proceedings will speak for 5702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN.ATE APRIL 25 ... :r ...... _ itself. I do not think it is possible to I shall be glad to yield to the Senator and the $10,000-a-year counsel and the _ resolve the misunderstanding which is from Connecticut later. assistant counsel-- · · apparent here. The Senator from· Mas- Mr. McCARTHY. This will have to be Mr. JENNER. Is· that Mr. Morgan? sachusetts said that he understood no a rather lengthy question, in order to Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. Morgan sat Senator should be excluded, and the get the Senator's answer. I think it is there and did not ·even ask for the right Senator from Wisconsin understood that important that I ask it, in view of the to ask a question. · he was not to be excluded, apd that the action which I think I shall be forced Mr. JENNER. But when Mr. Budenz reason he was excluded was that ·the to take. Does the Senator agree with came before the committee Mr. Morgan Senator from Connecticut [Mr. Mc- me, first, that at the time I presented was as busy as a little beaver asking MAHON] was not present, although a the material in regard to some 81 cases · questions. quorum of the committee was present, on the floor -of the Senate, which con­ Mr. McCARTHY. I thank the Sena­ but · that the chairman did not put the sisted of giving the Senate a resume of tor. . Is the Senator aware of the fact . question. I do not know abo~t that. I material in secret files on which at that that when Mr. Lattimore had finished, do know that if a record was taken, the - time, as I indicated to the Senate, it the Senator ·from Maryland leaned for- . record will speak for itself. Let-·us go . would be ·impossible for me independ- . ward and very. ch~ erfully said, "I owe it back to the record. · ently to produce-all the evidence, because . to you and to the Nation to tell you that Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will it took-I do not recall what -figure I six of us saw the files"-four Senators the Senator yield? - used as to the number of employees in- · and J. Edgar Hoover and Howard Mc­ Mr. JENNER. I yield for a question. volved-- . Grath_..:.."and we have unanimously Mr. TYDINGS. Let me inform the , ·Mr. JENNER. I believe the Senator agreed that the files cleared you abso­ Senator from Indiana that the Senator · said thousands of Government employ- lutely of any suspicion of being either an . from Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER] made . ees. agent of the Communist Party or of hav­ the observation that he did not think Mr. McCARTHY. Thousands of em­ ing Communist connections"? . Is the it was proper to take a vote, in the ab- ployees over many years produced some · Senator aware o.f the fact that J. Howard sence of the Senator from Connecticut, very excellent files. Will the Senator McGrath later in the afternoon, said, on a matter which had been decided once agree with me that subsequently the ad- "Mr. TYDINGS had no author.ity whatso­ . before by the committee. If the f?ena- - ministration toek-the position that un­ - ever to speak for J. Edgar Hoover and tor will bear with· me, ~t was not- t}fe - less the Senator from Wisconsin could . he ,had no authority. to speak for me"'? Senator from Maryland, but the Senator - prove independently from the files the He said, .further., "Both J. Edgar Hoover ·from· Iowa who said, "Senator McMAHON . guilt . of the individuals named, the . and myself"-! believe I am quoting him . is not present. I think he. ought to be . charges should- be ·considered as irre- almost verbatim-- present, and I sustain the ·chairman's - sponsible regardless-of how right I was Mr. JENNER. I believe the Senator point of view that we should not have,a . as to the facts in the files? from Massachusetts said that the .Sena­ - vote on the question until we can have Mr. JENNER. Yes; and· it was even tor from Maryland had no right to speak the full committee present." , - implied that the Senator from Wiscon- for him, either. . The second poin~ is that a~ . the COQ.· · sin would have to prove his case ·before Mr.· McCARTHY. May I ask the Sen­ .. clusion ·of . our last public hearing, the a jury before they would believe it. I ator the question I have in mind, in order able Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. do not know what their attitude is. to get the_wl.lole picture before the Sen­ . LoDGE] said publicly that then~ were Mr. McCARTHY. Is the Senator . ate? Mr. McGrath said further, "What some questions which he wanted to ask is more, we took every precaution to keep Mr. Budenz in executive ·session. I aware of the fact that I went before the from indicating to the committee how · thought that other members of the com- · committee and said, "Now, you gentle­ . men need not worry about getting the . we felt, because we wanted them to make . mittee would like to do so, and the chair- entire 81 files to begin with. Let us take . their own independent decision." Fur­ man himself wanted to ask some ques- thermore, is the Senator aware of the tions. In spite of the fact that all the a sample case"? I said, "Let us take the fact that subsequently the _Senator" from ~- charges had been made in the open, 1 case of Owen Lattimore." I said, "If-I Iowa said that the statement of the Sen- · tried to accommodate _ Senators. ' My - am correct in that case, -if the material . a tor from Maryland. was completely un­ . opinion, as I .have expressed it at least in his file is as dangerous as I tell you it warranted? Is the Senator also aware 25 times, is that the . Lattimore case - is, then· from· that point onward Y/e of the fact that the Senator from Massa- , ought to be considered entirely in the should have done with petty poli­ chusetts, who was in Massachusetts at open, because it was begun in the open; -- tics and proceed to have a sensible in- the time the earlier statement was issued . the charges were made in the open and · vestigation." I told them if the files · proved that ·I was wrong, that I was · by the Senator from Maryland, subs~­ the Senator from Maryland does ·not like . mistaken, or that I was lying in the case quently said on his return, "I will speak · star-chamber pro~edure. He accom- for myself. I will make up my own mind modated his fell ow members of the com- of Lattimore, they-would be entitled to after all the facts are known"? Further­ mittee. Therefore, when the statement · disbelieve any of the other 80 cases. more, the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. is made that I wanted an executive ses- Does the Senator recall that? Mr. JENNER. I recall it. McMAHON] and the Senator from Rhode sion, where Mr. Lattimore and the Sen- Mr. McCARTHY. Is the Senator Island [Mr. GREEN], who up until that ator from Wisconsin could not be pres- aware of the fact that subsequently four time ha·d agreed with the Senator from ent, let me say that that is not the fact. members of the subcommittee went to Maryland on almost ·everything, when I have been for complete open hearings asked to confirm what the Senator from on the Lattimore case from beginning to the Justice Department and saw what end. has been referred to interchangeably as Maryland had said, replied, "No com­ ment." In that way my friend from As to the statement of the Senator a 14-page summary, a 12-page sum­ Maryland was left away out on the limb. from Wisconsin about not putting the mary, and an 8-page summary? At least Is the Senator aware of the fact that question, I have said what one eminent it is a very lengthy summary to which in developing these witnesses I have had Member of the Senate thought about it. reference has been made. I speak of tremendous difficulty, because some of I refer to the Senator from Iowa, who the summary which was made of a sum­ them feel, either rightly or wrongly, that thought that the' question should not be mary of the raw file. Is the Senator the committee may be prejudiced and put until after all members of the com- aware of the fact that the Senator from that the committee may not want to get mittee were pres'3nt. However, when all Iowa was not present? Furthermore, is at the facts? They feel they might be the members of · the committee were the Senator aware of the fact that Mr. abused if they came before the commit­ present this morning, I did put the ques- Lattimore appeared and testified before tee, and it is difficult to gzt the average tion immediately, as I promised I would the committee; that he made an excel­ witness, who thinks a Senator is an im­ do, but there was no change in the policy lent statement-almost as good a state­ portant individual, to come here and sub­ of the committee. ment as was made by Alger Hiss-that ject himself to what may be abuse. For . Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will after he was through, without any sem- that reason, I have had a great deal of the Senator from Indiana yield? blance of cross-examination by any of difficulty. There is a long step from Mr. JENNER. I .have promi~ed to .the.members of the majority party, all learning what.the facts are and getting . yield ·to the Senator from Wisconsin. · . three of them merely nodding approval~ a witness to testify, 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5703 Is the Senator aware of the fact that Mr. TYDINGS. The Senator let the from Maryland in detail, and furnished the action of the Senator from Maryland Senator from Wisconsin proceed-­ to him the letter I used in the Wheeling this morning when he said, "McCARTHY, Mr. JENNER. The Senator from speech, the Salt Lake speech, and the · you will be asked to submit witnesses, Maryland may make a speech, just so Reno, Nev., speech-the letter from the submit them in executive session, but I do not lose the floor. then Secretary of State Byrnes to Con­ you will have no right to be there,'' will Mr. TYDINGS. I merely want an gressman SABATH, in which he said, in make it doubly difficult for me to present opportunity to reply. effect, "Here is the picture of the incep­ the witnesses to develop this all-impor­ Mr. JENNER. I want the Senator to tion of the loyalty program''? I be­ tant case? have that opportunity, but I do not want lieve they called it a "security program" Being aware of that, will the Senator to lose the floor. then. He said, "That of the first 3,000 agre·e with me that this being the situ­ Mr. TYDINGS. First of all, neither State Department employees who were ation, in view of the action on the part the Senator from Indiana nor the Sen­ screened, screened by the President's of the Senator from Maryland, which I ator from Wisconsin, nor some of the own Board-a rather good Board, too, as think is completely inexcusable, I un­ Senators on the committee, have any he had some rather good men on that doubtedly shall have no choice but to do idea of the investigative work which the Board, but they were discharged also by something which is extremely distaste­ Senator from Maryland has been doing Acheson. The letter from Byrnes, which ful to me, namely, to attempt to c1evelop in this matter. Further than that, the I used at Wheeling, said there were 284 the facts on the floor of the Senate? staff of the committee has been called screened out. But 205 remained in the That is, I may say, one of the reasons together and publicly told to take every State Department, according to Secre­ why I tell the Senate today something bit of the testimony of the Senator from tary Byrnes' !etter. which I perhaps would feel I could not Wisconsin, and everything else, and pur­ I called that letter to the attention tell them had I been in the executive sue it to a conclusion, beyond any per­ of the Senator from Maryland. He session, namely, that Mr. Budenz, a wit­ adventure of a doubt, insofar as they can knows it is there. So why this attempt ness for whom the Government has get the evidence. at deception I do not know. I pointed vouched· time and time again, and in Talking about reckless charges and out that of the 205 I did not know how whose veracity I have absolute confi­ reckless statements, what would the many were still in the State Depart­ dence, testified to the committee that one Senator from Indiana think if he picked ment. I pointed out that that repre.;. of the 9 or 10 individuals whom I have up a newspaper, after the Senator from sent.ed only a small screening, but I said, Wisconsin had spoken in Wheeling, W. "I go have the names of 57 individuals named in public, one who is now work­ who ing in the State Department holding a Va .. and read these words: are either members of the party or While I have not the time to name all the are certainly loyal thereto." Subse­ very, very important job, is a very valu­ Communists in the State Department, I have quent investigation has increased the able member of the Communist Party. here in my hand a list of 205 names who list to ·81, and since then I have given Mr. JENNER. That is shocking. are card-carrying members of the Commu­ over 25 more. Mr. McCARTHY. As I say, this is tl:ie nist Party, who are now in the State De­ Mr. JENNER. I understand Budenz sort of thing that unfortunately I am partment, and who are known to Acheson. gave the committee more today. going to have to do, if the committee is And we have had only 110 names Mr. McCARTHY. Yes. going to say to me, "McCARTHY, you pro­ given to us in toto. Mr. JENNER. But' the President of duce the witnesses. There will be no Mr. JENNER. Did he include in that the United States last night said in a cross-examination of the witnesses by the homosexuals? speech that not a single person who has the chief counsel, Mr. Morgan, unless the Mr. TYDINGS. Oh, now, do not beg been adjudged of being a Communist or witness accuses someone of being a Com­ the question. otherwise disloy"'J remains on the pay munist." If the Senator from Mary­ Mr. JENNER. I am not begging the roll today. I wonder what he is talking land continues what he. has done in the · question. I did not read the West Vir­ about. Do we have to convict them by past, excluding the .minority counsel ginia speech. jury, or is the committee to investigate from the room, and does not allow him to Mr. TYDINGS. The Senator from and find out the facts? cross-examine, will the Senator agree Indiana will have to ask the Senator Mr. McCARTHY. In connection with that perhaps I shall be forced to do from Wisconsin; but there it is, in the the statement of the Senator from Mary­ . something which no Senator should be Wheeling Intelligencer, 205 card-carry­ land that he wants proof, is the Senator forced to do, namely, try to produce the ing Communists now in the State De­ aware of the fact that I gave the Sen­ partment, and known to Acheson. Why ator from Maryland personally, and in facts as best I can on the floor of the is it that 7 weeks after the committee is public, before the other four members of · Senate? formed we got 81 names, with charges the committee, a complete criminal rec­ Mr. JENNER. I do agree with that. made here on the Senate floor, 8 or 9 ord of a man working for the State De­ What the Senator has just said is abso­ names in addition thereto, and 25 or 20 partment, getting somewhere between lutely shocking, and I hope that if noth- names with no charge whatever against $10,000 and $12,000 a year? This man . ing else comes out of this colloquy today, them? Where are the 205 card-carry­ has now been assigned to the Central the committee will become a truly in­ ing Communists? Was that a reckless Intelligence Agency. I originally had vestigating committee, decide fairly, im­ statement? difficulty finding out who was paying him. partially, and for the good of the Nation. Mr. JENNER. It may have been a The best information I can get now is After all is said and done, this. matter is reckless statement, but I say that if that he is being paid by the State D2- bigger than party politics; it is bigger there is found one Alger Hiss in the pa tment, and therefore the Central In­ than defending some. relative or some Department, the committee will have telligence Agency cannot discharge this friend or sonie administration bureau­ done a wonderful job for America. man. I was extremely curious to know crat. The Senator from Wisconsin has Mr. TYDINGS. That is true, and if why the Central Intelligence Agency already been put in a position in which there are one more or .two more or a had not discharged him, but the fact he should not have been put. When the hundred more, and evidence comes to that he is in the State Department ex­ Senate unanimously voted for a thor­ us, believe me, they will go out on their plains that. Is the Senator aware of ough investigation of this problem, we ears. · I do not take second place to any the fact that I gave the complete po­ man in America in wanting to get Com­ lice record of this man to the S2nator should not throw the burden back on the munists out of the Government, but it Senator from Wisconsin to prove the from Maryland, this man who was a is necessary to prove a case reasonably homosexual? The record shows-it is the case. He should not have to hire em­ before we can do it. ployees to.dig out facts. That is the job police record, Senators should under­ Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will stand-that he spent his time hanging of. the committee. That is what the the Senator from Indiana yield? around the men's room in Lafayette Senate ~ authorized them to do, and it is Mr. JENNER. I yield to the Senator Park. This man is still in an extremely time they were setting about their job. from Wisconsin. sensitive position, being paid by the Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will Mr. McCARTHY. Is the Senator American people some ten or twelve thou­ the Senator from Indiana yield? aware of the fact that I have already sand dollars, and yet, so far as I know, Mr. JENNER. I yield for a question. gone into this matter with the Senator the Senator from Maryland has not done 5704 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 one single thing to get him off the Gov­ Mr. JENNER. Maybe I can act as an portant business kept me from the·meet­ ernment pay roll. I have tried to check arbiter. If the Senator from Maryland ing of the committee this morning, ·1 in the State Department to see why he will tell. the Senator from Wisconsin who think I ought to say to the Senate, so is there, and the only answer I got from .the homos are, and if the Senator from it will be in the RECORD, that I had an one of my friends over there was, "Well, Wisconsin will tell the Senator from appointment with the President of the perhaps it is because he is a fairly nice Maryland about the 57 card-carrying United States this morning at 11 o'clock. fellow-that is, if you like the type." Communists-maybe such a trade can It was a few minutes after 11 when I Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will be made between the Senator from Mary­ got to see him, and I stayed with him the Senator from Indiana Yield to me land and the S3nator from Wisconsin. about a half hour. It was somewhat to reply? Mr. TYDINGS. I will tell the Senator after 12 o'clock before I got to the com­ Mr. JENNER. I certainly will. I about the homos. I know there is a great mittee meeting. should like to conclude, however, and desire to shift from Communists to I merely say that so the RECORD may will not yield any more. homos. be clear that I was engaged in official Mr. TYDINGS. If I am not drawn Mr. JENNER. I do not know which is duties, and not taking French leave from into it I will not interrupt the Senator. the worst. Does the Senator? the work of the committee. But I came I want to go over what happened. First, Mr. TYDINGS. Let us shift to it. there just as quickly as I possible could. I want the Senator from Indiana to When I was given this information I The only vote that. was taken, so far know that I am in favor of open hear­ pursued it constantly, I got our force as the Senator from Connecticut is con­ ings and not closed hearings, as he has working on it. I have documents in our cerned, was on whether or not the Sena­ supposed. I want that cleared up. office-and I am going to talk-no, I will tor from Wisconsin should be given per­ Mr. JENNER. Fine. not do that. I will not disclose what mission, either· in open or in closed hear­ Mr. TYDINGS. The second point is the evidence is. But when we get around ings of the committee, to cross-examine that this morning when we had a vote to it, it will be full and complete for the the witnesses before the committee. on the question of what the role of the committee to act on. That question had been decided some Senator from Wisconsin would be in our The Senator from Maryland has done three times before. It was put again by committee, the Senator from Iowa [Mr. a personal job in investigation on this the Senator from Maryland just as two HIOKENLOOPERJ, who is now on the floor, all the way through, He has statements of the members of the committee were very fairly, I thought, said that we ought from people who are concerned. He has on the way out of the room, and we to wait until the Senator from Connec­ statements from people who know about called them back in. It was observed ticut [Mr. McMAHON] was present so it. He has statements from eminent that that question had been settled be­ that the full committee was there before people who are not involved in this. He fore; that the members of the commit- we voted on it. So I want that cleared is ready to lay the whole matter before . tee would do the questioning, or their up. the committee. But I cannot conduct .counsel, with full liberty to the Senator The third thing I should like to do is . these hearings if I am going to be called from Wisconsin to present to the coun- this. I should· like to ask the Senator out of the hearings, and hear a lot of . sel. or to the chairman of the commit­ from Wisconsin, if I may, if he did not arguments about things that are not true, tee any question that he might like to say in his speech in Salt Lake City: when we have important witnesses on have asked. And, of course, the same While I have not the time to name all the the stand there. Senators know I am consideration was given to Lattimore Communists who are in the State Depart­ in the hearing, and know I cannot be and his counsel in open hearings; that ment, I have here in my hand the names of in two places at one and the same time. 57 card-carrying Communists now in the they could have any questions asked Mr. JENNER. The Senator has not they wanted answers to. State Department and known to Acheson. answered the question, and I refuse to yield further. I thought I had better state t.hat for And when the Senator gets around to the RECORD. answering that question-- Mr. TYDINGS. I will say about the homos-- Mr. JENNER. Mr. President, I should Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, w~ll like to conclude. ·It will take me only the Senator from Indiana yield to me Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will the Senator from Indiana yield to me a few minutes to do so. I was discussing to answer the Senator from Maryland? the "Interlocking Directorate of White­ Mr. JENNER. The Senator from Wis­ briefly? Mr. JENNER. Mr. President, I should wash, Inc." I believe I had gotten down consin has asked the Senator from Mary­ to the name of Mr. Seth Richardson, land a question about a homosexual, and like to conclude my remarks. Then I will be glad to yield. who is a law partner of Joe E. Davies, of the Senator from Maryland has asked "Mission to Moscow'' fame. We have all the Senator from Wisconsin about how The PRESIDING OFFICER. Will the many Communists there are in the State Senate be in order for just a minute? read this in the press, but I thought it Department. The Senators are using The Senator should not be asked to yield well to state it. my time in doing so. If Senators can for anything but questions. The situa­ Mr. Davies, I think it is well known, is work out between them in the committee tion has been permitted to go a long way the father-in-law of the able senior Sen­ the question of Communists and of from questions, by speeches being made. ator from Maryland who heads the sub­ . "homos," that is what the American peo- The Senator from Indiana wishes to con­ committee investigating the charges ple want done. · clude his remarks, and will yield only for made by the distinguished Senator from Mr. TYDINGS. I am coming to that. questions. Wisconsin. Mr. JENNER. The Senator is taking Mr. JENNER. I do not want to· lose This same Richardson, Mr. President, was chief counsel for the Pearl Harbor my time, and not answering the ques­ the floor. I want to be courteous. I 1 tion. want all Senators to have their say, be­ investigating committee which produced Mr. TYDINGS. I am coming to the cause the subject is a very important one. one of the greatest whitewashes of the homo part of it. The first thing I think Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, in entire New Deal and Fair Deal and fairy we ought to do is to get some of the Com­ view of the fact that the Senator from deal administrations, absolving the ad-· munists that we have been hearing so Indiana had agreed to yield to me for ministration from all blame for the much about, out of the Government, if a minute, I wonder if he would not, with blunders for the blunders which plunged they are there. the consent of the Senate, make ·an ex­ the United States into World War Il. Mr. JENNER. Yes. ception. Associated with Mr. Richardson on the Mr. TYDINGS. That is what we are Mr. JENNER. I ask unanimous con­ Pearl Harbor investigating staff was doing mostly now. I am giving 7 or 8 sent that I may yield to the Senator from Samuel H. Kaufman, who later was to hours a day to it now, and I am going Connecticut without losing the floor. be the judge whose bias for the convicted to give 12 hours a day, if necessary, to it. The PRESIDING OFFICER. That can and traitorous perjurer, Alger Hiss, al- · I am going to get every Communist I be done by unanimous consent. Is there most brought about acquittal of Hiss at can lay my hands on, and I am going objection? his first trial which resulted in a hung to have all the hearings in open session. Mr. JENNER. I have no objection. jury. 1 But I should like to know who the 57 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Let's look a little deeper, Mr. Presi­ card-carrying Communists known to Chair hears none, and it is so ordered. dent, into the "Interlocking Directorate Acheson now in the State Department Mr. McMAHON. It will take me only of Whitewash, Inc." Associated with are, so I can get hold of them. 1 minute. In view of the fact that im- Messrs. Richardson and Kaufman was 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-S-ENATE 5705 Edward C. Morgan. Mr. Morgan now re­ President, that perhaps that should not more make voluntary statements for appears in the picture as chief counsel be done. 2% hours, without cross-examination for the committee headed by Senator The Senator from Rhode Island sought or questioning, but then almost cross­ TYDINGS which is investigating Senator incessantly to label Mr. Budenz' evi­ examining the life out of Mr. Budenz. McCARTHY'S charges. dence as hearsay, in spite of the fact Do you see what I mean, Mr. President? I wish, Mr. President, that I could say some of the best lawyers in the country Are they afraid that if Mr. Lattimore the story ends there, but I ask your in­ have pointed out that the nature of Mr. were cross-exa7ained, he would make dulgence for further revelations. Budenz' testimony was such that ·it significant disclosures? Mr. Lyon L. Tyler, Jr., another member would be admissible in court. Also no Are they afraid that Congress will of the ·Tydings committee staff, was a effort was made by the majority mem­ learn what Mr. Bielaski will testify member of the investigating staff for the bers of the subcommittee to elicit infor­ then? Lilienthal investigations. mation from Budenz or to present his T!1is, too, is in marked contrast to the The Members of this distinguished testimony in the best light. fact that Bella Dodd, a Communist who body will recall, I am sure, the charges Also, Mr. President, why was Mr. Bu­ never has foresworn communism and which were made against Mr. Lilienthal denz being heard in secret session to­ who never has ·expressed a willingness when the question of his confirmation day? There has been some discussion to make full clisr:losure of her ·experi­ as Chairman of the Atomic Energy of that matter; but, I say again, the rec­ ences in the Communist Party, is being Commission was before the Senate. ord will speak for itself. allowed a public liearing. The result of the investigation of Mr. Will all these facts be brought to This, it seems tJ me, is being done to Lilienthal's alleged leftist leanings was light? confuse the whole issue and further to another whitewash. Now, let us look at the testimony of discredit Mr. Budenz, whose stature, by But, Mr. President, Mr. Tyler was General Thorpe, another witness whom the way, seems to increase as the days sponsored as an investigator for the the general counsel of the subcommit­ go by. present Tydings subcommittee by the tee did not cross-examine. Mr. Morgan Mr. President, in all seriousness, I ask, distinguished Sem ~ tor from Connecticut did not cross-examine General Thorpe. How can this investigation be termed a [Mr. McMAHON], also a member of the Why? General Thorpe appeared as a fair one, in view of the tactics pursued Tydings subcommittee which allegedly .is witness for the character of Owen Latti­ up to date by the three mr,jority mem­ investigating the charges made by the more. Let us look at the facts, Mr. Presi­ bers of the subcommittee? Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. McCAR­ dent. The majority of the subcommittee THY]. have refused, untii today, to permit the General Thorpe was not qualified as minority counsel to examine witnesses. So, Mr. President, we have involved in a character witness. In fact, an analysis the current investigation men who by The majority of the subcommittee sent of his testimony shows that he was the minority counsel out of the commit­ their past experience are well qualified testifying that Lattimore has a bad repu­ in the art of swinging the whitewash tee meeting today and, I believe, yester­ tation, having the reputatio.n of a Com­ day; they would not even let him be brush. munist, and having been investigated In view of these facts, Mr. President, there. The major~ty of the subcommit­ three times by Counter Intelligence. tee have refused, until today, to permit it is understandable that the distin­ That was ·the gist of General Thorpe's guished Senator from Maryland would subcommittee investigators to examine testimony-that Lattimore had the repu­ testimony; and the chairman of the sub­ have easy access to facts-access which tation of being a Communist, that he had perhaps committee investigators would committee has refused to permit minor­ a bad reputation, and that he had been · ity members of the subcommittee to is­ not have. investigated three times by the Counter Now let us look at what the commit­ sue subpenas. Intelligence. Mr. President, a man who This so-called investigation to date tee has done publicly, at least, so far. is not soft on communism in some way There seems to be some controversy has been going down a one-way street. or at some place is not going to be in­ The dictatorial and arbitrary attitude about this matter, but the record will vestigated three times by Counter Intel­ of the chairman of the subcommittee speak for itself. ligence in regard to being a Communist. and his colleagues has placed handcuffs One of the witnesses appearing in pub­ In the course of exchanges between on the minority subcommittee members lic was Owen Lattimore. Lattimore's counsel, Mr. Abe Fortas, and and the minority counsel. Owen Lattimore was allowed without the chairman of the subcommittee, it The question must be asked, Mr. interruption to speak for 2 % hours be­ became apparent that Mr. Fortas had President, whether these tactics ac­ fore the subcommittee, with all the ap­ consulted with the Senator from Mary­ tually strait-jacket what should be a pendages-press, radio, television, and land on the presentation of General fair and impartial investigation into the movies-at hand. Thorpe, much to the surprise of minority ·presence of communism in high place1> During that session, the general coun­ members of the committee. in our Government. sel of the subcommittee, Mr. Morgan, to On reading all the testimony, it be­ Do not they lead to the conclusion that whom I have referred, did not make any came apparent to any reasonable man even before this inquiry began, it was effort to cross-examine or to discredit that General Thorpe was brought in determined by those in power that it any of the voluntary statements of Lat­ without good reason or good excuse for was to be a whitewash, or perhaps just timore. being there, except only to break the another "red herring"? That was in quite a contrast to the force of the Budenz' testimony. Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Presi­ performance given by the sanie subcom­ Does this act look to full disclosure dent, will the Senator yield? mittee and the same general counsel or is it an act looking to whitewash? Mr. JENNER. I yield the fioor. when Mr. Budenz appeared on the scene. That should be apparent to any fair­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Presi­ The general counsel, Mr. Morgan, was minded man. I notice that Frank Bie­ dent, I have no intention of discussing most vigorous with Budenz, trying to dis­ Iaski is being subpenaed. Why will his matters which have occurred in the sub­ credit and to minimize the force of his · testimony be taken in secret, as I under­ committee in executive session. testimony. stand it will be, without having the Sen­ However, I wish to make clear one or This time, you see, Mr. President, it ator from Wisconsin present-and I hope two matters, because I fear that a wrong was Budenz who exposed the Commu­ that arrangement will be changed, and construction may be placed on my at­ nists; and apparently that should not that the Senator from Wisconsin will titude. be done. be present-or without allowing the In reference to certain statements The able Senator from Rhode Island minority counsel to be present? I under­ . which have been made in the last hour £Mr. GREEN J, in marked contrast to his stand that the subcommittee has now in the course of this debate, some of behavior when Lattimore was the wit­ changed that rule, and that now the which I have heard in the last 15 min­ ness, ruthlessly interrogated Budenz. subcommittee will allow the minority utes, since I have been here-having This time Budenz was giving informa­ counsel to be present. I hope so. If come here at that time from the sub­ tion to Congress about Communists in there is to be a full, fair statement, it committee meeting: that is to say, I at­ the Government. It would seem, Mr. cannot be had by letting Owen Latti- tended the subcommittee meeting until 5706 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 about 15 minutes ago-and some of Hege, and at length, if you please, to in­ er the Senator from Maryland submitted which I understand have been made, I terrogate witnesses in matters in which the question relating to my right to cross­ wish to say that I fear some of them may the particular Senators were interested. examine, or merely the question of my lead to some confusion. It is on that basis, the basis of prece- right to be present. First, with regard to the question of the dent, and on the basis that a committee Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will refusal to permit the Senator from Wis- hearing is often the only place where a the Senator yield, to enable me to·reply? consin to examine witnesses before the Member of the Senate, who must even­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. If the Sena­ subcommittee, let me say that I did make tually vote on a questfon, has any oppor­ tor will frame it in the nature of a ques­ the statement in the subcommittee, to- tunity of questioning a witness on the tion, so I can yield without losing the day, as the Senator from Maryland said subject upon which he is to pass, that I floor, I shall be delighted. a moment ago, that inasmuch as the rest my opinion. Mr. McMAHON. The situation was committee had last week, by a split vote, Mr. KNOWLAND and Mr. Mc- rather confusing. . The Senator from decided that the Senator from Wiscon- CARTHY addressed the Chair. Rhode Island [Mr. GREEN] and the-Sena­ sin could not attend the meetings, and The PRESIDING · OFFICER. Does tor from Massachusetts [Mr. LODGE] inasmuch as the subcommittee pre- the Senator from Iowa yield; and if so, were almost out of the door. I was about viously had decided that neither the to whom? to turn. The Senator from Maryland Senator from Wisconsin nor persons who Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield to the said, "Just a minute." I came back. He might be reg·arded as being on the other Senator from California for a question. said, as I recollect it, "The question has side of the issue would tnemselves be per- Mr. KNOWLAND. The Senator will arisen about Senator McCARTHY'S right mitted to ask questions of witnesses be- recollect, will he not, that in the case of to question witnesses-not as to Senator fore the subcommittee, and inasmuch as the original hearings on the appointment McCARTHY'S right to be present. It was certain other important decisions were of Mr. Lilienthal before the Joint Com­ observed that that question has been reached by the subcommittee yesterday, mittee on Atomic Energy, the joint com­ settled two or three times previously," while I was in the State of Iowa, and was mittee, or at least the Senate section of ahd we broke up. Of course, what went not present at the meeting, I thought it, which was responsible for passing on on between 10:30 and 12:30, I do not before the subcommittee considered the the appointment, extended that courtesy know, except it was summarized for me question of changing·a position which it to the senior Senator from -Tennessee quickly by the chairman. had taken-and of course whether I was [Mr. MCKELLAR] who attended numerous Mr. IDCKENLOOPE_~. I ,m~y say the on the side the subcommittee had taken sessions? in fact, I think at all theses­ Senator missed a very interesting session. or was on the other side of that question sions he was in attendance and ques­ Mr. McMAHON. Very regrettably. It was beside the point-the Senator from tioned the various witnesses. was summarized for me very quickly. Connecticut, who, as explained., a mo- Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Yes; that is But· -.we went ahead ··with ··the· 'examina­ ment ago, was.absent, should be present, correct. That was done by a . vat~ of.the tion of -Mr. Budenz., which we stopped so that all five members of the subcom- committee. Moreover, the Public Works at about 20 minutes after 1, having mittee could be there to make-that deei- ·committee in the same year extended started at about a quarter of one. As .sion-in other words, with the full sub- that courtesy to the Senator from Ten­ a matter of fact, the question whether committee present. nessee and to other Senators who were the Senator from Wisconsin should be I took the position originally that the not members ·of the committee. There admitted to executive hearings, to the Senator from Wisconsin, as one of the have been too many precedents to can­ best of the recollection of the Senator moving forces in the investigation, vass here this evening. I merely make from Connecticut, has never arisen for should have the right to examine wit- the statement that it has been done time discussion in the .committee, but only nesses-the same courtesy that has been and again, and I can see no reason the question as to whether the Senator extended time and again to other Sen- for making any exception in this would be permitted to examine directly at-ors who were not members of a par- instance. instead of submitting any. questions he ticular committee examining into a sub- Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will might have to the chairman of the com­ ject. I have taken that position con- the Senator yield? · · · · mittee. As the Senator knows, that is sistently, and I shall continue to take it Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield for a the attitude taken by the committee in both in and out of the committee, in this question. open hearings. I hope that clears the matter. I want that clearly understood. Mr. McCARTHY. In order .that the matter up. At least, that is my recol- Any question of the exclusion of the Sen- RECORD may be kept straigl;lt, the Sena­ lection of it. . ator from Wisconsin, or of the refusal to tor from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS] said Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will let him ask questions, did not go to the that, upon the return of the Senator the Senator yield? · point of decision, but went only to the from Connecticut [Mr. McMAHON], he Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield for a point of getting a full committee to- submitted to the committee .the question question. · gether before the decision was made. of whether the Senator from Wisconsin Mr. McCARTHY. I should like to ask Mr. BREWSTER and Mr. McCARTHY would be allowed to be present in execu- · the Senator from Iowa, in view of the addressed the Chair. tive session while witnesses were being statement.."l of the Senator from Con­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the questioned. When the Senator from necticut-for which i: thank him very Senator from Iowa yield; and if so, to Connecticut returned to the floor he said much-whether he will not, in the in­ whom? -and I wish the Senator would listen terest of getting the witnesses, the Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield to the to this, if he will, since I should like to valuable witnesses, to appear and testify, Senator from Maine for a question. have· the RECORD straight on this-the at the next session bring up the motion Mr. BREWSTER. Is my recollection only question submitted after he reached and make it very clear to the Senators not correct that the Senate Committee the committee was the question whether present-I understand the vote was 3 to on Foreign Relations has accorded this the Senator from Wisconsin should have 2 this noon-that if they persist, that is, courtesy rather generally to Senators, in the right to cross-examine. Those are if the committee persists in the decision matters as to which they were particu- two completely different questions. not to allow me even to be present-- Iarly interested or concerned? I am re- I may say that the rig·ht.to be present Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will ferring particularly to an episode last at executive sessions when my witnesses the Senator let me interrupt? year when I think the distinguished are being examined is very important, Mr. McCARTHY. Yes. chairman of the Foreign Relations Com- in that it has a very direct bearing upon Mr. McMAHON. The Senator has just mittee adopted that procedure. my ability to get witnesses. The other said "If the committee persists" in deny­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I remember question, the question of my right to ing the Senator the right to be ·present. those occasions. It is not my purpose at cross-examine, has an entirely different In order to persist, it is necessary to this time to talk at any length, nor to importance; that is, it bears upon the im­ have had a previous course of action. discuss various incidents. But I recall, portance of allowing me to assist the Mr. McCARTHY. I thank the Sen­ as we all recall, many cases in which committee in developing the facts. I ator. Senators who were not official members shall therefore appreciate very much Mr. McMAHON. To my recollection, of the committee were accorded the priv- . ~ having· the RECORD clear now as to wheth- the only thing that has ever been de:, 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5707 cided, as I told the Senator, was not to do. I shall endeavor to follow that If I am wrong, the Senator from Mary­ the question of his right to be present. determination until the end of the in­ land can correct me. So far as the Senator from Connecticut vestigation, so that I can at least satisfy I was not at the meeting during the is concerned~ I have never voted on that my conscience. When I sign the report, first few minutes this morning. I met question. The question was on whether which I hope wm be a unanimous report, the assistant counsel, Mr. Morris, in the the Senator shoUld be permitted to ex­ it must be in accordance with the con­ subway as I was coming to the committee amine directly, or should submit his science of the Senator from the State of meeting. He was getting off the car as questions, that is, any questions that Connecticut. I was getting on it. He said, ''I have occurred to him, through the chairman Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will been excluded from the executive meet- · of the committee. the Senator yield? ing." I said, "What is the trouble?" or Mr. McCARTHY. I thank the Sena­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield for a something of that kind. He said, "The tor for the correction. Let me restate question. I am being diverted, Mr. chairman asked me to leave." I said, it this way: In view of the fact that President, from the real thing I wanted 'Well, I do not like that." He said, "He the Senator from Maryland this fore­ to say when I rose. I am a little off the asked me to leave." I said, "Well, I will noon refused to present the question­ track, but I shall yield to the Senator see what the trouble is." So I went to that is, the question relating to my right from Wisconsin for a brief question, so the meeting. The chairman explained to be present, not to cross-examine­ that I may finish what I have to say. it in this way: He said he felt that it was until the Senator from Connecticut was Mr. McCARTHY. Am I correct in not a place for the entire staff, but that present; in view of the fact that the stating that the committee excluded the only the chief counsel should be present, Senator from Maryland apparently feels minority's counsel not only from the and he had asked the assistant counsel that he did present that question, while right to cross-examine any witnesses, to leave. I felt differently about it. Mr. the Senator from Connecticut was pres­ but also the right to be present in execu­ · Lattimore was there, as was his counsel. ent, and so stated on the floor, I now tive session, but that it allowed the ma­ Mr. Budenz was there. The Senator ttsk the Senator from Iowa, as the senior jority counsel to be ptesent and to cross­ from Wisconsin was there. I personally minority Member, whether he will not, examine? felt, and, I think, sincerely, that the before the next executive session, bring Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, assistant counsel should have been per­ up that matter so as to make sure that I am . very hesitant to go into matters mitted to remain. The matter was dis-: every Senator present realizes he is vot­ which have occurred in executive ses­ cussed at some considerable length, and ing, not on the question of whether I sion, when there have been disputes as the committee then officially decided shall have the right to cross-examine­ to certain things-which have been satis.: that Mr. Morris could attend the com­ though I think it is important-but upon factorily resolved. · I was not present mittee meetings. my right to be present? during the first 15 minutes of the meet­ That is generally the story. I niay say that if the committee con­ ing this morning. I will say that before Mr . . KNOWLAND. Mr. President, tinues to deny nie that right-and that the meeting ended, however, at noon, will the Senator yield? right was denied by the chairman this minority counsel was accorded the right Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield for a morning, the Senat-or will understand­ to attend the executive session. question. then I shall have no choice but to take Mr. McCARTHY. Will the Senator Mr. KNOWLAND. As a Senator who some action to attempt to develop the answer this question? I think it is very is not a member of the committee and facts perhaps on the Senate floor, becaus~ who is trying to keep an open mind until I know what difficulty I have experienced important to the Senate and to the coun­ all the facts are developed, I should like in the past in getting witnesses. If I try. Am I correct in stating that the to ask this question: Was Mr. Morris, cannot even be present while my wit.;. Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS], the assistant counsel, duly selected by nesses are on the stand, I shall have without any committee action,' in the the committee at the request of the much more · difficulty in getting them. absence of the Senator from Iowa, in minority members? In other words, is I should like 'to ask the Senator from the absence of the Senator from Con­ he officially holding the position of asso,. Iowa to push that question, and I cer­ necticut, and in the absence of the Sena­ ciate counsel? tainly would not be a verse to knowing tor from Massachusetts, took it upon Mr. HICKENLOOPER. He is assist­ how the Senator from Connectlcut would himself to eject the minority counsel ant counsel and was recommended by regard such a motion at the next session. from the committee room? I think that the minority members of the committee. Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will is something which the Senate and the He is officially assistant counsel, with the Senator yield? country should know. Mr. Morgan as the chief counsel of the Mr. HICKENLOOPER. For a ques­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I feel very subcommittee. deeply that in areas in which the sub­ Mr. KNOWLAND. As I understand tion. committee can completely agree, such Mr. McMAHON. The Senator from from the Senator's statement on the floor agreement should be sought and should of the Senate, the duly selected associate Wisconsin will know tomorrow, after the be reached. It has not been my inten­ Senator from Connecticut votes, how the counsel of the committee was excluded Senator fiom Connecticut voted on that tion to discuss any disagreements in the from the session while, at the same time, question. It will be no secret at all from committee, but I do not want to leave the counsel for Mr. Lattimore was attend­ the Senator from Wisconsin, from the any mysterious clouds around the sub­ ing the committee meeting. Is that what Members of the Senate, or ffom the committee as to what went on. I am I am to understand? people of the United States. I have no sorry the Senator from Maryland is not Mr. HICKENLOOPER. It is a little desire to keep secret any action of mine present. I do not like to make state­ complicated. At the time Mr. Morris in connection with the investigation. I ments in his absence about committee was excluded, or was asked to leave the shall try, I say to the Senator from Wis­ action, but in view .of the fact that the executive meeting, it was shortly after consin, with some difficulty, it is true, matter has been bandied around, I think 10:30 this morning. Counsel for Mr. to refrain from making comments on the it is only fair. Lattimore, and Mr. Lattimore, were per­ Senator's case until the evidence is in. I see the Senator from Maryland now mitted to remain for a substantial period I shall not, except :under the most severe entering the Chamber. I had just stated of time until it was determined that they provocation, be drawn into a diScussion that I hesitated to make statements in should themselves leave the meeting. of the matter on lhe floor of the Senate the absence of the Senator from Mary­ I say that I disagreed with the action until, in the opinion of the Senator from land, and I thought that wherever areas of the committee in excluding Mr. Morris, Connecticut, it is pro.per to discuss it of agreement could be reached, they and there was pertinent discussion of there. I shall endeavor not to be goaded should be properly reached. · · the matter and it was canvassed all into making comments on the matter. I The question of coinmittee counsel, around. The. net result was that action think that is the way the investigation especially minority counsel, has been by the committee was taken and Mr. should be carried on. We have been bandied around a little bit, and I have Morris was then authorized to attend the given by the Senate a very disagreeable been asked some pointed questions about meetings of the subcommittee. That is job to do, and it is our obligation, under it which I at first said I would rather not the story on that question. our oaths, to do it. I want · to assure answer, but I actually think for the gen­ Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the the Senate, which I think needs no such eral good I perhaps should answer them. Senator yield? assurance, that that is what I intend so there will be no mystery about it. Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield. 5708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 25 ,,..,;. I Mr. TYDINGS. Leaving this matter Mr. Morgan cross-examined Mr. Budenz. Morris, assistant counsel, might ·have aside for a moment, I · may. be misin- He asked him perhaps 20 or 25 questions. ~ome questions to a$k Mr. Budenz; I do formed, oecause I was not present at the His demeanor was calm. Mr. Budenz not recall at· the moment-I think the time, but I understand that one of the was given ample time to answer all ques­ record will show-whether it was put to Senators this afternoon said that Mr. tions, as the record will show. a vote at that time. I do recall the Budenz was viciously cross-examined. In addition to what I have just said, chairman's stating that Mr. Morris would Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I do not be- in response to something a reporter not be accorded the right to ask ques­ lieve that referred to the meeting this asked Mr. Budenz upstairs in my pres- tions. That is the last time the specific . afternoon. ence, Mr. Budenz did not complain about question came up. Undoubtedly it will . Mr. TYDINGS. To what meeting did his cross examination, referring himself be raised again, but it did not come up it refer? · directly to that phase of the matter. today. Mr. HICKENLOOPER. r came in late So, Mr. · President, if Mr. Budenz is Mr. McCARTHY. · Mr. President, will h t satisfied, it seems to me all other people the Senator yield? during the statements. 1 came ins or ly who are dissatisfied are going out of their after the Senator from Maryland arrived. . Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Yes. h th f way to hamper the investigation. I may Mr. McCARTHY. In view of the fact It is my understanding t at ose re er- say, Mr. President, if we are to have ·dis- that the Senator from Maryland is now ences were to the open hearings. cussions on the ftoor of the Senate about on the ftoor-- Mr. TYDINGS. If they were, the Sen- everything that takes place in the com- Mr. HICKENLOOPER. · Please do not ator from Maryland asked Mr. ~udenz mittee, while we are trying to run this only four questions. Furthermore, I ll mix me up again with the Senator from should like to say that Mr. Budenz had thing down, we may very we 1ose some Maryland, because, if that . should people whom we could catch. One can­ happen, the Senator from Maryland and to come back for his hat and coat just a not be in two places at the same time. the Senator from Wisconsin will keep me few moments ago, while I was talking to Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will on my feet for another half hour. I wish members of the press, and Mr. Budenz, the Senator from Iowa yield for a ques- to sit· down. I have only a few things of his own volition, said to the members tion? to say. of the press present, "I had very cour- Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I rose to make Mr. McCARTHY. What I am about teous treatment from this committee.'' a 2-minute statement. I have not yet to ask the Senator is important enough So I should like to get a little truth into got around to making my short state­ for him to remain on his feet even if it some of the misrepresentations which ment. I intended originally to yield for means keeping the Senator on his feet have been ft.owing out of the committee. a question. for another full hour. In view of the If the Senator will bear with me half a · Mr. McCARTHY. I have two ques­ fact that the Senator from Maryland is minute more-- tions. Am I correct in understanding on the ftoor, in view of the fact that he Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, that the minority counsel, while now had previously informed the Senate that is the Senator indicating in the slightest having been granted the right to attend upon the return of the Senator from Con­ degree that I have misrepresented any- executive sessions, is still denied the right necticut he had submitted to the com­ thing in my statement? to examine any witnesses, or to ask any mittee the question of whether or not I Mr. TYDINGS. No; I had no refer- _questions of any witnesses? would be allowed to be present during ence to any statement made by the Sen- Mr. HICKENLOOPER. In answer, executive sessions when my witnesses ator from Iowa. It was the Senator who Mr. President, I will say that I do not were testifying; in view of the fact that was speaking, or some other Senator. I care to consider Mr. Morgan, Mr. Morris, the Senator from Maryland said that a was not here. However, I should like to or anyone else as minority or majority vote had been had upon the question and say that what I have recounted just now counsel. I would rather consider them that the committee had denied me the happened upstairs a few moments ago. to be counsel who are attempting to do right, and· in view of the fact that the Mr. Budenz, in the . presence of repre- a vigorous job, cleaving right down the Senator from Connecticut subsequently sentatives· of the ·three press associations, line in an investigative procedure. came on the ftoor and said it was not ·said that he has been courteously treated Mr. McCARTHY. Let me rephrase true, I .now ask the Senator from Iowa by. the committee. Certainly he has the question· if he does not think that before the next ·been courteously treated. He has been Mr. HICKENLOOPER. The fact is executive session it would be well to bring ·given every consideration. He has been that Mr. Morgan, as chief counsel, was that matter before the subcommittee and asked to present any testimony he can, recommended and selected by the ma- · get final action on it? give any information he can, name any jority members; and the minority mem­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Pres­ names he can, give us anything at all bers said, "All right. If you want him, ident, I have already clearly stated my which will help us with the investigation. that's all right with us.''. Mr. Morris position. I have expressed myself re­ ·, Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I am . per- was selected by the entire committee on peatedly as believing that the Senator 'fectly willing to testify that Mr. Budenz, the recommendation of the minority from Wisconsin should have the right in his appearance before the subcom- members of the committee. Mr. Morris of cross-examination, especially with mittee this afternoon and before lunch, was not accorded the right to ask ques­ reference to witnesses which he has pro­ was in his treatment by the committee, tions at the last open hearing. No at­ duced in specific cases. I do not want ·accorded complete courtesy. Mr. Budenz tempt was made today to have Mr. to make an issue of this matter, but as and no one else can complain. Morris ask any questions. At this hear- to whether or not the Senator from Wis­ Mr. BREWSTER. I was present in ing the issue did not come up. So I do consin could remain in executive session the Senate. I do not think either of the not know what the attitude of the com­ this morning, that question was thrashed two other Senators was present. The mittee will be. I personally think, as I about quite a little bit, and just as we criticism, as I understood, of the Senator thought the other day, that any member were breaking up to go to lunch, as the who was speaking, who was the Senator .of counsel should be permitted to ask Senator froi:n Connecticut said a moment from Indiana [Mr. JENNER], was not questions in his turn if they occur to ago, there were several of us out in the directed to the committee. It was of the him in the examination. hall and the chairman asked us to come cross examination, as he termed it, by Mr. McCARTHY. Am I correct in back. There was no formal vote taken committee counsel. I was not present in ·understanding. that the committee took on the question. As I recall, the chair­ the committee, so I shall not undertake ·action to deny Mr . .Morris the right to man merely said, "Is there any change to characterize it. Opinions might differ. ask any questions of any witnesses, and of policy on the question of Senator I want the Senator from Maryland to that as of now that action still stands? McCARTHY'S staying in the executive know, however, that I believe the :-= enator Mr. HICKENLOOPER. The action of meeting? Is there any change in"-­ ·from Indiana did not criticize the con- the committee is this: The matter did Mr. TYDINGS. Cross-examining. duct of the committee or of the cross 'not come up in executive session. The Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I cannot re­ examination by the Senator from Mary... ·only time it .came up, I believe, was dur­ call whether the Senator said cross-ex­ land. _,:i;,. ing the last open hearing when, after amining, but I would not dispute his Mr. TYDINGS. I thank the Senator. · Mr. Morgan, chief counsel, had com­ . word at all. Everyone was in a hurry If the Senator from Iowa will yield fur- pleted questioning Mr. B~denz, I sug­ and no one said anything. My position ther, I will say that I was_present when gested in open hearing that perhaps Mr. is well known, _and the position of every 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5709 member is well known. · It was not put partment. I assume that factor alone could The Senator from Maryland has told to a formal vote. The chairman said, be considered the principal basis for their the Senate that President Truman was "I guess there is no change in sentiment." separation. "ready, willing, and anxious to try to So we all went to lunch. There was no 4. With respect to the 79 thus separated, give us the files." The Senator from formal vote. the following break-down is submitted: Maryland added that the President later Aliens------26 Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will Failure to comply with foreign-service said, "What am I to do? I do not want the Senator Yield for an insertion in the regulations, such as citizenship for 15 to go back on the advice of Mr. Hoover, RECORD? · years prior to foreign assignment and who is unalterably opposed to furnish­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield to the other reasons disqualifying the indi­ ing the files." Senator. vidual for service abroad______13 The President, in a speech before the Mr. McCARTHY. I now ask unani­ Close connections or involvement with Federal Bar Association last night, simi­ mous consent to have inserted in the foreign governments or their organs, larly quoted Mr. Hoover and two others past records, indicating a high degree RECORD at this point a letter dated July of security risk, etc______40 as "recommending to ine in the strongest 26, 1946, addressed to "Dear Adolph," possible terms that I refuse to make the signed by James F. Byrnes, a letter about Total______79 files available." He had to concede, which I had told the Senator from Mary­ however, that "The decision was mine, The Department is equally concerned with and I made it.,. land previously. I explained to him that disclosing subversive activities or associa­ this letter was used in all the talks I tions of an kinds, whether Communist, Mr. President, let us look at the record. made. I explained to him it contained Nazi, or Fascist, of any employee, present or What did Mr. Hoover really say? Here a very clear indication of 205 individu­ prospective. are his exact words before the subcom­ als who, were left in the State Depart­ 5. Because o! the security considerations mittee on March 27. He said: ment, even though the President's own involved in the mission of the screening com­ The question o! opening the files of the board said they were bad security risks. mittee, I ·do not feel at liberty to disclose FBI involves a grave matter of principle. I asked the Senator from Maryland to publicly the identity of its membership. In taking the position that the flles of the This committee, incidentally, has no power FBI should remain inviolate, I would not, of find out what their names were. I tele­ or authority to eliminate anyone from em­ graphed the President and suggested he course, presume to discuss files other than ployment in the State Department. It simply those of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. find out their names. The Senator from makes recommendations which the Assistant Maryland has not done that, for some Secretary for Administration may accept or In other words, Mr. Hoover referred reason, and I think it is not too mysteri· reject in whole or in part in the light of all only to his own files. He had nothing to ous. the relevant evidence. do with suppression of other Government The Senator from Maryland persists I hope what I have said above corrects any loyalty files. So let us keep the record If misapprehensions which you may have en­ in toying with the figures 205 and 57. tertained as to the Department's personnel straight so that the public can judge. he will take this letter and read it, and policy. Like any other administrative mech­ I call to the attention of Senators the take the copy of my speech in the REC­ anism, it ls not perfect. However, I am en­ fact that running all through the re­ ORD, he will know I do not have the tirely clear that it has been fair to the De­ fusal to give five Members of the Senate, names of the 205. I sent the President partment's employees in its operation. It is constituting a special subcommittee, the a telegram during the Ljncoln Day tour my firm intention to see that it remains right to examine the loyalty files of cer­ asking him to get those names. I told ~air. tain people against whom suspicion has him in the telegram I had the names of Sincerely yours, been .cast and charges have been made, the 57. So that if the Senator mentions JAMES F. BYRNES. there is an excuse which is not justified. this again, there can be no doubt in his Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, If Senators will read the statements of mind. I should like to complete what I have to the President and of others, they_ will The PRESID!NG OFFICER. Is there say, which ·will take me only a couple of :find that they say that the disclosures of objection to the request of the Senator minutes. these files would be bad for the investi­ from Wisconsin? In the first place, I desire to make clear gative system. So far as I know, no hu­ There being no objection, the letter that there are many opinions pro or con man being in the Senate has ever asked was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, on many matters in connection with this that any of these files be disclosed. as follows: case which I should not express. I am l'here is not anyone,. on the committee DEPARTMENT OF STATE, still on the jury, as a member of the or o1I the committee, who wants to make Washington, July 26, 1946. subcommittee. I do not think I should public disclosure of the files or any part DEAR ADOLPH: I have yours of May 24 ex­ make up my mind and form any positive of them, so far as ·r know. The only pressing your concern with respect to cer­ conclusions about many of these mat­ thing that llas been asked is that five tain allegations made on the floor Of the ters, or take positive positions on mat­ Members of the Senate of the United House to the effect that "hundreds if not thousands of employees have been elimi­ ters of evidence at this time, and I shall States, sitting as an officially appointed nated from the State Department by the not do that. At the proper time and subcommittee under a resolution of the screening committee because of communistic under the proper circumstances I shall Senate, be permitted to examine, in se­ leanings or activities or membership." Such not hesitate to express my opinions, cret, if you please, the investigative and statements are incorrect and do a grave in­ whatever they may be at the moment, the loyalty files of certain persons who justice not only to the employees of the De­ a.bout the entire matter. But at the are charged, or against whom strong partment but to Government employees as present moment I do not want to be un­ suspicion has been cast by certain a whole, the great majority of whom are loyal derstood as discussing the merits or the charges, of either disloyalty or of being American citizens. I therefore welcome this opportunity to answer your specific questions demerits of the case. bad security risks. Yet the publicity in the order in which they are presented. I do wish to clarify one matter, Mr. goes out on every refusal that somebody 1. Pursuant to Executive order, approxi­ President, which has nothing to do with wants to disclose these files, to open them mately 4,000 employees have been trans­ the merits or demerits of evidence, but up to the public, but no one at any time, ferred to the Department of State from vari­ I think it has much to do with the me­ in the Senate or on any of its commit­ ous war agencies such as the OSS, FEA, OWI, chanics of the investigation. tees, ·that I know of, has ever suggested OIAA, etc.; of those 4,000 employees, the case that they be made public or open to the histories of approximately 3,000 have been I think we should stop confusing the subjected to a preliminary examination, as a. American people. The American people public. result of which a recommendation agai~st are profoundly disturbed by the Alger Mr. President, we showed the other permanent employment has been made in Hiss case, for instance. They demand a day in an open hearing that between 700 284 cases by the screening committee to fair and a thorough inquiry into whether and 800 people in the various loyalty which you refer in your letter. Communists remain on the Government boards throughout the United States and 2. Of the 284 individuals who have been pay roll. Five United States Senators, on the personnel staffs have full access the subject of adverse recommendation as making the present inquiry as the direct to all the files which are necessary for indicated in ( 1), above, the services of 79 representatives of the people, have been have been terminated. them to have in their particular areas. · · 3. Of the 79 actually separated from the denied access to the Government's loy­ So that there is nothing sacred about service; 26 were aliens and therefore under alty files. Now an attempt is being made. these files so far as 700 or 800 people "political disability" with respect to employ­ in my opinion, to blame FBI Director J. are concerned. Do not misunderstand ment in the peacetime operations of the De- Edgar Hoover for that refusal. me, Mr. President. I do not say that 5710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .... ;::.~·)f~~ · · · .•: !:~tlf '• •t ... ' ~~:. ·~·\:,. ..,.:.:· ~.fto'-~""*'" "J- . . •'f'".;i.~9\"'t· • -4~~... .. these 700 or 800 people have access to I do not think anyone will charge the Berlin, and, if it takes place, no one can all the loyalty files of the Government, Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. GREEN] predict its final conclusion. but there is a group of at least seven with being flannel-mouthed about public Across the waters, in the Pacific, things or eight hundred people, including clerks secrets. have happened which give us all pause. and stenographers, who have access to As to the Senator from Massachusetts Communism, inspired from without the loyalty and to the investigative files [Mr. LODGE], there could be no more loyal quite often but active from within, is in connection with the personnel in their or able citizen or Member of this body. fomenting disturbances in many coun- areas and in their . departments. -- He is one whose patriotic experience en- tries all over the world. Yet five Members of the Senate of the titles him to the highest degree of trust. · I have made these few general -state- United States, appointed especially to .... ~ Those four gentlemen, leaving out mY.- ments to lay a foundation for an en­ look into this matter, are refused and self, can be utterly trusted with ~ecrets treaty to · this great body of men, the denied permission to examine secretly. that· rise so much higher in importance Senate of the United States. the files involving the persons who, the to the people of the United states and Mr. President, we have been taking our Senator from Wisconsin states under the destiny of the United states. Yet time here f.or a long while today debating his responsibility as a Senator, will lay we cannot look secretly at the loyalty files · things ·that, first, never occurred, as to the foundation and produce the evi- to determine whether or not the senator whether ·an assistant counsel, of which dence to support the very serious charges from Wisconsin is right when he says we have four, should be in a committee Which he makes. many things will be found in these files room, or be out of it; as to whether this I do not know all.the evidence in these that he cannot-produce.- I say, Mr. Pres- .fogk place or that took place as a matter cases, but I do say that it is a very spe- ident, it simply is not logical. It does not . of procedure; as to .. whether or not the cious argument, when all manner of per- hold water. I think it is a disservice ·to committee voted this way on some phase sons in the Government service are per- the senate of the United states and to of its investigation. mitted access to loyalty and to investi- the public, and a disservice to the people Mr. President, I never saw five men-I gative files in their· particular . depart- individually who are involved. I am in should say four, to . eliminate myself, ments and areas, to say that five Sena- thorough disagreement with the policy. though I take the liberty of inCluding tors shall be denied the right to examine If anyone proposed to make these files myself-more ·devoted and :more anxious secretly those files in connection with public, I :would . defend ~ their secrecy as to.sift every bit of evidence. in· this case, charges .the. seriousness of. whi'ch is well much· as would. anyone ·else. But I have than the committee . of which I happen known to everybody in the United States. seen many investigative -files. -The Sen- to be chairman, and .which is presently . Again I want to emphasize that no one ator from Connecticut has seen many engaged in that undertaking. We are has asked that these files be .made pub- investigative files. The Senator from trying to do it as everyone else . .would , lie; no one .has.even suggested that they: Maryland has seen many secret docu- · do it, 'Qecause any other committee would be made public. The Director. of the - ments and secret files. . have the same pr'bblem we have. · We are FBI, Mr. Hoover, has never . said any- ·_ I think a mistake is being made; Mr. proceeding in good fellowship. Our dis­ thing about turning over the files of- any. President. 1 think it. is a mistake not agreements are · relatively minor-not department except l;lis own .. I do not. only in the public 'interest but in the inore than happen in any other commit­ believe the . President of the United. interest of 'the Government and in. the tee-and · we are proceeding toward an· ·States is justified in attempting to blame interest of the individuals who are jn-· objective, to wit. If there are Commun- his refusal to turn over the loyalty files valved. It is entirely possible that all _ ists in our Government, let tis get them in other departments. upon Mr. Hoover, out - . . , the n1·rector of the FBI. I feel that' i·s a theseo:r the matters other in could the bepublic resolved 1nterest one· wayand · 1' am a l'ttl1 e f or1 orn, a ft er·many h ar d ·matter which has been greatly confused, in fairness to individuals in a very short days' ·work on this matfer. Believe nie, ' 1 and I believe the record should be kept I have worked hard on it. The Senator straight about it. I think a disservice is time if the ill-advised policy which pre- froin Wisconsin [Mr. McCARTHY], who , being done to · pubiic confidence · when vents our seeing the files in secrecy were J0 ust· left the Cfiambei', has no idea · of I changed and a little -comin:on sense .and . these f).ve Senators are refused the right, practicality were introduced into the the amount of time and· investigation I secretly and in confidence, to examine· matter. have put on this subject. As· I said a the files. .. 1 Mi'. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I could few days ago, I was up for 2 nights, one ! The Senator from Maryland [Mr. TY· prolong the debate and the controversy. until half past one and another until a DINGS] possesses as ·many public secrets quarter · of two work1'ng on clues and as any man in the Senate, if not more. by referring to things which have hap- procedures that' might turn up some- He is in an utterly.trusted position. Few pened here this afternoon, but they are thipg', if it "7as th~re. · • . inen in or out of Government are trusted so small .in proportiqn to the situation Faced with this great threat from with higher sec.rets than· the Senator which confronts the country and the without; .I ask my colleagues in the future from Maryland. I trust him as a Mem- world that I . am not going to touch on to eliminate the petty bickering as to he United States them at the moment. But for a very .h th . t t 't . th ber Of the Senate Of t short period-because the subcommittee w e er an ass1s an counse1 s1 s m e,i and as a loyal public official. I have con..- will have another meeting at 7 o'Clock,· subcommittee room or does not sit there. fldence that the Senator from Maryland and I hope I may get a chance to eat be- The subcommittee has four assistant can look into these files. without anyone counsels. Should we ask all of them to feeling that he will break into the news- fore then-I want to leave a few thoughts be present in the subcommittee room? for the Members of the Senate who are papers and publish what is in them. · present. The other day a ruthless and They are appointed to investigate, not to The Senator from Connecticut [Mr. callous intrigue called a country shot sit in the hearing room to be entertained McMAHON], as Chairman of the Joint down an unarmed American plane and with the evidence. I have no objection Committee on Atomic Energy, has access took the Jives of great American_uni- to· having the assistant counsel who has to loyalty files and to secrets that ·are 10 been referred to sit there, but we have much higher than personnel secrets in formed men. In times gone by I suppose ~ork to do. There is no use in having any loyalty or any other kind of files. an incident of that kind would have the Senate instruct us · to investigate The Senator from Connecticut has never more quickly evoked action on the part these matters, and then have counsel sit gone out wearing his information on his of our people. But 1 suppose there-had in the subcommittee room and listen to sleeve and telling what is in the secret to be the larger calculation for the evidence, rather than go out and run files of the Government, or what any moment of . whether or not more harm down the clues. .:. secret programs may be which come to than good might come from precipitant I say that, not in criticism, but by way his attention, as plenty of them do. action. While our note of protest over of explanation, only to drive home this 1 I have served in the same capacity as _, this outrage was strong, it was rebuffed, point. · the Senator from Connecticut, as chair· -:1• 1~ effect, by the country to which it wa~ J't - If the Senate, which instructed the man of the Joint Committee on Atomic •' directed. · . · !~ subcommittee to do this work, wishes it Energy, I know how much work there ,{>'- ,.. I have learned from the press that to be done, and to be done, so far as I has . to be done by one in· that position, -: late in May plans are afoot by the same ~-i am concerned, with all the capacity- at how . much work goes through one's . organization of intrigue to. start ·· and ~~~ my command; when I am giving· prac·­ hands. provoke a great riot in th~ streets ·of ~ Heally all of my time, almost every· day, 1950 CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD-SENATE 5711 to pursuing the objective the Senate has should not obscure that job by bringing truth speak for itself. Let us end this directed me to pursue, certainly I can­ in incidental matters, for we can take political' bickering. not work on that job and do it properly care of them when we have more time Mr. President, I say now what I have if I am to be attacked on the basis of to do so. said before: let the chips fall where they false premises, while I am working in the Mr. President, we are pursuing the may, but let us have the truth for our subcommittee room, interrogating the Communist phase of this matter. We authority, rather than the authority for very witness who is thought to be so im­ have only so many hours each day which the truth. There is too much authority portant in connection with this entire we can devote to it. on the outside for the truth, and not investigation. If that is going to be I appeal to my colleagues, to the press, enough truth for the authority, in the done, it will tend, more than anything and to the American p~ople to let us deliberations of the subcommittee and els.e, to kill the hearing. alone, and let us go through with the in conn'ection with its ramifications and There are some matters which must investigation. its impact on the country. be followed up with reasonable dispatch I no sooner came out of the subcom­ In every case we have summoned, as in order to reach the end that is desired. mittee room this afternoon than I was soon as the committee could find time We cannot let 2 or 3 days or a week go by, met by several representatives of the to do so, any witness whose testimony after we have started on a certain phase press, who said to me, "I understand before the subcommittee has been re­ of the matter. Evidence must be that 'the finger' has been put on a mem­ quested by anyone. There has not been an::Jyzed quickly, and the available force ber of the subcommittee" for t)lis, that, a single instance of failure on the part must be assigned to it, before the evi­ or the other-designating a certain in­ of the subcommittee to issue orders to dence for which we are searching is gone. cident. its staff to run down to the end of the So I ask my colleagues to stop being I do not care to comment on whether road any piece of evidence which bas Democrats or Repuplicans, if any of us it is true or false; I shall not do so. I been submitted by anyone. The door of are such, as regards this matter. In the do not want anyone to draw any infer­ the subcommittee room is wide open. If face of this urgent threat, let us close ences about it from what I am about to anyone knows 205 card-carrying Com­ ranks. I ask all Senators to give the say. munists now in the State Department subcommittee their support. However, from talking to representa­ and known to Secretary Acheson, as has I am only the chairman of· the sub­ tives of the press, I know that sometimes been alleged, let that person come for­ committee. In the subcommittee, any­ there appear in the newspapers, on the ward with the names and facts, and we thing that is proposed is always fairly following day, intimations regarding shall throw such persons out within the discussed and, I believe, is rather fairly things which we in the subcommittee week. If anyone knows 57 card-carry­ decided. Sometimes in the subcommit­ have barely begun to examine. Some­ ing Communists now in the State De­ tee I have voted with the Republican times such stories appear in the press partment and known to Secretary Ache­ members against the Democratic mem­ before we even can begin to look into the son, as has been alleged, let that person bers. The other day I voted in favor ·matter. Before we can examine into it, come forward and make those charges, of having open hearings, doing so when a big story appears in the newspapers, and we shall go into them; and if they otherwise the vote would have been blocking us from obtaining or making a are sustained, we shall throw out such equally divided, with one :r:arty member sound, intense, and deci&ive investiga­ persons. being on each side of that question. tion. If anyone knows 81 unsafe persons, I try to be'fair and impartial. So I ask my colleagues to have a little 81 security risks, the door to the sub­ However, if this continu~d harangu­ patience with· us. We cannot please committee room is open, and let that ing and heckling continues on the floor everyone. person come forward with his evidence. of the Senate, it will only prevent us from I have served on committees ever But let us end this wild charging in finding a Communist who might be in since I have been in Congress, and fre­ the newspapers about something that is the State Department or anywhere else quently I have been displeased wtth the said to be in the files, files which not -in the Government. action or with the procedure. one Member of this body could possibly I ask Senators to give us a free hand However, we must move ahead. The have seen. How could any Member of and to give us. their cooperation. If they big and the important matter is not this body know what is in the files if no do, Senators can bet their bottom do!}ar whether it is Tuesday or Wednesday or Member of this body has ever seen them? that we will find everything that it is pos- whether there were six persons in the Yet the country is told what is in the files. sible to find: · subcommittee room or four persons in Baloney! How would anyone know what However, we cannot make real prog·­ the· subcomimttee room, or whether this is in the files? Has any Member of this ress if we continually are advised, "The person or that person was in it or was body, has any witness who has come subcommittee is being criticized on the out of it. The important matter and before- us, ever said, "I have seen the floor of the Senate, and you had better the important question is whether the files?" No. How can one tell what is in stop the hearing and go down to the f!oor subcommittee is trying to run down all them if he has not seen them? And, if of the Senate." the evidence. I say it is, just as quickly there are photos.tats, and one is sincere Mr. President, I do not know what next · as it can work to it. about it, why in the name of common month will bring forth. Present grave Mr. President, I am a little fed up with sense do not the photos.tats come into problems are perplexing all the peoples such stabbing in the back, when I am G-23, the committee room, where we can of the world. We may be swept off our devoting almost every hour of my time go over them? feet into a great adventure which cannot and every effort I can make and every I have some evidence which is very be finished until many months of toil, ounce of sincerity in my being and every pertinent to many things I have said here sacrifice, blood, and treasure have been desire of my heart to drive these infernal this afternoon, evidence which not an­ spent on the battlefield of war. Reds out of our Government, if they are other memb.er of the committee knows, I ask my colleagues to stop the con­ in it. up to now. It will be a rather interest­ tinual heckling of the subcommittee If this bickering in the press does not about homosexuals and other matters of stop, Senators will not find out what they ing bit of evidence, which I think will be that kind; and let us get down, first, to set out to find. If Senators are really supported amply; so those who are mak­ the matter of investigating any possible sincere, there will be more silence in the ing wild charges had better watch their ·disloyalty. Obviously, a man may have newspapers, and more of a basis for de­ step. the terrible disease which has been re­ terminations of fact in the deliberations Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, in the f erred to, and yet may not be a party to of the subcommittee. light of what has been said within the foreign espionage or may not be a party When we think of the developments past few minutes, I have decided to take to deliberately being disloyal to his Gov­ which may occur by next month and the floor for the first time in defense of ernment. Of course, it is a rislt to have all of their frightful possibilities, I say the position I have taken relative to the in the Government service persons who to the Senate, Mr. President, that we investigation of subversives, .not only are afflicted with that uisease. Never­ have worked together here through some respecting card-carrying Communists, theless, our first job is to get out of the stormy days. Let us close ranks. Let us but, in view of the statement made by the Government service the Communists and end this smallness, this littleness. Let distinguished Senator from Maryland, the Red spies. If we are sincere, we us dig in and get the truth, and let the about those who are making statements 5712 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENf.._TE APRIL 25 · I about homosexuals. I desire to make my who comes from the Middle West, and informed by the head· of a Government position plain. I have never said one unkindly thing agency that the man against whom the I have always admired the Senator about the man who occupies the Pres­ Senator from Wisconsin made a charge from Maryland .. I think he is a man of ident's Office. I differ with him, cer­ on the Senate floor this afternoon has great ability. He has much seniority. tainly. I do not agree with his socialistic :finally resigned, and his resignation is He sits on the most important commit­ program, and I intend to fight it to the going to be accepted within the next day tees. He can be trusted with secrets. last ditch; but I intend to be honorable or two. It is my belief that had the Sen­ But he has charged this afternoon that about it. ator from Wisconsin accomplished noth­ a great many reckless statements have Let me remind Senators that the Pres­ ing more than that one thing, it would been made. He has brought politics into ident charged that the Senator from be worth the effort, the chagrin, the em­ this matter with all the subtlety at his Wisconsin [Mr. McCARTHY], the Senator barrassment, the charges, and all .the command, and that is not the kind of from New Hampshire [Mr.·BRIDGESJ, and smear t'o which he has been subjected. investigation the American people seek, the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. I am proud to be associated with a man in the endeavor to eliminate subver­ WHERRY] were agents of the Kremlin. who is doing his level best to clear this sive elements from the Government. That was the most reckless statement country of Communists and moral per­ The Senator from Maryland does not ever made by a President of the United verts in the Government. ·have a corner on the truth; yet I say he States. Talk about reckless state­ That is not all. Mr. President, there is a very truthful man. But others of ments-how would any Senator like to will be other resignations. The one to us also are truthful. If the Senator rises have that said about himself? whom I have referred is not the only man on the :floor and makes a wild statement Mr. TYDINGS. I would not like it, if in high place in the Government who that someone has only given a part of the Senator will allow me to answer his the President said was not there. Alger the ligµt of truth, it is not becoming the question. Hiss would never have been thrown out dignity nor the respect nor the character Mr. WHERRY. It is the most reckless of Government had it been necessary to of this great man from Maryland; not at thing I ever heard. Let the President depend upon this administration. Alger all. So, if there have been any wild, prove it. I will put my patriotism, my Hiss would not be out of Government if reckless statements, believe me, Mr. Pres­ ·honor, my character, my religion against we had had to-depend upon Mr. Ach-eson ident, the [enator has contributed to that of other Senators, I care not who to clean his own house. them this afternoon. · they are, who are bragging about the So, Mr. President, ·1 shall continue as I did not hear any wild statements truth, bragging about their patriotism, an American citizen and as the junior ·made here, or statements that were abso- , and all that goes with it. I have cited Senator from N~braska to do everything · 1utely untruthful, by the Senator from · one reckless statement. What is the ·I can to clean out moral perverts and Indiana or by the Senator from Wiscon­ next one? subversives from Government; and I am sin, a man who has been smeared, a man Yesterday the President of the United Willing to be associated with any man who is fighting to the last ditch for his States said there was. neither a Commu..: who has the courage of his convictions own character. The Senator from Mary­ nist nor a subversive in Government that in an endeavor to accomplish that ob .. land has no corner on truth. He has no he knew about, and that, if there were, . jective. 1 corner on patriotism. Ah, he waves the he would discharge him. Very well. :flag whenever there is a crisis. He has There is a Committee on Appropria­ EXECUTIVE SESSION I no corner, Mr. President, if you please, tions which has worked on this matter Mr. .HOLLAND. Mr. "'President, I on committee investigations, either. for about 3 years, I may'say to the Sen­ move that . the Senate proceed to the Other committees of the Senate are do­ ator from Maryland. consideration of executive business. ing good work, and we are not having all Mr. TYDINGS. I have got it all. The motion was agreed to; and the the difficulty with them that we are hav­ Mr. WHERRY. I know something Senate proceeded to the consideration of ing with this one: If the Senator from about it. The junior Senator from Ne­ executive business. Maryland and his committee want to do braska was the man who handed 27 The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. 1 a jqb, as I have said before on the Senate names to Secretary Byrnes, who started WITHERS in the chair) . If there be no floor, they must forget the Senator from out to do a good fob. But those in charge reports of committees, the clerk will Wisconsin, they must forget whether it of the matter in the Department have state the nominations on the Executive is 57 names, 200 names, or whatever the been stymied. I know, because the sub­ Calendar. number may be. They must carry out committee of the Committee on Appro­ the provisions of the resolution and give priations has been doing a pretty good DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR the people of the United States of Amer­ job of investigating, since the Senator The Chief Clerk read the nomination ica full and complete investigation of has had this pantomine show in the Sen­ of Dillon S. Myer, of Ohio, to be Com­ persons in the Government who have ate caucus room. missioner of Indian Affairs. been or who are disloyal to the United Mr. TYDINGS. I suggest that if the The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ States of America. That is the mandate Senator will wait until it is over, he will out objection, the nomination is con.. of the Senate of the United States. find it was not a pantomine show. firmed. Mr. TYDINGS. And that is what we Mr. WHERRY. I am not going to UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE are doing. wait. It is a pantomime show, .and the Mr. WHERRY. Just a moment. I Senator cannot deny it. All that has The Chief Clerk read the nomination have the :floor. I am not going to yield been done is to try McCARTHY, who has of Gregory F. Noonan, of New York, to until I get through with these remarks. not even been given a chance to examine be United States district judge for the I have waited a long time . . I have been his witnesses. Witnesses have been al­ southern district of New York. patient. I was rather patient yesterday. lowed to come before the committee, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ I wanted to keep my mind open. But the :flag has been wrapped around them . out objection, the nomination is con­ many things have been said here, Mr. while they tell how their ancestors came firmed. President, which will have to be an­ over on the Mayflower. They are then UNITED STATES MARSHAL swered. "Reckless statements-reckless rubber-stamped and cleared, and that· is statements" we have heard. Ah, it is all there is to it. It is not an investiga­ The Chief Clerk read the nomination ringing in my ears. tion. It does not bear even the earmarks of Daniel N. McEniry to be United States Who made the most reckless statement of an investigation. marsh:ll for the southern district of that has ever been made, I think, by an I want to say now that the President Iowa. American citizen? I have always re­ was wrong, yesterday. There is a com­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without spected the Office of the President of the mittee which has been working just as objection, the nomination is confirmed. United States. It is the greatest office diligently as has this particular subcom­ Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I ask in the world. And I have always had a mittee, but not with fanfare, conducting that the Pre.c:;idrnt be notified of all nom­ wholesome respect for any man holding its hearings in executive sessions, the inations confirmed today. that office. That ls true today, and no best way they could. I am now privileged The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without one can deny it. I think highly of the to say-and I am going to say it-that objection, the President will be immedi­ personality of the First Lady of the land, within the last 30 minutes I have been ately notified. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5713 RECESS Gullion, Allen Wyant, Jr., 13726A. Robson, Brian Peart, 13802A. Hall, Zane Grey, 13824A. Ruby, Vincent Miller, 13913A. Mr. HOLLAND. An in legislative ses­ Hambrick, George Oakie, 13866A. 'Rudat, Fred Otto, 13825A. sion, I move that the Senate stand in re­ Hamilton, Richard Edelen, Jr., 13'176A. Russell, Thomas Pitkin 2d, 13863A. cess until 12 ·o'clock noon tomorrow. X Heath, Robert Handley, 13881A. Sarrett, Dale Thomas, 13734A. The motion was agreed to; and the Senate Hendon, Allen Hubert, 13907A. Scarborough, Hayward Earl, 13769A. took a recess until tomorrow, Wednes­ Hill, Kenneth Douglas, 13766A. Schramm, Ned, Jr., 13697A. day, April 26, 1950, at 12 o'cloclt Hinson, Joseph Arion Wayne, 137S5A. Scott, Charles Elliott, Jr., 13831A. Hojnacki, Joseph, 13855A. Scott, Ralph Meloy, 13680A. meridian. Holland, Clark Otheff, 13911A. Shaddix, Winans Cornell, 13804A. Humphrey, Lee, Jr., 13900A. Sherrill, Estes Bailey, 13859A. NOMINATIONS J ackson, Glen Eugene, 13823A. Shively, George Knox, 13839A. Executive nominations received by the Jackson, Thomas Terrell, 13716A. Smith, Hubert, Jr., 13710A. Senate April 25 (legislative day of Jacobs, Dan Jean, 13760A. Smith, James Bascom, 13747A. Jacobs, Eugene Warren, 13860A. Smith, Larry Wendell, 13902A. March 29), 1950: Jennings, William Morris, 13843A. Smith, Luther Jackson, Jr., 13736A. IN THE AIR FORCE X Jones, Joseph Wester, Jr., 18094A. Snyder, Richard Concklin, 13684A. The following-named officers for promo­ Kammerlohr, Morton Albert, 13815A. Sparrow, Harry Ira, 13787A. tion in the United States Air Force, under Kangas, John Francis, 13893A. Stanfield, Donald Neil, 13870A. the provisions of sections 502 and 509 of the Keeling, David Woodrow, 13898A. :XSteele, Gordon Hall, Jr., 13723A. Officer Personnel Act of 1947. Those officers Knowles, Harold Ferguson, 13678A. Stein, Winfield Marshall, 13813A. whose names are preceded by the symbol Kuertz, Robert Richard, 13765A. :x Stephens, William Loyd, 13914A. ( X) are subject to physical examination Lackens, Edwin Barger, 13912A. Stevens, Blythe Elmo, 13920A. required by law. All others have been ex­ Laedtke, Elmer Carl, 1389.0A. Stewart, Dana Woodfin, Jr., 13895A. amined and found physically qualified for X Lawrence, Ralph Brown, 13838A. Struble, Raymond Harlan, 13763A. promotion. Lawson, Delbert Romang, 13820A. Swaim, Howard Lee, l3812A. Leffel, Harold Samuel, 13834A. To be captains, USAF Taylor, Franklin Woody, 13689f\. Lemak, Frank, 13919A. Taylor, Vernon Johnson, 13868A. Anderson, John Richarq, 13762A. Lewis, Howard Jackson, 13851A. Thompson, Walter Reedy, 13792A. Aumer, Thurman Donald, 13857A. Lewis, Melford Walter, 13882A. Tistj.ale, James William, Jr., 13778A. Bailey, James Monroe, Jr., 13906A. Lindberg, Carl Albert, 13826A. Trail, Reo Clinton, 13768A. Barnett, J ames Willis, 13924A. X Maccauley, Hugh Bournonville, 13819A. Vance, Lewis Ingram, 13811A. Bashor, Owen Hale, 13871A. MacDougall, Joseph Elbert, 13775A. Waage; Amos Ernest, 13887A. Beall, Max Thompson; 13814A. MacKenzie, Robert Francis, 13779A. ·x Walls, Le E., 13905A. . Beauregard, Frank Raymond, 13758A. MacMullin, Robert John, 13696A. Walsh, Edward Joseph, Jr., 13712A. , Benevent, Foch Joseph, 13796A. McAdam, Richard Curry, 13679A. Walsh, Roy Michael, 13903A. :xBertholf, Donald Forrest, 13737A. McClure, Robert Dugald, 13714A. ·xward, John Davis, 13790A. Biedul, Chester Anthony, 13799A. McGregor, Jack Kenneth, 13717A. Watson, William Glenn, 13709A. Blair, Will Norville, 13886A. Mcintyre, Brandt, 13767A. Weil, Frank Phillip, 13875A. ;xBoulineau, Donald H., 13842A. Mcintyre, Donald Edwin, 13757A. Wheeler, Richard Vincent, 13702A. Boyles, Dixon Raymond, Jr., 13874A. McKinney, Walter Allen, 13816A. White, James Henry, 13861A. Bradley, Clyde William, Jr., 13856A. McLaren, John Paterson, 13741A. White, William Ted, 13798A. Brake, William Jasper, 13707A. McMullen,· Frank McCoy, 13681A. Williamson, Thomas Wilbur, 13753A. . Brose, Herbert Eric, 13878A. Mann, William Latimer, 13777A. Wilson, Mathew Robert, 13785A. 'XBrown, Charles Wesely, 13783A. Mansfield, Cliff DeForrest, 13849A. Wilson, Stephen Cheney, 13883A • . X Brown, Jerry Woodward, 13885A. Marsh, Franklin Charles, 13877A. Wilson, Theodore Allen, 13888A. IXBuck, Robert Earl, 13748A. Martin, William Wintle, 13682A. Winkel, John Leslie, 13923A. ':x BuerE1meyer, Wilfred Charles, .13745A. Mayo, William Everett, 13876A. Yockey; Donald Jay, 13921A. Bussells, Chatham Preston, 13738A. Meline, Ralph Edwin, 13848A. Yoder, Richard Allen, 13922A. Carpenter, James Robert, 13782A. Melvin, Robert Tolar, Jr., 13735A. Carr, William Francis, 13749A. Young, Earle Harrison, 13730A. Mish, Charles Clarke, 13828A. Ziegelgruber, Lee Roy, 13791A. Christensen, Louis Norgall, 13797A. Moffitt, Joseph Clark, 13810A. Zukerberg, Harry, 13869A. Colson, Carl Clayton, 13731A. Moore, Robert Bruce, 13781A. Condon, Robert Willlam, 13899A. Zuppann, Lloyd, Jr., 13685A. Morfit, Charles Beverly, 13896A. Zweifel, Harold John, 13773A. Conklin, William David, 13873A. Morgan, Thomas Elder, Jr., 13840A. Cox, Henry McNutt, Jr., 13909A. Munro, David Duncan 3d, 13706A. The following-named officers for promotion Craig, Charles White, 13867A. Myrick, Jesse 'Lee, 13880A. tn the United States Air Force "Qnder the Culp, Charles Henry, 13822A. Naylor, William Edward, Jr., 13690A. provisions of sections 502 and 508 of the Cunningham, Donal Blair, 13761A. Neubarth, Paul Richard, 13744A. Officer Personnel Act of 1947. Those officers Dargue, Donald Salmon, 13727A. Nicholson, Hubert Lamar, 13850A. whose names are preceded by the symbol X Dauteuil, Donat Francois, 13809A. X Novak, Jack Conrad, 13708A. are subject to physical examination required Davis, John McArthur, 13704A. Nutting, Elmer Wharton, 13807A. by law. All others have been examined and Dent, Richard Emil, Jr., 13854A. X O'Brien, Lawrence George, 13784A. found physically qualified for promotion. Deutsch, David Ernest, 13759A. Ogle, Sherman Levi, 13780A. To be first lieutenants, USAF Dowen, Ralph Harrison, Jr., 13818A. Oldfield, Charles Sheldon, 13901A. Drake, Donald Varner, 13805A. Oliver, Thomas Kilbury, 13677A. Anderson, Leland George, l 7695A. Dugi, August Henry, 13821A. Opper, LeRoy Charles, 13817A. Arnold, Howard Brown, Jr., 17651A. Dunn, William Edward, 13764A. Osborn, Carlos Ralph, 13844A. Babbitt, Robert Paul, 17581A. Duval, Don Woods, 13910A. O'Toole, Jerome Thomas, 13732A. Beckelman, Robert Allan, 17639A. Eastman, Phillips, Jr., l3p99~. Pachl, Ruel John, 13742A. Bellovin, Milton, l 7686A. Edwards, Paul Hartley, 13832A. Pamperien, Roka Doyal, 13752A. Bentley, Ralph Locker, 17611A. Estes; Melvin Anderson, 13746A. Parker, ·Richard =-~ enry, 13687A. Biggs, Buford Bernell, 17679A. F alk, David Mortimer, 13841A. Patterson, Edward Horace, 13845A. Blanchard, Felix Anthony, Jr., 17692A. Ferguson, James Harvey, 13801A. Patterson, John Vance, Jr., 13788A. Breedlove, James Montgomery, 17671A. Fielder, Benton, Jr., 13803A: Peck, Warren Kay, 13916A. Brennan, Herbert Owen, 17653A. Fisher, Alfred Kremer, 13729A. Peeblefi, Farley Edward, 13756A. Carpenter, William Spencer, Jr., 17667A. Fitzwater, Charles Edward, 13800A. Pennstrom, John Howard, Jr., 13751A. Chamberlain, Milton Jay, l 7603A. Fletcher, :J:Ienry Merritt, Jr., 13693A . . .X Phillips, Maurice Francis, 13830A. Christensen, Leland Dale, 17616A • Freeman, Elmer Clayton, 13915A. Philpott, Jammie Mendal, 13694A. X Ciamprone, William Carl, 19656A. Frisbie, Norman Horace, 13722A. Porter, George Erskin, 13904A. Coates, Arthur Emmett, Jr., 17675A. XFry, Wallace Jiles, Jr., 13743A. Porter, Jack Victor, 13846A. Cofield, Egbert Haildane, Jr., 17660A. .X Gaither, John Martin, 13892A. Prahler, Robert Henry, 13806A . Colburn, James Edward, 17649A. Galas, David Emanuel, 13695A. Price, Ernest Collier, 13701A. Coolbaugh, James Smith, 17584A. Garlitz, William Bryan, Jr., 13837A. Pugh, James Rival, Jr., 13711A. Cottongim, John Edward, 17626A. Gates, Floyd Alonzo, 13865A. :xRenth, Edward Julius, Jr., 13724A. Coyne, John Martin, Jr., 17688A. Gay, Greenwood George, 13794A. Riser, William Wallace, Jr., 13894A. Crowe, Forest Willard, 17587A. Gifford, William Edward, 13918A. '. >< Rhodes, Bernard Clair, 13858A. X Dell; George Martin, 17624A. Gorelangton, Eaton Arthur, 13715A. Ritter, Henry William, 13847A. Dicker, Gordon Kendrick, 17612A . . Green, James Allen, 13754A. Roberts, Benjamin Arthur, 13770A. Dunham, David Michael, 17663A. 5714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 25" Eberle, Harold Jacob, 17628A. Weaver, D::mglas Crowther, Jr., 17583A. ELIZABETH AND LAWRENC'E WONG Ehrlich, Robert Maxwell, 17697A. White, Robert Wilson, 17618A. Ellis, Angelo James, Jr., 17644A. X Wojciehoski, Gerald Joseph, 17609A. :M:r. WALTER.. Mr. Speaker, I ask Enos, James Walter, 17645A. Waldenberg, William James, 17668A. unanimous consent to take from the Farrier, Kenneth Howe, Jr., 17657A. Wright, Frederick Malcolm, 17659A. Speaker's desk the bill