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Amborellales Malvales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Acorales G Eenzaadlobbigen G Alismatales Petrosaviales Huerteales Pandanales Een recente ontwikkeling is het Dioscoreales Dipentodontaceae in een nieuw Liliales Asparagales hout- en anatomische kenmerke 2 geslachten en 5 soorten van b Arecales en samengestelde bladeren, die G Commeliniden G Dasypogonales Poales werden geplaatst. De Dipentod Commelinales sinicus, een boom uit China en Zingiberales die vroeger in de Violales werd Ceratophyllales Malvales Chloranthales De Malvales zijn voor het meren Canellales warme streken. Ze hebben vers Piperales G Magnoliiden G De bast is nogal eens vezelig, st Magnoliales veel voor. De kroonbladen ligge Laurales Ze hebben meestal een lange st Ranunculales De zaden en de binnenkant van Sabiales bezet. Deze orde omvatte al de Proteales Trochodendrales Dipterocarpaceae, Bixaceae, Ne Buxales Sphaerosepalaceae. De Lindefam Gunnerales Bombacaceae zijn nu opgenom Berberidopsidales (Malvaceae). De Muntingiaceae Dilleniales afgesplitst. Nieuwkomers in de Caryophyllales Santalales (Cistaceae), uit de Violales, en d Saxifragales (Thymelaeaceae) uit de Euphorb Cytinaceae (vroeger Rafflesiales G Geavanceerde tweezaadlobbigen G Vitales Crossosomatales ook in deze orde thuis. Geraniales Myrtales Sapindales Zygophyllales De meeste soorten in deze orde Celastrales houtige gewassen, vaak met sam Malpighiales G Fabiden G Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Bixaceae G Rosiden G Cucurbitales Malvaceae Fagales Muntingiaceae Cistaceae Huerteales Dipterocarpaceae G G Malviden Brassicales Sarcolaenaceae Malvales Sphaerosepalaceae Sapindales Thymelaeaceae Neuradaceae Cornales Ericales Sapindaceae G Asteriden G Burseraceae Garryales Anacardiaceae G Lamiiden G Gentianales Kirkiaceae Solanales Simaroubaceae Lamiales Meliaceae Rutaceae Aquifoliales Nitrariaceae G Campanuliden G Apiales Biebersteiniaceae Dipsacales 18 Asterales Malvales en Sapindales Huerteales Huerteales Een recente ontwikkeling is het plaatsen van de Tapisciaceae en A recent development is the combinatio Dipentodontaceae in een nieuwe orde, de Huerteales, gebaseerd op of Tapisciaceae and Dipentodontaceae in hout- en anatomische kenmerken. De Tapisciaceae omvatten a new order, Huerteales, based on wood 2 geslachten en 5 soorten van bomen uit China met fluorescerend hout and molecular characters. Tapisciaceae en samengestelde bladeren, die vroeger in de Pimpernootfamilie contain 2 genera and 5 species of trees werden geplaatst. De Dipentodontaceae omvat 1 soort, Dipentodon from China with fluorescing wood and compound leaves, which used to be sinicus, een boom uit China en Birma met gezaagde bladeren in 2 rijen, placed in Staphyleaceae. die vroeger in de Violales werd geplaatst. Dipentodontaceae contains 1 species, Dipentodon sinicus, a tree from China an Malvales Burma with 2-ranked serrate leaves, whi De Malvales zijn voor het merendeel houtige planten uit tropische en used to be placed in Violales. warme streken. Ze hebben verspreide, vaak handnervige bladeren. De bast is nogal eens vezelig, sterharen en haren in bundels komen Malvales veel voor. De kroonbladen liggen vaak opgerold in de knop. Malvales usually are woody plants from Ze hebben meestal een lange stijl en veel meeldraden. tropical and warm areas. They have spira De zaden en de binnenkant van de vruchten zijn soms met haren leaves, often with palmate venation. bezet. Deze orde omvatte al de Kaasjeskruidfamilie (Malvaceae), The bark is often fibrous, stellar hairs an Dipterocarpaceae, Bixaceae, Neuradaceae, Sarcolaenaceae en hairs in bundles often occur. The corolla Sphaerosepalaceae. De Lindefamilie (Tiliaceae), Sterculiaceae en often contorted. Flowers usually have a Bombacaceae zijn nu opgenomen in de Kaasjeskruidfamilie long style and many stamens. The seeds (Malvaceae). De Muntingiaceae zijn juist van de Lindefamilie and inside of the fruits are often hairy. This order already contained Malvaceae, afgesplitst. Nieuwkomers in de Malvales zijn de Zonneroosjesfamilie Dipterocarpaceae, Bixaceae, Neuradacea (Cistaceae), uit de Violales, en de Peperboompjesfamilie Sarcolaenaceae, and Sphaerosepalaceae. (Thymelaeaceae) uit de Euphorbiales. Waarschijnlijk horen de Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Bombacacea Cytinaceae (vroeger Rafflesiales), wortelparasieten zonder chlorofyl, are now included in Malvaceae, while ook in deze orde thuis. Muntingiaceae have been taken out of Tiliaceae. Newcomers in Malvales are Sapindales Cistaceae from the order Violales, and De meeste soorten in deze orde komen voor in de tropen. Het zijn Thymelaeaceae from Euphorbiales. houtige gewassen, vaak met samengestelde bladeren. De bloemen zijn Cytinaceae (formerly in Rafflesiales), roo 5-tallig en hebben vaak een parasites without chlorophyll, probably nectarschijf. Deze orde is wat belong in Malvales. Bixaceae afgeslankt, er zijn families verplaatst Malvaceae Sapindales Muntingiaceae naar allerlei ordes in de Most species in this order grow in the Cistaceae geavanceerde tweezaadlobbigen. Dipterocarpaceae Uit de vroegere samenstelling zijn tropics. They are woody, often with Sarcolaenaceae compound leaves. Flowers are 5-merous nog aanwezig: de Zeepboomfamilie Sphaerosepalaceae en often have a nectar disc. This order h Thymelaeaceae (Sapindaceae), de Burseraceae, de become somewhat smaller, some familie Neuradaceae Pruikenboomfamilie (Anacardiaceae), are now placed elsewhere in the eudicot Sapindaceae de Hemelboomfamilie Sapindales still contain Sapindaceae, Burseraceae (Simaroubaceae), de Meliaceae, de Burseraceae, Anacardiaceae, Anacardiaceae Nitrariaceae en de Wijnruitfamilie Kirkiaceae Simaroubaceae, Meliaceae, Nitrariaceae, Simaroubaceae (Rutaceae). Nieuw zijn de Kirkiaceae and Rutaceae. Newcomers are Kirkiaceae Meliaceae en de Biebersteiniaceae. and Biebersteiniaceae. Rutaceae Nitrariaceae Biebersteiniaceae s I Kaasjeskruidfamilie (Malvaceae) Deze familie is 2 keer zo groot geworden, doordat de Lindefamilie (Tiliaceae), Sterculiaceae en Bombacaceae erin zijn opgenomen. De Kaasjeskruidfamilie telt Huerteales nu bijna 250 geslachten en meer dan A recent development is the combination 4200 soorten die bijna overal ter wereld of Tapisciaceae and Dipentodontaceae in voorkomen, maar voornamelijk in de Muskuszaad, bloeiend takje en a new order, Huerteales, based on wood tropen. Het zijn meestal bomen of and molecular characters. Tapisciaceae struiken, soms kruiden, met verspreide, handnervige bladeren met contain 2 genera and 5 species of trees steunblaadjes, een vezelige bast en met ster- of schubvormige haren. from China with fluorescing wood and De kelkbladen zijn met elkaar vergroeid, de kroonbladen liggen opgero compound leaves, which used to be in de knop. Er zijn veel meeldraden, die vaak met elkaar zijn vergroeid. placed in Staphyleaceae. In Nederland komen uit deze familie de Linde (Tilia), het Kaasjeskruid Dipentodontaceae contains 1 species, (Malva), de Straalvrucht (Anoda cristata), Heemst (Althaea), Stokroos Dipentodon sinicus, a tree from China and (Alcea), Fluweelblad (Abutilon theophrasti) en Drie-urenbloem (Hibiscus trionum) voor. Burma with 2-ranked serrate leaves, which Veel nuttige planten behoren tot deze familie: vezelplanten zoals jute used to be placed in Violales. (Corchorus), katoen (Gossypium) en kapok (Ceiba en Bombax), houtleveranciers zoals Linde en Balsahout (Ochroma lagopus) en Malvales fruitbomen zoals de Doerian (Durio zibethinus). Verder Cacao (Theobro Malvales usually are woody plants from cacao) en Colanoot (Cola), met caffeïnehoudende zaden, de Okra tropical and warm areas. They have spiral (Abelmoschus esculentus), de Baobab (Adansonia digitata) en sierplante leaves, often with palmate venation. zoals Kamerlinde (Sparmannia) en Stokroos (Alcea). The bark is often fibrous, stellar hairs and hairs in bundles often occur. The corolla is often contorted. Flowers usually have a I Zonneroosjesfamilie (Cistaceae) long style and many stamens. The seeds De Zonneroosjesfamilie omvat 8 geslachten en and inside of the fruits are often hairy. 175 soorten van geurige kruiden of kleine struike This order already contained Malvaceae, die overal ter wereld voorkomen, maar vooral in Dipterocarpaceae, Bixaceae, Neuradaceae, Middellandse Zeegebied. Ze hebben vaak Sarcolaenaceae, and Sphaerosepalaceae. tegenoverstaande bladeren met een brede, soms vergroeide basis. De kroonbladen zijn vrij en vaak Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Bombacaceae groot en opvallend gekleurd. De vrucht is een are now included in Malvaceae, while doosvrucht. In Nederland komen het Gevlekt Muntingiaceae have been taken out of Cistus ladanifer zonneroosje (Tuberaria guttata) en Geel zonneroo Tiliaceae. Newcomers in Malvales are (Helianthemum nummularium) voor. Cistaceae Cistaceae from the order Violales, and worden vaak als sierplant gekweekt en enkele soorten Cistus leveren ee Thymelaeaceae from Euphorbiales. geurige hars (ladanum). Cytinaceae (formerly in Rafflesiales), root parasites without chlorophyll, probably belong in Malvales. I Dipterocarpaceae Deze familie van tropische bomen omvat Sapindales 17 geslachten en bijna 700 soorten, met de grootste Most species in this order grow in the diversiteit in het westelijk Maleise gebied. tropics. They are woody, often with Ze hebben vaak leerachtige bladeren die in 2 rijen compound leaves. Flowers are 5-merous staan. Sterharen komen veel voor, of haren in en often have a nectar disc. This order has bundels. De bloemen staan vaak met meer bijeen en zijn puntig in knop, met opgerolde kroon. become somewhat smaller, some families Ze hebben
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  • Tuberaria Guttata (L.) Fourr

    Tuberaria Guttata (L.) Fourr

    Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr Spotted Rock-rose Tuberaria guttata flowers from May to June and is best searched for on warm and sunny mornings when the bright yellow, purple- blotched petals open widely and are readily visible. Populations are known from northern Wales, western and south-western Ireland, the Channel Islands and western Scotland, although there are doubts about its provenance at the sole Scottish locality. It occurs at coastal locations in exposed, well-drained rocky outcrops on moderately acidic shallow peats, typically where there is sparse vegetation cover, making populations particularly vulnerable to the encroachment of more competitive vegetation. It is assessed as Near Threatened in Britain, but is of Least Concern in Wales. ©Joh n Crellin IDENTIFICATION HABITATS In flower T. guttata is unmistakable, with bright yellow petals In Britain and Ireland T. guttata grows on exposed rocky that have purple blotches and opposite leaves that are three- outcrops in bare open stony or peaty patches amongst species- v eined and turn reddish with age. Plants are variable in size, poor Calluna vulgaris-Scilla verna and C. vulgaris-Erica ranging from solitary flowers on short stems (1-2 cm) in cinerea heathland (NVC H7, H10), and more rarely Festuca exposed sites to much taller (to 20 cm) branched stems with ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile (NVC U4d) multiple flowers in more sheltered localities. grassland. Tuberaria guttata tends to be concentrated where there is a SIMILAR SPECIES sparse cov er of grasses, ericaceous shrubs and other small herbs, and often grows in a thin carpet of mosses and lichens.
  • Cotton Leaf Curl Disease – an Emerging Threat to Cotton Production Worldwide

    Cotton Leaf Curl Disease – an Emerging Threat to Cotton Production Worldwide

    Journal of General Virology (2013), 94, 695–710 DOI 10.1099/vir.0.049627-0 Review Cotton leaf curl disease – an emerging threat to cotton production worldwide M. Naeem Sattar,1 Anders Kvarnheden,1 Muhammad Saeed2 and Rob W. Briddon2 Correspondence 1Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Anders Kvarnheden Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Box 7080, SE-750 07 Uppsala, [email protected] Sweden 2National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, PO Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a serious disease of cotton which has characteristic symptoms, the most unusual of which is the formation of leaf-like enations on the undersides of leaves. The disease is caused by whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) in association with specific, symptom-modulating satellites (betasatellites) and an evolutionarily distinct group of satellite-like molecules known as alphasatellites. CLCuD occurs across Africa as well as in Pakistan and north-western India. Over the past 25 years, Pakistan and India have experienced two epidemics of the disease, the most recent of which involved a virus and satellite that are resistance breaking. Loss of this conventional host–plant resistance, which saved the cotton growers from ruin in the late 1990s, leaves farmers with only relatively poor host plant tolerance to counter the extensive losses the disease causes. There has always been the fear that CLCuD could spread from the relatively limited geographical range it encompasses at present to other cotton-growing areas of the world where, although the disease is not present, the environmental conditions are suitable for its establishment and the whitefly vector occurs.