Symposium 25 Years of LHC Experimental Programme CERN, 15th December 2017

Historical Milestones for

Peter Jenni, CERN and the ATLAS Experiment Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg The plan is to comment a bit on: - History of the LHC experiment studies in general - Some early milestones leading to ATLAS as it is now - Some milestones of the ATLAS construction (pictures…) - Costs and funding, growth of the Collaboration - Note: Physics will be covered by Valerio Dao - And in all cases, these are only examples

Drawing by Sergio Cittolin After the 1979 LEP White Book (ECFA-LEP WG chaired by A Zichichi) which mentioned the possibility of a far future LHC, and discoveries of the W and Z bosons by UA1 and UA2 in the early 1980s …

1984 For the community it all started with the CERN - ECFA Workshop in Lausanne on the feasibility of a hadron collider in the future LEP tunnel

1986 LAA R&D on new detector technologies started, later followed by the DRDC

1987 La Thuile Workshop Many LHC colleagues were already involved in this WS set up by Carlo Rubbia as part of the Long Range Planning Committee

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 3 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) Arguing after the mid-1980s of being ambitious and design a general purpose detector …

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 4 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) From an early talk about the LHC, must have been around 1986/7 …

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 5 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) 1989 ECFA Study Week in Barcelona for LHC instrumentation (forming of first proto-Collaboration)

1990 Large Hadron Collider Workshop Aachen (CERN - ECFA)

1992 CERN – ECFA meeting ‘Towards the LHC Experimental Programme’ in Evian

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 6 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) March 1992

Evian Meeting with EoI presentations

ASCOT pp Norton CMS pp Della Negra / Desportes EAGLE pp PJ L3+1 pp Ting / Pauss

LHC Beauty Collider Schlein B extracted beam Carboni B gas jet Nakada Neutrino at LHC Vannucci LHC HI Schukraft DELPHI LHC HI Jarlskog

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 7 The ASCOT and EAGLE proto-collaborations both presented detector concepts with a toroid magnet configuration for the muon spectrometer

From their Expressions of Interest

ASCOT

ASCOT with a superconducting barrel EAGLE with warm iron barrel and and warm iron toroid end cap toroids end cap toroids

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 8 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) The birth of ATLAS

March 1992 – Summer 1992

Merging of ASCOT and EAGLE

September 1992: Decision on the name taken in vote at the Collaboration Board based on many names suggested by Collaboration members

1st October 1992

ATLAS LoI submitted to the LHCC (Co-spokespersons Friedrich Dydak and PJ)

‘Official birth of the ATLAS Collaboration’

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 9 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History The ATLAS LoI was presented to the LHCC on 5th Nov 1992

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 10 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) From the Letter of Intent The LoI still had two toroid options, one full iron and one all superconducting air-core

Shortly after ATLAS decided for the superior air-core magnet

Iron toroid option

Superconducting air-core option, initially with 12 coils, then redesigned with 8 coils

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 11 First reaction of the LHCC to the LoI in December 1992: It was well received, but a long saga started for ATLAS about costs and funding …

One of many ingredients…

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 12 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS was then (June 1993) invited by LHCC to work out a Technical Proposal

(Submitted on 15th December 1994)

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 13 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) LHCC open session 19th January 1995

Technical Proposal presentation, with 4 major talks

Introduction Inner Detector A M Parker Calorimeter D Fournier Magnets, Muons, Integration Project Planning H F Hoffmann Trigger/DAQ and Physics K Einsweiler

From the TP presentation 25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 14 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) From the TP presentation

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 15 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History But again, we were too expensive!

 Act two of cost reduction: an ATLAS-internal (‘Pilcher’) Task Force needed to work out a global descoping

A major ingredient was:

‘Reduction of detector dimensions and magnetic fields, leading to an adequate safety margin in the cavern size‘

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 16 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) The Technical Proposal evaluations concluded by the end of 1995

It was a long way convincing the LHC Experiment Committee (LHCC), but finally, on 16th November 1995, our referees were happy, and Hugh Montgomery, ATLAS main referee at that time, gave us the following ‘official leak’ from the committee…

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 17 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) From 1996 onwards ATLAS entered the phase of producing Technical Design Reports for all its systems

The formal construction approval was then given with the approval of the first TDRs, namely for the calorimeters

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 18 Point-1 Civil Engineering 1998-2003 (cavern 56 x 32 x 35 m3)

19 Formal inauguration of the point-1 cavern on 4th June 2003

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 20 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) Examples of the many technical challenges

End-Cap Toroid: ATLAS Toroid 8 coils in a common cryostat Magnet System

Barrel Toroid parameters 25.3 m length 20.1 m outer diameter 8 coils 1.08 GJ stored energy 370 tons cold mass 830 tons weight 4 T on superconductor 56 km Al/NbTi/Cu conductor 20.5 kA nominal current 4.7 K working point

End-Cap Toroid parameters 5.0 m axial length 10.7 m outer diameter 2x8 coils 2x0.25 GJ stored energy 2x160 tons cold mass 2x240 tons weight 4 T on superconductor Barrel Toroid: 2x13 km Al/NbTi/Cu conductor 8 separate coils 20.5 kA nominal current 4.7 K working point

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 21 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) The B0 Model Coil Reaching Full Current of 20.5 kA in July 2001

B0 Test, Current, 17 - 19 July 01

25

20

15

Current (kA) Current 10

5

0 7/17/2001 7/17/2001 7/18/2001 7/18/2001 7/19/2001 7/19/2001 7/20/2001 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 Time 25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 22 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) Barrel Toroid coil integration and testing in Hall 180

November 2003

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 23 Tile Calorimeter Module-0 at the Dubna workshop, April 1996

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 24 Tile Calorimeter barrel test assembly on the surface at CERN

November 2003

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 25 LAr EM Calorimeter First prototype of construction a novel concept 1999 - 2004 (‘accordion’) 1990

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 26 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) Insertion of the solenoid into the LAr EM calorimeter barrel cryostat

February 2004

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 27 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) An example of constant quality checks (done on all ATLAS components, here shown for the LAr EM calorimeter) Test-beam measurements Construction quality 4 (out of 32) barrel modules and 3 (out of 16) end-cap (EMEC) modules tested with beams Thickness of Pb plates must be uniform to 0.5% (~10 mm) Scans with 120-245 GeV electrons (all 7 tested modules)

End-cap: 1536 plates < > ~ 2.2 mm  9 mm

Overall uniformity: ~0.54%

Absorber thickness (mm)

1 barrel module:  x  = 1.4 x 0.4  3000 channels   25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 28 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History ATLAS Cavern

Barrel toroid and barrel calorimeter (plus solenoid) installations 2004-2005 29 25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 1st EC transport 22nd Sep 2005

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 30 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) First barrel muon chamber installation (January 2005)

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) 31 Israel-Japan-Pakistan: Teams working together in assembling TGC Big Wheel sectors (Hall 180, March 2006)

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) 32 Snapshots from the Inner Detector (Pixels, SCT and TRT) construction years (2001 – 2007)

TRT

SCT Pixels

ATLAS History 33 Installation of the ATLAS barrel tracker (Aug 2006)

34 A snapshot of the many parallel installation and commissioning activities in the cavern in both end-cap regions A and C under the shafts, as well as in the barrel region: a huge, successful activity of the Technical Coordination

C A

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 35 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) A historical moment on 16th June 2008: Closure of the LHC ring (the last beam pipe piece was the one shown here in ATLAS on side A) 25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 36 Trigger, DAQ, Software and Computing

(An absolutely essential part of the success story, only left out for time…)

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) Data flow 37 First collisions in ATLAS 23rd November 2009 with LHC beams at the injection energy of 450 GeV

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 38 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) Since 1995 there are ATLAS Resources Review Board meetings twice a year

20-Oct-1997

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 39 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) At the RRB the legal (‘best effort’) resources framework for ATLAS were/are agreed, in two stages for the initial construction, and later for the operation (M&O) and computing, and now for the upgrades …

19th March 1996 28th April 1998 25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 40 signed signed by date

The Construction MoU was Armenia 10/7/98 R. Mkrtchyan Australia 26/5/98 S. Tovey signed by all initial ATLAS Austria 18/6/98 R. Kneuker Azerbaijan 30/6/98 N. Guliyev Funding Agencies in 1998-1999 Belarus 24/6/98 V.A. Gaisyonok Brazil 6/9/99 E. Mirra de Paula e Silva Canada 26/4/99 N. Lloyd China 30/11/99 N. Wang Czech Republic 26/5/98 F. Suransky, J. Niederle And new partners also signed Denmark 26/5/98 E. Larsen Finland 26/5/98 E. Byckling Addenda to the MoU when they FRANCE CEA 6/1/99 C. Cesarsky France IN2P3 8/6/98 C. Detraz joined later on Georgia 22/11/99 A. Tavkhelidze Germany BMBF 12/6/98 H. Schunck Germany MPI 22/4/99 V. Soergel Greece 15/6/98 E. Floratos Israel 1/6/98 D. Horn Italy 28/5/98 L. Maiani Japan 23/6/98 H. Sugawara JINR 10/6/98 A.N. Sissakian Morocco 1/6/98 S. Belcadi Netherlands 15/10/98 G. van Middelkoop Norway 22/6/98 K. Kveseth Poland 28/5/98 J. Frackowiak Portugal 5/6/98 A. Trigo de Abreu Today is certainly also a very Romania 30/7/98 V. Lupei Russia 10/10/98 N. Kirpichnikov appropriate occasion to thank Slovak Republic 7/7/98 O. Nemcok Slovenia 15/12/99 L. Marincek all Funding Agencies for their Spain 30/4/98 F. Aldana Sweden 29/4/99 G. Oequist support Switzerland 26/5/98 B. Fulpius, Ch. Schäublin Turkey 2/6/98 D. Ulkü United Kingdom 14/7/98 I.G. Halliday US DoE + NSF 26/10/98 J. O'Fallon, N. Lightbody, T. Kirk, W. Willis CERN 26/6/98 V.G. Goggi 25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 41 Overview of the integrated financial evolution of the ‘CORE’ costs of ATLAS (Constr. MoU deliverables and Common Fund, Cost-to-Completion, in 1995 MCHF)

‘Investments’ 550 1995 MCHF

500

450

400

350

CtC (72 MCHF) 300 MoU (475 MCHF) 250 Payments (MoU & CtC) 200

150

100

50

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 42 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History The roles of ISTC (International Science & Technology Center) [and to a lesser extent INTAS (EU PF6)] were very important for ATLAS and its very fruitful partnership with the many Institutions in Russia and FSU states

From a 2002 ISTC ATLAS meeting summary:

… in this process the technological know-how of their partners in industry and former weapon institutes was a very important ingredient

Both, the projects with highly-acknowledged ISTC funding (typically for the R&D and prototype phases) and the Partner Projects (typically for benefiting from these investments for the construction), have been, and are, fundamental for the success of our collaboration with the Russian and FSU States partners

The ISTC projects are of clear mutual benefit for all partners, obviously for ATLAS, but also, as it should be, for the conversion Institutes

Three examples out of many more

Scintillator tiles BT Titanium tie-rods TRT wheels composite support rings 43 ATLAS History From a 2008 HELEN ATLAS meeting summary:

HELEN has helped in a decisive way to foster and consolidate the very fruitful collaboration with Latin American colleagues and Institutions

In particular the contributions from students and young researchers are a strong asset to the experiment, in addition to the institutional strengthening of the Collaboration and its resources

Before HELEN (2004) After HELEN (October 2007)

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 44 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLASATLAS Run-1 Run-1ATLAS Higgs Higgs Run-1 boson boson Higgs signal signal peaks peaks, peaks first messengersdemonstrating of thethe Brout-Englert-HiggsBrout-Englert-Higgs mechanismmechanism

Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 052004

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 ATLAS History 45 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) A dream becoming true much faster than anticipated long ago 1999 2012

25y LHC Exp. Prog. 15-12-2017 Peter Jenni (CERN and Freiburg) ATLAS History 46 Thank you to CERN, the Funding Agencies, and all the other bodies which made this possible

ATLAS Collaboration (Status October 2017) 38 Countries 183 Institutions 2900 Scientific authors total (1000 Students)

Adelaide, Albany, Alberta, NIKHEF Amsterdam, Ankara, LAPP Annecy, Argonne NL, Arizona, UT Arlington, UT Austin, Athens, NTU Athens, Baku, IFAE Barcelona, Belgrade, Bergen, Berkeley LBL and UC, HU Berlin, Bern, Birmingham, UAN Bogota, Bologna, Bonn, Boston, Brandeis, Brazil Cluster, Bratislava/SAS Kosice, Brookhaven NL, Buenos Aires, Bucharest, Cambridge, Carleton, CERN, China IHEP-NJU-THU, China USTC-SDU-SJTU, Chicago, Chile, Clermont-Ferrand, Columbia, NBI Copenhagen, Cosenza, AGH UST Cracow, IFJ PAN Cracow, SMU Dallas, UT Dallas, NCSR Demokritos, DESY, Dortmund, TU Dresden, JINR Dubna, Duke, Edinburgh, Frascati, Freiburg, Geneva, Genoa, Giessen, Glasgow, Göttingen, LPSC Grenoble, Technion Haifa, Harvard, Heidelberg, Hiroshima IT, Hong Kong, NTHU Hsinchu, Indiana, Innsbruck, Iowa SU, Iowa, UC Irvine, Istanbul Bogazici, KEK, Kobe, Kyoto, Kyoto UE, Kyushu, Lancaster, UN La Plata, Lecce, Lisbon LIP, Liverpool, Ljubljana, QMW London, RHBNC London, UC London, Louisiana Tech, Lund, UA Madrid, Mainz, Manchester, CPPM Marseille, Massachusetts, MIT, Melbourne, Michigan, Michigan SU, Milano, Minsk NAS, Minsk NCPHEP, Montreal, McGill Montreal, RUPHE Morocco, FIAN Moscow, ITEP Moscow, MEPhI Moscow, MSU Moscow, LMU Munich, MPI Munich, Nagasaki IAS, Nagoya, Naples, New Mexico, New York, Nijmegen, Northern Illinois, BINP Novosibirsk, Ohio SU, Okayama, Oklahoma, Oklahoma SU, Olomouc, Oregon, LAL Orsay, Osaka, Oslo, Oxford, LPNHE Paris VI and VII, Pavia, Pennsylvania, NPI Petersburg, Pisa, Pittsburgh, CAS Prague, CU Prague, TU Prague, IHEP Protvino, Rome I, Rome II, Rome III, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Irfu Saclay, Santa Cruz UC, Sheffield, Shinshu, Siegen, Simon Fraser Burnaby, SLAC, South Africa, Stockholm, KTH Stockholm, Stony Brook, Sydney, Sussex, AS Taipei, Tbilisi, Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Tokyo ICEPP, Tokyo MU, Tokyo Tech, Tomsk, Toronto, Trento, TRIUMF, Tsukuba, Tufts, Udine/ICTP, Uppsala, UI Urbana, Valencia, UBCVancouver, Victoria, Warwick, Waseda, Washington, Weizmann Rehovot, FH Wiener Neustadt, Wisconsin, Wuppertal, Würzburg, Yale, Yerevan