STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05
Application for European Green Capital Award
Name of municipality: City of Stockholm
Country: Sweden
Size of municipality (km2): 209 km² of which 21 km² consists of water area
Name of mayor: Sten Nordin
Number of inhabitants in municipality: 795 163 citizens
Contact person: Helene Lindman, Environment and Health Protection Administration, Environmental monitoring
Telephone: +46 8 50828856
E-mail address: [email protected]
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CONTENTS
1. Local contribution to global climate change 3
2. Local transport 14
3. Public Green Areas 23
4. Quality of ambient air 35
5. Noise pollution 43
6. Waste production and management 48
7. Water consumption 62
8. Waste water treatment 65
9. Environmental management of the municipality 72
10. Sustainable land use 82
11. Other measures 88
12. Programme 90
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1. LOCAL CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to: The City of Stockholm’s “Action Programme on Climate Change” involves the participation of several groups: the City of Stockholm’s own departments, local businesses and those who live and work in the city. The work has been successful so far and the emission of greenhouse gases has been reduced. In 1990, emissions of 5.4 tons of CO2e per person were registered compared with 4,0 tons CO2e per person in 2005. The City Council has adopted a target to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions down to 3.0 tons CO2e per capita until 2015. The City Council has also adopted a long-term target for Stockholm to continue to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases at the same rate as between 1990 and 2005. This is a step towards Stockholm will becoming a fossil fuel free city by 2050. The climate policy of the City of Stockholm takes the approach that no one can do everything, but everyone can do something. This is expressed in the City’s Climate Policy in the Action Programme of Climate Change, and by this we mean that no individual municipality, nation or organisation can reverse the current development of climate change alone, but by working together it is possible to have a positive impact. The City’s strategy in the Action Programme on Climate Change builds on the following elements: • Make use of and invest in the City’s economies of scale, for example district heating and public transport. • Work actively within the areas of traffic, energy, urban planning, waste and consumption. • Work actively to implement measures within technological advancement, infrastructure, change of fuel and energy efficiency. • Use communication as a tool to achieve the targets in the Action Programme. • Cooperate with climate-change bodies locally, nationally and globally. • Coordinate with other programmes such as the City’s Energy Plan. In 1995, Stockholm joined the ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) campaign “Cities for Climate Protection” (CCP). Since then, the City of Stockholm has systematically worked to comply with the five milestones of CCP. (1) Conduct a baseline emissions inventory and forecast, 2) Adopt an emissions reduction target for the forecast year, 3) Develope a local action plan, 4) Implement policies and measures, 5) Monitor and verify results.
A. Total CO2 equivalent per capita, including emissions from electricity use All of the presented greenhouse gas emissions calculations in this chapter include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Therefore we use the expression carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e).
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In 2005 emissions of CO2e per person were down to 4.0 tons, compared to 5.4 tons per person in 1990. The quantity relates to the energy used for heating of houses and premises, traffic works and all electricity used within the City.
Figure 1.1 Emission from transport, electricity and heat
Tonnes of CO2 equivalents 6,0
5,0 1,6 4,0 1,4 Transport 0,9 1,3 3,0 0,8 Electricity 0,9 Heat 2,0 2,9 2,5 1,0 1,8 0,0 1990 2000 2005
B. CO2 per capita from use of natural gas 0 (zero) – Natural gas is not used in Stockholm.
C. CO2 per capita from transport
The emissions of CO2e per person from transports have decreased from 1,6 to 1,3 tonnes per capita between 1990 and 2005. The following year, in 2006, congestion taxes were introduced for cars passing in and out of the city core during daytime. The emission reduction from the congestion taxes has been calculated to be around 30 000 ton CO2 for the year of 2006.
Figure 1.2 CO2 emission from all transport in the city.
CO2e per capita
2,0
1,5 Workvehicles Ferries and boats 1,0 Aeroplanes 1,5 1,3 Cars 0,5 1,1
0,0 1990 2000 2005
D. Gram of CO2 per kWh used
The carbon intensity has improved from 192 grams of CO2e per kWh to 158 grams of CO2e per kWh in 2005. This is related to all energy used for heating of houses and premises, traffic works and all electricity used within the City.
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Figure 1.3 Carbon intensity in Stockholm City
g/kWh 250
192 200 183 158 150
100
50
0 1990 2000 2005
The carbon intensity per kWh electricity has improved from 114 grams of CO2e per kWh to 103 grams of CO2e per kWh in 2005. This is related to all electricity used within the City. About 70 percent of the municipal administrations use electricity from renewable resources in terms of water and wind.
Figure 1.4 Carbon intensity per kWh electricity in Stockholm1990-2005
g/kWh
120,0 114,2 115,0 110,0 107,7 105,0 102,7 100,0 95,0 90,0 85,0 80,0 1990 2000 2005
E Share of renewables in electricity production
Figure 1.5 Share of renewables in the nordic mix
percent 70,0 63,4 60,7 60,0 55,6
50,0
40,0 30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0 2005 2006 2007
Stockholm uses the Nordic Electricity Production Mix as a base for calculating CO2e emissions from electricity use. This is due to the fact that there is a free market condition in Sweden when it comes to selling and buying electricity. Therefore we do not use the local production conditions as a base for the calculations. There is not enough local production to cover the overall city need either. Renewable energy sources are defined as water, bioenergy, wind and geothermal energy. The main part of the remaining fuel used for electricity production in Sweden is nuclear.
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Figure 1.6 Percentage of households using eco-labelled electricity
F. Percentage of citizens connected to district heating Almost 70 percent of the population in Stockholm have access to distict heating today. It has not been possible to make the same calculation for the years 1990 and 2000. The share of renewables used for production of district heating is about 70 percent.
Figure 1.7 The percentage of renewable fuels used in the district heating system
Measures implemented in the last five to ten years in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including resources allocated to implementing the measures
Action programme Stockholm’s Action Programme on Climate Change and the Stockholm Environment Programme complement each other. The greenhouse gas targets make up a cross section of the six targets set out in the Environment Programme. Unlike the Environment Programme, in which the focus is entirely on targets, the Action programme on Climate Change is also a strategy for climate activities and actions that together will realize the set targets. Action Programme 1, 1995-2000, described measures which would all in all reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases down to a level equal to that of 1990, i.e. 5,4 tonnes CO2e per capita within Stockholm. The goal was achieved and by the end of 2000 the emissions were approx. 4,7 tonnes CO2e per capita within Stockholm. Action Programme 2, 2000-2005, described measures which would all in all reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases down to 4,0 tonnes CO2e per capita within Stockholm. The goal was achieved and by the end of 2005 the emissions were approx. 4.0 tonnes CO2e per capita within Stockholm.
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Example of climate measures - Transport: Public transport, urban planning, cycling, vehicle efficiency and alternative fuels
Blended petrol The City of Stockholm initiated a five percent blend of ethanol in petrol. The measure was first introduced in the region of Stockholm as a 10% blending but was reduced due to the auto oil directive to 5% and has today spread to the entire country. E5 petrol reduces emissions of greenhouse gases with approx. 4.6 percent compared to pure petrol. The total emissions from cars in Stockholm were 5,1 percent lower due to blended petrol and clean vehicles in 2005.
Green Fleet Traffic is the main source of health hazardous emissions and noise and a major source of climate gas emissions in Stockholm. To reduce emissions and noise, the City of Stockholm has initiated the project Clean Vehicles in Stockholm, with the objective to reach a market breakthrough for clean vehicles. After 13 years, the results are astonishing: 20 % of the cars sold in Stockholm 2007 were clean vehicles. This share has been increased to 35% in the month of October 2008. And since then it exits 70 000 clean vehicles in Stockholm (9 %) are ethanol, biogas, hybrid- electric or ultra-low emission vehicles. All inner city buses operate on biogas or ethanol, 50 % of the waste-lorries and 40 % of the taxis are biofuelled or HEV. More than 65 fuel stations (75 %) offer ethanol or biogas and all petrol sold in the city contains 5 % ethanol. The trend is still on the increase. The project”Environmental Cars” works to facilitate the transformation from traditional fuels to green vehicles and renewable fuels. The emissions from new cars sold in Sweden has been reduced by on average 5% during the last two years due to more clean vehicles.
Congestion taxes Congestion taxes were introduced in 2006 for cars passing in and out of the inner city during daytime. The emission reduction from the congestion taxes has been calculated to be around 30 000 ton CO2 for the year of 2006. Before the introduction of the congestion tax there were a huge majority opposing the scheme, but once people saw the benefits from the congestion tax they changed their minds and in the referendum in sep 2006 a majority voted yes to a continuation. The congestion tax was reintroduced 1 Aug 2007 and the opinion polls now show a big majority in favour of the scheme.
Co-ordinated distribution of goods Co-ordinated distribution of goods has been introduced in two areas in Stockholm, namely Hammarby Sjöstad and the Old Town.
Cycling Stockholm City has improved and built new cycling lanes during the last decade. This has increased the number of bikers in Stockholm. Cycling has roughly doubled in Stockholm since 1990.
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Example of climate measures - Buildings – measures related to district heating, efficiency improvement in new and existing buildings
Expansion of district heating, wind power and district cooling. One example to illustrate the number of different measures, is that the city and the Finnish energy company Fortum which together own the district heating system constantly connect new areas to district heating in Stockholm. The heating system expands with about 200-300 GWh per year. The emissions of greenhouse gases have dropped with 593 000 tons since 1990 as a result of conversion from oil to district heating. Another example is the construction of a new production facility, in which cold seawater is used to produce district cooling. District cooling contributes to an annual environmental gain of approx. 60 000 tonnes in reduced emissions of CO2. The use of CFC is also reduced. This is due to the replacement of small, less effective air condition systems driven by electricity.
Energy centre The Energy Centre provides the City with effective and structured energy efficiency measures for all buildings used by the City. The funding for the Centre itself is 14,9 MSEK for the period 2006-2009 and in the budget for Stockholm 2009 there are instructions to analyse the cost of a permanent function. The decision will be made in the autumn of 2009. The Centre monitors the City’s energy consumption, offers energy- efficiency advice, introduces new efficient techniques, new methods and arranges seminars. A new type of tenancy agreement contract has also been developed. The Centre is active in networking with actors on the broad local and national scale, e.g. within the City of Stockholm, through the Climate Municipalities, the private sector and other major cities in Europe. The city’s own energy use was 2,28 TWh in 2007 and the objective is a 10 % reduction between 2006 and 2010. The greenhouse gas emissions have dropped with about 100 000 tons due to the activities of the Energy Centre. The public housing companies have received a billion SEK in the city budget for 2008 and the coming years to invest in energy efficiency measures.
Energy advice centre The Environment and Health Administration offers energy-efficiency advise to residents and companies in the municipality of Stockholm. The centre is supported by 27 communities in the Stockholm region. This has led to that the oil use for heating in small houses has been reduced to 10% of the total stock and that 25% use heat pumps instead. Nowadays all new built houses in Sweden have to pass a standard of 110 kWh/m2, including hot water.
Example of climate measures - Industry – measures related to efficiency improvement and low carbon intensity
The Climate Pact The “Climate Pact” was signed in 2007, and is a collaboration between the City of Stockholm and a number of companies in the Stockholm region. The aim is to reduce negative climate impact from residents, businesses and administrations in the City of Stockholm.
Agriculture, forestry and land-use change No specific climate change measures taken in this field in Stockholm.
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Waste Management Household waste is combusted in Stockholm, generating electricity and heat. Sewage sludge is converted to biogas in sewage plants and the heat from the sewage is used in district heating.
Example of climate measures – Education and information
The Climate Hunt The Climate Hunt is an educational team-quiz and assignment competition for companies and administrations in Stockholm. The aim is to bring about changes in patterns of behaviour through increased awareness and knowledge of the greenhouse effect. Competitors also perform special tasks which contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The campaign reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 550 tons.
The Climate First Aid The ”Climate First Aid” is a programme which is focused on climate issues within education. Schools and teachers are offered in-service training, such as teacher tutorials, classes for pupils, competitions and school visits. Pupils can also participate in the Climate Youth Parliament.
The Tyre pressure campaign In 2004 a tyre pressure campaign was launched at 20 gas stations in Stockholm. The campaign was performed in collaboration with a number of administrations, agencies and NGOs and a number of young people were engaged and specifically trained to carry out the task. Car drivers in Stockholm were informed of best conduct to reduce emissions of CO2. The follow-up showed that nearly 25% of the citizens of Stockholm had noticed the tyre pressure campaign. The campaign reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 4 282 tons.
Smart Consumption Households contribute to more than half of all emissions of CO2. The Smart Consumption project is focused on the households´ entire energy consumption, i.e. relative to the consumption of goods and services, such as food, consumption, energy, heating and transports. A number of households were selected in each of the 18 town districts of Stockholm and a greenhouse gas profile was established for each household. An appropriate level of ambition to reduce emissions based on voluntary actions was discussed. During one year, household members received personal advice regarding energy and economy, and information on how to reduce the consumption of direct and indirect energy. The Agenda 21 Office and environmental coordinators of the city districts participated in the project. The participating households managed to reduce their climate impact by 20 percent, on average. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 120 tons as a result of the project.
Short and long term objectives for reduction of GhG emissions The City of Stockholm is carrying out an ambitious initiative to limit climate change. The principal target is a city free of fossil fuels in 2050. With such an aim, the emissions from energy use related to the heating of houses and premises, traffic works and total electricity use within the City, will be reduced to a level near zero by the year 2050. This means that petrol, oil, coal, gas and other fossil fuels will no longer be used. The target is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases at the same rate as during the period 1990-2005.
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Greenhouse gas targets for the period of 2005-2050 are thus compared with the base year of 1990.
Resources Several of the measures in the action plan are financed through the Swedish Climate Investment Programme (KLIMP) and funds from “The Environmental Billion Fund” (Miljömiljarden). In this way it has been possible to implement innovative solutions and a larger number of measures, compared to what would have been possible with funding from the City alone. The Swedish Parliament (Riksdagen) has allocated approximately 165 million Euros in Climate Investment Programmes for municipalities and other local actors. For programme period 2005-2009, Stockholm received approx. 5.5 million Euros for the local climate investment programme. In May 2007, Stockholm was granted 4.1 million Euros for six measures The Environmental Billion Fund is a commitment of many years through which the City of Stockholm puts a focus on the environment. Municipal administrations and companies have been able to apply for funding for a variety of projects. During 2004 and 2005 a total of 120 million Euro was allocated to 158 projects, of which 45 projects were climate related initiatives. The funding for the climate related projects amounted to approx. 42 million Euro. The projects are set to continue until 2009.
Short term objectives The Stockholm Environment Programme 2008-2011 specifies six general environmental goals, each defined by a number of intermediate goals. The following intermediate goals pertain to climate targets: 1.2 All (100 %) of the City’s total number of cars are clean vehicles. 85 % of these run on renewable fuel. 1.3 Traffic emissions are reduced 1.4 More people walk and/or travel by public transport and bicycle. 1.5 More clean vehicles and increased use of renewable fuel 3.1 The energy consumption related to the buildings and works owned by the City is reduced by 10 %. 3.2 Procurement of electricity for activities within the City should meet the requirements for eco-labelling. 3.3 The emissions of greenhouse gases from energy consumption are reduced by 10 % per capita within Stockholm. 5.2 The amount of waste made of use including biowaste from the city administrations shall increase 5.4 The amount of waste including biowaste from the citizens and resturants shall increase
Adopted short term objectives and measures The following short term objectives and related measures have been adopted and will be implemented in municipal entities in the next coming years: • 100% green electricity
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• Reduction of warm water consumption • All municipal vehicles are clean vehicles • The following short term goals and related measures will be implemented in the rest of Stockholm in the next coming years: • Reduction of warm water consumption in buildings • More efficient use of electricity in office space, and in industry
More transports by way of walking and cycling • Renewable fuel in cars, vans, machines and buses • Biogas from food waste • Furthermore, the Stockholm City Council has decided in the city budget of 2009 to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases to a maximum level of 3,0 tonnes CO2e per capita within Stockholm by the end of 2015. The report “Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the City of Stockholm by 2015” outlines necessary action to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to a level of 3,0 tonnes CO2e per capita within Stockholm by the end of 2015. The report forms the basis for the City budget. • An ambitious example is Stockholm Water Company’s objective to be carbon dioxide neutral in 2015. To achieve this, the production of biogas will increase by 15 % compared to the production in 2006, and a minimum of 98% of the methane will be used.
Long term objectives The following may be seen as long term intentions of Stockholm City in municipal entities: • Optimization of building systems and utilization • Expedite replacement of appliances • Improvements of insulation in buildings • More efficient implementation • Increased use of renewable and solar energy • Conversion of fossil fuel furnaces • Savings from improved business travel • More efficient goods transport
The following may be seen as long term intentions of the City of Stockholm in the rest of Stockholm: • Energy efficient new developments • Improvements of existing buildings in Stockholm • Increased use of renewable energy and solar energy • More efficient transport of people • More efficient goods transport • More efficient construction machinery • 20 % renewables in diesel fuel
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Other measures that address impacts of climate change Stockholm City has conducted three assessment reports on impacts and adaptation related to Climate Change. The reports are called ”Adapting to Climate Change in Stockholm” and ”Effects from Climate Change on polluted land” and ”Effects from Climate Change on biodiversity”. These reports are valuable input to the city planning. The action programmes are regularly reviewed and the latest report was made in 2007. It is called “Stockholm Action Programme on Climate Change 2000–2005- Follow up”. We have also made forecasts to evaluate the extra impact of planned measures, on top of what is likely to happen as a result of the overall development.
Documents, websites and documented decisions Decisions: City council decision on fossil fuel free city Naturvardsverkets decision 2007-05-23 on KLIMP 2007-2010 Stockholm Actionplan against GHG_Adopted-City Council 030428 Stockholm Environmental Programme – adopted City Council (swe) City Council Indicators Documents: Climate Calculations of Stockholm to Green City application 2008 Stockholm Action Programme on Climate Change 2000-2005 (swe) Stockholm Action Programme on Climate Change 2000–2005 - Follow up (swe) Stockholm Environment Programme 2000-2007 (eng) Stockholm Environment Programme 2008-2011 (Swe) Stockholm Environment Programme 2008-2011 (Eng, draft translation) Effects from Climate Change on polluted land (swe) City 2010 (New Comprehensive Plan) (swe) Adapting to Climate Change in Stockholm (eng) Stockholm city budget 2008 (swe) Stockholm city budget 2009 (swe) Effects from Climate Change on biodiversity (swe) Stockholm city budget 2008 (swe) Stockholm city budget 2009 (swe) Proposal for Administration Plan 2009 Climate Change projects funded by the Environmental Billion fund Climate Change projects funded by KLIMP Energy strategy of Stockhom Water Administration 20080417 Climate Pact year report (swe) Summary report Smart Consumption Final report Tyre Pressure Campaign (swe)
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Websites:
• ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) website: http://www.iclei-europe.org/index.php?id=ccpeurope • Congestion tax website: http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/ or the congestion tax website of The National Road Administration (Vägverket): http://www.vv.se/templates/page3____17154.aspx • KLIMP website: http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Menu/Legislation-and-other- policy-instruments/Economic-instruments/Investment-Programmes/Climate- Investment-Programmes-Klimp/ or go to the Environmental Investment Record (MIR) website: http://klimp.naturvardsverket.se/mir/ • Environmental billion fund website: http://www.miljomiljarden.se/home/page.asp?sid=64&mid=2&PageId=314 • The Stockholm Green Vehicle website: http://www.stockholm.se/miljobilar • The Stockholm Energy Centre website: http://www.stockholm.se/energicentrum • The Stockholm Energy Advice Centre: http://www.energiradgivningen.se/ • The Climate Pact website: http://www.stockholm.se/Fristaende- webbplatser/Fackforvaltningssajter/Miljoforvaltningen/Klimatpakten/ • The Smart Consumption website: http://www.stockholm.se/KlimatMiljo/Klimat/Det-har-gor- vi/Atgarder/Kommunikationsprojekt1/Konsumera-smartare/ • The Climate First Aid website: http://www.stockholm.se/KlimatMiljo/Klimat/Det-har-gor- vi/Atgarder/Kommunikationsprojekt1/KlimatAkuten/ • The Climate Hunt website: http://www.stockholm.se/KlimatMiljo/Klimat/Det-har-gor- vi/Atgarder/Kommunikationsprojekt1/Klimatjakten/
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2. LOCAL TRANSPORT
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to: The local transport system in Stockholm has taken several steps towards sustainability the last ten years. There have been improvements made concerning cycle lanes, public transport, use of alternative fuels and road pricing. There is also an environmental zone for heavy vehicles since 1996. But there are still several traffic related problems to bee solved; the road transports are still heavily dependent of fossil fuels, the environmental quality standards of air quality are exceeded and many people are exposed to noise from road traffic. Travelling with public transport to the inner city during morning peak hour is increasing whereas the car use is decreasing. The use of public transport (“kollektivt”) into the inner city during morning peak hour has increased with 20 percent between 1993 and 2006, whereas the number of car trips (“bil”) has decreased.
Figure 2.1 Travelling to the inner city a workday hours 06-09
Cars Public transport
Reference Trafiken I stockholms län 2007
The share of trips to Stockholm city centre taken by public transport increased from 57 to 64 percent during the last ten years. In the morning peak hour, the share increased from 72 to 78 percent. These are very high figures in an international perspective, maintaining and increasing this level is an important objective for Stockholm. Around 80 percent of the trips to work are 10 km or less. This gives high potential to increase biking. (Stockholm Bicycle plan innercity )
1. Length of designated cycle lanes in relation to total number of inhabitants in the city Stockholm has 795 163 inhabitants and a total of 760 km cycle lanes. There are no figures on the split between the different types of bike-lanes in the categories suggested by the revisors of this document. Routes and pathways for bikes and
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pedestrians elsewhere than along roads dominate when it comes to km. The lanes along streets are approximately evenly distributed between lanes physically separated from streets and lanes in the street but separated by a painted stripe etc. In addition to the net of bike-lanes the speed on 100 000 km local roads, i e the majority of all streets, is limited to 30 km/h. This makes them well adapted for bicycling.
2. Share of population living within 300 metres from an hourly (or more frequent) public transport service The public transport system is well developed in Stockholm with commuter trains, subway, light rail and bus-traffic. Data from the consulting company WSP show that 99,9 per cent of the population in Stockholm live in a (statistical) zone within 300 meter from a public transport route. But within a zone some share of the population may have longer than 300 meters to public transport service, but there is no data about these shares. The City Planning Administration in Stockholm estimates that 90 percent of the population lives within 300 meters from public transport service with hourly or more frequent service.
3.Proportion of all journeys under 5 km by private car There are no figures on car trips longer and shorter than 5 km. Traffic counting focus on no of passages at certain points (entrances to and from the inner city e g) with various transport modes. During peak hour 78 percent of all trips to the inner city are by public transport. Of all trips to the innercity 65 percent is done by public transport, walking and bike. The city of Stockholm covers the inner city densely built with a little more than one third of the inhabitants (http://www.usk.stockholm.se/tabellverktyg/tv.aspx?t=a1), and the suburbian outskirts Söderort and Västerort with a variety of housing types, industrial and commercial areas and green areas and water. Trips within the innercity is usually not longer than 5 km – simply limited by the geographical size of inner city area. . Figure 2.3 Proportion of all Figure 2.2 Proportion of all journeys within the innercity journeys to the city.
Cars Public transport
Cars Public transport Bicycle Walk Bicycle Walk
L
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Of all trips to the inner city 68 percent is done by feet and by bike, 25 percent by public transport, whereas by car only 8 percent.
4. Proportion of public transport classed as low emissions The public transport system in Stockholm County is based on subway, trams, commuter trains and buses. In Stockholm County public transport on rail traffic dominates (based on person-km). 65% of the public transport is classed as low emission, i.e. rail traffic. All rail traffic is operated with certified renewable electricity.
Figure 2.4 Proportion of public transport classed as low emission
Subway Commuter train Tram Today all buses operating in the innercity of Stockholm run on renewables. Some 50 buses runs on biogas and the number will be doubled the coming years. Stockholm Transport also use some 400 ethanol buses and a few ethanol hybrid buses. 2008 one fourth of the bus fleet in the whole region run on renewables, the target for 2011 is 50 percent.) These vehicles are not classes as low-emission vehicles. SL environmental work 2007)
Measures implemented in the last five to ten years aimed at reducing the total transport volume and at changing the modal split in favour of alternatives to car transport
Examples of measures are listed below:
Congestion charge reduces car use In 2006, the Stockholm trial with congestion charge took place. The test was successful. From August 2007 the congestion tax in Stockholm city centre is permanent. The tax is imposed on Swedish registered vehicles driving into and out of the Stockholm inner city zone on weekdays between 6.30 a.m. and 6.29 p.m. Vehicles are automatically registered at “control points”. Traffic work and emissions in the city centre are down by 10-15 percent.
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2.5 Number of passages through the control points from year 2005-2008
600 000
500 000
400 000
300 000
200 000
100 000 = month with congestion tax
-
jan feb mar apr maj jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
2005 2006 2007 2008
Before the introduction of the congestion tax there were a huge majority opposing the scheme, but once people saw the benefits from the congestion tax they changed their minds and in the referendum in sep 2006 a majority voted yes to a continuation. The congestion tax was reintroduced 1 Aug 2007 and the opinion polls now show a big majority in favour of the scheme.
Increasing capacity for commuter trains and a new shortcut for public transport, pedestrians and bicyclists The new Årsta bridge, opened a few years ago with four tracks for trains. This has increased the number of commuter trains with four trains an hour. Commuter trains run on “green electricity”. The new Årsta bridge is a shortcut between the city areas Årsta and Södermalm and has tracks for pedestrians and bicyclists. www.banverket.se/arstabron
Planning for a mixture of transportation means Hammarby Sjöstad is far out the biggest new residential area in Stockholm, still in construction. Hammarby Sjöstad is an exciting new district in Stockholm where the City has imposed tough environmental requirements on buildings, technical installations and the traffic environment, from day one. Once fully built in 2015, a total of 35 000 persons will live and work there. A mix of different transport means: light railway tram, buses, ferry for pedestrians and bikes, in combination with bike-lanes, a very restricted number of parking lots and offensive marketing of car sharing and various delivery services have made the inhabitants reduce their car ownership and to prioritize other means of transportation. Also the combination of buildings for living, commercial acitivites and leisure reduces transport demand. (www.hammarbysjostad.se
Improving biking conditions results in higher proportion of bike trips The number of trips with bike has increased with 75 per cent the last ten years. In the latest measurements of all traffic modes, 2006, 8% of the trips to the innercity in morning peak hour was by bike. The Stockholmers bike more and more, partly a result of continously improvements in the biking conditions in the city.
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Figure 2.6 The number of cyclists passing the inner-city boundary
In 2007 Stockholm was honoured as “The Biking Promoting City of the Year”. The Citys ambition is to become one leading biking city in Europe. Biking must be as simple, convenient and safe as other means of transportation. The most important efforts covers new biking lanes, better maintenance, safety measures etc. The cycle lane net has increased from 675 to 760 km in ten years. 24 h - Service depots along important biking lanes also helps to facilitate this. In cooperation with national and regional actors, several projects are run to increase cycling in Stockholm. Among these, “cycle-to-work” campaigns, Bike-and-ride, construction of regional cycle routes and construction and exposure of cycle tracks in the City of Stockholm. Stockholm bike-day is arranged yearly. Free bike-maps are provided, both digital, and paperversions. Guides over attractive bike trips are developed. Since 2006 the city operates Stockholm Citybikes together with Clearchannel. “Pool- bikes” are placed in several citybike-statitions in the city. For a small amount of money anybody, inhabitants as well as tourists, can borrow a bike for some hours and return it in any other of the bike-stations. http://www.stockholm.se/cykling
Logistic Centres – one lorry instead of six Stockholm has positive experiences from the use of logistic centres to reduce number of trucks distributing goods. Hammarby Sjöstad Logistics Center, used, 2000 to 2005 reduced the number of vehicles delivering building material to the large construction site. All deliveries with a volume equal to or less than four loading pallets had to go through the logistic centre. Special delivery trucks with high environmental performance then distributed the material locally. The project reduces the number of delivery vehicles: six vehicles where replaced by one. Carbon dioxide emissions from deliveries were reduced by 90 %. In the old town of Stockholm, an island with medieval buildings, narrow and steep streets approximately a third of the restaurants get their deliveries through the logistic center O- centralen. The old town is a very popular tourist attraction of Stockholm and a lot of people live and work here. There are many restaurants and shops in the area. O-centralen coordinates the supplies and has reduced the number of vehicle movements on the island efficiently. O-centralen is located on the neighbouring island and a biogas powered truck delivers the goods from the logistic centre to the restaurants involved. This means that each restaurant gets substantially fewer but larger delivers.
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More travelling with public transport Stockholm Transport is very active in investigating customer satisfaction and perceptive for customer opinions in order to increase the use of travels as well as customer satisfaction. As a result of this travelling has increased substantially (diagramme below).
Figure 2.7 Total number of journeys with Stockholm Local Public Transport over the year.
3 000
Travellers per thousands weekday, Travellers 2 500
2 000 År 2005 År 2006 1 500 År 2007 År 2008 1 000
500
0 jan feb mar apr maj jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Example of measures taken in order to make it easier and more attractive to use public transport are: Real-time information on busstops and platforms for trams, subway and commuter train. Th e information system behind the signs in an intelligent way combines information from all types of public transport. Real-time information on traffic situation on web and peak hour traffic situation also broadcasted in local radio. Possible to subscribe on tailor-made and personalized everyday detailed real time information especially about your specified trips. Since the fear of not arriving on time due to traffic disturbances is one major obstacle for some potential customers to shift to public transport the travel guarantee was introduced in 2002. If traffic disruptions cause a delay of more than 20 minutes, the affected passengers have the right to take a taxi and be compensated for the cost (up to SEK 800 = 80€). The guarantee ensures passengers that they will reach their destination in time.Consequently there is an increase of passengers using public transport. (källa: http://sl.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=6038) Dedicated campaigns towards inhabitant in newly built areas to give information about available public transport connections in combination with free tickets to try out. One ticket for the whole county and all public transport means make it easy to travel. Stepwise new ticketing systems are introduced. Now both e-ticketing and sms-tickets are available. Increased services, investing in new trains and buses, upgrading and refurbishing stations, tracks, signal systems etc.
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Public transport on renewables Stockholm Transport operates the transport in Stockholm region. Their target is to only run on renewables and have a long history of testing various new alternative buses. In 2003-2005 three fuel cell buses were tested in Stockholm local transport. www.branslecellsbuss.se In 2004, biogas buses were introduced in Stockholm local transport. In 2010, the number of biogas buses in local transport is estimated to 200. In 1996 Stockholm started to introduce ethanol buses. In the beginning of 21st century, Scania stopped producing ethanol buses. In cooperation with several actors in local transport in Europe, Stockholm transport has influenced Scania to resume production of ethanol buses (source SL environmental work).
Green fleet reduces emissions Stockholm has since 1994 actively worked for a market introduction of clean vehicles. The aim has been to overcome market obstacles and to build infrastructure for alternative fuels. The results are astonishing: 40 % of the cars sold in Stockholm are clean vehicles: and of the total fleet 7 % - 66,000 cars are ethanol, biogas, hybrid-electric or ultra-low emission vehicles. All inner city buses operate on biogas or ethanol, 50 % of the waste- lorries and 40 % of the taxis are biofuelled or hybrids. More than 65 fuel stations (75 %) offer ethanol or biogas and all petrol sold in the region contains 5 % ethanol. The trend is still increasing.
Figure 2.8 Number of clean cars in the City of Stockholm
Ethanol City cars Electricity and hybrid Bio gas The number of cars classified as clean cars has increased rapidly the recent years. Stockholm has also the highest share of clean cars both in the fleet and in the new sales. www.stockholm.se/miljobilar
Environmental zones restricts use of old diesel lorries 1996 Stockholm introduced an environmental zone for heavy traffic. In this zone covering entire inner city, all dieseltrucks and buses older than six years and not fulfilling at least euroII are prohibited. Dieseltrucks fulfilling Euro II or III can be up to eight years old. EuroIV trucks can operate in the zone til 2016 and euroV trucks til 2020. Read more at http://www.stockholm.se/-/Naringsliv/For-foretagare/Trafik/Miljozon-/ Please describe planned short and long term measures for:
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1. Reduction of overall demand for transport Stockholm land use planning focus on creating a dense city and new exploitation is mainly focusing on increasing building density in urban areas. Also vicinity to public transport is high ranked when locating new areas. This reduces the transport demand. New public transport connections provides both increased capacity and new shortcuts for both old and new areas. Another measure is the congestion charges that have reduced car traffic to and from the inner city with around 20 per cent.
2. Reduction of individual motorised transport The public transport share is already high, approximately 77 per cent to and from inner city in the hour with maximum load. There are plans to build new infrastructure to further increase the capacity of the public transport system, for instance Citybanan (a new rail tunnel in the inner city for commuter trains), light rail between Alvik and Solna station, between Hammarby sjöstad and Slussen and between Kungsholmen and Norrmalmstorg. In the plans for Citybanan also big indoor bike parkings is foreseen at important public transport nodes. The estimated cost only for Citybanan is €1,7 billion. Comprehensive land use plan 2010-proposal (swe) Stockholmsöverenskommelsen The Stockholm Bicycle programmes includes investments in new bike connections, improvments in existing bicycle net and measures like traffic lights, bike and ride parkings etc. The cost for the Bicycle programmes is estimated to approx. € 150 million in a 15 years period between 2005-2020.
3.Promotion of less environmentally damaging modes of transport Traffic is the main source of health-hazardous emissions and noise and a major source of climate gas emissions in Stockholm. To decrease emissions City of Stockholm initiated “Clean Vehicles in Stockholm”, with the objective to reach a market breakthrough for clean vehicles. The total turnover for the project is approx. € 1,5 millon per year. For the coming years Clean Vehicles and Fuels will work to achieve the following goals • 35 percent of sales of new cars are clean vehicles and • 8 percent of t fuels sold in the region are renewable by the end of 2010 • 10 percent of new heavy vehicles fulfil criteria as “environmentally adapted” by the end of 2014. To achieve these objectives Stockholm now plans demonstrations of alternatively fuelled trucks and lorries and new fuels as well as about co-transportation and city logistics together with transport enterprises, fuel companies, industry and national authorities and interest groups. National definitions on clean vehicles, a suitable set of incentives and environmental criteria for biofuels are other tools that Stockholm City will work to establish (Proposal for Administration Plan 2009).
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Documents, websites and documented decisions Comprehensive land use plan 2010-proposal (swe) Stockholm agreement on traffic infrastructure More about road pricing in Stockholm is found on the web-pages: http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/ (the trial) and www.vv.se/trangselskatt Data on inhabitants and public transport. The consulting company WSP provides data on inhabitants and public transport routes. Trafiken I Stockholms län, provides a lot of figures about travel habits in Stockholm County. Clean vehicles in Stockholm - work to promote clean vehicles http://www.stockholm.se/miljobilar More about Stockholm’s Bicycle programme: Downloadble bicycle maps and Digital Bicycle map Stockholm Bicycle plan innercity och Stockholm bicycleplan, suburbs More about miljözon http://www.stockholm.se/-/Naringsliv/For-foretagare/Trafik/Miljozon-/ More about Hammarby Sjöstad www.hammarbysjostad.se More about Citybanan: http://www.banverket.se/sv/Amnen/Aktuella-projekt/Projekt/1867/Citybanan-i- Stockholm.aspx More about public transports in Stockholm: http://www.sl.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=1529
22 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 3. Public Green Areas
3. PUBLIC GREEN AREAS
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to the percentage of citizens living within 300 m from public green areas and the total of square metres of public green areas. The City of Stockholm is famous for a high level of environmental consciousness and for sound and healthy living conditions for its inhabitants. Many years of successful environmental work has made Stockholm one of the cleanest and most beautiful cities of the world. One important factor contributing to the attraction of Stockholm is the abundance of parks and the proximity to other green areas, which provide the citizens with a profusion of recreational opportunities. The green retreats of Stockholm are utilized for recreation, sporting, social events and other open-air activities; the pure lakes and waterways provide unique opportunities for swimming, boating and fishing and the forests in the vicinity of the city and the exceptionally beautiful and unique Stockholm archipelago are all central for the citizens’ outdoor life. The green areas of Stockholm are all part of the innate beauty and identity of Stockholm - a statement made official through the Stockholm Planning and Building Act. Apart from their sheer aesthetic values, the green areas of Stockholm also mediate the citizens´ health and wellbeing, help to reduce noise, filter the air, and purify the water running through its wetland areas. The green areas provides also the flora and fauna with habitats.
Figure 3.1 Green and blue structure of Stockholm and surroundings
The urban areas in the Stockholm region are formed like fingers out from the city of Stockholm. Between the urban areas green areas are preserved and some of the green areas reach parts of city, for example the National City Park. Within the city eight areas of natural and cultural reserves are protected to secure biodiversity and accessibility for the citizens. East of Stockholm the world famous archipelago with around 20 000 green islands form quite another type of nature. These islands can easily be reached by all kinds of boats from Stockholm. West of Stockholm you find the lake Mälaren, third in size in Sweden. Also the area of Mälaren and its islands are connected with Stockholm via boat traffic. The structure of the city and the region gives Stockholm citizens and visitors very good variety and accessibility to green and blue areas within the city and in the surroundings.
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Most of the different nature types can easily be reached by bike, boat, trains,buses or by car.
Public Green Areas Guidance Programmes and environmental data relative to social values
The City of Stockholm Environmental Programme 2008-2011, Objective 4. sustainable use of land- and water areas The Environmental Programme 2008-2011 states general objectives for a sustainable use of land and water, objectives for long-term management of significant natural values for fauna and flora and for the promotion of public health. During the programme period following objectives must be reached: • Very valuable land- and water areas will be preserved • Exploitation of valuable land- and water areas to be compensated • The Stockholmers has good access to land- and water areas, rich in diversity • The development of the City will be long-term sustainable
The City will act for the following secondary objectives to be achieved during the programme period: • The biodiversity in the parks and nature areas to be protected • The ecological status in Stockholm's seas and watercourses to be improved
Apart from this overall programme there are also more detailed guidance programmes and environmental data for the city’s public green areas, related to their social values and accessibility. The Stockholm Park Programme is an action programme for the development and management of Stockholm’s parks and green areas. The Programme came into being after a decision taken by the Stockholm Municipal Council in 2006. The programme provides advice and guidance for the planning and management of the green areas of Stockholm. The report Sociotopic Map for parks and other open spaces in the city of Stockholm – method, dialogue and results shows how “sociotopic” maps have been developed in dialogue with citizens of the different city centre districts. A “sociotope” is a defined area or thoroughfare, which is considered to be an area of human habitation by planners and users alike. There are 23 sociotopic maps, which show social and cultural values within the city’s open spaces. These maps are used in the city planning process in order to identify the properties of a particular area.
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Natural and cultural reserves to secure accessibility and biodiversity
Figure 3.2 National City Park
Nationalstadsparken also called Ekoparken, is unique in the world. In 1994 a large piece of land and water area in a big city area was set apart and protected by a special law in order to preserve its nature and culture in our time and for future generations. Nationalstadsparken is a unique experiment in cohabitation of city and nature. It is not an experiment in blocking time and development but a method for keeping a heritage in culture and nature alive in a world of change. Through a decision taken by the Stockholm Municipal Council a number of nature and open-air recreational areas in Stockholm are to be investigated for possible protection measures in the form of nature or cultural reserves. The Stockholm Comprehensive Land Use Plan 99 identifies areas of immediate interest for investigation. Se X in figure 3.2, below. With the nature reserves protection measures there are a number of objectives for biological diversity and accessibility, i.e. people’s right of use and access to the areas. To date, eight areas are protected under the legislation of The Environmental Code. Furthermore, The Stockholm Comprehensive Land Use Plan 99 pin-points four new areas, for which protection of natural or cultural values should be investigated in the near future. The Stockholm Comprehensive Land Use Plan 99 identifies areas (see X in the map below) of immediate interest for investigation for possible protection measures in the form of reserves.
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Figure 3.3 Nature reserves and one culture reserve in the City of Stockholm.
Source: The map is conducted by The Environmental and Health Administration, 2008, based on information in The Stockholm Comprehensive Land Use Plan 99..
Citizens living within 300 meters from public green areas Stockholm is rich in public green areas. This may explain why no official statistics have been published of how many citizens live within 300 meters of public green areas. An informal estimate from the City Planning Administration is that the number exceeds 90- 95%. This estimate is based on the report Sociotopic Map for parks and other open spaces in the city of Stockholm –method, dialogue and results in which valuable open spaces are classified as public green areas.5-10% live in residential districts with detached houses in green surroundings. In 2007 Citizen poll, investigating environmental awareness, 8 of 10 citizens estimated that they visited close situated parks and green areas regularly every week. 9 of 10 were satisfied with the possibilities of access to public green areas. A guideline principle of The Stockholm Park Programme states that park areas for “green retreats, playing, walking, resting in the sun” etc should be present within 200 meters from the residents. A follow-up of this guideline principles, as well of other qualities connected to the citizens’ proximity to public green areas, is going to take place in January - February 2009. The report Children’s access to space for playing describes children’s’ opportunities and access to green areas for gaming and playing. The report contains addresses of properties, preschools, and compulsory school for children, and provides an analysis of children’s accessibility (actual walking distance) to play-grounds/-areas of different kinds the city districts built up-areas. The results show that playgrounds and play areas are generally easily accessed for children living in Stockholm. However, to reach some of the areas for outdoor activities, especially those suitable for “nature play”, the company of an adult is required.
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Figure 3.4 The City of Stockholm – the inner parts. Distance to ”green playgrounds” for children in the company of an adult.
Dark green = 0 200 meters, light green = 200-300 m, yellow = 300-500 m, orange = 500- 1000 m, and red = 1000-3000 m. 2007.
Source: Children’s´ access to space for playing”, the Environmental and Health Administration,
How large is the proportion of public green areas? There are several ways to measure the proportion of public green areas to the city area in total. The proportion depends on the definition of concepts, and of the input data. Data from the City of Stockholm Office of Research and Statistics show that the total area of the municipality is nearly 22 000 ha, out of which approx. 12 000 ha (55 %) is green land (including waterways). Of this area (22 000 ha), waterways comprise approx. 2 800 ha (13 %). Close to half the municipal area is developed in some way. In 2003, streets and squares made up 9 % of the total municipal area. Approximations based on the Sociotopic Map indicate that the total figure is 6870 ha of green areas, or 68 % of all land area.
Figure 3.5 Distribution of different land areas and water
Wood Open area Semi-open area Wetland Water Built-up area
The diagramme is conducted by The Environment and Health Administration, 2008, based on data from City of Stockholm Office of Research and Statistics.
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2. Measures implemented during the last five to ten years aimed at increasing the size and quality of public green spaces There are significant natural values within the City of Stockholm. A good example is the great number of old oaks, which may provide habitats for more than 1500 species. The green areas of Stockholm are still of a coherent structure in many parts of the city, the so called ecological infrastructure, which is of great importance for the flora and fauna in the community.
Figure 3.6 Ecological infrastructure, potential network of habitats for amphibians.
Source: Landscape Ecological Analysis in the City of Stockholm – developing method for network of habitats, with amphibians as an example, by Mortberg, U., Zetterberg, A & Gontier, M. 2006.
Citizens rate the accessibility and diversity in nature as very appreciated and important environmental factors when interviewed on issues such as the city environment or ecological infrastructure. The greenery and vicinity to water are also rated as important factors for tourism. The City of Stockholm Environmental Programme 2008-2011contains objectives for significant natural values and accessibility to land and waterways. The municipality works on the broad scale to preserve biological diversity and natural values for its citizens. A large part of the land area in the municipality of Stockholm is owned by the City, which means that the City has a right of disposition over a great part of the land and waterways within the municipality borders.
Diversified measures for improved public green areas • The project Ecological development of Stockholm – suggestions of measures (BUS) was carried out during 2000-2003. It resulted in a document, describing the most urgent measures required to support biodiversity in the City. A number of practical measures were carried out within the project, and after completion of the BUS-project, several proposed measures were carried out, for example:
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• Training of the City’s park- and street maintenance engineers, as well as contractors engaged by the City: The basic training has been followed by in-dept training sessions on the theme biotope-specific maintenance. • Construction of artificial rafts for sea-birds, a measured described in the report Ecological development of Stockholm – suggestions of measures. • Figure 3.8 Project Ecological Figure 3.7 Arificial rafts in habitat development of Stockholm – for seabirds suggestion of measures
Photographer: Susann Östergård Photographer: Gunilla Hjorth • Teacher training in cooperation with Skansen open-air museum and zoological park. The measure is described in the report Ecological development of Stockholm – suggestions of measures • Guided tours in parks and nature for several target groups: Training of guides in cooperation with the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, and the County Administration of Stockholm. To tours managed today, by the NGO, has a focus an water, some of them are described at the website www.utinaturen.nu. • Supportive breeding and information about endangered species or species of cultural interest (in cooperation with the Skansen museum). The measure is described in the report Ecological development of Stockholm – suggestions of measures. • Conference on distribution and distribution barriers (in cooperation with the Swedish Museum of Natural History. The measure is described in the report Ecological development of Stockholm – suggestions of measures • Proposal regarding development of terminated refuse dump, into green area: Discussions of development and objectives in close cooperation with nearby citizens and other active groups in the area. The measure is described in the report Ecological development of Stockholm – suggestions of measures • Approximately 20 new small bodies of water for amphibians have been restored. Several of the restored habitats are today inhabited by amphibians. Some of the measure are described in the report Ponds for amphibians in the City of Stockholm Great crested Newt, Triturus cristatus, has been seen in a newly restored wetland , Kaknäs ängar, a former training field for shooting.
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Figure 3.9 Great crested Newt has been seen in a newly restored wetland
Photographer: Sebastian Bolander. • Five wetlands or watercourses have been restored. The project has been of benefit for both flora and fauna inhabiting these environments, and also contributed to a more diversified nature in the public green areas. The Great Crested Newt, Triturus vulgaris, a Natura 2000-species, has been seen in a newly restored wet-land. Several of the project are described on different websites, for exempel: - Wetlands on Järvafältet - Restorating the watercourse of Årstabäcken • Oaks have been cleared and new ones planted. The implemented measures to improve the environment for the oaks in the city also proved beneficial to several red-listed species, for example the acutely endangered long- horned beetle, Plagionotus detritus. • The city has restorated trees in and around streets and roads to the benefit of environment and health. • Grazing areas have increased by 38 %, compared to 2007. In total, 66 ha of the green area is pasture land, which contributes to a more open landscape and improved conditions for the species of this type of landscape.
Figure 3.10 Highland cattle on new grazing area. Increased focus on information and marking of fields, in order to further the accessibility of open-air areas and woodland paths, e.g. for visually handicapped. For example, see the website about the Järva kilstråk. For nature reserves, the City has established objectives, regulations and management programmes. Since 2004, six new areas have been established. Overall aims for the nature reserves are conservation of biodiversity, cultural environments and their significance for outdoor life.
Monitoring, survey and geographic information systems – a basis for green areas in city development planning. Prerequisite for enlarged and improved public green areas is sufficient knowledge about the properties of the areas in question. In section 1 of this chapter, the social values of green areas is dealt with. Below the focus is on biodiversity. Green areas are monitored to obtain information regarding their condition and how they are affected by the surrounding environment and human action.
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New knowledge about important ecological functions is obtained through the creation of a network of habitats for a selection of species. The habitat network is created by carrying out a landscape ecological analysis in geographical information system (GIS). This is a new way to compile base information which can be used for environmental planning, assessment, monitoring and measures. The networks can also be used to describe, track and predict the effects of landscape changes. Se figure 3.5, that shows an example of identified network of habitats for one of the focal groups of species, i.e amphibians. The work and results are presented in the reports Landscape Ecological Analysis in the City of Stockholm – network of habitats for oak specias and species in coniferous forests, and Landscape Ecological Analysis in the City of Stockholm – developing method for network of habitats, with amphibians as an exemple. (Mörtberg et al, 2006 and 2007).
ArtArken The City makes continuous updates of the species database ArtArken, which contains information about threatened species and other species under protection. The accessibility of the database for planners and others has been improved due to the upgrading of an interactive website. The interactive website for ArtArken, one of the communication channels between the municipality and citizens, experts etc. The database itself, is accessible for several workers and consults in nature issues. The City’s biotope map describes different land (nature) types and shows all the biotopes in the City of Stockholm – see figure 3.10. There has also been a survey made of regionally valuable oak biotopes. The method and results are describes in the report Unique Oak-habitats in the City of Stockholm.
Figure 3.11 The Biotope Map
It is not possible to monitor each individual plant and animal. For this reason we use certain biological indicators, e.g. amphibians and species living in old oaks, which are used as basis for decisions.
Policy of compensation The City has decided to compensate green areas lost through exploitation. The compensation has sometimes meant that additional, entirely new, green area has been added to the city or that an enhancement in the quality of the remaining land has been
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brought about. One type of compensatory step has been to develop management programmes, followed up by ecological management measures in order to strengthen the biodiversity of the area.
Collaboration across administrative borders The biological diversity in the city of Stockholm is part of and dependent of the regional green structure. Regional collaboration around monitoring is carried out through regional networking. One example is the monitoring of amphibians, which is carried out in collaboration with eight other municipalities – se the homepage http://www.sodertornsekologerna.org/ . Internal networking with offices of different areas of responsibility is also important to be able to carry out effective measures.
3. Short and long term measures for the establishment of green areas open to the public
Bathing beach Stockholm's unique situation at Mälarens outlet makes it a town rich of water areas. Close to 15% of Stockholm's surface is constituted of waters areas. The major water areas are Mälaren and Saltsjön but there are also 12 small lakes. The possibility of offering inhabitants and visitors access to swimming in the city lakes is important for the recreation of the citizens and a significant argument in the marketing of Stockholm, both nationally and internationally. Stockholm today offers 24 official bathing beach. Out of these, 15 bathing beach are situated in Lake Mälaren, and eight in the smaller lakes, and one in Saltsjön. In accordance with EU directives 2006/7/EU for bathing waters the City of Stockholm has conducted an action plan for bathing waters. The new legislation, that come into force 2008, introduces among other things environment quality norm for bathing waters and requires establishment of bathing waters profiles. The picture below shows Bathing water quality in Stockholm 2005-2007 classified according to official Swedish quality standards.
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Figure 3.12 Bathing beaches in Stockholm.
Short term measures Measures to be carried out in the near future, with a goal to administer the city’s public green areas are: • An inventory and survey of the city’s watersides is taking place and will be carried on during 2009, containing information of accessibility and particularly significant qualities, e.g. ecological. To be used as basis for decisions in connection with prospective measures of accessibility. The inventory is financed by The Environmental and Health Administration (Proposal for Administration Plan 2009). • Pilot study – proposal for a lake management programme. There are today no detailed instructions for an ecologically and recreationally aimed management of the city’s lakes, which the Stockholm Water Program calls to attention. A pilot study to be used as a base for management of the city’s lakes will therefore be carried out.
Long term planning for improved accessibility to attractive parks and green areas. A measure which will be realised as a long term goal is that the Stockholm Comprehensive Land Use Plan offers guidance for the planning of improved accessibility to attractive parks and green areas. The revision of the land use plan, which is presently in progress, includes a draft proposal: To reach the goals of the Park Programme the City shall renew and create parks and other natural areas. These measures should contain a number of the qualities valued by different groups of society. An important area is the improvement of accessibility, such as “green connections” or attractive entrances to the green areas. The measures will be financed by The City Planning Administration.
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Documents, websites and documented decisions ArtArken, the database for endangered species in Stockholm (swe) Children’s access to space for playing (swe) City of Stockholm Office of Research and Statistics The City of Stockholm Environmental Programme 2008-2011 (eng) Ecological development of Stockholm – suggestions measures (swe) Stockholm environment and health assessment 2008 (swe) Landscape Ecological Analysis in the City of Stockholm – network of habitats for oak specias and species in coniferous forests, report by Mörtberg, U., Zetterberg, A. & Gontier, M., KTH Land and water resources engineering. The Environmental and Health Administration, The City of Stockholm. 2007. (In Swedish) Landscape Ecological Analysis in the City of Stockholm – developing method for network of habitats, with amphibians as an exemple, report by Mörtberg, U., Zetterberg, A. & Gontier, M., KTH Land and water resources engineering. The Environmental and Health Administration, The City of Stockholm. 2006. (In Swedish) Järva kilstråk, an example, about measures for increased accessibility in green areas (swe) Manual of Sociotopes – Planning of the public open spaces with the Stockholmers and the Sociotopic Map (swe) Ponds for amphibians in the City of Stockholm (swe) Sociotopic Map for parks and other open spaces in the city of Stockholm –method, dialogue and results (swe) Stockholm Planning and Building Act (or The Urban Design Guidelines) (swe) Södertörnsekologerna, www.sodertornsekologerna.org (swe) The Environmental Code (In Swedish) Restorating the watercourse of Årstabäcken, about a restorated watercourse (swe) The Revision of The Stockholm Comprehensive Land Use Plan (swe) The Stockholm Comprehensive Land Use Plan 99 (swe) The Stockholm Park Programme (swe) Stockholm Water Program Unique Oak-habitats in the City of Stockholm (swe) Wetlands on Järvafältet, a website about a restorated wetland (swe) www.utinaturen.nu, a website about guided nature tours. Proposal for Administration Plan 2009
34 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 4. Quality of ambient air
4. QUALITY OF AMBIENT AIR
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years Stockholm ambient air quality has improved substantially during the last decade. Downward trends are monitored for several substances and the concentrations are well below EC limit values in the whole city of Stockholm for benzene, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, lead and particulate matter PM2,5. The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene are also well below EC target values. The present situation and development of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter PM10 and ozone are described below according to specified questions.
Number of days per year on which the value of 50 ug/m3 was exceeded for PM10 (daily mean) In 2007 EC limit value was not exceeded in Stockholm urban background and neither along most streets in the city. In some traffic hotspots along some 20 streets and highways the limit value was exceeded 35-75 days compared with maximum permitted 35 days. Almost all the exceeds occur in the winter period November to April mainly due to the use of studded winter tyres in Sweden. The map below is based on continuous monitoring and model calculations.
Figure 4.1 Number of days 2007 with PM10 concentrations >50 µg/m³. The map is based on model calculations and continuous monitoring.
The trend for PM10 exceedings in traffic hotspots has been almost unchanged over the last five to ten years.
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Figure 4.2 Number of days with PM10 concentrations >50 µg/m³. Trends from continuous monitoring.
Governmental policies air quality are expected in the end of 2008 and beginning of 2009. Some new legislation and policies for winter tyres and winter road maintenance will be important to manage the remaining exceeds of PM10 limit values in Swedish cities, (http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10902/a/111372)
Number of days per year on which the value of 120 ug/m3 was exceeded for ozone (8h mean) In 2007 Stockholm did not exceed the EC target value for protection of human health (120 µg/m³) any day during the year. During some years over the last five to ten years the target value has been exceeded up to 10 days, which is well below the maximum permitted 25 days.
Figure 4.3 Number of days with max. 8h mean concentrations of ozone. Black bars represent urban background in Stockholm. Red and blue bars represent regional background.
The ozone trends for urban and regional background the last ten years are upward with an average of 1-2 % per year. The ozone concentrations in Stockholm are well below the EC target value 2010 for protection of vegetation (18000 µg/m³ AOT40).
36 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 4. Quality of ambient air
Figure 4.4 Annual mean concentrations of ozone. Trends from continuous monitoring. Black curve represent urban background in Stockholm. Red and blue curves, regional background.
Annual mean concentration of NO2 and PM10 In 2007 annual mean values for NO2 were 5–15 µg/m³ in regional and urban background. Along most streets and highways in the city the annual mean values were 15-40 µg/m³. In a few traffic hotspots in a few streets with the highest concentrations the annual mean values were 40-50 µg/m³. The map below is based on continuous monitoring and model calculations.
Figure 4.5 Annual mean concentrations 2007 of NO2 in µg/m³. The map is based on model calculations and continuous monitoring.
37 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 4. Quality of ambient air
There is a downward trend of 1-5 % per year in average in the reduction of NO2 concentrations over the last ten years in regional and urban background. The downward trend is slower in traffic hotspots, around 0,5-1 % per year in average
4.6 Annual mean concentrations of NO2. Trends from continuous monitoring. Top curves in the graph represent traffic hotspots. Five curves in the bottom of the graph represent urban and regional background
In 2007 annual mean values for PM10 were 10–20 µg/m³ in regional urban background. Along most streets, the annual mean concentrations were 20-30 µg/m³. Along the streets and highways with the highest concentrations, the annual mean values were 30-40 µg/m³. In one traffic hotspot 40 µg/m³ was exceeded. The map below is based on continuous monitoring and model calculations.
Figure 4.7 Annual mean concentrations 2007 of PM10 in µg/m³. The map is based on model calculations and continuous monitoring.
38 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 4. Quality of ambient air
The trend for PM10 has been unchanged over the last five to ten years in urban background. In traffic hotspots a slight downward trend has been monitored the last six years.
Figure 4.8 Annual mean concentrations of PM10. Trends from continuous monitoring. Top curves in the graph represent traffic hotspots. Threee curves in the bottom of the graph represent urban and regional background
Measures implemented in the last five to ten years in order to improve air quality Stockholm has a long tradition of monitoring air quality, setting emission goals, taking local and regional actions, evaluating action results, setting new goals etc. Concentrations of several air pollutants have been reduced by using this strategy. Actions taken at the European level, such as EC emission directives and air quality directives, are also important complementary steps for improving air quality.
Energy Local and regional actions in the energy sector are good examples of a systematic and structured work to reduce emissions in Stockholm. Sulphur dioxide concentrations are today below 2 µg/m³ due to expansion of district heating systems, efficient cleaning equipment in energy plants and continuous conversion from fossil to bio fuels. In this way also the emissions of carbon dioxide from the energy sector in Stockholm have decreased with more than 50 percent the last ten years.
Public transport Several parts of the city centre in Stockholm are located on islands. By that reason, the function of transport systems relies on a limited number of bridges and is very sensitive to disturbances. The public transport system has always been a crucial system part for better air quality, also the last ten years. Continuous investments in public transport are therefore very important. The share of trips to Stockholm city centre taken by public transport increased from 57 to 64 percent the last ten years. In the morning peak hour the share increased from 72 to 77 percent. These figures are very high in an international comparison and maintaining the figures is an important Stockholm objective for keeping a good air quality.
39 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 4. Quality of ambient air
Congestion charge Another step towards better air quality was taken in 2006 when the Stockholm trial with congestion charge took place. The test was successful and in August 2007 a permanent congestion tax was introduced in Stockholm city centre. Due to the congestion tax traffic work and emissions in the city centre are reduced by 10-15 percent.
Road tunnels Another way of relieving the city centre and certain suburb areas from road traffic and consequently getting better air quality in the same areas is construction and use of road tunnels. In 2004 the Southern Link around the city centre was opened for traffic and relieved a lot of streets and roads in the southern part in the city from emissions. In 2008 the construction of the Northern Link has started.
Environment zone Ten years ago Swedish regulations (SFS 1998:1276) and local environment zones for heavy duty vehicles were established. The zone in Stockholm was defined as the city centre where only vehicles with emissions according to Euroclass 1 and 2 were allowed. The zone regulations have been updated continuously. The latest update of the regulations in 2007 allow only heavy vehicles with emissions of Euroclass 3 and 4 in the zone from 2009.
Clean vehicles Clean vehicles for lower emissions of nitrogen oxides, particles and greenhouse gases have been a head topic in Stockholm the last five to ten years. The city has been a pioneer especially for bio fuelled vehicles. The fleet of bio fuelled cars has increased from near zero to around 50000 during the last five years. So far in 2008 more than 40 percent of new registered cars in Stockholm are environment cars according to national standard.
Existence and level of implementation of an air quality management plan Air quality management is performed continuously on the local and regional level to give good information for taking decisions about infrastructure, traffic and environment. Descriptions of environment consequences, e.g. checking limit values for air quality, are included in the normal process in all urban planning. Tools in monitoring and modelling air quality are used regularly in Stockholm both for planning and evaluation of actions taken. Long time series of air quality and meteorology data of high quality are used. Together with emissions from all sources the data are processed in different dispersion models. Model calculations are used as a regular planning and evaluation tool to sort out the contribution of air pollutants from different emission categories to the total concentration of air pollution. Scenario calculations are used in all urban planning to analyse air quality consequences of different plan alternatives. On the national level the government regularly implements legislations and policies for air quality management based on EC directives. Licenses for emissions to air are also given on a national level by environment courts.
40 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 4. Quality of ambient air
Information to the public (both inhabitants and tourists) on air quality levels (e.g. web pages, information screens) in order to increase awareness and change behaviour. Information about local and regional air quality is updated on web pages every hour. Information including forecasts is also provided two times every day in Stockholm traffic radio and in daily papers. Special information activities are launched together with other organisations e.g. the County Administration and the National Road Administration.
Planned short and long term measures for improvement of air quality Both short and long term measures are ongoing and planned in Stockholm to continue the rapid move from fossil fuels to bio fuels in the energy and transport sectors. Energy savings are already in pipe for both sectors. These actions will reduce the local and regional emissions of nitrogen oxides, particles and greenhouse gases. In the traffic sector the plans will have a focus on the conversion to bio fuels, electricity and combinations thereof. The expansion of the nets of bio gas stations and ethanol stations will be continued to meet the increasing demand of environment vehicles. Together with energy companies, Stockholm has started the testing and planning of infrastructure for plug-in hybrids. These vehicles are expected on the market in a few years and in the meantime it is important to get the infrastructure of parking and electricity working well. Governmental policies for climate and air quality are expected in the end of 2008 and beginning of 2009. The policies will include a focus on national objectives for fresh air and reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. Implementation of common national strategies for efficient energy use and emission reduction of greenhouse gases and air pollutants such as particles will be crucial. Some new legislation and policies for winter tyres and winter road maintenance will be important to manage the remaining exceed of PM10 limit values in Swedish cities, (http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/10902/a/111372)
Resources Building transport infrastructure is an extreme long term measure. Infrastructure planning of investments has a focus on railways and by-pass roads. The demand for railway traffic to and from Stockholm is growing fast. Public and private partnerships for financing railways and roads will speed up these investments. For long term reduction of emissions of air pollutants in Stockholm city centre these investments have been and will be important. In December 2007 the result was presented from the Stockholm agreement on investments in Traffic infrastructure in the Stockholm region for environment and growth Stockholmsöverenskommelsen The agreement was decided between the Swedish Government and the Stockholm Region and cover the period until 2020 with an outsight until 2030.
Documents, websites and documented decisions Information about Stockholm air quality, emissions, meteorology, concentrations, environment and health effects, actions taken and planned, system design etc. are regularly updated every hour on the website www.slb.nu (Miljökvalitetsnormer and Halter in the upper list)
41 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 4. Quality of ambient air
Stockholm maps of different air pollutants are regularly updated on the website. Reports on the subjects above are regularly stored on the same website. www.slb.nu (Rapporter in the upper list)
Examples of reports • SLB 1:2008 Luften i Stockholm 2007 • SLB 4:2006 The Stockholm trial, effects on air quality and health • LVF 2008:5 Utsläppsdata för år 2006 • LVF 2007:36 Uppdatering av NO2-kartläggning I Stockholms och Uppsala län • LVF 2007:17 Exponering för partikelhalter (PM10) i Stockholms län • LVF 2007:14 Hälsoeffekter av partiklar • LVF 2007:2 Traffic Emissions, Socioeconomic valuation and Socioeconomic measures
42 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 5. Noise pollution
5. NOISE POLLUTION
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to: The city of Stockholm has surveyed noise since the early 1970s. In the beginning the work was concentrated on noise maps from road and railway traffic. During the years that have followed, the field has broadened. Since 2002 we have worked with a city map over the whole Stockholm area, to fulfil the European noise directive. However, the City of Stockholm took an early decision to make the map very detailed: For example we use 2 x 2 m grid (distance between calculation points). The reason is to make it possible to use the mapping for several purposes, since there are several different reasons for noise mapping. Basically it is for use in the campaign against noise pollution and in formulation of activities and measures. It is also important for information purposes, as a basis for physical planning, when handling complaints, to study changes over time or making comparisons and more.
Figure 5.1 Noise map – Södermalm, a part of Stockholm
When noise abatement activities are carried out or planned, we register the most exposed buildings. We have documented each of the 10 000 most exposed buildings. In connection with that work we have also calculated the number of windows, the maximum noise level and additional data. This gives us an idea of how many of the residents that are affected, and the cost for protective actions. Not only is the living environment of interest when it comes to noise problems. The noise level in parks and open areas is of great importance from a recreational point of view. Until today more than 100 measurements have been done in parks and open areas in Stockholm. Ten years ago we started up two continuous monitoring stations, where the noise level is measured on an ongoing basis 24 hours a day. The stations are situated at Sveavägen, a busy city street, and at Observatorielunden, a city park.
43 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 5. Noise pollution
Figure 5.2 Annual measurements of noise at city park Observatorielunden
All information on noise is put into a computerized system. Information about the present situation, protective actions and data on where noise is reduced for other reasons. The information above is used as a basis for decisions on protective actions, in the planning process, and when studying noise exposure and health effects. The City of Stockholm is a member of EUROCITIES Working group noise since 2007. Stockholm is one of the partners in the EU-project Qcity (Quiet City Transport), which is an integrated project partly founded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework programme. The aim of the project is to develop an integrated technology infrastructure for the efficient control of road and rail ambient noise by considering the attenuation of noise generation at source at both vehicle/infrastructure levels. The activity will support European noise policy to eliminate harmful effects of noise exposure and decrease levels of transport noise creation, especially in urban areas, deriving solutions that will ensure compliance with the constraints of legislative limits. A major objective is to provide municipalities with tools to establish noise maps and action plans (Directive 2002/49/EC) and to provide them with a broad range of validated technical solutions for the specific hot-spot problems they encounter in their specific city.
Share of population exposed to noise values of L(den) above 55 dB(A) and 55 dB(A)
Figure 5.3 Share of population Figure 5.4 Share of population exposed to noise values of L(den) exposed to noise values of L(night) above 55 dB(A): 34% above 50 dB(A): 20%
Population exposed to Lnight 45-50 is not calculated separately
44 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 5. Noise pollution
Measures implemented during the last five to ten years in order to reduce noise
Examples of measures are listed below: When fighting noise pollution, it is important to work in several different ways. Precautions, like noise barriers and improved window insulation is an important part that should be taken together with actions directly at the source. Noise issues should be considered when the infrastructure is being planned and regulations can be used. Our work against traffic noise can be separated in 4 different ways: • Protective actions, for example noise barriers, improved window insulation. We have a drive spanning over several years, with the intention of decreasing noise for those most exposed. Since the beginning of 1970 until now about 50 km of noise barriers have been built and about 46 000 windows in more than 15 000 dwellings along 110 km roads has received reduced noise as a result of protective actions. • Regulations. Since several years we have restrictions against heavy goods traffic at night time on most of the streets in the city. Speed limits were introduced in residential areas, from 50 to 30 km/h. Two years ago, environmental zones for heavy goods traffic was introduced. Vehicles older than 8 years are prohibited to go to the inner city of Stockholm. The trial with congestion charges were introduced in 2006 and have been studied with respect to noise. • Planning process. Noise issues are taken into account in discussions about design and location of housing, in traffic planning when transferring the traffic to other areas, and for example covering roads with buildings. Demand for housing is increasing in Stockholm, while land that is still available for development often is exposed to noise. In a project called Traffic noise and planning, the City of Stockholm cooperated with other actors to develop proposals for guidelines regarding design of buildings aiming to obtain a good acoustic environment. The result is that it is possible to build dwellings with a good acoustic standard even in large cities. This work serves as a basis for a proposal on a method of assessing the traffic noise situation in dwellings. The method is called “Sound Quality Score” and is today widespread in Sweden. • Reduction of noise at source, as for example low noise road surfaces. We are cooperating with other noise experts to develop low noise road surfaces, some of them containing rubber. This work is partly carried out within the above mentioned Qcity- project. Several test sites with different surfaces have been used. The results so far are promising but more work is needed to secure the durability of the surfaces. Periodically difficult conditions caused by a large number of vehicles and extensive use of studded tyres are still a challenge. Small environmental friendly vehicles for distribution of goods are used in The Old Town. Results of the noise abatement work are significant. In 1970 220 000 people in Stockholm were exposed to levels above 35 dBA in their homes, and today this number is reduced to 20 000. 200 000 inhabitants has received reduced noise levels due to the noise abatement measures.
45 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 5. Noise pollution
Figure 5.5 Households exposed to indoor noise values of 35 dB(A)
Planned short and long term measures aimed at reducing noise:
Short term measures Short-term measures focus mainly to limit noise at source. It involves action at the windows, noise reduced ventilation and noise barriers. The ongoing noise abatement program described above is still running. The budget for 2008 is approximately 15 MSEK. During 2008 one noise barrier is built in the southern part of the city, Örby. Some resources are allocated towards maintenance of old screens. An estimated number of 2000 people will receive improved façade insulation. The budget for noise abatement is decided on a yearly basis by the Road Administration. Budget for 2009 will be decided in the end of year 2008.
Long term measures The city has produced a new Strategic Action Plan according to European Noise Directive (Directive 2002/49/EC). The action plan will be decided upon by the City Council in 2008. The strategic action plan has been prepared by the Road Administration in collaboration with the Environment and Health Administration, the Planning Administration, the National Road Administration, the National Railway Administration, the Stockholm Public Transport and the National Air Traffic Administration. Each administration also sets up their own, more detailed action plan. The main strategy in the long term is to reduce noise at the source. Examples of measures undertaken or planned and which will have the greatest impact in the longer term are: • Development of low-noise road surfaces. Both test sites, and review of ways to reduce the size of conventional stone asphalt surfacing. • Stricter noise requirements for the procurement of buses and rail vehicles. • Closer track grinding intervals to limit noise from the railway traffic. • Information efforts to restrict the use of studded tyres and the ability to choose quieter tires. • An economic incentive program with the aim to help citizens choose silent and environmentally friendly means of transport.
46 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 5. Noise pollution
• A strategy for the noise situation in parks and other recreational areas will be developed. • The process of building noise screens and improving façade insulations will be continued. Emphasis will still be focused on residential areas, but the situation at schools, kindergartens and hospitals etc. will also be revised. This will be followed by an evaluation where appropriate measures for further noise reduction are listed.
Documents, websites and documented decisions • Noise Pollution Strategic Actionplan 2009-2013 according to the Stockholm Regulation of Noise pollution (SFS 2004:675) • Noise Pollution Strategic Action Plan - adopted Environment and Health Administration according to the Stockholm Regulation of Noise pollution (SFS 2004:675) • Norwegian report on noise road traffic (norwegian) Report: Hvordan styrke nordiske kommuners arbejde med vejtrafikstøj? By Claus Hedegaard Sørensen og Tore Leite, Transportøkonomisk institutt, Oslo • The Stockholm Noise pollution map is found on the web-page: http://www.map.stockholm.se/kartago/kartago_fr_buller.html • More about the Transport Administration’s work with noise reduction is found on the web-page: http://www.stockholm.se/KlimatMilijo/Trafik-luft-och-buller/Trafikbuller2/
47 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 6. Waste production and management
6. WASTE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to:
1 Amount of waste per capita The total amount of waste per capita is 597 kg/person/year in Stockholm 2007 In Stockholm, the amount of waste produced and sent to the municipal collection and treatment system is slowly increasing. The increase during the 90’s was 1% or less, but from around year 2000 and until today, the increase has been approximately 2%.
Figure 6.1 Total amount of waste collected per annum (kg/inhabitant)
Production of waste collected in the municipal waste management system (and under municipal responsibility) is highly connected to, and dependent on, the economic situation of the citizens. As a consequence of the slow down in the economy, the increase in the amount of waste seems to slow down somewhat in year 2008. The definition on what is included in municipal and household waste varies from city to city, country to country. To be able to describe the present situation and the development during the last five to ten year it is necessary to pay attention to the waste management system and responsibilities mentioned below. Municipal waste in the City of Stockholm includes waste from households and waste from commercial businesses that is collected through the municipal responsibility directly collected at the house or building. In the bylaw for the City of Stockholm it is stated that waste from restaurant, cinemas and other buildings where people congregate is considered municipal waste. Included is also bulky waste from households collected directly at the house or building by the contractors for the City and bulky waste delivered at the Recycle Centers by the household. For these parts the municipality is responsible. Also included in the municipal waste is package waste under responsibility of the producers and waste of electrical and electronic equipment under responsibility of the producers from households. The Producers responsibility was introduced in Sweden in the middle of the 90’ies and means that the producers have both the physical and financial responsibility to collect and treat/recycle the packaging put on the Swedish market. In practice this means that the producers’ representatives/contractors have to collect and treat/recycle a certain percentage of the packaging put on the whole Swedish market. The producer’s
48 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 6. Waste production and management
representatives/contractors keep statistics on both the amount put on the market and the amount of collected/treated/recycled, but not exactly specified for each municipality. One hundred more Recycle collection points, återvinningsstationer, are planned.
Municipal and household waste generation per capita (kg/yr)
Figure 6.2 Municipal waste generation
• Material recycling: 31 % • Biological treatment: 0 % • Incineration - energy recovery: 59 % • MBT: 0 % • Landfill: 10 % •
Incineration Recycling Landfill
Bulky waste from Recycling centers and collected by contractors; per capita 188 kg/yr
Figure 6.3 Household waste generation
• Material recycling: 25 % • Biological treatment: 1,5 % • Incineration - energy recovery: 73,5% • MBT: 0 % • Landfill: 0 %
Incineration Recycling Biological treatment
Waste from households collected via bins or sacks directly from houses and buildings, per capita: 306kg/year We have today a separate collection of packaging waste under the responsibility of the Producers of the packaging. Prior to the introduction of Producers Responsibility on packaging material the City of Stockholm made the first test in the world on separate collection of recyclables from buildings with several flats in the densely populated centre of the city. All the recyclables were “sorted at source” that is “sorted inside the building”. This pilot-project showed that it is possible to arrange separate sorting and collection of recyclables also in densely populated areas, but it is expensive and require redesign of waste collection rooms in the buildings. Nevertheless, this system was not introduced as the legislation changed in the middle of the 90s, and the producers of packaging material
49 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 6. Waste production and management
received the responsibility for their material and the municipality was no longer responsible for the collection. Also during the 90s the Waste Administration had a research and developing program for production of ethanol as bio-fuel from low-quality paper. The research showed that it was a feasible way to handle low-quality paper but at that time the Producers Responsibility for packages was introduced in Sweden and the Paper-industry was not interested to continue the development of this technology.
Material recycling (source separated): 25 % • Collected packages materials for material recycling by the contractors for the producer’s collection system, per capita: 95 kg/year • Bulky waste from households collected directly at the house and building, per capita: 87 kg/year • Bulky waste from households and small businesses delivered to Recycling Centers, per capita: 103 kg/year
A recycling collection points organised by the producers of packaging.
Biological treatment (source separated): 1,5 % Most of the local objectives in different documents can be deduced to 16 national environmental objectives adopted by the Swedish parliament 1999. For example the sub target; At least 35 percent of the food waste from households, restaurants and groceries will be treated biologically in 2010. The local objectives are for 2012 a biological treatment of 35 % of the food waste from restaurants and groceries, and 10 % from the households. In year 2007 9,5 % of the food waste from restaurants and groceries and 2 % of the food waste from the households was treated biologically Composition analyses were made in the autumn to evaluate the test of separate food waste collection from households. Households without separate food waste collection had 44,5 per cent of weight in the garbage bag, but households with separate food waste collection only had 15 per cent of weight of food waste in the garbage bag.
50 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 6. Waste production and management
Equipment provided by the city to all households participating in the food waste collection Bins for household- and food waste. During the 90s the city started separate collection of food waste from some restaurants. The idea was to collect this high-quality food waste separately and treat it in an anaerobic digester plant for production of biogas and bio-fertiliser of quality to fulfil standards for ecological farming. The Waste Administration also built a pilot-plant to anaerobic digest the separate collected food waste. The plant demonstrated that it was possible to establish a collection and treatment system for food waste that fulfilled the requirements for production of biogas to bio-fuel for cars and trucks and bio-fertiliser for ecological farming. These experiences have been used when the administration purchased separate collection and treatment of the food waste. The experiences have also increased the interest from the waste-water treatment plants and other anaerobic digester plants to offer their capacity for treatment of the separate collected food waste. The collection has continuously increased on voluntarily assistance from restaurants. Also private household has been invited to voluntarily participate in the separate collection of food waste and has done so. The Waste Administration had during the 90s and still has today, a small group of officials that carry out meetings with restaurants and households. This officials provides information on the collection and treatment of food waste, technical description of the system, the results of the collection and treatment and the impact on the environment and global warming etc. All businesses that want to participate in the separate food waste collection have a running-in period when the food waste is sent to a composting plant. This gives the Waste Administration the possibility to follow-up the quality of the separate delivered food waste and an opportunity to provide feed-back to the business or household on their performance on separating the food waste. As soon as the quality is good enough the food waste is delivered for anaerobic digestion. Composting will not be a big scale or long- term way of handling biodegradable waste from the Municipal Solid Waste as it needs an un-acceptable big area for the plant and the impact from greenhouse gases is not possible to secure. The administration has never regarded incineration with waste-to-energy recovery and anaerobic digestion as competitive treatment, but rather as complementary operations to increase the recovery of household waste.
Incineration with energy recovery: 73,5 % The City of Stockholm has a 100 year long tradition on waste incineration and Waste-to- Energy management of the Municipal Solid Waste (Household Waste). The Year 1909 the first incinerator plant started operation in the city to reduce the household waste to landfill. The idea was “put as little waste as possible on landfill and use the waste”. The ideas to use household waste for production of heat and electricity, reduce waste to
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landfill and replace fossil fuel with combustible waste has continued and developed so that no household waste at all from the city is put on landfill. The incineration of household waste with energy recovery generates ashes put on landfill, equal to 2,4 per cent of the total amount of household waste collected in the City of Stockholm. The incineration also generate clinker, equal to 16 per cent of the waste amount. This clinker was 2007 – september 2008 used in the landfill capping in Lövsta. Otherwise the clinker is used as construction material. The City of Stockholm needs all the heat and energy that is produced by the waste, there by very small volumes are placed on landfill. Inert material such as wc, insulation etc from the city’s recycling centres are placed on landfill. No waste from households are placed on landfill.
2 Proportion of total/biodegradable waste sent to landfill None. All separate collected food waste is recycled as biogas and fertiliser nothing is sent to landfill. The Swedish legislation do not allow any organic waste sent to landfill
3 Percentage of recycled municipal waste 100 % of the waste from “under your sink” is recycled as Waste-to-Energy (heating and electricity). Municipal responsibility. Products put on the market and not collected separately and recycled trough “the Producers Responsibility System” normally are collected via the Municipal Waste Management System” and is used as Waste-to-energy this way.
Percentage of packaging recycling of municipal waste (household and commercial) and percentage of packaging recovery (incineration) of municipal waste Approx. 78 % of separate collected used packaging-materials are recycled in accordance to the Producers Responsibility organisation (FTI AB). Producers Responsibility. The remaining packaging is incinerated.
Measures implemented the last five to ten years aimed at reducing the amount of waste produced and the amount of waste sent to landfill, especially biodegradable waste, including awareness programmes
Waste prevention and reduction programmes incl. targets; if any (please include copy of waste awareness examples) As the amount of waste is slowly increasing in the City of Stockholm the Waste Management Administration has since the 1970s had an organisation working with information on Waste Management for and in the City of Stockholm. During the 90s and until today this department has produced information to increase the awareness of waste, for the citizens of the city. The Waste Management Administration has also during the last 20-years participated in exhibitions, giving speeches at seminars and citizens meetings on waste management and the environmental impact from waste. The Waste Management Administration in Stockholm is assigned to create an environmental friendly, cost-efficient and service minded waste management. Since the Stockholm citizens have a key role in reaching this goal, communication activities and customer guidance are two key activities for the Administration. The aim is to achieve
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increased confidence in the waste management system and to increase the number of costumers who consider themselves well informed about waste management. Reduction of the amount of generated waste is one of the most important challenges within the environmental field and in accordance to the waste hierarchy, this is the primary environmental objective for waste management in the City of Stockholm. The city has small instrument to impact directly on the waste flows. To increase the awareness of the consumers the communication efforts should origin from the hierarchy of waste.
Examples of communication efforts: Your waste – not just any junk Yearly the campaign ”Your waste – not just any junk”, Dina sopor – inte vilket skräp som helst, is held on different themes, for example hazardous waste, in media and public transport. Evaluation of the campaign 2008 shows that 44 % have seen the campaign, 92 % understood the message (trade average is 44 %). The inhabitants of Stockholm find the campaign trustworthy and informative. The source separation has increased, from 53 per cent in spring 2005 to 71% this autumn, of the inhabitants that is separating everything och the most. The trust for the waste management in Stockholm continue to increase, today 55 per cent of the citizens states they have big or rather big trust that the hazardous waste is handled correctly. The share with small or no confidence for the waste management has constantly decreased since the autumn 2004 when the yearly campaigns started, from 22 per cent to 11 per cent. Yearly calendar Yearly a calendar is sent to all households in Stockholm about waste management, recycling, opening hours, responsibilities and possibilities. It is also accessible from our website http://www.stockholm.se/KlimatMiljo/Avfall-och-atervinning/ Guide for source separation. Guide for source separation Conference 9th December 2008 the waste management department arranges a seminar on the theme “The future waste management in the City of Stockholm”. Contractors, large property owners, consultants and officials in the city of Stockholm are invited to reflect and discuss the presumptions given for the future waste management in the City of Stockholm. Educational programmes The Waste Administration also had a program for education and increasing the awareness at schools. In this program the Administration had 1 person especially dedicated to give information and have meeting with teachers. Dissemination and promotion of best practices From the 90s and until today the Waste Administration also has been involved in International projects with the objective to communicate knowhow on waste collection and treatment purchase, forming Strategic Waste Management Plans, communication of waste handling and awareness etc.
53 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 6. Waste production and management
Extent of regulatory and economic instruments to assist waste management objectives including waste bylaws and ordinance requiring source separation and presentation of household and commercial waste The Strategic Waste Management Plan for the City of Stockholm, 2008 – 2012, contains both bylaws and a description of the waste management in the City of Stockholm with strategic objectives and how the objectives could be met. The programme is legally adopted by the City council. Examples of objectives: • The waste amount should be reduced • Hazardous waste is collected and dealt with in a manner that is environmentally sound • A greater amount of waste should be recycled • The waste collection system will be characterized of good availability The objectives are divided into sub targets and action plans. For reaching the objectives measures such as waste fee and local regulations are used. The waste fee charge users for their service. The fee is indifferent and a lower cost for food waste separation and waste collection that is mechanised is used as incentives. The waste fee also includes free visits for households at the Recycling Centers. Businesses are welcome but have to pay for their visits. Taxes are described here. • The Stockholm Environment Programme 2008 – 2011 contains objectives for the City of Stockholm’s own activities similar to the objectives in the strategic waste management plan.
Extent and purpose of “energy recovery” The power and heating company Fortum covers over 75 per cent of the district heating needed. The district heating in Stockholm is produced by a mix of fuel, why the following figures are rough estimations. By estimate 75 per cent of the households in the City of Stockholm are reached. District heating is partly produced by energy from household waste (9 per cent) which corresponds to more than 60 000 households. Simplified the household waste generate 60 GWh electricity to 16 600 households. The electricity is not sold to directly to households but delivered to Nordpool.
Management systems for hazardous waste from households and commercial enterprises The waste management system for collection and treatment of hazardous waste is divided in two different parts. Hazardous waste originating from households is collected either via a bring-to system where the household brings the waste, either to ” hazardous waste collection stations” placed at 15 petrol- stations or at a Recycling Centre, to a paint-shop with an agreement to the City of Stockholm for collection, or to the mobile collection point the “Haz-Mat” truck who stops at 102 stations (400 stops a year) throughout the city according to a preset schedule. Or ordering a pick-up from the house or building by the city’s procured contractor.
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Hazardous waste from commercial enterprises is collected by private contractors. Both contractors operating for the municipality or directly for commercial enterprises are subject to licensing and control. Projects to enhance citizen’s accessibility to collection points for hazardous waste also include tests with collection automats “Samlare” placed at convenience stores. These accept lightbulbs, batteries and aerosol cans.
Management systems to comply with EU WEEE Directive The waste management system for Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Sweden is in compliance with the WEEE-directive from EU. The management system is implemented as a Producer’s Responsibility with EL-Kretsen AB which is the representative for the Producers. El-Kretsen AB has an agreement with the City of Stockholm, which means that the Waste Management Administration in the City through Recycling Centers and Bulky Waste Collectors are the contractor for collection of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment. After the collection the Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment is transported and treated/recycled by other contractor to El- Kretsen AB.
Management systems to comply with EU Endo-of-life Vehicles Directive The system for collection and treatment of vehicles in Sweden is in compliance with the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive from EU. The management system is implemented as a Producer’s Responsibility with Bil Sweden AB and Refero as the representative for the Producers. Refero has an agreement with local dismantling facilities to receive and collect vehicles.
Management systems to comply with EU Batteries Directive The EU Batteries Directive will be administered as a Producers Responsibility and organised thru the same entities as the WEEE directive (El-Kretsen AB). Until the implementation of the EU Directive there has been a municipal system for collection of used batteries in place. The existing collection system will be retained to ensure that the good results will continue. Here the municipality will function as contractor for the producers, as is also the case with WEEE. There is approximately 1 000 collection points in the city that is serviced by a dedicated contractor. Collection in buildings is handled by approved bulky waste contractors.
Progress report on implementation of the urban waste management plan to include achievements to date The Strategic Waste Management Plan is reviewed every year. But since the plan period is 2008 – 2012 there has been no follow up and revise yet. The content of household waste is analysed to see the composition. These analyses are made every second year and 2008 will be the kick-off point for the hazardous waste. These kinds of analyses are however made for many years on different kinds of waste.
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Special built vehicles for food waste collection from restaurants and the Ecoferm digestion plant
A survey was carried out towards restaurant participating in the food waste collection. They responded that their main reason to participate is the environmental gain (58 per cent) even though the fee is lower than for mixed waste. A report made of IVL, the Swedish Environmental Institution, states the environmental gain of food waste collection in Stockholm to biological treatment for biogas production. The environmental inspectors are educated regarding separate food waste collection to be able to inform restaurant owners and big property owners at inspections. In the budget for 2009 the districts are expected to set objectives for their participation in food waste collection. To their help we are educating principals and kitchen-networks.
Recycling Centres The last year one new Recycling Centre was built and two others are planned in addition to the existing five. The new site in the Bromma suburb has a new model layout optimized for efficient handling of large numbers of customers. In the height of season the facility is visited by up to 1 500 citizen per day.
Bromma Recycling Centre The Recycling Centres are collection-points for hazardous waste, bulky waste and recyclables from households and small businesses. The waste handled at the Recycling Centres is transported there by those citizens who choose not to utilise the services of approved bulky waste collectors. To integrate waste handling with the dense population of an urban centre one of the existing Recycling Centres has been located under ground and tests have been conducted with a floating Recycling Centre. As part oft the process of finding suitable sites for Recycling Centres the city has actively worked with reducing noise pollution from containers, compactors and other activities at Recycling Centres.
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Sustainability and climate change aspects of urban waste management plan The City of Stockholm is a stockpile organisation. That means all waste collection and treatment is purchased. Waste management with conventional vehicle cause pollutions with large environmental impact and in the procurement process the city set specifications for requirements in terms of environmental standards collective vehicles and work machines. For example bio-fuel, tires, bio-degradable lubricants. The main stance of policy of waste collection is biogas and mechanised waste collection to decrease the transportation. But also to collect as much of the hazardous waste as possible, increase the recycling of material and reuse it so many times as possible to decrease the amount of virgin raw material but also the amount of fossil fuel by energy recover at the last step. The City of Stockholm needs all the heat and energy that is produced by the waste, there by nothing is placed on landfill. This energy recovery resulted during 2006 emissions about 56 000 tonne fossil carbon dioxide. Collection vehicles for household waste resulted in 2006 about 4 000 tonne. 31 of the vehicles were fuelled by biogas which reduced carbon dioxide emissions with approx. 700 tonnes.
Figure 6.4 Geographical distribution of waste collection Stockholm is geographically divided into 12 areas for conventional waste collection, to get more contractors and gain smaller contractors to support the competition. For smaller collecting systems, such as mobile underground vacuum system, food waste collection, sludge, and buried or containers tapped in the bottom by crane truck, the City of Stockholm is one area.
Containers partly under ground, waste collection
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The city district Hammarby Sjöstad was planned and built with high environmental ambitions and is internationally respected as an eco-profiled residential- and business area. Stockholm is now advancing with the experiences from Hammarby Sjöstad and the latest environmental solutions will be used in two new eco-profiled residential districts: Norra Djurgårdsstaden and Lövholmen.
As waste management has developed towards less manual collection with safer workers environment and reduced environmental impact from waste collection and transportation, the City of Stockholm recommend mechanical systems for waste collection. Mechanical waste collection system for solid waste and sorted waste fractions used and recommended are: • Stationary and mobile vacuum suction systems • Large compacting containers and large containers partly under ground. • Waste collection systems with waste grinders for food waste.
Mechanised waste collection; Stationary underground vacuum system
The Environmental Billion Fund is a commitment of many years through which the City of Stockholm puts a focus on the environment. Municipal administrations and companies have been able to apply for funding for a variety of projects. During 2004 and 2005 a total of 120 million Euro was allocated to 158 projects. The projects are set to continue until 2009. The city’s Traffic and Waste Management Department initiated a series of projects for the old waste handling area Lövsta, in the western part of Stockholm, funded by the Environmental billion. The projects aimed at cleaning the area, which has housed waste handling activities since 1895 (landfill, waste incineration, toxic waste handling etc), and leave it in a better state well suited for continued waste handling activities in some parts and open to the public for recreation in other parts (the old landfill after capping). The projects consisted of demolishing old buildings and taking care of toxic and hazardous waste and materials associated with them, capping of two old landfills (appr 100 000 and 20 000 m2 respectively) and soil remediation actions. So far the larger of the two landfills is almost capped and most of the buildings are demolished. Most of the building materials
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have been recycled (e g approximately 3 000 ton metal and 5 000 m3 crushed concrete and bricks) and a lot of hazardous and toxic waste has been taken care of (e g 3 tons asbestos, 100 kg PCB and 12 kg mercury). The landfill capping completely consists of recycled materials and rest products. The layer closest to the waste has been made of rest products from waste incineration (after sorting and recycling of metal content). The drainage layer consists of crushed rock from different local and regional construction projects. The barrier layer, the most interesting part in this project, consists of FSA, a mixture of anaerobically digested sewage sludge and fly ash from bio fuel combustion. (The sludge from the local waste water treatment plant in Bromma, Stockholm that is used in this project is certified by The Swedish Water & Wastewater Association http://www.revaq.se/ for use as fertilizer in food crops agriculture.) By applying these kinds of materials in a large scale landfill capping project, huge environmental benefits are gained both from the fact that the landfill is capped with a long term technically very sufficient capping (water penetration less than 5 litres per square metre and year) and also that the environmental impacts from the extensive use of construction materials are kept at a minimum. For example, there is no use of virgin materials such as clay and gravel, and furthermore, the transports of materials have been in the range of tens of kilometres per truck load instead of hundreds or more if a conventional capping method would have been used. Transports are reduced both because the rest products used as construction materials are locally produced and also because there is no need for transport for disposal or treatment of the rest products elsewhere, which is normally the case. Research, both in laboratory environments and test sites in field, has been carried out recent years to validate the properties of FSA as a barrier layer. Also, in the town of Eskilstuna, the method has been used to cover a landfill, but on a smaller and slower scale than the recent project in Lövsta. The acquired knowledge from research and the work done in Eskilstuna, regarding material qualities, mixing properties, dimensioning, distribution etc has been incorporated into the landfill capping project in Lövsta (The picture shows a cross section of layers in the landfill capping). The project in Lövsta, the first to use FSA in a large scale, will be evaluated after completion. Life cycle analysis, LCA:s, show that the method is superior to conventional methods when appropriate materials are available in the right amounts. Another project within the “Environmental Billion” is Food waste-disposer connected to tank; this project is realized to get experiences of different kinds of disposers. A food waste-disposer grinds the food waste which is transported to a tank with water or vacuum. In the project 5 producers will install at least 2 disposers each connected to tanks. These systems will then be exhibit examples to show another way of handling the food waste. There are several advantages with this way of collecting the food waste compared to the conventional way. The personnel in the kitchen don’t need to walk with bags to the garbage room and collection from the tank is made by a sludge vehicle. The tank isn’t tapped as often as conventional food waste collecting. This is an example of mechanised waste collection that is prioritized by the city. The food waste collected this way doesn’t need to be pre-treated and can produce biogas for vehicles at the Henriksdal waste water treatment. More information on other projects
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Food waste in and out of a food waste disposer.
To increase the biogas production for fuel even further the Waste water company, Stockholm Vatten AB, has let go of the obligation to give notice and the fee to install a food waste disposer in household kitchen. Stockholm water minutes.
Planned short and long term measures for reduction of the amount of waste produced and waste send to landfill, especially biodegradable waste.
Action programme The city has in the Waste Management Plan for the city of Stockholm stated that the collection and treatment of food waste shall increase from today’s level of 4500 tonnes to 18 000 tonnes during the period 2008-2012.
Short and long term measures
Producer responsibility To reduce the amount of waste sent to the municipal system for waste collection and treatment, the collection system by the producers of packages is one part. The producers have to find an agreement with each municipality in Sweden on the design of the system. The producers have described their system for the City of Stockholm and an agreement has been signed. In the agreement between the city and FTIAB (Producers representative) are stated that the city shall as far as possible help the producers to find space for Recycling collection points for the separated sorted package materials. For the moment there are about 250 Recycling collection points and this should increase up to about 350 stations all over the city.
Recycling Centres The addition of two new sites is based on the Strategic Waste Management Plan for the City of Stockholm and in the strategic budget for the next three years, adopted by the Traffic Board in 2008. Investment funds have been reserved for the new sites.
Collection of food waste To increase the collection and treatment of food waste, the Waste Administration will inform all restaurants in the city and invite them to rearrange their waste handling system towards separate collection of their high-quality food-waste. The information will be combined with a visit from our staff or external consults at restaurants that are interested to participate in the separate handling of food-waste.
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The city will also continue the work on initiating more food-waste treatment facilities. This will be done both by purchasing treatment-capacity and establish new plants or increase capacity at e.g. waste-water treatment plants in the region or owned by the city. This work is both a short-term and a long-term. Short-term is preparing and sending out tenders for treatment of food-waste of different qualities and long-term is expanding permits for existing business or building new plants.
Resources The EU-financed project “BIOGASmax” is financing part of the measures within the biogas field.
Documents, websites and documented decisions
Documents and websites Stockholm hazardous waste campaign (swe) Stockholm hazardous exhibition 1 (swe) Stockholm hazardous exhibition 2 (swe) Stockholm the Strategic Waste Management Plan (swe) Stockholm waste analysis (swe) Stockholm waste analysis app 2 (swe) Stockholm waste analysis app 3 (swe) Stockholm brochure food waste collection (swe) Stockholm notification of interest in food waste (swe) Stockholm investigation of consequences of increased food waste collection (swe) Stockholm brochure waste fee businesses (swe) Stockholm invitation waste seminar (swe) Stockholm waste operational plan_workning material (swe) Hammarby Sjöstad – The best environmental solutions in Stockholm (eng) Stockholm Environment Programme 2008-2011 (English draft translation)
Documented decisions Decision on waste fees §19
Decision on budget 2009 §7
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7. WATER CONSUMPTION
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to: The drinking water in Stockholm City is produced by Stockholm Water Company which is certified by ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. The drinking water in Stockholm City is of a high and consistent quality, and is produced by treating water from the Lake Mälaren in our two water works, Lovö and Norsborg, situated west of Stockholm City. (See map) Lake Mälaren is the drinking water reservoir for approximately 1 million people living in the Stockholm region. The control of the production and distribution of drinking water is regulated by the Swedish National Food Administration (Statens Livsmedelsverk) and the national directive SLV 2001:30 (based on the European drinking water directive, 98/83/EG). The drinking water quality and the quality control performed by Stockholm Water, is in full compliance to existing regulations and guidelines. Lake Mälaren is by any standard a pure lake and well suited for the production of drinking water. The drinking water can therefore be produced by simple and robust processes. The biggest process change which has been introduced in recent time is the introduction of UV-irradiation instead of using chlorine gas for disinfection. This process change, which is used for approx. 40 % of the produced volume, increases disinfection and prevents to a large extent the formation of disinfection by-products. An issue very much related to the ongoing climate debate is to secure future water supply. To address this issue, Stockholm Water Company owns and manages a big and protected Lake, Bornsjön, which can supply Stockholm with water for many months, in case of sudden deterioration of water quality in the Lake Mälaren. Bornsjön is located close to Norsborg water work.
1 Proportion of urban water supply subject to individual water metering All sold water is metered but only detached houses (villas) have individual metering. For flats in apartment houses, there is generally a meter for each property i.e a multi storey house with many flats only has one meter and the residents pay a standard rate. We have 65 000 meters (customers) in Stockholm.
2 Water consumption per capita The diagram shows water consumption split in Households, Business, Public and Internal use.
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Households consume approximately 200 litres waters are per person and day. The water is used for different purposes, as can be seen below:
Figure 7.1 Water consumption Figure 7.2 Average personal water per person consumption (person/day)
Food and drinks Personal care Wash the dishes Laundry WC flush Other Households Business Public use Internal use
3 Water loss in pipelines 19 million m3 /year corresponding to 17 % or 16,4 l/min and km. Investments in the distribution network are guided by “safe distribution” i.e no inconvenience to the customers and efficient maintenanance. During 2007 300 km of pipes where inspected for leaks.
4 Compliance with the EU Drinking Water Directive The Drinking water control is quite comprehensive. It follows an examination program for chemical and microbiological analyses approved by the local Food Administration Authority. Water samples are taken from all parts of the Drinking Water Supply two to three times a week, including raw water from Lake Mälaren, process water from the different drinking water processes and outgoing drinking water from the two water works Lovö and Norsborg. (See attached document: Drinking Water Quality in Stockholm 2007) In addition to this, more than one thousand samples of drinking water from the consumer’s tap are investigated and analyzed every year. So called “normal” parameter choice is used for daily / weekly monitoring of produced and distributed drinking water quality and “extended” parameters are investigated to verify the absence of organic and inorganic toxic and pathogenic substances and organisms. If required, special samples are taken to investigate divergent results and complaints. The compliance with the EU Drinking Water Directive is one hundred percent at the water work as well as at the consumer’s tap. According to the Swedish Drinking Water Directive, which is based on the European directive but more stringent, there is also full compliance. In the Swedish Directive, a drinking water can have three different judgements. “Serviceable” is the best and means in full compliance with all esthetic, technical and
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hygienic parameters. “Serviceable with remarks” is the second best implying esthetic or technical problems may exist. “Unserviceable” means that serious hygienic problems are present that can course illness. Looking at the last ten year period, all drinking water samples at the water works has been “Serviceable” and all samples coming from the consumer’s tap were “Serviceable” except for approximately five once a year, which were “Serviceable with remarks” most often according to an increase of the iron content. On the whole we are quite proud of the drinking water in Stockholm, which is very even in quality over time and has a wonderful taste when you are thirsty. But most of all it is safe water to all usages regarding the absence of toxic and pathogenic substances and organisms.
Measures implemented in the last five to ten years to reduce water consumption and water loss in pipelines: Stockholm Water Co. has carefully reviewed if they should have a water saving campaign or not. Considering Stockholm have water in abundance and cheap production cost, Stockholm Water Co. have taken the decision not to campaign specifically on water saving. The focus of the Stockholm Water Co. information campaign is to encourage households and industries not to pollute waste water. These campaigns have been highly acclaimed and successful. (See attached example from campaigns 2002 and 2003). Consequently the rehabilitation and leakage management is conservative i.e. to keep the present status and to secure the supply to customers with a low (and defined) number of interruptions. The program for pipeline renewal on all dimensions has up to now focused on installing iron pipelines, treated on the inside with concrete to prevent corrosion, mainly in areas with high frequency of leakages and documented rust problems.
Planned short and long term measures on reducing water loss The strategy for the network renewal is to maintain a secure and uninterrupted supply to customers. Stockholm Water Co. keeps a record of customers’ complaints and leakage, and takes this information as input in the renewal and maintenance planning. Stockholm Water Co. is presently making a special investigation of water losses (non billed volumes) which will be finished in the beginning of 2009.
Documents and websites Drinking Water Quality in Stockholm 2007 (swe) Information campaigns 2002 and 2003 “No more rubbish in the loo” (eng) SORBUS Stormwater Treatment Method (eng)
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8. WASTE WATER TREATMENT
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to:
Proportion of total waste water treated in accordance with the Urban Waste water Directive 100 % of the inhabitants in the City of Stockholm are connected to a waste water treatment plant. The waste water from Stockholm and some neighbouring municipalities is treated in two waste water plants which altogether serve a population of about 1 million persons. The treated waste water is discharged in the inner part of the Stockholm archipelago, a unique and sensitive part of the Baltic Sea. The waste water is treated with advanced technology for removing nitrogen and phosphorous, all in accordance with, and exceeding the ambitions of, the Urban Waste water Directive. The biogas produced is used to produce fuel for local transportation and the excess heat in the sewage water is recovered for domestic heating. 0 % of the wastewater is reused. About 50% of the Storm water (Urban run-off) is transported along with the waste water to treatment plants. The rest is transported to minor lakes, Lake Mälaren or Saltsjön. Treatment of Storm water, which locally can have as big an impact as waste water, is a priority in Stockholm. Stockholm has many lakes and water sheds which are highly valued for recreational purposes, most of them are more or less affected by storm water. These lakes and water sheds have been classified with respect to recreational and environmental value and the impact of storm water has been taken into consideration on each one of them when formulating the City’s Storm Water Strategy. (See attached documents: Storm Water Strategy for Stockholm City and Storm Water Strategy - decision from the municipal council, October 2002) The implementation of this strategy is governed by a multilateral group within the city in order to cover the interests from the various “water stakeholders”.
Measures implemented in the last five to ten years to improve waste water treatment: In our waste water treatment plants 98 % phosphorous and around 70 % nitrogen is removed. The Swedish government has 16 environmental goals, out of which one deals with eutrophication. One of the targets is to reduce the discharge of phosphorous to receiving waters with 20 %, compared to the year 1995. Stockholm Water Company has made major investments into tertiary treatment. These investments have been fruitful and the quality of the outgoing water from our treatment plants has improved. The discharge of phosphorous has decreased from 34 000 kg/year to 17 000 kg compared to year 1995. During the same period the amount of nitrogen has decreased from 2 650 000 kg/year to 1 200 000 kg. Through extensive investments the load of oxygen consuming pollutants has decreased significantly since mid 1990 as can be seen in the graph below:
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Figure 8.1 Oxygen consuming pollutants
The purified waste water is emitted less than two km from the city of Stockholm, just where the harbour area and entrance to Stockholm commences, the fate and environmental impact of the purified water is carefully monitored by an internationally highly acclaimed control program. The program encompasses a vast area from the city centre and 30 km to the east. The control points are shown in the enclosed map:
Figure 8.2 Monitored control points
The environmental impact of the waste water treatment and waste water network is declared on a yearly basis in an environmental report, where not only compliance is declared but also improvements and proactive work to minimize the inflow of toxic compounds in the city, and consequently to the sewage treatment works. An energy and green house gas declaration is made as well to show the progress of the energy strategy. (See attached document: Environmental report 2007, Stockholm Water Co)
Examples of measures:
Hammarby Sjöstad The environmental goals for the new city area, Hammarby Sjöstad - originally intended to be the Olympic village in Stockholm’s bid for the 2004 summer Olympics - were set high from the start. It has its own waste water treatment plant that was built to test new
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technology. Four different and brand new processes for purifying water are currently being assessed here. Once the evaluation is completed, a new waste water treatment plant may be constructed for coping with waste water from the whole of Hammarby Sjöstad. Analyzes of waste water and sludge from Hammarby Sjöstad, so far, show that many substances are considerable lower than for our largest waste water plant in Stockholm. Materials, for example cupper and zinc, have been avoided during the construction of the area in order to reduce the leakage of non-wanted substances to the environment. The storm water is not connected to the sewerage system in order to improve the quality of the wastewater and sludge. Rain water from the streets is collected and purified in sand filters and then released in into the lake. Rain water from surrounding houses and gardens is also led via open drains to the channel. The water runs in a series of basins, known as an equaliser, and then out into the lake. Roofs covered in stonecrop or sedum plants help absorb rain water that would otherwise drain into the sewer. The project “Pure waste water” has also worked with environmental information to the inhabitants of Hammarby Sjöstad in order to see if that can lower their contribution of unwanted substance to the waste water. A campaign about litter, washing detergents (LAS) and tooth paste (triclosan) took place 2005 and was received in a positive way. In the Information Centre”GlashusEtt” you can see how Stockholm City has worked to make Hammarby Sjöstad to an environmental model.
Figure 8.3 Map of Hammarby sjöstad
Local waste water plant
Information Center
Reducing hazardous substances in the sludge Stockholm Water Co has a systematic work to reduce the inflow of hazardous pollutants to our water treatment plants. The focus has especially been mercury and cadmium. The largest source to mercury is amalgam used by dentists. During the last 20 years, until late 1990, the amount of mercury went down in the waste water. Even if the level was quite low it was considered too high and Stockholm Water Co started a project 1998 to decontaminate/clean pipes from dentists and laboratories. When the project finished 2004, pipes in and around 386 dentists and 11 related businesses had been decontaminated. The goal was to collect 30-100 kg of mercury but 277 kg was collected! This correspond to12 years load to our waste water treatment plants. During the project the load of mercury in the sludge decreased around 55 %. This project was financed by
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the Local Investment Program (LIP). The total cost for the project was 24 million SKr. (See attached document “Decontamination of mercury in waste water pipes”)
Figure 8.4 Average concentration of mercury in digested sludge per annum
Henriksdal Bromma
During the project (1998-august 2004) the amount of mercury in the waste water (Henriksdal WWTP) has reduced by 55 % compared with the yearly mean value for 1997. Other metals in the sludge are displayed at miljöbarometern. We have discovered one unexpected source for cadmium - paint used by artist. To reduce the outflow of cadmium to the sewer system, several artist schools has been visited. This information campaign has been successful and the load of cadmium in the sludge from this source had decreased significantly. “Miljögiftets väg” (The path of hazardous substances) is an innovative web-presentation about environmentally hazardous pollutants, developed by the Environmental and Health Administration. The web-presentation displays the origin of different substances, how they are spread, and their impact on the environment. It also describes actions you can take to reduce the diffusion of environmentally hazardous substances. Follow the path of mercury cadmium, lead, cupper and PAH at: New pollutants – New tools The project New pollutants - new tools, Oct 2004 to June 2008, has aimed at suggest measures that can be taken by the City and by other actors to reduce the problems associated with chemical substances of highest concern. Major sources of these substances include textiles, building materials and household chemicals witch can pollute waste water. Measures include dialogue with industry and trade organisations to promote voluntary phase-out, information to the public, supervision of demolition activities and green procurement. ScorePP - Source control options for reducing emissions of Priority Pollutants The ScorePP project is a European project proceeding from October 2006 to March 2010, with nine participating organisations in seven different countries. Stockholm City is participating as partner and the city is one of the case cities in the project. The overall aim of the project is to develop comprehensive and appropriate source control strategies that authorities, cities, water utilities and chemical industry can employ to reduce emissions of priority pollutants (PPs) from urban areas into the receiving water environment- waste water treatment plants, lakes and watercourses. The ScorePP project focuses on the priority substances identified in the Water Framework Directive. Specific
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objectives are to identify the sources of PPs in urban areas, to identify and assess appropriate strategies for limiting the release of PPs from urban sources and for treating PPs on a variety of spatial scales. www.scorepp.eu
Information campaigns Stockholm Water Co has performed several information campaigns to encourage households and industries not to pollute waste water. These campaigns, for example the ones in the underground stations in Stockholm City, have been highly acclaimed and successful (See attached example from campaigns 2002 and 2003).
Production of biogas Biogas is produced in our waste water plants from digestion of organic waste sludge. Most of the biogas is currently used as fuel in eco-friendly cars and city busses. Today Stockholm Water Co produces and sells 4,1 million m3 biogas but have capacity to produce approximately 8 million m3.
Heat from waste water Heat corresponding to 1100 Gwh is recovered from the waste water. This heat is used for domestic heating in a large part of Stockholm.
Waste water sludge as landfill The Traffic and Waste Management Department initiated a series of projects for the old waste handling area Lövsta, in the western part of Stockholm, and got funding from the Environmental Billion Fund. The projects aimed at cleaning the area, which has housed waste handling activities since 1895, and leave it in a better state well suited for continued waste handling activities in some parts and open to the public for recreation in other parts. The barrier layer consists of a mixture of anaerobically digested sewage sludge and fly ash from bio fuel combustion. The sludge comes from the waste water treatment plant in Bromma.
Storm water treatment Stockholm City has adopted a strategy which defines the need to treat different kinds of storm water entering different receiving waters. The strategy focuses on 4 principles; source control, detention and infiltration, a scheme for treatment and cost effectiveness. Stockholm Water Co. has a special storm water charge witch encourage property and estate owners as well as the City Traffic Administration and the Swedish Road administration to treat storm water locally. Several storm water treatment facilities have been built in Stockholm in recent years. Two of them are presented here:
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Figure 8.5 Lake Älta, purification of storm water from roads
Surface water runoff from a nearby road is received in Kasby bay in Lake Älta. Sampling of the sediments has shown that the pollution is substantially higher in the bay-area than further out in the lake. The major part of the pollutants is attached to particles. To prevent dispersal of the pollutants, a shield, an artificial basin consisting of rafts with textile- screens below water level, has been built in the inner part of the bay area. The rafts are also used as a pedestrian link between the opposite shores in the bay. The main aim is to reduce heavy metals and organic compounds. The effect will be controlled by sampling of sediment both within and outside the shield. The project has been financed by the Environmental Billion Fund. Purification of storm water flowing to Årstabay Årsta bay-area, a part of Lake Mälaren, receives large amounts of storm water from buildings, industries and roads. More than half of the total inflow of storm water arrives through two tunnels. These tunnels have been rebuilt year 2005-2007 to handle purification of storm water. Large sedimentation-tanks that clarify the water have been constructed close to the mouths. The reconstruction was completed in the end of 2007. Sampling of the quality of water was conducted before starting up the project, and is repeated during 2008. A pumping plant, aiming to remove sediment from a lower part of the Årstatunnel, will be constructed during the next few years as well a process for removing oil from the storm water at the Årstawalley tunnel. The project has been finances by Stockholm Water Company, the National Road Authority and the Environmental Billion Fund.
Stockholm Water Programme A strategic programme of the water management was adopted by Stockholm City Council on 12 June 2006. The programme sets out the way in which the city will achieve a good water status by the year 2015 in accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive and the way in which the city will meet the reporting requirements in the Directive. (See attached documents: Stockholm Water Program and Stockholm Water Scheme, City Council, June 2006). A report of measures performed during the first two years of the program is just ready. (See attachment “Stockholm Water Program, Annual Report 2006- 2007”) Stockholm Water Programme Website
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Short and long term commitments Henriksdal waste water treatment plant is situated inside rock chambers near Hammarby Sjöstad. Two new rock chambers will be built 2008-2010. One is to improve the primary removal of unwanted material and sand. The other chamber will function as a receiving station for fat, collected at restaurants, and organic waste. This measure will increase the production of gas witch will be used as fuel in eco-friendly city busses. The total cost for these investments is 255 million SKr. (See attachment: Henrikdal waste water treatment plant 2010) Stockholm Water Co will also, during the same period, improve the sewer system in order to reduce the risk for overflow to receiving surface water. The budget for this measure is 49,7 million Skr. • Henriksdal waste water treatment plant 2010 (including an allocated budget)
Documents, websites and documented decisions Storm Water Strategy for Stockholm City (swe) Storm Water Strategy, City Council, October 2002 (swe) Environmental report 2007, Stockholm Water Co (swe) Decontamination of mercury in waste water pipes (swe) Information campaigns 2002 and 2003 “No more rubbish in the loo” (swe) Stockholm Water Programme 2006-2015 (eng) Stockholm Water Programme, City Council, June 2006 (swe) Stockholm Water Programme, Annual Report 2006-2007 (swe) Report Stockholm towards a safe environment (swe)
71 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 9. Environmental management of the municipality
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE MUNICIPALITY
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to:
1 Number of municipal departments with certified environmental management systems (ISO 14001/EMAS) In the City of Stockholm, an Integrated Management System (IMS) is used by all departments and municipal companies. Environmental aspects are integrated into the Integrated Management System and all organisational decision-making. The Integrated Management System covers factors such as environment, quality, and public procurement. The Stockholm Environment Programme is tracked and monitored within the framework of the integrated management system and by regular audits. Environmental issues were integrated into the webb-based IMS during planning 2008 and the first environmental data will be delivered in year 2009. • The city’s three municipal housing companies Svenska Bostäder, Familjebostäder and Stockholmshem are all ISO 14001 certified and the building process in Familjebostäder is ISO 9001 certified. These three represent approximately half of the city’s energy use, or CO2 emissions. Stockholm’s energy use was 2,28 TWh in 2007. • Stockholm Water Company is ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified. • The Real Estate Administration has developed an Energy Management System, which will be launched in August 2008. • Stockholm Environment and Health Administration has developed a simplified environmental manage system “Stockholm Environment Diploma” which is based on the ISO 14001 system. Municipal administrations, -units and small and middles sized companies have been certified. Today, this environmental management system is run by a private company, a spring-off from the Environment and health administration.
2 Percentage consumption of eco-labelled, organic and energy- efficient products measured as share of the total consumption by municipalities of products in the same category/type As an important actor on the market, The city of Stockholm can and should contribute to the development of ecologically sustainable alternatives and the market thereof. The city of Stockholm’s Procurement Policy states that each municipal administration and company is responsible for placing environmental requirements in each purchase. Placed environmental requirements shall aim to fulfil the objectives and targets in the Stockholm Environment Programme. The city of Stockholm will reduce the spread of dangerous substances by choosing environmentally screened goods and services. In the development of estates, environmentally sound methods and materials shall be used. Purchased goods shall not contain substances listed in the Guide to non-hazardous goods. The objective for the city of Stockholm is to apply the Purchasing Policy and Guidelines at 100 per cent of the city’s purchases. Environmental issues were integrated into the webb-based IMS during planning 2008 and the first environmental data from the system will be delivered in year 2009.
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Eco-labelled electricity The objective for the city of Stockholm is to purchase eco-labelled electric power for the city’s own use. The city used approximately 532 GWh electricity in 2007 and two thirds (370 GWh) was eco-labelled. This includes 25 out of 33 administrations in a joint agreement. In the coming purchases of electricity, the other 8 administrations will sign agreements for eco-labelled electricity when the present agreements run out in 2010. Thus Stockholm will have 100 % eco-labelled electricity in 2010 (budget for Stockholm 2009). On the web-site miljöbarometern it is possible to view the trend of the use of different energy-sources
Figure 9.1 Percentage of eco-labelled electricity purchased by the city
Safe products Dangerous substances in goods is a prioritized target and one of the city council’s 20 environmental indicators (rate of purchased goods and buildings free from prioritised, dangerous substances). Stockholm Environment Programme states (objective 2.1) that the city’s committees and municipal companies, at purchases, shall place environmental requirements regarding hazardous substances, in accordance with the Guide to non- hazardous goods. Substances, hazardous to the health and environment will gradually be replaced with better alternatives. Detergents shall be free from phosphate. Eco-labelled facilities are used for conferences and visits. So far, only the Environment and Health Protection Administration use indicators in this area. For the administration, the measured rate of eco-labelled facilities for national hotel-, meetings and conferences reached 65 % year 2007. Purchases of eco-friendly office furniture, paper, etc. are not targeted and measured in the integrated management system. However, these products groups are also subject to the Procurement Policy of Stockholm. Organic products The objective for the city of Stockholm according to Stockholm Environment Programme is to reach a rate of at least 15% organic products (this comprises food as well as purchased meals) by 2011. The percentage consumption of organic products has been measured since 2002, and the rate is steadily rising. Organic dairy products are usually purchased, and the rate of organic dairy products is currently 43 %. N.B. The current statistics for organic consumption only covers 53% of all food purchases. Purchases of pre-cooked meals is yet to be included into current statistics, hence, percentages below are lower than actual levels.
73 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 9. Environmental management of the municipality
Figure 9.2 Percentage of organically produced foodstuffs bought by the City/the total amount of foodstuffs bought.
Several municipal administrations, departments, units and companies within the city reach significantly higher rates of organic consumption. This is displayed here on the web-site miljöbarometern. For example, the measured rate of organic consumption for The Environment and Health Protection Administration reached 23 % in 2007. Energy-efficient products Placed environmental requirements shall aim to fulfil the objectives and targets in the Stockholm Environment Programme. Overall objective: 3 Sustainable energy use, states that: Increased energy efficiency and renewable energy sources are needed to reduce the greenhouse effect. High energy efficiency will make the city a promoter of environmentally driven growth and development, and will reduce operational costs. In accordance with the Purchasing Policy and Guidelines, energy-efficiency of products stands out as one of the environmental factors considered at purchases conducted by the city. The objective for the city of Stockholm is to apply the Purchasing Policy and Guidelines at 100 per cent of the city’s purchases. For this product category, the procedure is usually applied. Green vehicles The city works successfully to increase the rate of clean vehicles in the city, as described in section 2, Local Transport. The diagram below shows percentages of green vehicles in the city’s own fleet. The share for year 2008 is measured in June, and the share will be substantially higher for the entire year.
Percentages of green vehicles owned by the City of Stockholm
74 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 9. Environmental management of the municipality
3 Energy consumption of municipal buildings per square meter The energy use of each municipal administration and company is monitored. Most of the city’s own energy use concerns heating as electricity is payed for directly by the tenant. The use of electricity is an important part to monitor since for most operations (offices, schools etc.), the city rents from itself.
Figure 9.3 Total energy use
The energy consumption of municipal buildings per square meter was 180,8 kWh/m2 in 2007. The city owns 13 million m2 of building surface. The city’s own energy use was 2,28 TWh in 2007 and the objective is a 10 % reduction between 2006 and 2011. More detailed information on energy consumption is displayed at the website miljöbarometern. District heating District cooling Gas Oil Wood Electricity, eco-labeled Electricity, other
Energy used by the city derives from several sources: Energy use split into district heating, district cooling, eco-labelled electricity, other electricity, electric heating, oil and fossil gas and biofuels (wood). The latter have not been separated
Figure 9.4 Energy use of municipal housing companies and administrations in 2006.
800
700
600
500 Kyla Olja Stadsgas 400 Ospec. El GWh Bra Miljoval el Elvärme 300 Fjärrvärme
200
100
0
r a t. a t n er n ng rv. e de d as o örv. ri ö ä ISAB c sf e S Mi tsk tt rsvare årdsf dro Park dfö g lm Vatt v. Bost Sthlmshem I n Globe Aren ko S TrafikkontoretSthlms Hamn ra r Sth Stadsdelsförv. Fastighe B Familjebostä Sthlm Ky The municipal housing companies together use more than half of the city’s total energy. The Energy Centre’s main support is accordingly directed to these companies. Several projects and pilot-test in which energy-efficient solutions are used are presently running. One of the Energy Centre’s major tasks is to introduce “Energy Performance Contracting”, a method in which the city signs a contract with an entrepreneur on a
75 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 9. Environmental management of the municipality
binding reduction of energy. In our case 30 % on the 1,1 million m2 that have been analysed. Another field of work is to monitor the energy use.
Figure 9.5 Svenska Bostäders use of energy for heating and water. Unit kWh/m2
300
290
En 280 erg ianv änd 270 7 nin 26 g V ärm e, V 260 arm ,6 v ,8 50 at 58 2 ten 2 oc 250 h n orm alår sko 240 rrig 0,6 er 24 ad 6,4 230 22
220 2,4 2 0 2 1, 6 21 9, 20 ,0 210 05 3,2 2 20 3 5 ,8 0, 9, 02 20 9,1 9 0 2 6 9 1 8, 2 6, 1 19 200 5, 20 20 ,5 ,5 ,7 89 ,4 01 00 1 1,8 97 2 2 19 190 1 3,0 18 8,7 17 ,7 180 74 9,9 1 17 0 ,5 ,0 17 76 80 170 1 1 2,7 17 160
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
In all energy diagrams presented in this application, the use of energy has been normalised in reference to temperature according to SMHI, the Governmental Agency for Weather and Climate, for the period 1971-2000. The method is Swedish standard.
Measures implemented in the last five to ten years in relation to:
1 Developing an overall policy for environmental management of municipal activities The City of Stockholm has successfully run environmental programmes since the mid- seventies. Environmental actions have been taken in a wide variety of fields, and the programmes have helped stimulate a widespread awareness of environmental issues, both among the city authorities, and among the members of the general public. The city’s environmental work has been increasingly systematised and structured, and since 2008, environmental aspects are fully integrated in the city’s integrated management system, along with other factors, such as, quality, public procurement etc. thereby enabling environmental issues to be included in the city’s budgeting, operational planning and monitoring. In earlier years, environmental issues were paralleled run in a separate environmental system. Stockholm is known for it’s proactive environmental work. In the communication document for the EU Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment, Stockholm’s Environmental Programme is mentioned as an Example of Good Practise in Environmental Management Planning. The sixtht consecutive Stockholm Environment Programme. (program period 2008-2011) lays a solid foundation for Stockholm’s environmental work. As previously, the Environmental Programme also outlines measures that will be taken by the city of Stockholm in achieving Sweden’s National Environmental Quality Objectives at the local level. Six high-priority target areas are in focus in the Environmental Programme, these are:
76 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 9. Environmental management of the municipality
1. Environmentally efficient transport 2. Goods and buildings free from dangerous substances 3. Sustainable energy use 4. Sustainable use of land and water 5. Waste treatment with minimal environmental impact 6. A healthy indoor environment In addition to the objectives in the Environmental Programme, the city council has adopted a number of schemes and programmes in order to put focus on specific issues, such as: the Greenhouse Gases Scheme, the Cycle route Scheme, the Mobility Scheme, the Water Programme, the Energy Strategy and the Waste Disposal Scheme etc. The Environmental Programmes (2002-2007 and 2008-2011) have been set up using a wide participatory process in which administrations and bodies have been invited. The strength of the Environmental Programme is that all the city’s bodies are involved and voluntarily work with concrete measures to reach the goals set up in the programme. Another important factor is that the city council sets up goals with a higher level of ambition than what is legislated.
Structure and purpose The overall goal of the environmental programme is to ensure that the city of Stockholm can progress towards long-term environmental sustainability. The essential role of the environmental programme is to: • provide an overall picture of the environmental situation in Stockholm today and identify the key environmental issues affecting Stockholm as a whole; • indicate priorities for environmental action in Stockholm; • establish targets for prioritised areas and specify follow-up measures to be used during implementation of the programme. • present the results of continuous follow-ups on the web site of the city’s environment administration, the environment barometer, which among other things indicates the current environmental situation in Stockholm. In 2000 the city undertook a regional Environmental survey. Those environmental aspects identified by the survey as playing a significant role were grouped into the above mentioned six overall high-priority target areas. The overall targets were broken down into a set of subordinate targets indicating objectives to be achieved during the course of the programme period along with indicators to be used for follow-up purposes. In 2005 and 2008, the Stockholm Environment and Health Assessment was performed. This is a strategic tool used for organisational decision-making by the City’s Environment and Health Administration. The Environmental and Health Assessment is used in the planning process to prioritize future measures. Municipal monitoring and reporting of status and progress towards the city council’s objectives, includes the environmental indicators. It is conducted within the Integrated Management System and is subject to regular audits. An intra-city environmental audit with the city of Oslo, Norway, regarding program period 2002-2006, was also carried out in 2007. The Environment and Health Administration actively evaluate and track progress of the environmental indicators for the city. All main objectives, the current status of corresponding sub-targets, indicators etc. is presented with informative texts, numbers,
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graphs and references to underlying reports and documentation on a user-friendly interface. The database is situated at the homepage of the City of Stockholm and is thus easily accessible for municipal administrations and citizens of Stockholm. www.miljobarometern.stockholm.se The results of program period 2002- 2006 was reported in annual environmental reports and in a comprehensive final report. Results from the final report show that nearly 80 % of all objectives have been reached, or have a positive progress.
2 Increasing the share of the total consumption of eco-labelled, organic and energy-efficient products Between 2002 and 2006 a project focussing on environmentally sound purchasing and procurement was carried out. The following areas were given particular attention: • Total cost calculations • Sustainable Transports • Safe products • Organic food • Sustainable Energy Use The results of the project were approving. New purchasing guidelines were developed, facilitating the placement of environmental requirements. In order to increase the supply of organic products, the City Council co-operated with the suppliers of food products. The city works successfully to increase the rate of clean vehicles in the city, as described in section 2, Local Transport http://www.stockholm.se/miljobilar
3 Increasing energy efficiency of municipal buildings The Energy Centre, situated at the Environment and Health Administration provides advice and support aiming to increase energy efficiency in municipal buildings. One of the Energy Centre’s major task is to introduce “Energy Performance Contracting”, which is a development of energy statistics.
Examples of achievements: • Actions have been taken to increase individual measurement of energy consumption, and charging of dwellings and offices. It is now conducted in a project that involves all three municipal housing companies and measurements will start in 2009. • In 2006, the Energy Centre, situated at the Environment and Health Administration, opened. The Energy Centre provides advice and support aiming to increase energy efficiency in municipal buildings. • All traffic signals in Stockholm have been changed to LED’s. This measure reduced the energy need for traffic signals with 95 %. The Globe Arena, photovoltaics run a large set of LED lightings. • In 2008 the City Council decided to change 10000 street lights to more energy efficient ones. Each previous light of 250 W is changed for 100 W lamps during 4 years. The cost will be 63 MSEK. The project is ongoing. The Climate Billion will be invested throughout the period 2008 to 2010 and has its main focus on energy efficiency measures in municipal buildings (budget for Stockholm 2008). Results of the work to reduce energy needs for municipal buildings in Stockholm throughout the years are mainly due to indoor measures such as optimizing and trimming ventilation and heating systems, installing energy efficient lightning, etc. Now the
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challenge is to change the exterior (measurements of heat balance, insulation of walls and attics, energy efficient windows and so on) which are costly investments, but rewarding in a life cycle perspective. A multitude of initiatives are taken to address this field of work. Some examples: • The vision Järvalyftet, which includes renovation of some 25000 flats, has as its objective to reduce energy needs by half. All municipal building companies are involved as well as private. The plans are at the moment referred to all administrations for consideration. A decision is expected in the spring of 2009. • The Energy Centre is part of a research and development project (Cerbof) addressing buildings from the 60’s and 70’s. It applies a systems analysis to integrate solutions for ventilation, heating and exterior measurements. • Municipal administrations and companies in general, have decided on detailed plans in order to reach a 10 % reduction to 2011. The Energy Centre is running some 15 different projects to support this process. Results are expected in the coming years. • Fastighetskontoret (100GWh/year) and Micasa AB (150 GWh/year) will invest more than a quarter (245 MSEK) of the Climate Billion in their EPC-project and reduce energy needs with 30 %. • Stockholmshem (520 GWh/year) has taken an informal decision to phase out all oil heating and replace it by biofuels. This will approximately half their CO2-emissions, with 25000 tonnes. The formal decision is expected to be taken when the investment plan is set, in the spring of 2009. • The Executive Board of municipal housing company Familjebostäder (350 GWh/year) decided in 2008 that all new buildings will be built at 30 % below the compulsory Swedish energy need, 80 kWh/m2 instead of 110 kWh/m2. The board reassures the necessary funding for each individual object to reach this level. The board also decided to achieve at least a 10 % energy reduction at individual building level when renovating. To reassure this goal, at least 10 % of investment funds are allocated for energy measures.
Planned short and long term measures for improving environmental management of the municipality: The budget for year 2008 states that the progression of Stockholm shall be characterize by economic, environmental and social sustainability. Sustainable living conditions shall be preserved and cultivated. Environmental work is a prioritized area in the municipality’s budget and Stockholms Environmental Programme forms the solid foundation for our result-oriented environmental work. Many of the objectives in the environmental programme can only be achieved if both the city administration and the citizens contribute. The city of Stockholm will therefore put further focus on communication of climate issues towards citizens, companies and our own entities during the current program period. The project Climate-neutral stockholmers with a budget of 12 MSEK addresses this issue (described in section 1, Local contribution to climate change).
Fossil free city by 2050 The long term goal for Stockholm is to be fossil free by 2050. For municipal buildings, the objective for the city of Stockholm is to reduce the consumption of energy in the city’s own buildings and plants by 10 per cent by 2011, compared to the level of 2006. Klimatmiljarden, a fund of one billion SEK for climate measures, has in 2008 been set up
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for climate activities, and a number of programs have been directed towards municipal buildings. Furthermore, the Stockholm City Council has decided in the city budget of 2009 to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases to a maximum level of 3,0 tonnes CO2e per capita within Stockholm by the end of 2015.
Sustainable City Development Stockholm Environment Programme states that the city shall start building two eco- profiled residential areas. An assessment of the environmental profile used in the planning of the city-district Hammarby Sjöstad, is undertaken and the results will be presented in 2009. Learnings and experiences will be used in the planning process of the two new eco-profiled residential districts: Norra Djurgårdsstaden and Lövholmen. These new residential areas will use the latest environmental technology (concerning for example waste management, energy efficient properties, choise of material and the building process) and be new examples of the Sustainable City Concept. These areas, will adopt a policy for energy supply at 55 kWh/m2/year. In the planning- and building process of the eco-profiled areas, cooperation with private construction companies plays an important role. Developments in areas close to waterways will be risk-analyzed. In the planning of new preschools and schools, environmental climate-systems will be evaluated.
Reinforcement of staff The Stockholm City Council has the responsibility to integrate actions and follow-up of the environmental objectives within the City’s Integrated Management System. In 2009, this work will be intensified. For this reason, this staff is increased already in September 2008.
Purchasing and procurement As an important actor on the market, The City of Stockholm states that it can and should contribute to the development of ecologically sustainable alternatives and the market thereof. The City will use new technical innovations and developed products in its own bodies.
Vision 2030 The city council had adopted a document outlining the future, Vision 2030. According to the Vision, the Stockholm of 2030 is one of the most attractive cities of the world, and the cleanest and safest capital. • There are clean lakes and waterways, providing unique opportunities for boating and bathing. • New housing has been built using environmentally adapted and efficient materials and methods. Technological advances and economic growth have laid the ground for an ecologically sustainable society. • Stockholm is an energy efficient city at the frontline of environmental technology, and on its way to becoming free of fossil fuels by 2050. The energy consumption has been reduced considerably. • Stockholm is a world leader when it comes to developing, commercializing and applying new energy and environmental technology. The improved energy efficiency and increased use of non-fossil energy sources have made the city’s contribution to the greenhouse effect smaller.
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• Stockholm and the Lake Malar region have a well established system of transport, with minimal climate impact. The cars in Stockholm are almost entirely green. In Stockholm, the inhabitants use public transport more than anywhere else in the world. The city has a large and safe network of bike routes, and ferry services.
Documents, websites and documented decisions
Documents and websites Vision 2030 (swe) Stockholm Environment Programme 2008-2011 summary (eng) Stockholm Environment Programme – English draft Stockholm Environment Programme 2008-2011 (swe) Stockholm Environment Programme 2002-2007 (eng) Stockholm Environmental Survey (swe) Environment and Health Assessment 2006 (swe) Environment and Health Assessment 2008 (swe) Stockholm procurement policy (swe) Stockholm procurement policy summary (eng) Guide to non-hazardous goods (swe) Guide to energy-efficient property administration (swe) Guide to environmentally sound transports (swe) Statistical information on organic consumption Report Stockholm towards a safe environment (swe) Stockholm Water Programme (eng) http://www.miljobarometern.stockholm.se
Documented decisions The City Council's budget for Stockholm 2008 and 2009 Stockholm Environment Programme 2008-2011 - Adopted by City Council
81 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 10. Sustainable land use
10. SUSTAINABLE LAND USE
The present situation and the development over the last five to ten years in relation to: To promote sustainable development, the planning strategy for the City of Stockholm is to build the city inwards. This is the over-all objective for the Comprehensive land use plan 2010-proposal (swe), adopted by the City Council in 1999. The planning strategy is being realized through: • re-using already developed land • locating new development areas in connection with good access to public transport • respecting and enhancing the character of the City, e.g. the city-scape, the built environment and the green structure • redeveloping semi-central areas, transforming industrial areas into urban areas of mixed uses and variation • establishing focal point in the suburbs • meeting local demands • developing public spaces
Share of built up area in relation to the total area in the municipality: The total area of the municipality of Stockholm is 209 km². 21 km²of the total area consists of water area. Total land area in the municipality is 188 km. Approximately 45% of the total land area in Stockholm is built-up area. Out of the built- up area, 35 percentage points are business- and residential areas, and 10 percentage points of the built-up area consists of roads.
Figure 10.1 Land use in the city of Stockholm
Wood Open area Semi-open area Wetland Water Built-up area
Share of population that commutes In the morning peak hour, 105 000 journey are taken to the Stockholm city centre. Out of these, 22% use individual transport and 78% use public transport. Travelling by public transportation is increasing in Stockholm. During peak hour 78 percent of all trips to the inner city are by public transport. Of all trips to the innercity 65 percent is done by public transport, walking and bike.
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Figure 10.2 Figure 10.3 Number of persons Proportion of all ascending public transport per journeys to the city weekday
3 000
2 500 1000-tal , n 2 000 yg År 2005 sd g År 2006 1 500 År 2007 År 2008 er varda er
p 1 000 ande g 500
Public transport Car Påsti 0 Walk Bicycle jan feb mar apr maj jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
1 Proportion of new developments on brownfield sites During the period 2000-2007, a total of 25,000 new apartments were built in the City of Stockholm. 9,000 of the apartments were built in larger brown-field areas, corresponding to more than 1/3 of the total amount. The main part, e.g.16,000 apartments, were built within existing built-up areas, but not on larger brown-field sites.
2 Population density for new developments With starting point from the answer below, population density for new developments is approximately 112 person per ha.
Measures implemented in the last five to ten years in relation to:
1 Minimising the total area of derelict and contaminated land During the last ten years the old and partly abandoned industrial and harbour areas (brown-fields) just around the Inner City Area have been a focus for city planning for reusing and redevelopment. Many of these strategic development areas are directly linked to a new fast peripheral tram-system and also have direct access to other public transport means, such as the metro-line. The areas have major location qualities as being close to water areas. Some areas have been under construction during the last years, housing a large part of the city’s housing programmes. The effect of directing new city development to reuse former industrial areas, harbour etc, often contaminated, is that these land areas are reduced. Special environmental programmes certify the removing or reducing contaminates before construction.
2 Renovating urban land Renovating urban land is being undertaken on an on-going basis. Some examples are: Power-lines are often natural parts of the urban matrix. By tunnelling power-lines during the year a larger project has started that will remove derelict areas in the urban neighbourhoods and at the same time eliminate safety-risks of magnetic fields. Land will also be available for new development. Draft agreement between the parties concerned are reported among electronic decision
83 STOCKHOLM - APPLICATION FOR EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD - 2008-12-05 10. Sustainable land use
Many of the quays of Lake Mälaren and the inner Baltic Sea were in earlier days used for goods and transport. During the last ten year many of the quays in the Inner City have been transformed into high-class promenade areas. Rail-areas in the city, and the area in and around the Central Station in Stockholm have been developed with residential areas and hotels. New offices have been developed in an existing office building within the Central Station area. An old post terminal will be developed into a larger conference facilities and a hotel.
Example(s) of measures listed below: Sustainable planning and architecture The Hammarby Sjöstad area previously housed craftsmen’s workshops and small industries, which left behind a great deal of pollution. The City of Stockholm’s Environment and Health Administration has thoroughly cleared and decontaminated the area to meet the requirements for not posing a health and environmental treat. Environmental considerations apply to all materials used, both the visible materials in the facades and on the ground as well as the materials used inside – the building’s shell, the installations and the equipment. Only sustainable, tried and tested, eco-friendly products are used. Rain water from the streets, or non-domestic storm water, is collected, purified in a sand filter and then released in purified form in into the lake, instead of draining into the sewage system and causing further pressure on the waste water treatment plant. Rain water from surrounding houses and garden is led via open drains to the attractive channel. The water runs in a series of basins, known as an equaliser, and then out into the lake. By disposing of as much storm water as possible locally, the pressure on the waste water treatment plant is decreased.
Figure 10.4 The Hammarby model
Hammarby Sjöstad has its own waste water treatment plant that was built to test new technology. Four different and brand new processes for purifying water are currently being assessed here. Once the evaluation is completed, a new waste water treatment plant may be constructed for coping with waste water from the whole of Hammarby Sjöstad
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Roofs covered in stonecrop or sedum plants are not just an attractive detail. The plants also absorb rain water that would otherwise drain into the sewers, adding to the pressure on the waste water treatment plant. Vegetation: The main footpath, the carefully preserve oak forest, the green surfaces and al the other trees that have been planted help to collect rain water locally instead of it draining into the sewage system. The vegetation also ensures cleaner air and provides a counterbalance to the dense urban landscape. Biogas is produced in the waste water plant from digestion of organic waste sludge. The waste water from a single household produces sufficient biogas for the household’s gas cooker. Most of the biogas is currently used as fuel in eco-friendly cars and busses. Wacuum system for solid waste and refuse sorting: Larger items of refuse are removed by vacuum suction from the waste disposal units through underground pipes to a huge central refuse deposit. Garbage trucks then pick up the containers with their different contents, reducing car-borne transports and benefiting the environment.
Figure 10.5 Mechanised waste collection – stationary underground vacuum
The light energy of the sun is harnessed and transformed into electrical energy in solar cells. The energy from a single solar cell module covering one square metre provides around 100 kWh/year, which is equivalent to the household energy used for three square metres of housing. There are solar panels on many of the roofs to absorb the heat from the sun and use it to heat hot water. Solar panels on a residential building can often provide sufficient energy to meet half of the building’s annual hot water requirements.
3 Increasing the number of inhabitants per ha of urbanized land area
Population density In year 2006, Stockholm had 776 962 inhabitants, an average of 42 persons per ha. The number of inhabitants per ha in the city center were: 82 persons per ha and the number of inhabitants per ha in the Suburbs were: 32 persons per ha The new district Henriksdalshamnen with an area of 18 ha, comprise 880 apartments. An average of 2,3 persons live in each apartment.
Planned short and long term measures on sustainable land use:
Short and long term measures In July 2007, Stockholm City Council decided upon a vision for sustainable growth of the city until the year 2030. The goals set in the vision, forms the back-bone for the recently started process of the next comprehensive plan for the City, City 2010, which will extend the sustainable approach for land-use and development in the future. Old and partly abandoned industrial and harbour areas (brown-fields) just around the Inner City Area are in focus for city planning for reusing and redevelopment. Many of these strategic development areas are directly linked to a new fast peripheral tram-system
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and also have direct access to other public transport means, such as the metro-line. The areas have major location qualities as being close to water areas. Some areas have been under construction during the last years, housing a large part of the city’s housing programmes. Other areas are at planning stage. The areas are being planned for mixed- uses with attractive housing and also consisting of business facilities, introducing a dense structure that will create the necessary conditions for a more urban atmosphere in earlier suburban areas. All together the strategic development areas are calculated to house some 40,000 – 70,000 new apartments. The construction of Södra länken, a by-pass traffic tunnel through Stockholm, will pass through 100 000 cars and create building space for more than 3000 apartments on the former roads.
Sustainable City Development Hammarby Sjöstad has been given international attention during a long time and thereby placed Stockholm on the map over towns that take sustainable city development further. This position and these experiences create good opportunities to offer citizens, business communities and the surrounding world new sustainable city development projects that show how big cities can be developed in line with the time. Hammarby Sjöstads international successes as a full scale demonstration site depends to a large extent on its solutions, systems thinking and the integrated city district that is a result of an aware, integrated and active sector-overriding collaboration. Now, we stand before partially new environmental challenges. The necessity to decrease our climatic impact and thereby our emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases now stand in international focus. To reconcile cities growing with a responsible full energy supply is also globally seen as a strategic issue when it comes to new development. Strategies in order to decrease the use of fossil fuels for production of power and heat as well as new fuel and transport systems is thereby urgent to develop. At the same time, it is the necessary to reduce the total energy use in rooms, plants and especially for transports through different shapes of energy efficiency improvement measures. Also material choices for buildings and facilities have importance for climates on effect. These challenges are also strongly linked to the need of adapting the city and the evolution towards a warmer and damper climate.
Figure 10.6 Area for investment Järvalyftet
Järvalyftet is the name on Stockholm's long-term investment in six city districts around Järvafältet in the northwestern part of Stockholm. In the area, more than 60 000 people live in approximately 25 000 apartments. The city of Stockholm wants to preserve the qualities in the area and develop new. The vision Järvalyftet, which includes renovation of 25000 flats, has as its objective to reduce energy needs by half. All municipal building companies are involved as well as private. The plans are at the moment referred to all administrations for consideration. A decision is expected in the spring of 2009.
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Figure 10.7 Strategic areas in the suburbs
An assessment of the environmental profile used in the planning of the city-district Hammarby Sjöstad (No. 3 in the picture above), is undertaken and the results will be presented in 2009. Learnings and experiences will be considered in the planning process of the two new eco-profiled residential districts: Norra Djurgårdsstaden (No. 2 in the picture above) and Lövholmen (No. 8 in the picture above). These new residential areas, will use the latest environmental technology and become new examples of the Sustainable City Concept. For example, these new residential areas, will adopt a policy for energy supply at 55 kWh/m2/year For energy use and transport issues, lifestyle and behavioural issues are particularly important and influences largely the possibilities to reach the objectives. We will particularly work with energy and transport issues and develop a cycle model for Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Furthermore, Norra Djurgårdsstaden will be climate adjusted, so that it can work as a model for other cities. In the planning- and building process of the eco-profiled areas, cooperation with private construction companies plays an important role. Documents, websites and documented decisions Comprehensive Plan for Stockholm 1999 (eng) City 2010 (New Comprehensive Plan) (swe) Regional Development Plan for the Stockholm Region (eng) Hammarby Sjöstad (eng) Sustainable Stockholm (eng) Vision 2030 Deciision- Eco-profiled city development
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11. OTHER MEASURES
Nominee in the Energy Globe Award 2008 – Air
The project Clean vehicles in Stockholm has been nominated to the international environmental award: Energy Globe Award 2008 - Air. The motivation was: A decade of work on the part of the project Clean Vehicles in Stockholm has resulted in a market breakthrough for clean vehicles: 44.000 autos in Stockholm use biofuel or hybrid drive or boast very low-pollution emissions. In addition, 50% of the city fleet, 100% of downtown busses, 40% of the garbage collection fleet, and 20% of new auto sales are clean, and 60% of the gasoline stations sell ethanol and/or biogas. This has resulted from the excellent cooperation with all aspects of the fuel and vehicle chains: biogas production, cooperation with gasoline stations and service workshops, information for end users. This makes the city of Stockholm a good example
Winner in the European GreenFleet Awards 2008
The City of Stockholm received a prize in the European GreenFleet Awards- Public Sector Innovation Award. The motivation was: To decrease emissions and noise, the City of Stockholm initiated the Clean Vehicles project, with the objective of reaching a market breakthrough for cleaner vehicles. This encouraged involvement from the whole chain - fuel providers, vehicle manufacturers and end-users. After 10 years, the project has yielded impressive results. http://www.greenfleetawards.co.uk
The Aalborg Declaration and Commitments
Stockholm signed the Aalborg Commitments in 2005. For Stockholm, the Aalborg Declaration provide a platform for the long-term work to become a sustainable Stockholm, where economic, social and environmental aspects are fully integrated. The Aalborg Declaration, consists of ten target-areas for sustainable cities. www.aalborgplus10.dk.
Citizens poll
Once every three years a Citizens poll, investigating environmental awareness, attitudes and the citizen’s own environmental ambitions is conducted. More than 3000 citizens answer a comprehensive questionnaire on how they experience the environment in Stockholm, the importance of environmental issues are, and how they live to reduce their ecological footprint. The results from the citizens poll is presented in the earlier mentioned “Miljöbarometern”.
Environmental Billion Fund
The ‘Environmental Billion Fund’ is a commitment of many years through which the City of Stockholm focuses on the environment. Municipal administrations and companies have been able to apply for funding for a variety of projects. During 2004 and 2005 a total of 120 million euro was allocated to 158 projects, of which 45 projects were climate related initiatives. The funding for the climate related projects amounted to approx. 42 million euro. The projects are set to continue until 2009.
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One example of projects financed by the Environmental Billion Fund is the “Tiomiljonerspotten”. In this project, 60 projects were financed, sharing 8 million skr. All projects had aims and targets perfectly coherent with the Environmental Programme and the Stockholm Action Programme against Greenhouse gases 2000-2005 and were carried out by schools, preschools and NGO’s in Stockholm. The “Tiomiljonerspotten” was highly appreciated. This kind of project-owners, seldom receives funding for environmental development, and opportunity meant that projects could take place that would otherwise not have been carried out. Participation by students/children, teachers, parents and other groups was engaged and common knowledge increased.
Glashusett - eco-technology
A long list of eco-friendly adaptations was laid down during the planning of GlashusEtt in Hammarby Sjöstad. The aim throughout was to achieve a good indoor climate with low energy consumption. Double-glazed façades, linked to an advanced control system cuts the energy consumption to 50 % of that of an equivalent building with glass façades. The double-glazed façades reduce the need for artificial light and the energy requirement for heating, cooling and ventilation. Low-energy lighting has been installed in the entire building. An advanced control system adjusts lighting and ventilation in line with current activities, the amount of daylight, and air quality. Heating is primarily provided by a heat pump that takes energy from the pumping station's moist heat and the waste heat generated by the mains power installation. A fuel cell – an advanced energy converter – have been installed for the first time ever in a commercial building in Sweden. The fuel cell runs on biogas. A solar panel plant has been installed on the roof to supply the building with electricity. A biogas boiler, to meet peaks in heating requirements, and a biogas stove in the kitchenette have been installed. The biogas is produced in the area's own sewage plant and is part of the eco-cycle solution.
Guide to local cooperation around waters
One of the aims of the project, undertaken in 2005, “Local cooperation around Lake Trekanten2”, was to describe ways in which local stakeholders can work together to improve the conditions in a lake area. This resulted in the guide, which details the various phases of a cooperative process from a public perspective and gives examples from the project. The guide facilitates initiatives with processes and participation in ongoing cooperative work in the field of water. This way of working can also be used for other cooperative processes which aim to contribute to a sustainable society.
Healthy Sustainable House Study – 3H
The city of Stockholm has developed a model for classifying healthy and unhealthy residential houses based on data from a standardized questionnaire (SIEQ). In the on- going Healthy Sustainable House Study (3H) more than 480 randomly selected multi- family buildings are being studied, including inspections and measurements in 50 different buildings. Decision makers, builders, building administrators and tenants need simple, scientifically based tools and indicators to discriminate between “healthy” and “unhealthy” buildings to enable mitigation and avoidance of unhealthy houses. The 3H project will suggest courses of action to minimize health risks also with regard to energy declarations and the necessary increase in the energy efficiency of buildings. Sustainability and healthy must go hand-in-hand.
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12. PROGRAMME
Communication strategy and programme for dissemination of experience and best practice Stockholm is world-renowned for environmental awareness and healthy living conditions. Today, swimming and fishing in the heart of Stockholm has become a reality. As European Green Capital, Stockholm will demonstrate to other capitals and cities how a greener urban environment can enhance the quality of life in practical terms. Visitors can get a first hand experience of a green and safe urban environment, returning home with an understanding of how environmental concern can support growth and a dynamic urban development. Stockholm offers our citizens and visitors from all over the world a range of conferences, events, guided tours, study- and technical visits within the sustainability area. The City of Stockholm will ensure that the experience gained during the municipality’s ambitious environmental work will be shared as the host for the European Green Capital year. In this proposed programme, we present examples of what Stockholm offers within the sustainability area, in terms of environmental programmes, implemented measures, study- visits, conferences and community dialogue etc. Moreover, we describe what the City wish to develop further, should Stockholm become the European Green Capital. We aim not only to share our own experiences taking steps towards becoming a truly sustainable city, but also to act as dynamo and inspiration to speed up the pace in which Stockholm and many other cities in the world will move towards becoming economically, environmentally and socially sustainable. Furthermore, Stockholm wishes to demonstrate to other cities and capitals how we use new tools aiming to speed up the change towards a sustainable Stockholm. The opening ceremony is planned to take place the City Hall’s largest banquet room, the Blue Hall. The Blue Hall is probably best known as the venue for the world-famous Nobel Banquet which takes place annually on December 10.
The Swedish king Carl Gustaf, highly involved in nature and environmental issues, has a broad knowledge within these areas. The king has among other things taken the initiative to King Carl Gustaf’s Environment Challenge and to “Royal Colloquium”, an international Environment symposium, which is held in Sweden with invited participants from different parts of the world. The King is also since 1988 chairman in the Swedish organisation of WWF. We have very good hopes of having HRH the King of Sweden as host and introduction speaker at the opening conference.
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Communications strategy
Overall Objective With the ultimate goal of improving citizen’s quality of life and achieving welfare for future generations the city will take actions and provide communication support for various environmental efforts aiming at achieving sustainable development. Aligning our communications and organisational objectives will help reinforce the importance and relevance of communications and thereby make a convincing case for proper resourcing of communications activities within our organisation. The communication will be based on the general objective and Stockholm’s environmental indicators.
Communication Objectives
1) Awareness • General awareness among the target groups of the fact that Stockholm is the Green Capital of Europe. • Decision makers within the city are familiar with the programme during Stockholm’s year as the Green Capital. • Concerned authorities are well aware of their role and how they contribute during Stockholm’s year as Green Capital. • Awareness among European decision makers that Stockholm as the Green Capital will present : • sustainable solutions • opportunities to share experiences and learn from each other • accessibility to relevant tools and guidelines
2) Inspiration • European decision makers are inspired to visit Stockholm and feel empowered to take further action within the environmental work in their own cities. • The citizens of Stockholm feel proud to live in one of the world’s greenest and cleanest capitals, a result of a long-term, successful environmental work. • Internal target groups within the City of Stockholm feel that they and their contribution are rewarding and important for a successful result.
3) Empowerment – an incubator for action and progress • European decision makers, organisations, authorities and institutions within the environmental field, participate and initiate partnerships during the EGC year. • European decision makers, inspired by their visit in Stockholm, feel empowered to take action within the environmental field in their own cities • Bringing Stockholm closer towards becoming a sustainable city.
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Targeted audiences To achieve the communication strategy objectives, it is necessary to reach out with the messages to the various groups who may assist in achieving these objectives. Target groups must be seen as stakeholders of direct interest in the various environment issues.
Target groups:: • Decision makers, including: city majors, city councils, city executive boards and other politicians • NGOs, opinion leaders, media professionals, teachers and researchers. • General public • Professional public and business societies.
Key Messages
Primarily to professionals and decision-makers within policy and business communities: • Stockholm is European Green Capital • Stockholm provides inspiration and concrete tools and guidelines • Initiate or increase cooperation, exchange experiences and good practises with other European cities. • A green and clean urban environment enhances the quality of life • Your contribution is important to speed up the change towards a sustainable city development • Your city will increase the pace towards sustainable city development • Administrations and municipal companies contribute during the Stockholm Green Capital year. Your contribution is important and vital to success. This is a prioritized issue
Primarily to NGOs, opinion leaders, media professionals etc. • Stockholm is European Green Capital • A green and clean urban environment enhances the quality of life • Your contribution is important to speed up the change towards a sustainable city development • Initiate or increase cooperation, exchange experiences and good practises with other European cities.
Primarily to General public • Stockholm is the YYYY European Green Capital • A green and clean urban environment enhances the quality of life • Stockholm and it’s citizens contributes to a sustainable city development and makes a change…
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Communication Tools and Channels
Web • Several environmental sites at a dedicated Green Capital web-site. A first version of Stockholm’s official European Green Capital website is developed. • Electronic Newsletters • Using/creating mailing lists, discussion groups and communities
Events • Workshops; • Seminars; • Hearing sessions; • Environmental awards for public and private organizations. • Facility visits • Environmental technology fairs • Artistic and cultural fairs
PR and publications • General and specific publications and mass media, • News releases; • Press kits; • Incorporating the environmental dimension in advertisements by the municipal administrations.’ • Announcements via radio and especially the role played by TV in awareness raising messages and behavioural change;
Human resources • The participation and support of influential persons in activities during the Green Capital year. • Appoint European Green Capital ambassadors within the city administrations and companies, national/local environmental institutions, the local business society, and NGO’s.
Networks • Using existing networks
Resources A condition for a successful result is that the Green Capital year is firmly established within the city. There will be an organisation on-the-spot that plans, administrates and implements activities and communication initiatives during the Green Capital year. Stockholm has already an efficient operational organisation in order to arrange different events, conferences, take towards study visits. More than XXX persons/groups visit Stockholm today. Examples of such resources are the Stockholm Visitors Board (SVB) and Stockholm Business Region (SBR), both fully owned by the City of Stockholm. SVB is the official visitor’s bureau of Stockholm and works on a long term basis with the marketing and development of Stockholm and the Stockholm Region as a travel
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destination. SVB acts within different business areas: leisure travel, congresses/corporate meetings & incentives, as well as events and tourist service. SBR is the official investment promotion agency of Stockholm and work closely with the business community, academic institutions, other municipalities and federal agencies in order to improve everything from general business conditions to industry-specific development issues. Stockholm can also arrange Technical Visits within a wide range of areas. Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in Europe and has continuously made investments in technically advanced infrastructure such as; cleaning of the water, heating systems and extension of the public transportation system, to improve the environment. That is why Stockholm is the ideal place for environmental visits.
Programme of activities and events to disseminate your experience and best practice to selected target audiences. Proposal of actions to disseminate experiences and best practices the City wish to develop, should Stockholm win the European Green Capital Award:
Conferences, seminars, hearings and workshops Opening Conference The King of Sweden opens the conference The Mayor of Stockholm present the year as host program Partners present their 2010/2011 agenda for Stockholm hosting EGC Introductions of themes for 2010/2011 Building network for dissemination of best practices Theme: Sustainable city development • The Sustainable City Concept – The integrated city planning and infrastructure for energy, waste and water management • Successful Environmental Solutions in Stockholm Hammarby Sjöstad – s sustainable city district of 25 000 inhabitants • The Sustainable Planning and Architecture in the Hammarby Sjöstad • Liberating the City of its waste problems – Underground waste transportation – a sustainable way of urban solid waste removal • Sjöstadsverket – Hammarby Sjöstads water work – Experiences from new technology • Applying the Sustainable City - International experiences from China, Russia, Canada, and the Baltic Sea Region • Applying the Sustainable City – Swedish experiences and best practices • Sustainable land use – New developments on brownfields, contaminated or derelict land • Stockholm’s forthcoming eco-profiled residential- and business areas • Hearing: Can big construction projects such as the Hammarby Sjöstad be truly sustainable? • Landscape Ecological Analysis and Assessment in an Urbanising Environment – new methods and data based on landscape ecological analysis for managing parks and nature, physical planning and monitoring the biodiversity. Theme: Sustainable transport • Reduce climate load - The Stockholm industry dialogue (Klimatpakten)
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• Clean Vehicles – experiences from award winning project Green Fleet • Noise reduction – Experiences and best practises from Stockholm and Europe • Hearing: How can we promote a rapid transition to sustainable means of transport? • Experiences from imposing congestion taxes on vehicles driving into and out of the Stockholm inner city zone • Stockholm; Awardwinning biking promoting city of the year 2007, seminari and dissemination of guidelines. • Experiences from digging a tunnel under the city centre • Planning of City tram 2011 – implementation of a new light rail in the heart of a city Theme: Fighting Climate Change • Green Consumerism – experiences from the project Smart Consumption • Climate measures on a broad scale – examples from Stockholm • Stockholm's Action Programme on Climate Change • Energy efficient property administration in Stockholm • Stockholm’s support to individual climate activities and actions • Hearing: How can we promote a rapid transition to fossil free heat and power Theme: Fighting pollutants • Chemical substances in goods and services: New tools for new pollutants • Cooperating with businesses to speed up the supply of environmentally adopted goods. • Experiences from EU-project ScorePP Source control options for reducing emissions of Priority Pollutants
Theme: Modern environmental policy • Environmental policy and programs in the 21st century - dissemination of guidelines Closing Conference Conclusions from the year as European Green Capital Handover to the successor city Events
Professional events
• Hosting World water week Arrangement of workshops, field visits, social events, prizes and awards, exhibitions www.worldwaterweek.org/worldwaterweek/index. • Hosting Green Week Arrangement of a conference, presentation and speeches, exhibition. • Hosting Globe Forum Arrangement of a conference, presentation and speeches, exhibition. www.gfbn.com • Hosting Clean Vehicles and Fuels + World Bioenergy 2011– international conference, exhibition on clean vehicles, biofuels and bioenergy • Scientific conference Arrangement of a conference, presentation and speeches, scientist panel. • Participation in Mobility Week
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Public Events
• Sustainability day http://www.konferens.se/idg/sustainabilityday2008.asp • Water and boat festival http://www.tsr07.se/ • The annually plant out of 25 000 two year old fry of salmon and salmon trout in Strömmen, the outflow of Lake Mälaren right in the centre of Stockholm (5th and 6ht of May). Social Events
• The Mayor’s reception • Dinner and Dance at Junibacken • City Aquatic Adventure Guided tours
• Nature in the heart of the City - A range of guided tours to biodiversity in the city Hosted by: Swedish Society for Nature Conservation • Seminar and guided tour in nature reserves: aims for the reserves; conservation of biodiversity, cultural environments, significance for outdoor life and surveillance. ½ day excursion and ½ day seminar. • Guided tour at Hammarby Sjöstadsverk (Henriksdals reningsverk), core for the national wastewater purifying technique R&D. Hosted by: Stockholm Water Company • Green Fleet and Clean Vehicles Hosted by: Environmental and Health Administration • Boat Tour of Lake Mälaren – Water supply for 2 Million People Hosted by: Stockholm Water Company • Creating a Sustainable City – The Stockholm Experience Hammarby Sjöstad Hosted by: Stockholm Business Region Study visits
• Towards Sustainable Sanitation: Practical Applications from Toilet to Field, Hosted by: Stockholm Environment Institute • Showrooms • GlashusEtt, Hammarby Sjöstad • The SORBUS stormwater treatment system • Cleantech Showroom, Kista Science Cluster • Hammarby Sjöstad Showroom will be constructed in year 2009 • Luma Center – Sweden Eco-Center Hammarby Sjöstad will be constructed in 2009) • Sweden Greenhouse will be constructed in 2009 • Kulturhuset Stockholm – Exhibition: The Good Climate Choise, will be completed in 2009 Technical visits Listed below are examples of 40 demonstration sites/technical visits in the Stockholm region
• Technical Visit Demo Center Scania Södertälje, Hosted by Scania
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• Technical Visit SAAB Combitech CDC Järfälla, Hosted by SAAB Combitech • Technical Visit Viking Line Kapellskär, Hosted by Swedish Maritime Organisation • Technical Visit Kista Science City Hosted by Stockholm Initiative • Pre/Post Technical Visit Lindholmen Göteborg, Hosted by Text Site Sweden Göteborg • Pre/Post Technical Visit Gävle Hamn, Hosted by Green Cargo Prizes and awards
• Stockholm Water Prize • Stockholm Junior Water Prize • Stockholm Industry Water Award • Swedish Baltic Sea Water Award • Wash Media Award Publications
• Publications in international magazines
Existing Networks
International networking Baltic Metropoles Baltic Metropoles Network (BaltMet) represents a forum for capitals and large metropolitan cities around the Baltic Sea. It brings together the cities of Berlin, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Malmö, Oslo, Riga, Stockholm, St.Petersburg, Tallinn, Vilnius and Warsaw. The main goal of the network is to promote innovativeness and competitiveness in the Baltic Sea Region by engaging cities, as well as academic and business partners, into close cooperation. Stockholm takes over the chairmanship in the network during 2009.http://www.baltmet.org/pub/ EUREAU EUREAU is the European Federation of National Associations of Water and Waste Water Services. The members collectively provide sustainable water service to around 450 million European citizens and reflect the diversity of the European water services sector. As the focus of European Network, EUREAU represents a unique concentration of technical, scientific and managerial knowledge and practical experience in water services. http://www.eureau.org/ EUROCITIES EUROCITIES is the network of major European cities. Founded in 1986, the network brings together the local governments of more than 130 large cities in over 30 European countries. EUROCITIES provides a platform for its member cities to share knowledge and ideas, to exchange experiences, to analyse common problems and develop innovative solutions, through a wide range of Forums, Working Groups, Projects, activities and events. Stockholm takes over the chairmanship in the network during 2009. http://www.eurocities.org/main.php International Water Association, IWA
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IWA’s connecting water professionals worldwide to lead the development of effective and sustainable approaches to water management. http://www.iwahq.org/templates/ld_templates/layout_632897.aspx?ObjectId=632922
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Metropolis The city of Stockholm is a member since 2003. The main goal of the association is to better control the development process of metropolitan areas in order to enhance the wellbeing of their citizens. To do this, Metropolis represents regions and metropolitan areas at the worldwide level and is recognized as a major player by large international organizations such as the UN, WHO, the World Bank and others. http://www.metropolis.org/index.html Union of Capitals of European Union, UCUE The UCEU (Union of Capitals of the European Union) was created in 1961 to preserve continuous links between the European capitals and to encourage communication between the inhabitants in order to develop the living feeling of European solidarity. The city of Stockholm is a member since 2003. http://www.ucue.org/ Union of the Baltic Cities, UBC Union of the Baltic is a Network between Cities around the Baltic see. Stockholm is a member since 1992. http://www.ubc.net/index.html United Cities and Local Governments, UCLG http://www.cities-localgovernments.org/uclg/ Climate Alliance of Cities and Municipalities In 2004 the City of Stockholm joined the Climate Alliance of Cities and Municipalities. The members of the Climate Alliance commit themselves to a continual reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The target is the reduction of CO2 emissions by ten percent every five years. In the long term, Climate Alliance cities and municipalities aim to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to a sustainable level of 2.5 tonnes CO2 equivalent per inhabitant per year by implementing energy-saving and energy-efficiency measures and by using renewable energies. Climate Alliance members report back regularly on their efforts to implement climate protection measures. ICLEI – International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives The City of Stockholm is also a member of ICLEI – International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives – and participates in the campaign ‘Cities for Climate Protection’ (CCP). The campaign involves more than 700 cities around the world. The CCP membership gives the City of Stockholm opportunities to share experiences with other cities and identify partnerships. It also involves an opportunity to communicate the climate activities carried out in Stockholm at the same time as promoting the city itself. Together with ICLEI, the City of Stockholm played host to international climate conferences in November 2001 and in May 2006. The latter conference – ‘A Future with Zero CO2 Emissions’ - was filmed and can be viewed over the internet: www.iclei.org/stockholm2006 Major Nordic Cities Cooperation Common environmental indicators is a joint environmental project run by seven Nordic cities. Participating cities are: Copenhagen, Oslo, Helsinki, Reykjavik, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The seven cities work with 11 different headline indicators, each illustrating developments in relation to a number of aspects: global, regional and local aspects, consumption of resources, and environmental initiatives. Each headline indicator is monitored and followed up using more detailed indicators. The objective of the Major Nordic Cities Cooperation’s work on Environmental Indicators of Major Nordic Cities is to create a platform for the accumulation of experience and know-how in terms of the environmental status of each of the participating cities. A further goal is to develop a structure enabling the seven cities to
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compare urban environments, to analyse environmental trends and to share and learn from mutual experience. The City of Stockholm also networks through: The EU Directorat-General for Energy and Transport; ManagEnergy and Intelligent Energy for Europe CEMR – the Council of European Municipalities, the largest European association of local and regional authorities. Metropolis – World Association of Major Metropolises BLICC – Business Leaders Initiative on Climate Change
National networking The City of Stockholm is a member of the Swedish Network of Municipalities on Climate Change. The main objective of the network is to support local efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The network aspires to demonstrate the will and large potential to work with climate issues at a local level. A precondition for becoming a member is the political decision to be active locally by: Making inventories of greenhouse gas emissions regularly. Setting targets for emission reductions. Taking on an action plan and measures to reduce emissions. Reporting back to the network about the work on climate protection.
Local networking The City of Stockholm regularly invites businesses, organisations and individuals at the local and regional level to network meetings on climate protection.
Possible partners/resources The Beijer Institute, http://www.beijer.kva.se/ The Beijer Institute is an international research institute under the auspices of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Institute was established in 1977 and was reorganized in 1991 to form The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics. Core funding is provided by the Kjell and Märta Beijer Foundation Globe Forum, http://www.gfbn.com/ Globe Forum is a marketplace for innovators, entrepreneurs and investors. The Forum are matchmaker between innovators, entrepreneurs and investors as well as between corporations, public sector, cities and regions. Invest in Sweden Agency (ISA), http://www.isa.se/templates/Startpage____2008.aspx ISA is the government agency assisting and informing foreign investors about business and investment opportunities in Sweden. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, http://www.ivl.se/en/ The Institute is an independent research body that has been involved since 1966 in the development of solutions to environmental problems on behalf of the business sector and
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the community. IVL deals with environmental issues from a holistic perspective with the aim of contributing to sustainable growth. Karolinska Institutet, leading medical university, http://ki.se/) Karolinska Institutet is one of Europe's largest medical universities. It is also Sweden´s largest centre for medical training and research. Our mission is to improve the health of mankind through research and education. The Natural Step International, http://www.naturalstep.org.nz/index.asp The Natural Step (TNS) is an organisation providing a strategic planning tool for sustainability. This tool is a clear, conceptual framework that explains the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of a long-term vision for a truly sustainable society. The Natural Step Framework can be applied to businesses, non-profit organisations and community projects. Stockholm Academic Forum Stockholms Akademiska Forum, StAF, har funnits sedan 1998 och är en samlingsorganisation för 21 högskolor i Stockholm, allt från tekniska högskolor och vårdhögskolor till högskolor med humaniora, juridik, ekonomi eller konst. Stockholms Akademiska Forum ska profilera Stockholm som ett nationellt och internationellt akademiskt centrum. Stockholm Business Region, http://www.stockholmsakademiskaforum.se/ Stockholm Business Region is a municipal company solely owned by the City of Stockholm and is a part of the Stockholms Stadshus AB Corporation. Stockholm Business Region has two subsidiaries: Stockholm Business Region Development and Stockholm Visitors Board, which markets and develops Stockholm and the Stockholm region as a tourist destination. Stockholm Environment Institute, http://www.sei.se/index.php SEI is an independent, international research institute specializing in sustainable development and environment issues. It works at local, national, regional and global policy levels. Stockholm Environmental Technology Center, http://www.eng.smtc.se/ SMTC is a new operative node for many companies and private/public organisations in and around Stockholm. Our roots are in the high-level knowledge and green awareness that makes the development of environmental solutions easier in Sweden than elsewhere. Stockholm International Fairs, http://www.stockholmsmassan.se/stockholmsmassan_eng/ Stockholm International Fairs is one of the world's leading and most flexible organisers of meetings and offer the perfect meeting place for everything from international summits to broad public fairs. Stockholm International Water Institute, http://www.siwi.org The Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) is a policy institute whose diverse Stockholm-based, internationally-oriented programmes and activities contribute to finding sustainable solutions to the world’s escalating water crisis. Swedish Environmental Managers Association, http://www.nmc.a.se/eng/
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The Swedish Association of Environmental Managers (NMC) is a network which acts as a platform for ongoing information exchange, with the aim of promoting environmental management in the Swedish business sector. Royal Academy of Technology: http://kth.se/ Stockholm Sustainable Region: www.stockholmsustainableregion.se Hammarby Sjöstad: http://www.hammarbysjostad.se/ Stockholm Partnership for Sustainable Cities, http://www.partnerships.stockholm.se/ Stockholm University, http://www.su.se/english/ Swedish Government, Environmental Department, http://www.sweden.gov.se/ Swedish Road Administration http://www.vv.se/ Swedish Rail Administration: http://www.banverket.se/sv.aspx Swedish Trade Council, http://www.swedishtrade.se/english/, Stockholm public local transport:, http://www.swedishtrade.se/english/, The County Administrative Board: http://www.ab.lst.se The Royal Court: http://www.royalcourt.se/ As well as several smaller local organisations.
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