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BASHKIR MANUAL Nicholas Poppe (University of Washington), and Andreas Tietze (University of California, Los Angeles), Consulting Editors

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BASHKIR MANUAL Nicholas Poppe (University of Washington), and Andreas Tietze (University of California, Los Angeles), Consulting Editors f,;7 . I i / Indiana University Publications Graduate School Uralic and Altaic Series THOMAS A. SEBEOK, Editor Billie Greene, Assistant to the Editor Fred W. Householder, Jr., John R. Krueger, Felix J. Oinas, Alo Raun, Denis Sinor, and Odan Schiltz, Associate Editors GyuIa Decsy (University of Hamburg), Lawrence Krader (Syracuse Univer­ sity), John Lotz (Columbia University), Samuel E. Martin (Yale University), BASHKIR MANUAL Nicholas Poppe (University of Washington), and Andreas Tietze (University of California, Los Angeles), Consulting Editors Vol. American Studies in Uralic Linguistics, Edited by the Indiana University Committee on Uralic Studies (1960) o.p. Vol. 2 Buriat Grammar, by Nicholas Poppe (1960) - $3.00 Vol. 3 The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language, by Lauri Hakulinen (trans. by John Atkinson) (1961) $7.00 Vol. 4 Dagur Mongolian: Grammar Texts, and Lexicon, by Samuel E. Martin (1961) $5.00 Vol. 5 An Eastern Cheremis Manual: Phonology, Grammar, Texts, and Glossary, by Thomas A. Sebeok and Frances J. Ingemann (1961) - $4.00 Vol. 6 The Phonology of Modern Standard Turkish, byR.B.Lees(1961) - $3.50 Vol. 7 Chuvash Manual: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary, by John R. Krueger (1961) $5.50 Vol. 8 Buriat Reader, by James E. Bosson (supervised and edited by Nicholas Poppe) (1962) - $2.00 Vol. 9 Latvian and Finnic Linguistic Convergences, by Valdis J. Zeps (1962) - $5.00 Vol. 10 Uzhek Newspaper Reader (with Glossary), by Nicholas Poppe, Jr. (1962) - $2.00 Vol. 11 Hungarian Reader (Folklore and Literature) With Notes, Edited by John Lotz (1962) $1.00 (continued inside back cover) t._._ Vt5f ~ HL9~1 AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages BASHKIR MANUAL Descriptive Grammar and Texts Project No. 68 with A Bashkir-English Glossary BASHKIR MANUAL by ,.. cl-­ Nicholas Poppe \.I) by {University of Washington} x. Nicholas Poppe This text was developed pursuant to a contract between the United States Office of Education and the American Council of Learned Societies and is published with the permission of the United States Office of Education. Indiana University Publications Uralie and Altaic Series, Vol. 36 August, 1962 Published by Indiana University, Bloomington Mouton & Co., The Hague, The Netherlands 1964 J 'I INDIANA UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS I I PREFACE Graduate School The present book is designed as a manual of the Bashkir lan­ URALIC AND ALTAlC SERIES guage. It consists of three parts. Part I contains a descriptive gram.mar written along the same lines as my Buriat Grammar (In­ Volwne 36 diana University Publications. Vo1. I of the Uralic and Altaic Series. Bloomington. Indiana. 1960) which follows. in plan and method, the Hungarian Grammar by Robert A. Hall, Jr. (Vol. ZO, 4. Suppl. to Copyright @ 1964 by Indiana University Language. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, Language Monograph #Zl, 1944). Although my sources on Bashkir are enu­ No part of this book may be reproduced in merated in O. Z., I wish to point out that I used mainly those listed any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, under B. Grammars and D. Problems Morphology. or any other means without the permission The second part contains a nwnber of original Bashkir texts of the publishers selected with the purpose of giving students of Bashkir material for reading and translation. The texts were taken from the latest pub­ lications. It should be emphasized that the whole modern literature Composed at the of the Bashkirs and all the other peoples of the USSR is communistic Indiana University Research Center in in spirit and contains much propaganda. exaltation of the Soviet regime and vilification of everything that is not communistic, religion in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics general and particularly Islam. Therefore. the facts related in the texts or their interpretation should not be taken at their face value but the texts should be regarded only as material for language study. All orders from the United States of America and from The inclusion of these texts can be justified. however. by the fact Canada should be addressed to the that they are typical of modern Bashkir literature and are specimens of Bashkir language as taught in Bashkir schools. not to mention the Editor, Uralic and Altaic Series. Rayl House. fact that it is practically impossible to find modern Bashkir pub­ Indiana Universitr. Bloomington, Indiana lications free from communist ideas and propaganda. The texts are reproduced with the title pages of the books con­ Orders from all other countries should be sent to cerned and. therefore, no bibliographic data need to be supplied here. Mouton &: Co., Publishers, The Hague. The Netherlands The third part contains a glosDary which contains only such words which occur in the texts. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-64521 Printed in the United States of America Seattle. Washington. May 1 Z. 1962 Nicholas Poppe ,,<:If", .. \{ , ~ J._ r TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR o. Introduction. 3 1. Phonology ........... 6 L 1. The phonemes .... 6 1. 2. The vowel phonemes. 6 1. 3. The consonant phonemes 8 1. 4. Occurrence of phonemes 12 1. 5. Juncture .......... 18 1. 51. Compound juncture 18 1. 52. Stress ....... 18 1. 6. Mo rphophonemic alternations 19 1. 61. Vocalic harmony .... 19 1. 62. Consonant harmony ... 22 1. 63. Alternations of vowels with zero 22 1. 64. Internal sandhi ........... 22 1. 65. External sandhi .......... 25 1. 7. Orthographical repre sentation of phoneme s. 25 1. 71. The official Cyrillic alphabet 25 1. 72. Orthography .•.......... 30 2. Inflection 33 2. 1. Substantive inflection 33 2. 11. The stem .... 33 2. 12. Plural suffix .. 33 2.13. Possessive suffixes 34 2. 14. Declension suffixes 35 2. 141. The functions of the cases 36 2. 142. Plural declension . 37 2. 143. Examples of declension. 38 2.144. Declension with possessive suffixes 38 2. 15. The predicative suffixe s 40 2. 16. The postpositions .... 40 2. 2. Pronoun inflection ....... 42 2. 21. Inflection of pe rsonal pronouns 42 2.22. The demonstrative pronouns. 43 2.3. Verb inflection ............ 43 vii L 2. 30. Categories '" ... 43 4. 11. Nouns from nouns 61 2. 31. The stems ...... 44 4. 12. Nouns from adjectives 62 2.32. The personal endings 44 4. 13. Nouns fro:m verbs 63 2.33. The finite forms ... 44 4. 14. Co:mpound nouns ..... 64 2.34. The simple tenses .. 45 4.2. Adjectives ...... 64 2. 341. The past tense . 45 4. 21. Adjectives from nouns. 64 2. 342. The conditional. 45 4.22. Adjectives from pronouns 65 2. 343. The impe rative . 46 4.23. Adjectives from adjectives. 65 2. 344. The optative .. 46 4.24. Adjectives from verbs .. 66 2.35. The verbal nouns ................. 47 4.25. Adjectives from adverbs 66 2. 351. The first noun of action .. 47 4.26. Co:mpound adjectives .. 66 2. 352. The second noun of action. 47 4. 3. Verbs ............... 68 2. 36. The participles ..... 47 4.31. Verbs fro:m substantives 68 2.361. The past participle .. 47 4. 32. Verbs from adjectives 68 2.362. The present participle 48 4.33. Verbs fro:m adverbs ... 68 2.363. The first future participle 50 4.34. Verbs from interjectional particles 68 2.364. The second future participle 51 4.35. Verbs fro:m verbs .......... 69 2.37. The gerunds ......... 52 4.351. Passive and reflexive verbs 69 2. 371. The present gerund .. 52 4. 352. Reciprocal verbs " 69 2.372. The first past ge rund. 53 4.353. Factitive verbs .... 69 2.373. The second past gerund 53 4.354. Frequentative verbs 71 2.374. The gerund of an action preceded 4. 355. Diminutive verbs 72 by another one ...... 53 4. 36. Co:mpound verbs. 72 2. 38. Defective ve rbs ...... 54 4.37. Co:mpound tenses 73 2.381. The verbs /i-/ and /bar/ 54 4.4. Adverbs ........ ·· 75 4.41. Nouns, pronouns, and participles functioning 3. Form- and function-classes 55 aa adverbs .... 75 3. O. Parts of speech 55 4.42. Special adve rb suffixe s . 75 3. 1. Substantives .. 55 4.43. Compound adverbs .... 76 3. 2. Adjectives ... 56 4.44. Comparative of adverbs. 77 3. 21. The inte rrogative adjective s . 56 78 3.22. The indefinite adjectives 56 5. Phrase-structure ........... 3.23. The numeral adjectives 57 5. O. Introductory ........ ·.· 78 3. 3. The pronouns 57 5.01. Universal phrase-types 78 3.4. Verbs .... 57 5. OIl. Coordinate phrase s 78 3.5. Adverbs ... 57 5.012. Contrastive phrases 79 3.6. Postpositions 58 5. 1. No:minal phrases ........ 80 3.7. Conjunctions. 58 5. 11. Attribute + head ...... 80 3. 71. Coordinating conjunctions 58 5. Ill. Attribute in the basic for:m . 80 3.72. Subordinating conjunctions 58 5.112. Possessive phrases. 82 3.8. Particles ............. 59 5. 12. Head + attribute 83 3.81. Postpositional particles 59 5.121. Names of persons .. 83 3.82. Prepositional particles 59 5. 122. Noun in apposition .. 84 3.83. Interjectional particles 60 5. 123. Adjective following the head 84 5. 124. Pronoun following the head 84 4. Word-formation ....... 61 5.2. Adjectival phrases. 84 4. O. General observations 61 5. 21. Attribute + head. 84 4.1. Substantives .... 61 5. 3. Prono:minal phrases 85 viii ix (. ..tL r 5.4. Adverbial phrases ... 86 5.5. Postpositional phrases 86 5.6. Verbal cOITlpleITlent .. 86 5. 61. Equational cOITlpleITlent 86 5. 611. AgreeITlent in nUITlbe r 87 5.612. AgreeITlent in person 87 5. 62. Direct object cOITlpleITlent 88 5.621. Suffixless forITl 88 5.622. The accusative .. 88 5.63. Adverbial cOITlpleITlent. 89 • 6. Clause-structure . 91 6. O. Introductory 91 I. DESCRIPTIVE 6.1. Full clauses 91 6. 11.
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