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Jeremy Sydik — «Design Accessible Web Sites Thank you for taking part in this experiment. Andy and Dave Design Accessible Web Sites Thirty-Six Keys to Creating Content for All Audiences and Platforms Jeremy J. Sydik The Pragmatic Bookshelf Raleigh, North Carolina Dallas, Texas Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their prod- ucts are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. The Pragmatic Starter Kit, The Pragmatic Programmer, Pragmatic Programming, Pragmatic Bookshelf and the linking g device are trademarks of The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC. Quotation from “The Hobbit” by J. R. R. Tolkien. Copyright © 1937, 1966 by The J. R. R. Tolkien Copyright Trust. Reprinted by permission of The J. R. R. Tolkien Copyright Trust. Quotation from “Monty Python and the Holy Grail.” Copyright © 1975 by Python (Monty) Pictures Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Python (Monty) Pictures Ltd. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (Recommendation) http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/ Copyright © 1999 World Wide Web Consortium (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, Keio University). All Rights Reserved Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (Public Working Draft) http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/ Copyright © 2007 World Wide Web Consortium (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathemat- ics, Keio University). All Rights Reserved Cover image courtesy of Katherine A.W. Sydik Every precaution was taken in the preparation of this book. However, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages that may result from the use of information (including program listings) contained herein. Our Pragmatic courses, workshops, and other products can help you and your team create better software and have more fun. For more information, as well as the latest Pragmatic titles, please visit us at http://www.pragmaticprogrammer.com Copyright © 2007 Jeremy J. Sydik. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit- ted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN-10: 1-934356-02-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-934356-02-9 Contents Acknowledgments 10 Preface 12 Getting to Know Each Other ................... 13 Finding Your Way Through This Book .............. 14 Principles Before Guidelines .................... 15 Part I—Laying the Foundation 18 Why Be Accessible? 19 1.1 It’s the Right Thing to Do ................. 19 1.2 Accessibility is Good Business .............. 20 1.3 Accessible Sites are More Usable ............. 21 1.4 It’s the Law ......................... 21 1.5 Building with Accessibility Can Make You More Capable 24 A Brief Introduction to Disabilities 26 2.1 Visual Impairments ..................... 26 2.2 Auditory Impairments ................... 29 2.3 Mobility Impairments ................... 31 2.4 Cognitive Impairments ................... 32 2.5 Multiple Disabilities .................... 33 An Environment for Access 35 1. Making a Team Effort ................... 37 2. Plan for Access ....................... 46 3. Multiple Access Paths ................... 53 4. Don’t Get WET! ....................... 57 5. Guidelines for Accessibility ................ 61 CONTENTS 7 Testing for Accessibility 64 6. Testing as a Design Decision ............... 65 7. Building a Testing Toolbox ................ 69 8. Getting Your Hands Dirty ................. 76 Part II—Building a Solid Structure 81 The Structured Life 82 9. Say It With Meaning .................... 83 10. Keeping It Simple is Smart ................ 89 11. Minding Your <p>’s and <q>’s ............... 94 12. Linking It All Together ................... 98 13. Styled To The Nines .................... 101 14. Welcome To The Future .................. 105 Round Tables 110 15. Setting The Table ...................... 111 16. Ah, <table>, I Hardly Knew Ye! .............. 115 17. Layout And Other Bad Table Manners .......... 122 The Accessible Interface 130 18. It’s Their Web—We’re Just Building In It ........ 131 19. Getting <form>al ...................... 135 20. Tickling The Keys ...................... 142 21. Your Interface Has Some Explaining To Do . 145 Part III—Getting the Perfect View 149 A Picture is Worth... 150 22. Stoplights and Poison Apples ............... 151 23. Thinking in Terms of Black and White .......... 157 24. To Put it Another Way ................... 162 25. More Than alt= Can Say .................. 167 26. alt.text.odds-and-ends ................... 174 Video Killed the Something-Something 179 27. It’s Not Polite to Flash the Audience ........... 181 28. Words That Go [Creak] in the Night ........... 185 29. Describe it to Me ...................... 190 30. On the Cutting Room Floor ................ 194 CONTENTS 8 Part IV—Putting on Some Additions 206 Not All Documents Are Created Equal 207 31. Back at the Office ...................... 209 32. PDF: Trying to Make Portable Accessible ........ 213 Scripted Responses 221 33. Unassuming Scripts .................... 222 34. Higher Order Scripts .................... 226 Embedded Applications: Rinse and Repeat 232 35. The Many Faces of Flash ................. 233 36. Java: Is Your Brew Fair-Trade? .............. 239 Part V—Building Codes 243 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 244 13.1 Checkpoint Priorities .................... 245 13.2 Conformance ........................ 246 13.3 The 14 Guidelines of WCAG 1.0 ............. 247 Section 508 261 14.1 Software Applications and Operating Systems (§1194.21) 262 14.2 Web-Based Intranet and Internet Information and Applications (§1194.22) 264 14.3 Video and Multimedia Products (§1194.24) . 267 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 270 15.1 The Basics of WCAG 2.0 .................. 271 15.2 Concerns About WCAG 2.0 ................ 272 15.3 The WCAG 2.0 Guidelines ................. 273 Meanwhile, In the Rest of the World... 288 16.1 Australia ........................... 289 16.2 Canada ............................ 289 16.3 The European Union .................... 290 16.4 Japan ............................. 291 16.5 United Kingdom ....................... 292 16.6 United Nations ....................... 292 16.7 More Information ...................... 294 CONTENTS 9 Final Thoughts 295 17.1 Keep Trying ......................... 295 17.2 Stay Informed ........................ 295 17.3 Have Fun ........................... 296 Bibliography 298 Index 299 The Journey is the Reward. Zen Proverb Acknowledgments Every journey has a beginning and, in the case of this book, the journey truly began over ten years ago at the University of Nebraska—Lincoln Accommodation Resource Center. Dr. Christy Horn first showed me the importance of accessibility and has continued ever since to shape me as a professional and as a person. Thank you for your mentorship and your friendship. I also thank Christy, Roger Bruning, Barbara Robert- son and everyone else at the Center for Instructional Innovation for contributing to the supportive environment that makes working on a project like this possible. The road to this book would have been impossible to navigate without help along the way. Mike Hostetler, Peter Krantz, Jason Kunesh, Florian Ockhuysen, Aza Raskin, Ian Scheitle, and Warren Werner read early versions of this content, reviewed chapter drafts, and called me to task when I oversimplified or underexplained. This book is much better for your help (But I’m still taking credit for all of the mistakes, so there). Susannah Davidson Pfalzer had the (sometimes extremely) challenging task of being the development editor for this project. I know I’m not easy to negotiate with, so thank you for pushing when you knew this book could be better and for trusting my judgement when I was convinced that we were on the right path. I’d also like to thank Dave Thomas for listening to the original concept for this book at RailsConf 2006 and believing in the idea of a principles-based approach to web accessibility. Dave, along with Andy Hunt, also answered many of the questions that came up along the way about production, layout, copyright, and all of the other things that turn a bunch of words into a book. It has been an honor to write a Pragmatic Bookshelf title. To get where you’re going, you need to remember where you came from. My Mom and Dad are responsible for teaching me to believe in doing the right thing, helping people who need to be helped, and trying to be the best person I can be. (The rest is my own fault.) I’d also like to ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11 thank Gerry, Susie, Stephen, Jeannine, my grandparents, and the rest of my family for their faith and prayers for this project and their under- standing when I sometimes nodded off on a couch at family gatherings. For every blessing that I have received, for giving me strength along this path, and for all things, I thank God. The difference between journeying and being lost is knowing where home is. I want to thank you Kate. You’ve been my editor, reviewer, cover designer, and first audience for this project. More importantly, you are the mother of my son, my girlfriend, my best friend and my wife. The things I do here and elsewhere are meaningless without that. Finally, I’d like to thank my son, Aidan. You’re young
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