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The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook (Artech House Space Applications Series) The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook Second Edition For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Space Technology and Applications Series, turn to the back of this book. The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook Second Edition Bruce R. Elbert Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the British Library. Cover design by Gary Ragaglia © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa- tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade- mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-490-2 A Library of Congress Catalog Card number is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 To Cathy, my wife and parnter Contents Preface xv PART I System Considerations 1 CHAPTER 1 Evolution of Satellite Technology and Applications 3 1.1 Satellite Network Fundamentals 7 1.2 Satellite Application Types 14 1.2.1 Broadcast and Multicast of Digital Content 14 1.2.2 Voice and Telephony Networks 20 1.2.3 Data Communications and the Internet 23 1.2.4 Mobile and Personal Communications 25 References 26 CHAPTER 2 Satellite Links, Multiple Access Methods, and Frequency Bands 27 2.1 Design of the Satellite Link 27 2.1.1 Meaning and Use of the Decibel 29 2.1.2 Link Budgets and Their Interpretation 31 2.2 Link Budget Example 36 2.2.1 Downlink Budget 37 2.2.2 Uplink Budget 42 2.2.3 Overall Link 46 2.2.4 Additional Sources of Noise and Interference 48 2.3 Multiple Access Systems 49 2.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 50 2.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access and ALOHA 51 2.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access 53 2.4 Frequency Band Trade-Offs 56 2.4.1 Ultra High Frequency 59 2.4.2 L-Band 60 2.4.3 S-Band 61 2.4.4 C-Band 61 2.4.5 X-Band 62 2.4.6 Ku-Band 62 vii viii Contents 2.4.7 Ka-Band 63 2.4.8 Q- and V-Bands 64 2.4.9 Laser Communications 64 2.4.10 Summary Comparison of the Spectrum Options 65 References 65 CHAPTER 3 Issues in Space Segment and Satellite Implementation 67 3.1 Satellite Selection and System Implementation 68 3.2 Communications Payload Configurations 71 3.2.1 Single-Frequency-Band Payload 72 3.2.2 Multiple-Frequency-Band Hybrid Payloads 74 3.2.3 Shaped Versus Spot Beam Antennas 74 3.2.4 Analog (Bent-Pipe) Repeater Design 78 3.2.5 Digital Onboard Processing Repeater 81 3.2.6 Repeater Power and Bandwidth 90 3.2.7 Additional Payload Issues 93 3.3 Spacecraft Bus Considerations 94 3.3.1 Three-Axis Bus Stability and Control 95 3.3.2 Spacecraft Power Constraints 96 3.4 Contingency Planning 100 3.4.1 Risks in Satellite Operation 101 3.4.2 Available Insurance Coverage 105 3.4.3 Space Development—Estimating Lead Time 108 3.4.4 Satellite Backup and Replacement Strategy 109 References 111 PART II Broadcast and Multicast Links to Multiple Users 113 CHAPTER 4 Television Applications and Standards 115 4.1 Entertainment Programming 116 4.1.1 Network Broadcast 122 4.1.2 Cable TV 123 4.2 Educational TV and Distance Learning 134 4.2.1 University Distance Education 135 4.2.2 Corporate Education and Interactive Learning Networks 136 4.2.3 Guidelines for Effective Distance Learning 139 4.3 Business TV 140 4.3.1 Private Broadcasting 141 4.3.2 Video Teleconferencing 143 4.4 Analog TV Standards 148 4.4.1 Video Format Standards 149 4.4.2 Analog Transmission Standards 149 References 158 Contents ix CHAPTER 5 Digital Video Compression Systems and Standards 159 5.1 Compression Technology 162 5.1.1 Digital Processing 163 5.1.2 Spatial Compression (Transform Coding) 165 5.1.3 Temporal Compression (Frame-to-Frame Compression) 167 5.1.4 Motion Compensation 168 5.1.5 Hybrid Coding Techniques 169 5.2 ITU Recording and Transmission Standards 170 5.2.1 ITU 601 Uncompressed Digital Television 170 5.2.2 The ITU H. Series Standards 171 5.3 Motion Picture Expert Group 172 5.3.1 MPEG 1 173 5.3.2 MPEG 2 176 5.3.3 MPEG Audio 178 5.3.4 Assessing MPEG 2 Video Quality 180 5.3.5 MPEG 4 183 5.4 Digital Video Broadcasting Standard 186 5.4.1 DVB Requirements and Organization 187 5.4.2 Relationship Between DVB and MPEG 2 188 5.4.3 The Satellite Standard (DVB-S) 188 5.4.4 Supporting DVB Services—Sound, Service Information, and 5.4.4 Conditional Access 190 5.5 Data Broadcasting and Internet Protocol Encapsulation 195 5.5.1 IP Encapsulation in the MPEG Transport Stream 195 5.5.2 Packet Identification 197 5.5.3 Performance of IP Encapsulation 198 5.6 Digital Video Interface Standards 200 5.6.1 Serial Digital Interface 200 5.6.2 DVB Asynchronous Serial Interface 201 5.7 Terrestrial Backhaul Interfaces 201 5.7.1 Fiber Optic System Interfaces—Synchronous Optical Network 5.7.1 and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 202 5.7.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 203 5.7.3 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z) 204 References 207 CHAPTER 6 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television Broadcasting 209 6.1 Relative Cost of Satellite DTH Versus Cable 210 6.2 DTH System Architecture 211 6.2.1 Basic Elements and Signal Flow 211 6.2.2 Compression System Arrangement 212 6.2.3 Suppliers of Key Elements 214 6.3 Satellite Architecture 216 6.3.1 Medium-Power DTH Satellite Systems 218 x Contents 6.3.2 High-Power DTH Satellite Systems 219 6.4 Orbital Interference Limitations 221 6.4.1 Interference Model 221 6.4.2 Satellite Spacing and Dish Sizing Analysis 223 6.5 Differences Among DTH Systems 226 6.5.1 Downlink Frequency 227 6.5.2 Significant Differences in Satellite EIRP 227 6.5.3 Polarization Selection (LP or CP) 228 6.5.4 Frequency Plan Differences (Channel Spacing) 229 6.5.5 Digital Transmission Format (QPSK, 8PSK, 16 QAM) 230 6.5.6 Video Signal Format 231 6.5.7 Scrambling and Conditional Access 231 6.6 Survey of DTH Systems 233 6.7 Digital DTH in the United States 235 6.7.1 DIRECTV 235 6.7.2 EchoStar DISH Network 236 6.7.3 Other U.S. DTH Operators 237 6.8 European DTH Experience 237 6.8.1 SES-Astra 238 6.8.2 British Sky Broadcasting 239 6.8.3 Télédiffusion de France and TV-Sat 240 6.8.4 Eutelsat 241 6.8.5 Thor 243 6.9 Expansion of DTH in Asia 243 6.9.1 Indovision (Indonesia) 244 6.9.2 ASTRO/MEASAT (Malaysia) 245 6.9.3 SKY PerfecTV (Japan) 246 6.9.4 STAR TV/AsiaSat (Hong Kong, SAR) 248 6.10 Expansion of DTH in Latin America 249 References 250 CHAPTER 7 Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service 251 7.1 Satellite Radio Broadcast Concept 252 7.1.1 S-DARS Spectrum Allocations 253 7.1.2 Propagation for Mobile Broadcasting 254 7.2 First Introduction—WorldSpace 256 7.2.1 Transmission and Network Design for WorldSpace 257 7.2.2 WorldSpace GEO Satellite Design 258 7.2.3 WorldSpace Receivers 259 7.3 Sirius Satellite Radio 259 7.3.1 The Use of the Inclined Elliptical Orbit 259 7.3.2 Satellite Design for Sirius 263 7.3.3 Network Technical Design 268 7.3.4 Receiver Equipment and User Experience 270 7.4 XM Satellite Radio 273 7.4.1 Satellite Design for XM 275 Contents xi 7.4.2 Transmission and Network Design for XM 277 7.4.3 Radio Equipment Development 278 7.5 Expansion of S-DARS into Other Regions of the World 279 7.5.1 Mobile Broadcasting Corporation of Japan 279 7.5.2 European Digital Audio Broadcasting 281 7.6 Issues and Opportunities Relative to S-DARS 282 References 283 PART III Two-Way Interactive Applications for Fixed and Mobile Users 285 CHAPTER 8 VSAT Networks for Interactive Applications 287 8.1 Interactive Data Networks 287 8.1.1 Principle of Protocol Layering 288 8.1.2 Protocols Supported by VSAT Networks 291 8.1.3 Point-to-Point Connectivity 293 8.1.4 Point-to-Multipoint Connectivity (Star Topology with VSATs) 296 8.2 VSAT Star Networks 300 8.2.1 Applications of Star Networks 301 8.2.2 VSAT Network Architecture 304 8.2.3 Integrator of PCs, LANs, and Internets 310 8.3 VSATs in Business TV 316 8.3.1 Video Teleconferencing 317 8.3.2 Private Broadcasting 317 References 320 CHAPTER 9 Technical Aspects of VSAT Networks 321 9.1 Capacity Planning and Sizing 322 9.1.1 Collecting Requirements for the VSAT Network 323 9.1.2 Estimating Delay and Response Time 325 9.1.3 VSAT Access Protocols 327 9.1.4 Comparison of Access Protocol Performance 336 9.2 Sizing of VSAT Networks 345 9.2.1 Hub Sizing 346 9.2.2 VSAT Remote Sizing 350 9.2.3 Transponder Capacity Sizing 354 9.3 Hub Implementations 356 9.3.1 Use of a Dedicated Hub 357 9.3.2 Use of a Shared Hub 359 9.3.3 Network Management and Control 360 9.4 VSAT Networks at Ka-Band 361 9.5 Suppliers of VSAT Networks 362 References 365 xii Contents CHAPTER 10 Fixed Telephony Satellite Networks 367 10.1 Role of Satellites in Telephone Services 368 10.1.1 Domestic, Regional, and International Services 369 10.1.2 Estimating Telephone Traffic 371 10.1.3 VoIP 376 10.1.4 Interfacing to the Terrestrial Telephone Network 378 10.2 Demand Assignment SCPC Network Architecture 382 10.2.1 Demand-Assigned Network Topology 382 10.2.2 Fixed Telephony Earth Station Design 384 10.2.3 Use of Satellite Capacity 388 10.3 Preassigned Point-to-Point Link 389 10.3.1 Multiple-Channel Per Carrier Transmission 390 10.3.2
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