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Islamists in the Headlines: Critical Discourse Analysis of the Representation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egyptian Newspapers

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Islamists in the Headlines: Critical Discourse Analysis of the Representation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egyptian Newspapers ISLAMISTS IN THE HEADLINES: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN EGYPTIAN NEWSPAPERS by Talaat Pasha A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Middle East Studies- Arabic and Linguistics Department of Languages and Literature University of Utah December 2011 Copyright © Talaat Pasha 2011 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Talaat Pasha has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Bernard Weiss , Chair 05/14/2010 Date Approved Thomas N. Huckin , Member 10/25/2011 Date Approved Ibrahim Karawan , Member 05/14/2010 Date Approved Adel Gamal , Member 05/14/2010 Date Approved Reem Bassiouney , Member 05/14/2010 Date Approved and by Bahman Baktiari , Chair of the Department of Middle East Studies and by Charles A. Wight, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT This study examines how Islamists are socially, discursively and linguistically represented in the Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram. The main question of this study is what would the Egyptian government do to halt the Brothers’ political growth and potential threat? To answer this question, the study uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine how Islamists are represented in frontpage news reports in the Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram, in 2000 and 2005. The analysis first examines both discursive and social practices related to the Muslim Brotherhood. This analysis examines the process of news making, role of ideology, history of Islamism, and type[s] of relationships between Islamists and the regimes. Second, the news reports are analyzed linguistically in terms of Idealized Reader (IR) framework, transitivity, sourcing, lexical choices and presupposition. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the Egyptian regimes have been practicing a constant and systematic strategy of exclusionary nature towards the Muslim Brotherhood. This exclusion has been implemented through the use of sheer power (detention, prison, and military tribunals) and through soft power (media negative representation) as well. Van Dijk’s ideological square (1998) is found well-suited to describe the relationship between the Egyptian regime and Islamists: we are good and they are bad. The analysis of al-Ahram data, supplemented by analyzing other news sources, shows that: A. Almost all the accusations of the Egyptian government against the Muslim Brothers are unfounded, B. al-Ahram uses the technique of silence to conceal the good aspect of the Muslim Brotherhood, C. Islamists, in contrast with what is said about them, are willing to participate in democratic and civil society, and D. There is a relation between the discourse on Islamism and Orientalism. The negative representation, the study also concludes, is explained by the government’s fear of Islamists as a political threat, its desire to maintain the West’s support, and the continuation of Orientalist discourse. iv To those who dedicate their lives so that our world would live in justice, freedom and peace TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... xi PREFACE ................................................................................................................ xiii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 5 1.2. Study Questions ................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 8 1.4. Literature Review ............................................................................................ 12 1.5. Thesis Layout .................................................................................................. 20 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ....... 22 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 22 2.2. CDA: Origins and Goals ................................................................................. 22 2.3. Common Features ........................................................................................... 26 2.4. Approaches in CDA ........................................................................................ 27 2.4.1. Historical - Discoursal .............................................................................. 28 2.4.2. Cognitive - Discoursal .............................................................................. 29 2.4.3. Social-Discoursal ..................................................................................... 33 2.5. Critiques of CDA ............................................................................................ 42 2.6. Concluding Note ............................................................................................. 47 3. DISCURSIVE AND SOCIAL PRACTICES: IDEOLOGY, MEDIA, REPRESENTATION AND ISLAMISM ................................................................... 48 3.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 48 3.2. Ideology ........................................................................................................... 49 3.2.1. Ideology: Neutral Connotations ............................................................... 49 3.2.2. Ideology: Pejorative Connotations ........................................................... 51 3.2.3. Fairclough: Meaning in the Service of Power .......................................... 56 3.2.4. Ideology and Language in CDA ............................................................... 57 3.3. Media ............................................................................................................... 59 3.3.1. Media and Ideology Dissemination .......................................................... 59 3.3.2. Media Filters ............................................................................................ 62 3.3.3. Egyptian Media: Discursive Practices and News-making ....................... 65 3.4. Representation ................................................................................................. 71 3.5. Islamism .......................................................................................................... 73 3.5.1. Origins of Islamism .................................................................................. 73 3.5.2. Post-independent Egypt: Socio-Political Background ............................. 78 3.5.3. Nasser: Socio-Political Background ......................................................... 80 3.5.4. Nasser and Islamism ................................................................................. 82 3.5.5. Sadat: Socio-Political Background ........................................................... 84 3.5.6. Sadat and Islamism ................................................................................... 87 3.5.7. Mubarak: Socio-political Background ..................................................... 89 3.5.8. Mubarak and Islamism ............................................................................. 95 3.5.9. Islamism in the Third Millennium ......................................................... 101 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 107 4.1. Data ............................................................................................................... 107 4.1.1. Data Collection ....................................................................................... 107 4.1.2. Why al-Ahram ........................................................................................ 109 4.1.3. Data Sampling ........................................................................................ 111 4.1.4. Method of Analysis ................................................................................ 113 4.2. Tools of Analysis .......................................................................................... 116 4.2.1. Idealized Reader Framework ................................................................. 116 4.2.2. Transitivity: What Is Going on in Our World? ...................................... 116 4.2.3. Sourcing: Whose Voice? ........................................................................ 120 4.2.4. Lexical Choices ...................................................................................... 123 4.2.5. Presupposition ........................................................................................ 128 5. TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................... 131 5.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................
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