Absolutely Fabulous Et Le Grotesque Fanny Pothier Absolutely Fabulous Et Le Grotesque

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Absolutely Fabulous Et Le Grotesque Fanny Pothier Absolutely Fabulous Et Le Grotesque ArmColin_992149_p168p189_SB 28/11/06 14:41 Page 168 médiamorphoses Les raisons d’aimer… 168 Absolutely Fabulous et le grotesque Fanny Pothier Absolutely Fabulous et le grotesque Fanny Pothier, université de Paris 3 vec plus de quinze millions de téléspectateurs malgré la longueur de ses jupes trop courtes pour son âge, au Royaume-Uni, la série britannique des entre 50 et 70 ans, Patsy est aussi héroïnomane et passe A années 1990, Absolutely Fabulous, AbFab pour son temps à se payer des gigolos. ses fans, s’est élevée au rang de série culte par des procé- A contrario de la plupart des sitcoms, la famille est ici dés qui sortent du cadre de la traditionnelle situation inexistante : le vrai couple réside dans la relation – amou- comedy. Diffusée entre 1992 et 2004 sur la BBC et en reuse, pour certains – entre Patsy et Edina. La difficulté France de 1994 à 2004, sur Canal+, Canal Jimmy et Arte, rencontrée pour diffuser ce programme à ses débuts, s’ex- ce programme d’une demi-heure semble dénoncer par le plique donc par ses particularités trop subversives qui limi- biais de ses dialogues débridés, ses parodies et ses private taient d’emblée son nombre de téléspectateurs : ce jokes la place de la beauté, du snobisme de marques et de contenu licencieux notamment sur la question de la dro- la célébrité. Mais par son énonciation grotesque, la série gue et de l’alcool et ses représentations hyper parodiques légitime ce qu’elle cherche à dénigrer. L’ambiguïté de la de la femme limitait les possibilités des producteurs à com- figure de l’« indisciplinée » confère à la série un double mercialiser AbFab. Or, AbFab est devenue la série culte speak antiféministe et post-féministe (« queer »). préférée de la BBC. L’opération de niche marketing réussit Dans un article de 1999, M. Curtin démontre que les stra- brillamment à s’implanter dans plus de vingt pays à tra- tégies marketing qui séparaient les produits de masse apo- vers le monde. Elle est la vingt-cinquième série sur les cent litiques et plaisants des « originaux », les produits les plus vendues dans le monde. Ce n’est que grâce à la « limités » qui ne cherchent à plaire qu’à un certain public, secrétaire du directeur des programmes de divertissement sont obsolètes. Il prend pour exemple AbFab, série grand de la BBC que le programme vit le jour alors que les direc- public, qui a prouvé le contraire : elle fédère toute une teurs de la BBC ne croyaient pas à son succès. Elle fut donc génération en Grande-Bretagne, mais aussi des publics de approuvée seulement parce qu’elle était codée comme happy few à travers le monde. Le synopsis prend le contre- une offre « alternative » sur les ondes non-commerciales de pied de ce qui avait été montré jusqu’à présent : Edina la Grande-Bretagne. La série n’était donc pas conçue et Monsoon est une quadra fashion victim, divorcée, alcoo- développée initialement dans l’optique d’une stratégie lique, droguée, grosse et mère de deux enfants, Saffron et commerciale des nouveaux réseaux. « Les réserves expri- Serge qu’elle n’a jamais élevés. C’est sa fille Saffron stu- mées par ces directeurs artistiques sont le reflet de cette dieuse, travailliste et coincée qui joue le rôle de mère et difficulté qu’ils avaient à réconcilier l’imagerie du pro- doit lui faire des leçons de morale. Edina n’est pas en gramme avec leurs propres notions de la féminité et avec quête d’amour : elle ne pense qu’à s’enrichir pour pouvoir celles des conventions industrielles sur la représentation s’acheter plus de tenues luxueuses, avoir sa photo dans les du désir féminin. Ils s’inquiétaient que le programme était magazines et préfère s’amuser avec sa meilleure amie trop limité pour un public de prime-time. Contrairement à Patsy Stone, ancien modèle devenu rédactrice en chef de la Macarena 1, dans lequel le désir féminin est représenté mode. À l’opposé d’Edina, anorexique, toujours élégante à travers des images conventionnelles de la femme dite ArmColin_992149_p168p189_SB 28/11/06 14:41 Page 169 …les séries télé médiamorphoses 169 Absolutely Fabulous Fanny Pothier et le grotesque libérée, celles de la tentatrice libertine, dont le comporte- ges hyper parodiques agissent comme des pantins pro- ment licencieux satisfait les fantasmes masculins, Absolu- grammés. AbFab se situe plus dans la farce ultra rapide 3, tely Fabulous fait peu de concessions susceptibles d’élargir représentée dans les traditions antiques de la satire. son attrait » (M. Curtin). J. Saunders observe que sa série est exagérée et n’adopte AbFab s’est finalement imposée auprès d’un large public pas le rythme « américain », presque le rythme d’une vie international comme « la » série des années 1990-2000. normale. Le grotesque abfabien tient donc des deux gen- Certaines de ses particularités en font une œuvre d’art à res du grotesque 4 dans la littérature : celui de l’exubérance part entière : les « règles » de la sitcom n’y sont pas respec- et de l’évanescence, ne serait-ce que par le rythme éche- tées et la famille représentée ainsi que le retour au statu velé de la série et celui d’une inquiétante étrangeté, quand quo ne correspondent pas aux critères du genre. le spectateur rit du désarroi dans lequel sont plongés ces personnages aliénés par leurs désirs. Le statu quo : une clôture Dans un article de 2002, Braund et Rashke étudient narrative inexistante et ambiguë AbFab comme l’héritière de la tradition antique des satires Dans la fiction abfabienne, un problème survient, mais il de Juvénal : J. Saunders crée des monstres dont l’exhibi- n’est jamais résolu avec succès. Il ne s’agit pourtant pas tion implique que son public se fasse l’avocat d’une d’une tragédie. Néanmoins, AbFab ne cherche ni à réinté- conduite immorale et devienne ainsi lui-même « immo- grer les personnages dans la société, ni à corriger les ral ». Les auteures relèvent les éléments de la satire mœurs par le rire 2. Grâce à l’originalité de sa clôture nar- antique dans la série : art urbain et voyeuriste, elle expose rative, soit l’échec est annoncé, soit il est pire que ce à quoi la moralité privée dans la moralité publique, notamment le spectateur s’attendait. Dans leur article consacré à la en termes d’usage ou de mésusage du corps, qui équivaut série, Kirkham et Skeggs démontrent que l’effet libérateur à un manque de self-control de quelqu’un qui serait apte est contre-balancé par cette originalité, comme la série à exercer un pouvoir. Les auteures justifient ainsi l’emploi revient aux valeurs sûres du statu quo, le programme du terme « grotesque » comme la série crée des monstres : oscille continuellement entre la libération et la censure, « Le visuel et le spectaculaire sont aussi des éléments alors que la clôture morale n’est que rarement atteinte. essentiels dans la satire moderne. Le goût vestimentaire Contrairement, aux produits de la culture de masse qui se d’Edina frise le choquant, comme Frankenstein, elle crée caractérisent généralement par le happy end, AbFab ne une addition de parties : son physique assez fort est moulé permet pas d’éviter la tragédie fictionnelle : ici, les prota- dans des combinaisons de vêtements discordants et gonistes sont presque systématiquement punies et ses criards, couronnés de chapeaux tous différents ; le résultat anti-héroïnes se renforcent mutuellement dans leurs tra- en est un spectacle proche du grotesque. » vers sans tirer aucune leçon de leurs échecs alors que la comédie en général, et particulièrement la situation L’esprit du carnaval comedy, vise une résolution de conflit. En outre, l’individu Comme dans les jeux du carnaval du XVe siècle, il s’agit de abfabien est, par le jeu des actrices, leurs tenues et les dia- ridiculiser les nobles, les riches, les personnes qui ont un logues, la caricature d’une catégorie précise de la popula- statut important. L’abolition de l’ordre, le renversement du tion, parfois même la parodie d’une célébrité londonienne « haut » vers le « bas » agit comme une forme de libéra- ou internationale réelle : fashion victims richissimes (Edina tion. Dans cette inversion du « haut » vers le « bas » nour- Monsoon est la parodie de la gourou britannique des rela- rie aux sources du carnaval, Bakhtine voit une véritable tions publiques, Lynn Franks, et Patsy Stone, celle de la vision populaire du monde qui, par un rire profanateur et millionnaire Ivana Trump), étudiante coincée (Saffron), libérateur, insuffle sa vitalité à une culture dominante. Ce grand-mère sexagénaire conservatrice (Gran), secrétaire «réalisme grotesque » réside en un système d’images de la écervelée aux tenues incroyables (Bubble)… Ces personna- culture populaire, dont le principe est le rabaissement de ArmColin_992149_p168p189_SB 28/11/06 14:41 Page 170 médiamorphoses Les raisons d’aimer… 170 Absolutely Fabulous et le grotesque Fanny Pothier tout ce qui est élevé et idéal sur le plan matériel et corpo- masculin comme la trop vieille Patsy qui dans son éter- rel. Il se traduit par la célébration du corps grotesque 5. Par nelle quête de la jeunesse est défigurée par un lifting dans opposition au « canon classique » féminin, Patsy et Edina l’épisode L’hôpital (saison II). ne savent pas se tenir correctement alors que leur statut Patsy et Edina ont compris que leurs corps devaient se social exige d’elles qu’elles soient des modèles de bonne soumettre aux canons de la beauté du XXe siècle pour deve- conduite et de vertu. Le retour au réel se fait à travers le nir célèbres et accéder ainsi à leur indépendance. Edina a rire du carnaval.
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