Pleione 11(2): 349 - 366. 2017. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy doi:10.26679/Pleione.11.2.2017.349-366 A checklist of orchids in two protected forests in Kohima district of Nagaland,

Wenyitso Kapfo1 and Neizo Puro Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami-798627, Nagaland, India. 1 Corresponding Author, e-mail: [email protected] [Received 17.10.2017; Revised 21.11.2017; Accepted 19.12.2017; Published 31.12.2017]

Abstract Two protected forests in Kohima District viz. Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary and Jotsoma Community Forest are hosts to a rich diversity of orchids. This paper reports 66 species from 32 genera of from these two Protected Areas. Key words: Kohima district, Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary, Jotsoma Community Forest, Orchid diversity

INTRODUCTION The word orchid evokes superlative terms associated with beauty, diversity and range of distribution. Being estimated at well over 25,000 species, belonging to ca 800 genera, (Chen et al 2009), Orchidaceae remains the largest family among families of flowering . India is host to 1378 species of orchids (Verma & Lavania 2014), of which, 860 species occur in its NE region (Chowdhery 2009). In the state of Nagaland, 396 species, belonging to 86 genera, have been described (Deb & Imchen 2008) even as more and more are being added to the local orchid flora by various authors (Chaturvedi et al. 2012; Jakha et al. 2014; Jakha et al. 2015; Deb et al. 2015; Deb et al. 2016; Rongsengsashi et al. 2016). This paper lists 66 species belonging to 32 genera of Orchidaceae occurring in the study area.

MATERIALS AND METHOD The study area is located between 25° 35. 800' to 25° 40.100' N latitudes and 94°01.700' to 90°05. 800' E longitudes, spanning an altitude range from 1500m amsl to about 3000m amsl. The vegetation of the study site is Northern Sub-Tropical Broad-leaved Hill Forest (Champion & Seth 1968). Lying SW on the fringes of Kohima town and contiguous with the second highest peak, Japfu, in Nagaland, the study area comprises two adjacent and contiguous sites namely Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary (25° 37. 240' to 25° 39.800' N and 94°04.150' to 90°05. 800' E) and Jotsoma Community Forest (25° 35. 800' to 25° 40.100' N and 94°01.700' to 90°04. 250' E). The two protected areas collectively cover a total area of about 50 sq km. The climate of the study area is of monsoon type with high humidity level, experiencing an annual rainfall average of 1900 mm, concentrated during May to October, and temperature ranges from 8° C to about 25° C. The drainage pattern is mainly dendritic, brown forest soil (inceptisol) is the major type of soil found in the entire district of Kohima. The study site is fairly well preserved due to the joint effort of villagers and the state government. It shows very dense to moderately dense forest cover (FSI 2011), comprising climax community of trees and luxuriant epiphytic growth, including a rich diversity of orchids. 350 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district This paper is the product of regular field trips conducted over 5 years, from 2012 to 2016. Review of orchid flora of Nagaland, by various authors (Changkija et al. 1992; Deorani & Naithani1995; Hynniewta et al. 2000; Deb et al. 2003; Deb & Imchen 2008), provided valuable guidance. The fresh specimens were collected in the field, processed and made into mounted herbarium sheets following the standard method as outlined by Jain & Rao (1977). These were then examined and identified with the help of literature and comparison with herbarium specimens at and the herbarium in department of Botany, Nagaland University (NU). The herbarium specimens were then deposited at NU. Protologue reference and the name of the author have been cited against each taxon. Notes on distribution at global level is given after Chen et al (2009), while for the country and state level distribution, Deb & Imchen (2008) is primarily followed. Additional data including time of flowering, habitat, specimen number and date of collection are furnished against each species.

ENUMERATION The checklist is enumerated in alphabetical order, firstly using the initial of the generic name, and then the initial of the specific epithets.

AERIDES Lour. About 20 species in Sri Lanka, India, , , , , , Indochina, and Malaysia to the Philippines and Indonesia; 10 species in India; 5 species in Nagaland Aerides odorata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 525. 1790. Aerides odorata var. demidovii Linden, Lindenia 1: t. 14. 1885. Aerides odorata var. ballantiniana (Rchb.f.) A.H.Kent, Man. Orchid. Pl. 7: 78. 1891. Stem stout; leaf blade thickly leathery and unequally bilobed; sepals and petals white, tinged with purple, spur apex greenish. Flowering: June – July; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-040, dated 24.08.2014.

AGROSTOPHYLLUM Blume 40 to 50 species in Old World tropics, Seychelles and tropical east to the Pacific islands with New Guinea as center of distribution; 4 species in India and 3 in Nagaland. Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb.f. in Seemann, Fl. Vit. 296. 1868. Rhizome creeping, 3 – 4 mm in diam.; leaves several, distichous, attenuate, unequally bilobed, inflorescence subcapitate. Flowering: July – August; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-050, dated 30.09.2016.

ANTHOGONIUM Wall. ex Lindl. 1 species: , Bhutan, Cambodia, China, N India, , Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, . 1 species in India and 1 in Nagaland. Anthogonium gracile Wall. ex Lindl., Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot. 2: 341. 1836. Anthogonium griffithii Rchb.f., Bonplandia (Hannover) 2: 90. 1854. Anthogonium corydaloides Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 4: 66. 1919. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 351 Plants up to 40 cm tall; pseudobulbs 1 – 2 cm in diam.; leaves 2 – 5, papery; inflorescence erect, 4 – 6 laxly flowered; sepals and petals and lip pink. Flowering: July – November; Habitat: Terrestrial in open spaces and road side; Exsiccatae: NUK-085, dated 02.09.2012.

ARACHNIS Blume About 13 species in NE India, Asia to Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Pacific islands. 2 species in India, 1 in Nagaland. Arachnis labrosa (Lindl. & Paxton) Rchb.f. in Bot. Centralbl. 28: 343. 1886. Arachnis labrosa var. labrosa, zhai chun zhi zhu lan (yuan bian zhong), Fl. China. 25: 466. 2009. Stem rigid with many nodes; leaves distichous, up to 2.5 cm broad, obtusely unequally bilobed; inflorescence up to 1 m long; flowers lax; sepals and petals greenish yellow, with prominent red-brown markings on both; petals 4 – 5 mm wide. Flowering: August – September; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed forest; Exsiccatae: NUK- 061, dated 29.08.2014.

BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars About 1,900 species, chiefly in tropical areas of both Old and New Worlds. About 100 species in India and 35 in Nagaland. Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Wall., Numer. List 1988. 1829. Phyllorkis reptans (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 677 1891. Rhizome creeping, branched, sheathed; pseudobulbs ovoid, 1 – 2 cm in diam. with a terminal, narrowly oblong leaf; inflorescence much shorter than leaves, few flowered; sepals and petals pale yellow, lip with brownish purple stripes. Flowering: January – October; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in mixed subtropical and temperate forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-082, dated 10.03.2014. Bulbophyllum retusiusculum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1869: 1182. 1869. Bulbophyllum flavisepalum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 2: 131. 1912. Creeping rhizome giving off ovoid pseudobulb about 3cm apart, each with a terminal leaf. Inflorescence 15cm long bearing up to 9 flowers, petals red-veined. Flowering: September – December; Habitat: Both epiphytic on tree bark in Rhododendron forest and terrestrial on mossy forest floor; Exsiccatae: NUK-096, dated 22.09.2012. Bulbophyllum rothschildianum (O’Brien) J.J.Sm. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg II, 8: 27. 1912. Cirrhopetalum rothschildianum O’Brien in Gard. Chron. III, 18: 609. 1895. Mastigion rothschildianum (O’Brien) Lucksom, Orchids N.E. Himalaya: 682. 2007. Rhizome stout with sheaths, pseudobulb ovoid with a terminal leaf; flowers in umbels, 2-4 flowered; petals purplish red, lateral sepals up to 15 cm long, caudate and papillate. Flowering: September – October; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in mixed subtropical and secondary forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-076, dated 04.09.2014. Bulbophyllum umbellatum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 56. 1830. Cirrhopetalum maculosum Lindl. in Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 27(Misc.): 81. 1841. Bolbophyllopsis maculosa Rchb.f. in Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 243. 1861. Bulbophyllum saruwatarii Hayata in Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6: 72. 1916. Bulbophyllum annamicum (Finet) T.B.Nguyen & D.H.Duong, Fl. Taynguyen. Enum. 196. 1984. 352 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district Creeping rhizome, giving off pseudobulb of 1-2 cm in diam., 1-2cm apart from each other; scapes arising from base of pseudobulb, umbels 2 – 4 flowered; petals greenish yellow. Flowering: April – July; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in mixed subtropical and secondary forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-031, dated 23.07.2014. Bulbophyllum wallichii Rchb.f. in Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 259. 1861. Phyllorchis wallichii (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 676. 1891. Bulbophyllum refractoides Seidenf. in Bot. Tidsskr. 65: 342. 1970. Tripudianthes wallichii (Rchb.f.) Szlach. & Kras, Richardiana in 7: 96. 2007. Pseudobulbs nearly contiguous, leaves deciduous at anthesis, inflorescence with many nodding flowers; perianth yellow with purple spots. Flowering: May – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in Rhododendron forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-026, dated 23.06.2012.

CALANTHE R.Br. About 150 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, New Guinea, SW Pacific islands, tropical Africa and Central and NW South America. 23 species in India and 22 in Nagaland. Calanthe brevicornu Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 251. 1833. Calanthe brevicornu var. wattii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5(2): 848. 1890. Calanthe brevicornu var. megalophora (Franch.) Finet in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 266. 1900. Rhizome poorly developed, pseudobulbs compressed; scape axillary, up to 40 cm long; racemes laxly flowered, perianth white or yellow with pink straitions, lip 3-lobed; lateral tepals falcate. Flowering: May – June; Habitat: Terrestrial in temperate evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-043, dated 06.05.2013. Calanthe puberella Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg III, 18: 68. 1873. Calanthe reflexa var. okushirensis (Miyabe & Tatew.) Ohwi in Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 70. 1953. Calanthe reflexa var. formosana Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 71. 1962. Rhizome poorly developed, racemes laxly flowered, sepals and petals purplish pink. Flowering: May – June; Habitat: Terrestrial in mixed subtropical forest; Exsiccatae: NUK- 044, dated 06.05.2013.

CLEISOSTOMA Blume About 100 species in Sri Lanka, India, mainland SE Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia to Philippines, New Guinea, Pacific islands, and Australia. 19 species in India, 9 in Nagaland. Cleisostoma paniculatum (Ker Gawl.) Garay in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23(4): 173. 1972. Aerides paniculata Ker Gawl., Bot. Reg. 3: t. 220. 1817. Cleisostoma cerinum Hance in J. Bot. 20: 359. 1882. Cleisostoma unciferum (Schltr.) Garay in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 175. 1972. Sarcanthus formosanus (Hance) Rolfe, Kew Hand-List Orch. 201. 1896. Stem erect; leaves distichous, narrowly oblong, unequally bilobed; inflorescence axillary, branched, many flowered; petals yellow abaxially and redish brown adaxially, column stout. Flowering: June – August; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-047, dated 29.08.2014. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 353 COELOGYNE Lindl. About 200 species in tropical and subtropical Asia to Oceania, 43 species in India, 23 in Nagaland. Coelogyne barbata Lindl. ex Griff., Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts. 72. 1848. Pleione barbata (Lindl. ex Griff.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 680. 1891. Rhizome stout with hard scaly sheath having short internodes, pseudobulbs 6-11 x 1-2.5 cm, bearing 2 leaves; inflorescence hysteranthous, 30 cm long, 5-9 flowered; sepals and petals; lip brown spotted, 3-lobed, mid lobe long fimbriate, winged column. Flowering: September – October; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-065, dated 28.09.2014. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl. in Fol. Orchid. 5: 7. 1854. Pleione corymbosa (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 680. 1891. Rhizome rigid; pseudobulbs dense, 2-leaved, papery; inflorescence synanthous, usually 2-3 flowered; lip 3-lobed, mid lobe with 4 yellow blotches ringed by brown margin. Flowering: April – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-027, dated 25.04.2013. Coelogyne cristata Lindl., Coll. Bot. t. 33. 1824. Cymbidium speciosissimum D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 35. 1825. Pleione speciosissima (D.Don) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 681. 1891. Rhizome branched with scaly sheaths; pseudobulbs up to 3 cm apart, ovoid; inflorescence heteranthous, 2 to many flowered; sepals and petals white with sinuous margin, lip 3-lobed, concave, lamellae fimbriate, yellow, column winged. Flowering: April – May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-024, dated 24.04.2015. Coelogyne flaccida Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 39. 1830. Pleione flaccida (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 680. 1891. Rhizome rigid, with leathery sheaths; pseudobulb 2 – 3 cm apart, 5 – 10 x 1.5 – 3.0 cm, yellowish, inflorescence heteranthous, 6 – 8 flowered, flowers fragrant, perianth margin orange tinged, lip 3-lobed, with yellow and orange spots, column wings broadened towards apex. Flowering: March; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-002, dated 20.03.2016. Coelogyne griffithii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 838. 1888. Pleione griffithii (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 680. 1891. Creeping rhizome; pseudobulbs far apart, 2-leaved; petioles 5 cm long; inflorescence hysteranthous, rachis zig-zag, up to 18 flowered; sepals and petals, sepals oblong, petals linear; lip 3-lobed, mid lobe recurved. Flowering: April; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark, sometimes lithophytic in sub-tropical evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-023, dated 23.04.2016. Coelogyne prolifera Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 40. 1830. Pleione flavida (Hook.f. ex Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 680. 1891. Rhizome densely covered with brown sheaths; pseudobulbs 2 – 4 cm apat; leaves 2, giving off a rachis in between, sterile scales formed between the base of it and the fertile peduncle, 4 – 8 flowered; sepals and petals greenish-yellow; petals linear, lip 3-lobed, flushed with yellow, mid lobe apex emarginate. 354 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district Flowering: June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-037, dated 25.06.2016. Coelogyne stricta (D.Don) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 4: 184. 1919. Coelogyne elata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 40. 1830. Pseudobulb sparse; inflorescence hysteranthous, up to10-flowered; sepals and petals creamy white; lip yellow spotted. Flowering: April – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-036, dated 20.05.2016.

CREPIDIUM Blume About 280 species: throughout the Asian tropics and subtropics, Australasia, and Indian Ocean islands, with a few species in temperate Asia.10 Species in India. Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Suppl. 3: 123. 1995. Malaxis acuminata D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 29. 1825. Stem cylindric, fleshy, sheathed, leaves margin sinuous, sepals and petals purplish red. Flowering: May – August; Habitat: Terrestrial herbs in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-045, dated 14.09.2015.

CYMBIDIUM Sw. About 55 species in tropical and subtropical Asia, south to Papua New Guinea and Australia. 30 species in India, 15 in Nagaland. Cymbidium elegans Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 163. 1833. Cymbidium densiflorum Griff. in Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 337. 1851. Pseudobulbs bilaterally flattened; leaves linear, distichous, arching inflorescence arising from the base of pseudobulb; flowers nodding, not widely opening, sepals and petals white. Flowering: October – November; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical evergreen oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-048, dated 31.11.2015 Cymbidium iridioides D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 36. 1825. Limodorum longifolium Buch.- Ham. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 163. 1833. Iridorchis gigantea Blume, Coll. Orchid. 90. 1859. Cyperorchis gigantea (Blume) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 107. 1924. Pseudobulb flattened, leaves lorate; inflorescence up to 70 cm long; rachis 3 – 15 flowered; sepals and petals greenish yellow with brownish longitudinal stripes. Flowering: August – December; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical evergreen oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-097, dated 04.11.2013. Cymbidium tigrinum C.S.P.Parish ex Hook., Bot. Mag. 90: t. 5457. 1864. Cyperorchis tigrina (C.S.P.Parish ex Hook.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 20: 108. 1924. Pseudobulb compressed, 2-4 leaved; inflorescence arching, 2 – 5 flowers; sepals and petals yellow with brown tinge; lip white with reddish brown spots. Flowering: March – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-035, dated 12.05.2013

DENDROBIUM Sw. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 355

PLATE – I: Orchids of Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary and Jotsoma Community Forest (Kohima district, Nagaland). 1. Arachnis labrosa; 2. Bulbophyllum retusiusculum; 3. Bulbophyllum rothschildianum; 4. Bulbophyllum wallichii; 5. Calanthe brevicornu; 6. Cleisostoma paniculatum; 7. Coelogyne griffithii; 8. wardianum; 9. Epipogium roseum; 10. Galeola falconeri; 11. Goodyera schlechtendaliana; 12. Habenaria pantlingiana; 13. Liparis plantaginea; 14. Otochilus fuscus; 15. Pholidota articulate; 16. Pleione praecox; 17. Renanthera imschootiana; 18. Sunipia bicolor; 19. Thunia alba; 20. Tropidia curcugiloides 356 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district About 1,100 species: India across to Japan, south to Malaysia and Indonesia, east to Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific islands, 102 species in India and 37 in Nagaland. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C.E.C.Fisch., Fl. Madras 1416. 1928. Cymbidium aphyllum (Roxb.) Sw. Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 6: 73 1799. Pseudobulb up to 75 cm long, sheathed, fascicles of 1-2 flowers at the nodes, petals creamy white, 3-4 cm across. Flowering: April – May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-041, dated 24.05.2016. Dendrobium amplum Lindl., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 25. 1830. Epigeneium amplum (Lindl.) Summerh., Kew Bull. 12: 260. 1957. Rhizome rooting at nodes; pseudobulbs 3.5 cm long, 2-leaved; 1-flowered, greenish brown, lip 3-lobed, mid lobe acute. Flowering: October – November; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-086, dated 03.11.2014. Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 15: t. 1299. 1830. Callista chrysantha (Wall. ex Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 654. 1891. Epiphytic, pseudobulb pendulous; leaves distichous; 2 - 4 flowered fascicles; sepals and petals bright yellow, thick, lip with brown blotch on either side. Flowering: September – October; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-079, dated 29.09.2015. Dendrobium densiflorum Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 34. 1830. Callista densiflora (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 654. 1891. Dendrobium clavatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 3: 481. 1832. Stems clavate; Leaves sub-terminal, 3 or 4; inflorescence sub-terminal, pendulous, densely many flowered; flowers 3 – 4 cm in diam., sepals and petals pale yellow, lip golden yellow, column orange. Flowering: April – May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-029, dated 20.05.2016. Dendrobium devonianum Paxton, Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 7: 169. 1840. Dendrobium devonianum var. candidulum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 5: 654. 1876. Stems pendulous, up to 80 cm long; several inflorescences on old leafless stem, 1 to 2 flowered. Flowers white, tinged at the tip with purplish red, lip margin fimbriate. Flowering: May – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-034, dated 04.06.2014. Dendrobium falconeri Hook., Bot. Mag. 82: t. 4944. 1856. Dendrobium falconeri var. robustum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 8: 76. 1879. Dendrobium falconeri var. albidulum (Rchb.f.) B.S.Williams, Orch.-Grow. Man. ed. 7: 337. 1894. Stems pendulous, many branched, moniliform; 1 flower in each peduncle; sepals and petals white and purple tipped. Flowering: May – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-046, dated 26.05.2014. Dendrobium gibsonii Paxton, Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 5: 169 1838. Dendrobium binoculare Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1869: 785. 1869. Callista binocularis (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 654. 1891. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 357 Stems rigid, longitudinally grooved, up to 100 cm long; leaves leathery; inflorescence form tip of leafless aged stem, pendulous, about 10-flowered; flowers orange, disc with purple, round blotch on either side. Flowering: July – August; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-052, dated 09.07.2016. Dendrobium longicornu Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 16: t. 1315. 1830. Dendrobium longicornu var. hirsutum (Griff.) Hook.f., Tropicos. Rec. 100352812. Stem pendulous; inflorescence sub-terminal, 1 – 3 flowered; flowers pendulous, white, lip with orange streaks on inside surface, margin lacerate. Flowering: September – October; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-066, dated 01.09.2012. Dendrobium ochreatum Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1756. 1835. Dendrobium cambridgeanum Paxton, Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 6: 265. 1839. Callista ochreata (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 655. 1891. Leafy pseudobulbs bear paired flowers at the nodes, sepals and petals bright yellow, lip with reddish blotch. Flowering: April – May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-025, dated 12.05.2014. Dendrobium rotundatum (Lindl.) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 712. 1890; Sarcopodium rotundatum Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 2: 2. 1853. Pseudobulbs 7 to 10 cm apart, ovoid, 2-4cm in height, flowers solitary, pale brown. Flowering: April – May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen and oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-033, dated 23.05.2013. Dendrobium wardianum R.Warner, Select Orchid. Pl. t. 19. 1863. Callista wardiana (R.Warner) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 655. 1891. Stem pendulous, moniliform; leaves deciduous; inflorescence arise from upper part of stem, 1 – 2 flowered; sepals and petals white, tipped purple, lip yellow from middle with two maroon blotches, tip purple. Flowering: March – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-028, dated 13.06.2012.

EPIPOGIUM J. G. Gmel. ex Borkh. 3 species in tropical Africa, tropical and temperate Asia, NE Australia, Europe, SW Pacific islands, 1 species in Nagaland Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 177. 1857. Epipogium kassnerianum Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 370. 1914. Epipogium indicum H.J. Chowdhery, G. D. Pal & G. S. Giri, Nordic J. Bot. 13: 419. 1993. Tuberous rhizome giving rise to leafless erect stem, whitish, several to 20 flowered, sepals and petals white with pale purple spots, spur project backwards. Flowering: April to September; Habitat: Terrestrial and saprophytic in subtropical mixed evergreen and secondary forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-054, dated 08.06.2015.

ERIA Lindl. About 15 species in Asia, Malay Archipelago, New Guinea and Bougainville, 51 in India, 16 in Nagaland. 358 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district Eria coronaria (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 271. 1861. Coelogyne coronaria Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 27(Misc.): 83. 1841. Trichosma coronaria (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 691. 1891. Trichosma cylindropoda Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 299. 1851; Eria medogensis S.C.Chen & Z.H.Tsi, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 329. 1987. Creeping rhizome giving rise to dense pseudobulbs, 2-leaved; inflorescence arise from between the leaf pair, 2 – 5 flowered, white; lip with reddish purple stripes, 3-lobed. Flowering: November; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-077, dated 15.11.2013.

GALEOLA Lour. About 10 species chiefly in tropical Asia, South China, Japan, New Guinea, Madagascar, 6 in India, 2 in Nagaland. Galeola falconeri Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 88. 1890. Rhizome 4 cm in diam. with triangular scales, stem brownish upto 1.5 m tal;, densely many- flowered panicle; sepals and petals yellow, lip broadly ovate, adaxially papillate densely hairy near margin, base clasping column. Flowering: June – July; Habitat: Terrestrial and saprophytic in subtropical mixed evergreen and secondary forest amongst weeds; Exsiccatae: NUK-047, dated 08.06.2016. Galeola lindleyana (Hook.f. & Thomson) Rchb.f., Xenia Orchid. 2:78. 1865. Cyrtosia lindleyana Hook.f. & Thomson, III. Himal. Pl. t. 22. 1855. Erythrorchis lindleyana (Hook.f. & Thomson) Rchb.f., Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 37. 1857. Rhizome with ovate scales, up to 1m tall, laxly flowered panicle, short penduncled racemes, sepals and petals yellow, lip cup-shaped, almost sub globose, papillate hairy near base, margin shortly fimbriate. Flowering: May – September; Habitat: Terrestrial and saprophytic in subtropical mixed forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-056, dated 14.09.2013.

GASTROCHILUS D. Don About 47 species in India and Sri Lanka to E Asia and Indonesia, 12 in India and 5 in Nagaland Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 32. 1825. Aerides calceolaris Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., Cycl. 39:11.1818. Stem short about 6 cm long; leaves oblong, 2-lobed; 3-6 flowered on stout peduncle, sepals and petals pale green and brown spotted, sub-equal, lip sub-globose divided into hypochile and a triangular epichile with fimbriate margin. Flowering: March – May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark subtropical oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-011, dated 21.05.2012

GOODYERA R.Br. About 100 species in S Africa, Asia, NE Australia, Europe, Madagascar, North America including Mexico, SW Pacific islands, 17 species in India, 8 in Nagaland. Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb.f., Linnaea 22: 861. 1850. Goodyera schlechtendaliana f. similis (Blume) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 15. 1905. Stem up to 15cm tall on many- noded rhizome; leaves 3 to more, mottled with white markings; several to 15 flowered; sepals and petals white, sepals pubescent, petals rhombic, lip ovate, hypochile concave. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 359 Flowering: August – October; Habitat: Terrestrial in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-075, dated 04.11.2014.

HABENARIA Willd. About 600 species: worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, 66 species in India and 10 in Nagaland. Habenaria arietina Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 138. 1890. Ochyrorchis arietina (Hook.f.) Szlach., Richardiana 4: 53. 2004. Erect stem up to 70 cm, terete; 5 – 7 leaves, ovate lanceolate, base amplexicaul; raceme densely many flowered; flowers white, dorsal sepal erect forming a hood with white, falcate petals, lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes with 10 filiform lobulules, pedulous spur, clavate. Flowering: August; Habitat: Terrestrial in grassy, open spaces; Exsiccatae: NUK-070, 15.08.2016. Habenaria pantlingiana Kraenzl, Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 892. 1900. Habenaria stenopetala var. polytricha Hook.f., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5: 64. 1895. Habenaria cirrhifera Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 1: 141. 1932. Habenaria seshagiriana A.N.Rao, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 6: 223. 1985. Erect stem up to 70 cm tall; 6 to 7 leaves about the middle; densely flowered raceme; sepals, petals and lip green, dorsal sepal erect with long acuminate apex, petals 2-lobed from base, filiform, spur cylindric pendulous, lip 3- lobed, lobes filiform. Flowering: August – October; Habitat: Terrestrial in sub-tropical mixed forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-063, dated 05.09 2015.

HERMINIUM L. About 25 species in Europe, SW and Central Asia, E and SE Asia and the , 14 species in India and 3 in Nagaland. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk, Blumea 11: 228 1961. Ophrys lancea Thunb. ex Sw., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 223. 1800. Up to 75 cm tall, tuberous; usually 3-leaved, leaves linear; spike cylindric, densely many- flowered; sepals and petals greenish, petals forming a hood, lip pendulous, furcately 3-lobed. Flowering: July – August; Habitat: Terrestrial in sub-tropical mixed forest and open spaces; Exsiccatae: NUK-049, dated 30.08.2015.

LIPARIS Rich. About 320 species in tropical Asia, New Guinea, Australia, SW Pacific islands, subtropical and tropical Americas, one species in Europe and two in North America, 45 species in India and 19 in Nagaland. Liparis bistriata E.C.Parish & Rchb.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 155. 1874. Leptorkis bistriata (E.C.Parish & Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671. 1891. Liparis saltucola Kerr, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 216. 1927. Pseudobulb up to 12 cm long, cylindric; leaves 2, sub-leathery, sub-sessile; inflorescence raceme, laxly many-flowered; flowers pale yellow, sepals lanceolate, margin revolute, petals narrowly linear, lip deflexed near middle, sub oblong, column arcuate, apex slightly winged. Flowering: June – August; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-060, dated 20.06.2014. 360 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district Liparis bootanensis Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 278. 1851. Liparis bootanensis var. uchiyamae (Schltr.) S.S.Ying, Col. Ill. Orch. 2: 238. 1990. Pseudobulb oblong, 3 cm long, many to 20-flowered raceme, flowers yellowish green, petals narrowly linear, lip obovate, apex emarginate or sub-truncate. Flowering: March – May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-032, dated 24.05.2016. Liparis distans C.B.Clarke in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 71. 1889. Liparis macrantha Hook.f., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 19: t. 1854. 1889. Leptorchis distans (C.B. Clarke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671. 1891. Stichorkis distans (C.B.Clarke) Marg., Szlach. & Kulak in Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 77: 38. 2008. Epiphytic; pseudobulbs closely arranged; 2-leaved, leaves petioled, linear-oblanceolate, papery; inflorescence up to 40 cm long, several to 10 flowered; flowers orange, sepals linear, revolute, petals filiform, lip orbicular, 1.5 cm across, margin irregularly dentate. Flowering: September – November; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-062, dated 29.09.2013. Liparis petiolata (D.Don) P.F.Hunt & Summerh. in Kew Bull. 20: 52. 1966. Acianthus petiolatus D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 29. 1825. Leptorchis pulchella (Hook. f.) Kuntze, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 29. 1825. Liparis nepalensis Lindl., Bot. Reg. 11: t. 882. 1825. Pseudobulb small, 2-leaved, petiole sheathing, amplexicual, lamina ovate,3 – 3 x 5 – 10 cm, margin irregularly obtuse crenate; inflorescence up to 10 flowered-raceme; sepals and petals greenish white, lip dark purple, orbicular, ca. 9 x 8 mm. Flowering: May – August; Habitat: Terrestrial in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest in damp places; Exsiccatae: NUK-022, dated 30.08.2015. Liparis plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 29. 1830. Liparis selligera Rchb.f. in Linnaea 41: 42. 1876. Liparis orbicularis Lodd. ex Hemsl. in Gard. Chron. n.s., 16: 592. 1881. Leptorchis plantaginea (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671. 1891. Pseudobulbs upto 7.5 cm, cylindric, 2-leaved, oblanceolate oblong; subsessile, inflorescence up to 30 cm long, sepals and petals green, sepals lanceolate, margin revolute, petals linear, lip large, sub-orbicular. Flowering: June – August; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-049, dated 17.07.2015.

OBERONIA Lindl. 150 and 200 species chiefly in tropical S and SE Asia, extending to tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Philippines, New Guinea, NE Australia, and SW Pacific islands on to Tahiti, 50 species in India and 15 in Nagaland. Oberonia clarkei Hook.f., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 18: t. 1779. 1888. Iridorchis clarkei (Hook. f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 669. 1891. Iridorkis clarkei (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 669. 1891. Stem short; leaves 3 – 5, linear; inflorescence contiguous with uppermost leaf; flowers reddish brown, sepals and petals sub-equal, lip 3-lobed. Flowering: October – November; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical oak forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-084, dated 23.11.2014.

OTOCHILUS Lindl. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 361 4 species: Bhutan, China, NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Indochina, 4 species in India and Nagaland. Otochilus albus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 35. 1830. Otochilus albus var. lancilabius (Seidenf.) Pradhan, Indian Orchids: Guide Identif. & Cult. 2: 706. 1979. Pseudobulbs sheathed, sub-cylindric, grooved, up to 10 cm long, rooting at joints; leaves 2, narrowly oblong; inflorescence synanthous, slightly zig-zag, laxly 8 – 9 flowered; sepals and petals white, floral bracts caducous, lip 3-lobed. Flowering: November – December; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical Oak and Rhododendron forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-095, dated 04.11.2014. Otochilus fuscus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 35. 1830. Otochilus lancifolius Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 278. 1851. Coelogyne fusca (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 236. 1862. Broughtonia fusca (Lindl.) Wall. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 844. 1890. Pseudobulbs fusiform; leaf blade linear; inflorescence proteranthous, 10 to many-flowered; floral bracts persistent, brownish; sepals and petals white-tinged yellow, dorsal sepal oblong, lateral sepals narrower, lip 3-lobed. Flowering: November – December; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical Oak and Rhododendron forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-019, dated 04 11.2014. Otochilus porrectus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 36.1830. Tetrapeltis fragrans Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 231. 1833. Otochilus latifolius Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 279. 1851. Otochilus forrestii W.W.Sm. in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 13: 216. 1921. Pseudobulbs greenish yellow, fusiform; leaf blade narrowly elliptic lanceolate; lax flowered, floral bracts caduceus; sepals and petals white. Flowering: November – December; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical Oak and Rhododendron forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-088, dated 26.11.2014.

PHOLIDOTA Lindl. ex Hook. 30 species in mainland and SE Asia, Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific islands, 10 species in India and Nagaland. Pholidota articulata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 38. 1830. Pholidota articulata var. griffithii (Hook.f.) King & Pantl., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 8: 147. 1898. Pholidota articulata var. obovata (Hook.f.) Tang & F.T.Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 40. 79. 1951. Pseudobulb superposed, cylindric, up to 10 cm long; 2-leaved; inflorescence near apex of new pseudobulb, up to 10 flowered; sepals and petals white, dorsal sepal elliptic, lip contracted to epichile and hypochile, column stout and winged. Flowering: May – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in Rhododendron forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-043, dated 12.05.2013. Pholidota imbricata Lindl., Exot. Fl. 2: t. 138. 1825. Pholidota imbricata var. coriacea Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 846. 1890. Pholidota imbricata var. henryi (Kraenzl.) Tang & F.T.Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 79. 1951. Epiphytic; creeping rhizome, scaly, pseudobulbs contiguous; leaf 1, oblong; inflorescence densely many-flowered; pendulous, sepals and petals white. Flowering: June – September; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical Oak and mixed evergreen forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-051, dated 20.06.2012. 362 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district PINALIA Lindl. About 160 species in North-West Himalayas and NE India, Myanmar, S China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, NE Australia, and the Pacific islands. Pinalia acervata (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 679. 1891. Eria acervata Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. London 6: 57. 1851. Pseudobulbs compressed; leaves 2-4, sessile, leaf tip unequally 2-lobed; inflorescence 1-3, 4-6 flowered; sepals and petals white, lip 3-lobed. Flowering: August – September; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-064, dated 13.09.2013. Pinalia spicata (D.Don) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood, in Fl. China 25: 354 2009. Eria spicata (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin.7: 1353. 1936. Pseudobulbs cylindric, 2-4 leaved; inflorescence 1-3, many flowered, dense; sepals and petals white, lip tipped yellow. Flowering: June – September; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical Oak and Rhododendron forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-069, dated 30.08.2013.

PLEIONE D.Don About 26 species in Nepal, across Central, Southern, and Eastern China and Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, 8 species in India, 4 in Nagaland. Pleione praecox (Sm.) D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 37. 1825. Epidendrum praecox Sm., Exot. Bot. 2: 73 1806. Cymbidium praecox (Sm.) Lindl., Coll. Bot. t. 37 1826. Pseudobulb green, mottled with purplish brown spots; 1-leaved, which disappears after flowering; 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered; sepals and petals pink with yellow calli on lip. Flowering: October – November; Habitat: Both epiphytic on tree bark and terrestrial on forest floor in subtropical and temperate forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-083, dated 03.11.2013.

RENANTHERA Lour. About 19 species in Eastern India, China, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, 1 species in India and Nagaland. Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1891: 200 1891. Renanthera papilio King & Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64(2): 328. 1895. Epiphytic; leaves distichous; inflorescence panicled, laxly flowered; sepals and petals red, dorsal sepal spatulate, lateral ones elliptic-ovate, lip small, 3-lobed. Flowering: May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical Oak and secondary forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-042, dated 13.05.2016.

SPIRANTHES Rich. About 50 species in mainly North America, with a few species in Africa, Asia, Australia, Central and South America, and Europe, 2 species in India, 1 in Nagaland. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, Orchidaceae 2: 53. 1908. Neottia sinensis Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 511. 1807. up to 30 cm tall; leaves 2 – 5, linear; inflorescence erect spike with spirally arranged flowers; sepals and petals pink, dorsal sepal forms a hood with petals. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 363 Flowering: May – November; Habitat: Terrestrial in open spaces, amongst grasses; Exsiccatae: NUK-087, dated 23.11.2012.

SUNIPIA Lindl. About 20 species in Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, 10 species in India, 3 in Nagaland. Sunipia bicolor Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 179. 1833; Dipodium khasyanum Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 554. 1851. Ione bicolor (Lindl.) Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 2: 3.1853. Ione candida Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 2: 3. 1853. Creeping rhizome; pseudobulb 2-3cm apart, pyriform; leaves 1, leathery; scapes arise from base of pseudobulb, peduncle up to 4 cm, 3 – 8 flowered; petals with pinkish-purple stripes, lip obovate. Flowering: July – November; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical Oak and Rhododendron forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-053, dated 04.11.2014. Sunipia candida (Lindl.) P.F.Hunt in Kew Bull. 26: 183 1971. Ione candida Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 2: 3. 1853. Creeping ehizome; pseudobulbs not more than 2 cm apart; leaves narrowly oblong; scape covered by tubular sheaths; flowers greenish white, lip yellow. Flowering: May; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical Oak and Rhododendron forests Exsiccatae: NUK-038, dated 23.05.2015.

THUNIA Rchb.f. About 6 species in SE Asia and Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal, 4 species in India, 1 in Nagaland. Thunia alba (Lindl.) Rchb.f. in Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10: 764 1852. Thunia marshalliana Rchb.f. in Linnaea 41: 65. 1876. Phaius bensoniae Benth. in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 305. 1881. Phaius marshallianus (Rchb.f.) N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1889: 101. 1889. Large, rhizome short, lacking in pseudobulb; stem sheathed; leaves distichous; inflorescence terminal, many flowered; sepals and petals white, lip margin fringed, streaked orange, 5 – 7 lamellae. Flowering: May – June; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in sub-tropical mixed evergreen forests and in Cryptomeria plantation; Exsiccatae: NUK-055, 04.06.2014.

TROPIDIA Lindl. About 20 species chiefly in tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, one in central and North America, 3 species in India and 1 in Nagaland. Tropidia curcugiloides Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 497. 1840. Rhizome short; stem erect; distally covered by leaf sheaths; leaves distichous, elliptic, papery; inflorescence crowded raceme, several to 10 –flowered; sepals and petals white, lip orange. Flowering: June -August; Habitat: Terrestrial in sub-tropical mixed forest; Exsiccatae: NUK-059, dated 10.06.2015.

UNCIFERA Lindl. About 6 species in tropical Himalaya, Indochina regions and Thailand, 3 species in India, 2 in Nagaland. 364 Orchids in two protected forests of Kohima district Uncifera acuminata Lindl., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 40. 1858. Saccolabium acuminatum (Lindl.) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 65. 1890. Epiphytic; stem pendulous; leaves fleshy, distichous, base amplexicaul; inflorescence axillary, several to 10-flowered; sepals and petals yellow, lip 3-lobed, spurred. Flowering: July – August; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical Oak and mixed evergreen forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-067, dated 05.08.2015.

VANDA Jones ex R.Br. About 40 species in tropical Asia, New Guinea and Australia, 12 species in India, 4 in Nagaland. Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl. in Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 33: t. 30. 1847. Vanda coerulea var. rogersii Rolfe in Orchid Rev. 22: 31.1914. Epiphytic; stem up to 20 cm; leaves leathery, tip unequally 2-lobed; inflorescence few, up to 10 flowered; sepals and petals blue, tessellated, lip shorter than sepals, fleshy, spurred. Flowering: September – December; Habitat: Epiphytic on tree bark in subtropical mixed evergreen and oak forests; Exsiccatae: NUK-093, dated 09.10.2016.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The present survey recorded the occurrence of 66 species of orchids representing 32 genera from the selected two Protected Areas in the Kohima district of Nagaland. Of these 51 species are epiphytic or, in a much lesser degree, lithophytic and the remaining are terrestrial. Less than ten species occur above 2500 m altitude. Dendrobium and Coelogyne show greater species diversity with eleven and seven species respectively. Except for few species including Anthogonium gracile, Coelogyne barbata, C. cristata, C. corymbosa, Otochilus porrectus and O.fuscus which are in abundance, the rest of them are not conspicuously so. On the contrary species like Crepidium acuminatum, Arachnis labrosa, Bulbophyllum rothschildianum, Epipogium roseum, Gastrochilus calceolaris, Habenaria pantlingiana, Liparis petiolata, L.plantaginea, Renanthera imschootiana and Tropidia curcugiloides are very rare in the area. Few of the recorded species are common in open spaces such as Anthogonium gracile and Spiranthes sinensis at about 1600 m, the rest occur chiefly in the primary forests above this elevation. Except for Cymbidium tigrinum and Eria coronarium, the rest of the listed species occur in the Jotsoma community forest, whereas only 36 of them were seen in the Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary. A fifth (9.3 sq km) of the study area has been receiving patronage of the state government since 1980 under the aegis of Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary. The remaining forest area is also under active protection of the villagers. Although large scale deforestation in the study area has been effectively checked since 40 odd years ago, yet orchids, particularly showier ones, face constant threat from the collectors. Especially attractive species such as Bulbophyllum rothschildianum, Dendrobium densiflorum, Vanda coerulea and Renanthera imschootiana are rarely seen in the wild today. Another threat is posed in the form of traditional method of rearing semi-wild mithuns (Bos frontalis) those range free in the forest. The general effect of foraging and trampling on forest floor being conspicuous, one is in no doubt that terrestrial orchid species, which comprise 23% of the present listing, are facing a dire threat. A practical plan for conservation of orchid species, in particular and the forest ecosystem as a whole, needs to be formulated taking into consideration the aggravated threat caused by proximity of human settlements to the study area. Wenyitso Kapfo &Neizo Puro 365 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Government of Nagaland for making this study possible by way of providing study leave (to the first author), and to the Jotsoma Village Council for permission to explore their protected forest. Much gratitude is due to the faculty of the department of Botany, Nagaland University for the useful guidance and constructive suggestions, and to fellow research scholars, particularly Mr. Santanu Dey, for valuable help.

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