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Photosynthetic Characteristics of Four Wild Dendrobium Species In CROP PRODUCTION HORTSCIENCE 49(8):1023–1027. 2014. Phalaenopsis (Endo and Ikusima, 1989), Dendrobium Phalaenopsis (He and Woon, 2008), and Cattleya (Stancato et al., 2002); Photosynthetic Characteristics of Four and the thin-leaved orchids are C3 plants, e.g., Dendrobiums (Zhu et al., 2013a, 2013b). Wild Dendrobium Species in China There are fairly extensive studies on the photosynthetic physiology of thin-leaved Ori- Gang-Yi Wu and Jun-Ai Hui ental Cymbidium (Pan et al., 1997; Pan and College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangdong Province Ye, 2006). The photosynthetic characteris- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of Plant Development, Guangzhou 510631, tics of thin-leaved Oncidium have also been P.R. China showntobeaC3orchid(Heetal.,2011;Li et al., 2002). No C4 plant was found in Zai-Hua Wang Orchidaceae. In our previous studies, photo- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangdong Province synthetic characteristics of wild Dendrobium Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of Plant Development, Guangzhou 510631, (D. williamsoii, D. longicornu, D. chrysanthum, and D. dixanthum) in China were reported to P.R. China; and the Environmental Horticulture Research Institute of be semishade C3 orchids There is no conclu- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China sive evidence to indicate that the photosyn- thetic pathway of wild Dendrobium species Jie Li endemic to China belong to the nobile type Environmental Horticulture Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of that blossom in spring, and they are different Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China from the CAM orchid Dendrobium,which blossom in fall (Khoo et al., 1997). More 1 Qing-Sheng Ye works are needed to understand the ecophys- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangdong Province iological and photosynthetic characteristics of Key Laboratory for Biotechnology of Plant Development, Guangzhou 510631, the wild Chinese Dendrobium orchids. P.R. China The objective of the present inves- tigation is to carry out a systemic study of Additional index words. C3 pathway, Dendrobium orchid, leaf anatomical structure, net the photosynthetic characteristics of these photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic physiology four well-known wild Dendrobium species (D. nobile, D. pendulum, D. chrysotoxum,and Abstract. Photosynthetic physiology of Dendrobium nobile, Dendrobium pendulum, D. densiflorum) in China. This study provides Dendrobium chrysotoxum, and Dendrobium densiflorum was studied. A bimodal diurnal useful information for the conservation and variation of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was observed in the four Dendrobium species rational use of these four endangered orchids. L2 L1 with the first peak [5.09 to 6.06 mmol (CO2) per m ·s ] ’1100 HR and the second peak L2 L1 [3.83 to 4.58 mmol (CO2) per m ·s ] at 1500 HR.NoCO2 fixation was observed at night. Materials and Methods For all four Dendrobium species, the light compensation point (LCP) was 5 to L L L L 10 mmol·m 2·s 1, light saturation point (LSP) ranged from 800 to 1000 mmol·m 2·s 1, Plant materials. Four wild Chinese Den- apparent quantum yield (AQY) was 0.02, and CO2 compensation points (CCP) and drobium species (D. nobile and D. pendulum L L saturation point (CSP) were 60 to 85 mmol·mol 1 and 800 to 1000 mmol·mol 1, in Sect. Eugenanthe; D. chrysotoxum and respectively. Carboxylation efficiency (CE) values ranged from 0.011 to 0.020. The D. densiflorum in Sect. Callista) were col- optimum temperature for photosynthesis was between 26 and 30 8C. The measurement lected from Yunnan Province in China and of Pn seasonal variation indicated that July to August had the higher Pn for Dendrobium cultivated in pots using sawdust as a sub- species. Additionally, the chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) ratios of the leaves were 2.77 to 2.89. strate in a greenhouse kept with 60% to 70% Measurement of key enzymes in the photosynthetic pathway indicated relatively high of shade, which provided a maximum mid- Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) and glycolate oxidase (GO) activities day light radiation intensity was 1250 ± but very low phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activities. It suggested that 100 mmol·m–2·s–1. The shaded greenhouse these four Dendrobium species are typical semishade C3 plants. was 28 ± 2 °C in the day and 25 ± 3 °Cat night, and relative humidity (RH) was be- tween 65% and 80%. Plants were fertilized The genus Dendrobium is one of the largest a result of their ornamental and medicinal with one-third Hoagland nutrient solution genera in Orchidaceae; there are 1500 spe- values, e.g., Dendrobium. nobile, D. pendulum, weekly. The fourth mature leaf from the cies around the world. In China there are D. chrysotoxum,andD. densiflorum (Chen and apex was selected for testing of photosyn- 74 species and two varieties (belonging to nine Tsi, 1997). These four species all blossom in thetic characteristics in all experiments. All sections) and mainly distributed in the moun- spring and can be cultivated as ornamental determinations were replicated three times. tain ranges of southern and western China (Tsi potted plants or used for extraction of poly- Leaf structure. The anatomical structure et al., 1999). Most Dendrobium orchids are saccharides and alkaloids from the stems. At of the leaves was examined under an optical endangered species and are overexploited as present, Dendrobium is listed in the Conven- microscope (DM 6000B; Leica, Germany) and tion on International Trade in Endangered a scanning electron microscope (S-3500N; Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. There have Hitachi, Japan). Preparation of the sample Received for publication 27 Aug. 2013. Accepted been considerable efforts in large-scale com- for the scanning electron microscope was as for publication 30 May 2014. mercial cultivation of medicinal Dendrobium described in the Cytology Laboratory, In- This research was supported by the National Nature orchids. However, research on the physiology stitute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science Foundation of China (30970215), the Na- of wild Dendrobium species has been scanty, Sciences (1974). tional Science Foundation of Guangdong Province in andonlyafewwildDendrobium species was Measurement of photosynthetic characteris- China (8251063101000008), and Guangdong Provin- investigated (Chou et al., 2001; Su and Zhang, tics. Various parameters including Pn, stomatal cial Department of science and technology in agricul- 2003a, 2003b; Zhu et al., 2013a, 2013b). tural research team project (2011A020102007). conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, We express our gratitude to Dr. C.S. Hew for his Generally, orchids can be divided into transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetically active advice. thick-leaved orchids and thin-leaved orchids radiation (PAR), and air temperature were 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; according to their leaf thickness. The thick- measured simultaneously by an LI–6400 e-mail [email protected]. leaved orchids belong to CAM plants, e.g., portable photosynthetic system (LI-COR). HORTSCIENCE VOL. 49(8) AUGUST 2014 1023 Light-response curve. Measurement was chamber temperature at 25 ± 0.5 °C, and RH Pn at the CO2 light saturation point was the conducted between 0930 HR and 1130 HR. at 70 ± 15%. regenerating rate of RuBP. Using the automatic measurement function CO2-response curve. The CO2 concen- Temperature response curve. The Pn value of the light response curve of the LI-6400 tration was regulated using the injection of each temperature gradient within the range photosynthesis system, the built-in red and function (6400-01) of the LI-6400 portable of 18 to 34 °C was measured from low to high blue light sources (6400–02B) were set at a photosynthesis system. The PAR was main- temperature using the leaf chamber temper- series of PAR gradients within the range of tained at 800 ± 10 mmol·m–2·s–1,temperature ature adjustment function (6400-13) of the –2 –1 0 to 1200 mmol·m ·s , and the leaf Pn cor- at 25 ± 0.5 °C,andRHat70±15%.TheCO2 LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. Dur- responding to each gradient was measured. concentration gradients were set within the ing the measurements, PAR was set at 800 ± –1 –2 –1 The corresponding curve was plotted with the range of 0 to 1500 mmol·mol and the Pn 10 mmol·m ·s ,CO2 concentration at 380 ± –1 paired values of Pn and PAR, and the LCP, corresponding to each gradient was mea- 10 mmol·mol , and RH at 70 ± 15%. LSP, and related parameters were obtained. sured. The corresponding curve was plotted Measurement of Pn diurnal variation and Linear regression was performed on the paired with the paired values of Pn and PAR,and seasonal variation. For measurement of di- –2 –1 values of PAR and Pn below 200 mmol·m ·s , the CCP, CSP, and related parameters were urnal variation, the Pn and the related param- and the initial slope of the response curve Pn – acquired. Linear regression was performed eters were measured from 0700 HR to 1900 HR PAR was the AQY of photosynthesis. For on the paired values of CO2 concentration during 3 sunny days in the middle of May. The –2 –1 photosynthesis measurement, the CO2 con- and Pn below 200 mmol·m ·s ,andthe Pn seasonal variations were measured under centration was set at 380 ± 10 mmol·mol–1,leaf initial slope was the CE of RuBPCase. The natural conditions at 1000 HR to 1100 HR on Fig. 1. Electron microscope images of the abaxial surface (A–D) and cross-section (E–H) of leaves of the four Dendrobium species. (A, E) Dendrobium nobile; (B, F) Dendrobium pendulum;(C, G) Dendrobium chrysotoxum;(D, H) Dendrobium densiflorum. 1024 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 49(8) AUGUST 2014 3 sunny days in the middle of each month from Results D. nobile had the lowest photosynthetic –2 –1 January to October. potential [4.38 mmol (CO2) per m ·s ].
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