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Center for Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro De Farias Brazilian War School (ESG) Center for Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias OMNIDEF ANALYSIS YEAR 4 EDITION 6 – JULY 2021 ISSN: 2595-9212 Center for Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias ISSN 2595-9212 BRAZILIAN WAR COLLEGE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER Highlights SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES The OMNIDEF ANALYSIS is a monthly • Space Activities in Brazil and the benefits for publication with analyses* about themes society addressed in the previous month of • Potential of companies in the aeronautical sector: quality certifications for manufacturing OMNIDEF and identified as the most structural components of the Gripen-BR - Saab relevant for the National Defense context. Gripen-São Bernardo do Campo-SP case Editorial Body Editor: Ricardo A. Fayal Editor Auxiliar: Gabriela Paulucci da HoraViana Related Videos José Martins Rodrigues Junior Conselho Editorial: Antonio dos Santos; Conheça a Antena Multissatelital que Ricardo Alfredo de Assis Fayal; ampliará a fiscalização na Amazônia To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE Ricardo Rodrigues Freire Auxiliares de Tradução: Juliana de Souza Clos Lucas Gabriel Rego Muniz Rafael Esteves Gomes Russia launches lab module to ISS To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE. Researchers of the Edition Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de Araújo - Masters in Remote Sensing from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Corrida espacial atrai setor privado e Adjunct of the Division of Fundamentals, Planning and multimilionários Management (DFPG) of the War College (ESG). To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE. Edinaldo Célio de Araújo Souza - Master of Science in Political Science and International Relations, with emphasis *The information contained here does not necessarily reflect the view of the on Defense and Aerospace Power, from the Air Force Ministry of Defense, of the Brazilian War College, of the Center for Strategic University in agreement with the Fluminense Federal Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias and/or of their members. There is no University (UFF). Deputy of the Division of Fundamentals, responsibility of the Brazilian War College on outside websites that may be Planning and Management (DFPG) of the War College (ESG) accessed by links or any means included in this newsletter. OMNIDEF ANALYSIS – YEAR 4 EDITION 6 –JULY 2021 OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 3 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS Space Activities in Brazil and the benefits for society Autor: Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de Araújo 1. BRIEF HISTORY The creation of the Organization Group of the National Commission on Space Activities (GOCNAE), by Decree no 51.133, of August 3rd, 1961, subordinated to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), can be considered the initial milestone of space activities in the country, since its purpose was to develop studies on the Brazilian Space Policy. Still in the 1960s, the development of the Sonda family rockets1 I, II, III, and IV) began, with the participation of private companies, especially AVIBRAS. In '65, the Barreira do Inferno Launching Center (CLBI) was inaugurated to support the launching of small suborbital rockets. In 1971, the GOCNAE was extinguished and the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) was created, the main civilian body involved in research in the space field. At that time, it was installed, including a satellite image reception station, in Cuiabá, a strategic location, because it had the ability to receive images of the entire national territory, including part of South America (ARAUJO, 2017). At the end of this decade, the country understood the strategic importance of acquiring capacity in all segments of this important sector and created the Brazilian Complete Space Mission (MECB). The proposal of the MECB was to "implement an integrated program, aiming at the design, development, construction and operation of national satellites, to be placed in orbit by vehicles designed and built in the country and launched from a center located in Brazilian territory" (SOUZA, 2002). In this context, INPE was in charge of developing satellite construction activities and the then Aerospace Technical Center (CTA), the launch vehicles for these spacecraft, in addition to setting up a ground support center for the respective launches. In the mid-1980s, INPE signed a successful partnership with the Chinese Space Agency to develop the Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellites (CBERS) for remote sensing2. Initially, Brazil would assume the development of 30% of the satellite, but, as of CBERS III, the effort was divided equally between the countries. It is important to note that, at the beginning of the last decade, there was a paradigm shift with respect to the respect to the distribution of CBERS images, which began to be provided by INPE, at no cost to users, through access 1 Probe - Series of four sounding rockets (I, II, III and IV) with solid propellant-based propulsion technology. 2 Remote sensing satellites - satellites that carry sensors to obtain images of the Earth's surface. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 4 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS through access to the Institute's online catalog3. Due to the urban growth towards CLBI, it was necessary to choose a new site that would meet the requirements for future launches, such as low population density, close to the Equator, easy access for logistical support, low rainfall, among others. To better meet these specifications, a site was selected in the Alcântara region of Maranhão, where the Alcântara Launching Center (CLA) was built. To this end, this area was donated by the government of Maranhão, by Decree no 7.820 of Sept. 12, 1980, ratified by the Presidential Decree of Aug. 8, 1991, for the construction of a space center. However, for the construction of the complex, it was necessary the resettlement of about 312 quilombola families that occupied the coastal region of the municipality, inside the area destined to the future space center (LOPES, 2012). In 1994, the Brazilian Space Agency was created, an autarchy linked to the then Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), as the central agency for space activities in the country, and responsible for drafting the National Program of Space Activities (PNAE), which has the goal of "developing and using space technologies in solving national problems and for the benefit of Brazilian society" (AEB, 2020). Thus, one can consider that the MECB was replaced by the PNAE, as a planning instrument for space activities in the country, which is expected to be updated every 10 years or when a significant fact arises, such as the insertion of a relevant project (AEB, 2012). In 2008, the first edition of the National Defense Strategy (END) was launched. In this document, three important strategic sectors of the country were defined, which needed to be strengthened: Cyber, Nuclear and Space. The Aeronautics Command was responsible for the Space Field, which immediately created the Commission for the Coordination of Space Systems Implementation (CCISE), aiming to develop a program that would also meet the needs inherent to the country's Security and Defense sector (BRASIL, 2008). In this context, the Strategic Program of Space Systems (PESE) emerged in 2012, probably because it identified that the projects contained in the PNAE did not fully meet some areas of interest of the military field, due to the spatial resolution of its images, among others (FAB, 2012). There are also some important considerations, such as, in both programs, applications of civil and military interest are foreseen, such as monitoring the environment, burnings, crop forecasting, urban planning, weather forecasting, cartographic mapping, public security, air, sea and land navigation, and support to the 3 Page on line - available at:< http://www.dgi.inpe.br/CDSR/>. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 5 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES to the National Broadband Program, to serve the most remote communities with internet service, among others. However, it’s still possible to identify points of contact between the two programs, such as the Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC), launched in 2017, and the Microsatellite Launch Vehicle (VLM-1), which are planned in both programs. Thus, in 2018, the Brazilian Space Program Development Committee (CDPEB) was created, linked to the Institutional Security Cabinet (GSI), to analyze the necessary measures aimed at leveraging Space Activities in the Country (BRASIL, 2018). 2. PNAE x PESE The PNAE and PESE are the two main programs related to space activities in our country. However, PNAE is coordinated by the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) and PESE is coordinated by the Aeronautics Command. Both propose a dual use in their applications, although it is noticeable that the PESE projects have more affinity to the Security and Defense area, as can be seen in the presentation of the main proposals of these programs. 2.1 National Programme for Space Activities (PNAE) In the latest version of the PNAE, which comprises the undertakings foreseen for the period 2012 to 2021, some strategic objectives were defined, as described below: • Develop missions in the areas of Earth observation, meteorology, telecommunications, and scientific missions; • Develop launch vehicles and the related launch infrastructure in the country; • Promote
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