Brazilian War School (ESG) Center for Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias
OMNIDEF ANALYSIS YEAR 4 EDITION 6 – JULY 2021 ISSN: 2595-9212 Center for Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias ISSN 2595-9212
BRAZILIAN WAR COLLEGE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER
Highlights SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES The OMNIDEF ANALYSIS is a monthly • Space Activities in Brazil and the benefits for publication with analyses* about themes society addressed in the previous month of • Potential of companies in the aeronautical sector: quality certifications for manufacturing OMNIDEF and identified as the most structural components of the Gripen-BR - Saab relevant for the National Defense context. Gripen-São Bernardo do Campo-SP case
Editorial Body Editor: Ricardo A. Fayal Editor Auxiliar: Gabriela Paulucci da HoraViana Related Videos José Martins Rodrigues Junior Conselho Editorial: Antonio dos Santos;
Conheça a Antena Multissatelital que Ricardo Alfredo de Assis Fayal; ampliará a fiscalização na Amazônia To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE Ricardo Rodrigues Freire Auxiliares de Tradução: Juliana de Souza Clos Lucas Gabriel Rego Muniz Rafael Esteves Gomes Russia launches lab module to ISS To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE. Researchers of the Edition Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de Araújo - Masters in Remote Sensing from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Corrida espacial atrai setor privado e Adjunct of the Division of Fundamentals, Planning and multimilionários Management (DFPG) of the War College (ESG). To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE.
Edinaldo Célio de Araújo Souza - Master of Science in Political Science and International Relations, with emphasis *The information contained here does not necessarily reflect the view of the on Defense and Aerospace Power, from the Air Force Ministry of Defense, of the Brazilian War College, of the Center for Strategic University in agreement with the Fluminense Federal Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias and/or of their members. There is no University (UFF). Deputy of the Division of Fundamentals, responsibility of the Brazilian War College on outside websites that may be Planning and Management (DFPG) of the War College (ESG) accessed by links or any means included in this newsletter.
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Space Activities in Brazil and the benefits for society Autor: Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de Araújo 1. BRIEF HISTORY
The creation of the Organization Group of the National Commission on Space Activities (GOCNAE), by Decree no 51.133, of August 3rd, 1961, subordinated to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), can be considered the initial milestone of space activities in the country, since its purpose was to develop studies on the Brazilian Space Policy. Still in the 1960s, the development of the Sonda family rockets1 I, II, III, and IV) began, with the participation of private companies, especially AVIBRAS. In '65, the Barreira do Inferno Launching Center (CLBI) was inaugurated to support the launching of small suborbital rockets. In 1971, the GOCNAE was extinguished and the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) was created, the main civilian body involved in research in the space field. At that time, it was installed, including a satellite image reception station, in Cuiabá, a strategic location, because it had the ability to receive images of the entire national territory, including part of South America (ARAUJO, 2017). At the end of this decade, the country understood the strategic importance of acquiring capacity in all segments of this important sector and created the Brazilian Complete Space Mission (MECB). The proposal of the MECB was to "implement an integrated program, aiming at the design, development, construction and operation of national satellites, to be placed in orbit by vehicles designed and built in the country and launched from a center located in Brazilian territory" (SOUZA, 2002). In this context, INPE was in charge of developing satellite construction activities and the then Aerospace Technical Center (CTA), the launch vehicles for these spacecraft, in addition to setting up a ground support center for the respective launches. In the mid-1980s, INPE signed a successful partnership with the Chinese Space Agency to develop the Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellites (CBERS) for remote sensing2. Initially, Brazil would assume the development of 30% of the satellite, but, as of CBERS III, the effort was divided equally between the countries. It is important to note that, at the beginning of the last decade, there was a paradigm shift with respect to the respect to the distribution of CBERS images, which began to be provided by INPE, at no cost to users, through access
1 Probe - Series of four sounding rockets (I, II, III and IV) with solid propellant-based propulsion technology. 2 Remote sensing satellites - satellites that carry sensors to obtain images of the Earth's surface.
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through access to the Institute's online catalog3. Due to the urban growth towards CLBI, it was necessary to choose a new site that would meet the requirements for future launches, such as low population density, close to the Equator, easy access for logistical support, low rainfall, among others. To better meet these specifications, a site was selected in the Alcântara region of Maranhão, where the Alcântara Launching Center (CLA) was built. To this end, this area was donated by the government of Maranhão, by Decree no 7.820 of Sept. 12, 1980, ratified by the Presidential Decree of Aug. 8, 1991, for the construction of a space center. However, for the construction of the complex, it was necessary the resettlement of about 312 quilombola families that occupied the coastal region of the municipality, inside the area destined to the future space center (LOPES, 2012). In 1994, the Brazilian Space Agency was created, an autarchy linked to the then Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), as the central agency for space activities in the country, and responsible for drafting the National Program of Space Activities (PNAE), which has the goal of "developing and using space technologies in solving national problems and for the benefit of Brazilian society" (AEB, 2020). Thus, one can consider that the MECB was replaced by the PNAE, as a planning instrument for space activities in the country, which is expected to be updated every 10 years or when a significant fact arises, such as the insertion of a relevant project (AEB, 2012). In 2008, the first edition of the National Defense Strategy (END) was launched. In this document, three important strategic sectors of the country were defined, which needed to be strengthened: Cyber, Nuclear and Space. The Aeronautics Command was responsible for the Space Field, which immediately created the Commission for the Coordination of Space Systems Implementation (CCISE), aiming to develop a program that would also meet the needs inherent to the country's Security and Defense sector (BRASIL, 2008). In this context, the Strategic Program of Space Systems (PESE) emerged in 2012, probably because it identified that the projects contained in the PNAE did not fully meet some areas of interest of the military field, due to the spatial resolution of its images, among others (FAB, 2012). There are also some important considerations, such as, in both programs, applications of civil and military interest are foreseen, such as monitoring the environment, burnings, crop forecasting, urban planning, weather forecasting, cartographic mapping, public security, air, sea and land navigation, and support to the
3 Page on line - available at:< http://www.dgi.inpe.br/CDSR/>.
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SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES to the National Broadband Program, to serve the most remote communities with internet service, among others. However, it’s still possible to identify points of contact between the two programs, such as the Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC), launched in 2017, and the Microsatellite Launch Vehicle (VLM-1), which are planned in both programs. Thus, in 2018, the Brazilian Space Program Development Committee (CDPEB) was created, linked to the Institutional Security Cabinet (GSI), to analyze the necessary measures aimed at leveraging Space Activities in the Country (BRASIL, 2018).
2. PNAE x PESE The PNAE and PESE are the two main programs related to space activities in our country. However, PNAE is coordinated by the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) and PESE is coordinated by the Aeronautics Command. Both propose a dual use in their applications, although it is noticeable that the PESE projects have more affinity to the Security and Defense area, as can be seen in the presentation of the main proposals of these programs. 2.1 National Programme for Space Activities (PNAE) In the latest version of the PNAE, which comprises the undertakings foreseen for the period 2012 to 2021, some strategic objectives were defined, as described below: • Develop missions in the areas of Earth observation, meteorology, telecommunications, and scientific missions; • Develop launch vehicles and the related launch infrastructure in the country; • Promote the insertion of the country in the global satellite launching market; • Develop and expand the mastery of critical space-use technologies; • Develop and consolidate skills and human capital to make the program sustainable. To achieve these objectives, a series of strategic actions were elaborated and materialized in the structuring and mobilizing projects, described below: • Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS-3 and 4); • Amazônia series satellites (Amazônia-1 and its successors); • Suborbital rockets and re-entry platforms; • Launch Vehicles based on the Cruzeiro do Sul Program;
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• Launch infrastructure for access to space and commercial launch services (Brazil-Ukraine Agreement); • Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC 1 and 2); • Earth Observation Radar Satellite; and • Geostationary Weather Satellite. Figure 1 below shows the time horizon established for the execution of projects related specifically to satellite construction and launcher vehicle development
FIGURE 1
S ource: AEB, 2012 We can see that the proposal of the PNAE 2012-2021 is ambitious to be accomplished in the established period, adding to the fact that in recent years, the country has faced a number of obstacles that have contributed greatly to hinder the achievement of some of these goals, which even resulted in the cancellation or postponement of important projects, as we will see below. 2.1.1 – Space Access Vehicles With regard to this segment, only the VLM-1 construction project should be fully completed, considering that its launch is scheduled for the end of 2021. The other rockets in the Cruzeiro do Sul family were discontinued prematurely, most notably the VLS-1 and the Ukrainian Cyclone-4 rocket, but for different reasons. The VLS-1 was the result of a strategic decision, as the project was already too obsolete, corroborated by constant budget cuts, in addition to limitations in trained human resources, a result of the VLS accident in 2003, and lack of a personnel replacement policy, among others (GARCIA, 2019). With the discontinuation of the VLS-1, for natural reasons, the other projects of this family of rockets were discarded.
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The Cyclone-4, a large satellite launcher, was part of a treaty between Brazil and the Ukraine. The intention was to use a binational company to commercially exploit the use of this rocket from the Alcântara Space Center (CEA), an area adjacent to the CLA, which needed to be pacified because it is also occupied by a quilombola community. It is noteworthy that, to comply with the agreement with Ukraine, a significant part of the NAP's financial resources were channeled to this venture (OTERO, 2014). In 2015, by initiative of the Brazilian government, based on a technical opinion of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCT&I), the Treaty with Ukraine was broken. This opinion concluded that the project was not sustainable at an estimated price of $35 to 50 million per launch, because the market that serves the large satellite category was saturated (GARCIA, 2019). According to Salgado (2016), the main adverse factors for the achievement of space access vehicle projects relate to the need for mastery of critical technologies, especially in the areas of Propulsion, Electronics, Space Systems, and Integration and Testing, as well as the issue concerning the lack of human and financial resources. 2.1.2 Satellites In this segment a more significant percentage of successful projects can be identified, with emphasis on the CBERS program, the Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC), and Amazonas- 1 2.1.2.1 CBERS Program The CBERS series satellites are the result of a technological cooperation agreement signed between Brazil and China in 1988. In 2013, the CBERS 3 was launched into space from the Taiyuan base in China, meeting the schedule established in the NAP, but due to a failure that occurred with the Chinese launch vehicle Long March 4B, the satellite was not successful. To cover this gap in the program, the launch of CBERS 4 was brought forward to the end of 2014, this time successfully. In Dec 2019, the sixth satellite of the series, the CBERS 04A, was put into orbit, whose imaging system characteristics are shown in Table 1, below.
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Table 1 – CBERS 04A Camera Characteristics
Source: INPE, 2019.
It is worth mentioning that, the Multispectral Camera (MUX)4 and the Campo Largo Imaging Camera (WFI)5 were the precursors of this category, developed with 100% national technology and their images allow a series of applications. The Wide Scan Multispectral and Panchromatic (WPM) camera was built by China and is capable of obtaining images with a spatial resolution6 of d2m in the panchromatic band7 and 8m in the multispectral bands8, as shown in table 1. It is worth noting that, the national industry had significant participation in the construction of the CBERS series satellites, with the presence of more than a dozen Brazilian companies (ARAUJO, 2017). Today, Brazil and China each assume 50% of the effort required for the construction of the satellites. 2.1.2.2 Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC) The SGDC is a large satellite, which went into orbit in 2017, has approximately 6 tons, operates in the X band, intended exclusively for military use, and in the KA band, to provide, in particular, high-speed internet to remote regions of the country, such as the Amazon, in support of the National Broadband Program. According to the then technical-operational director of Telebrás, Jarbas Valente, the SGDC system brought more security to the government's strategic communications and military communications, because its control is performed in Brazil at stations located in military areas, under the coordination of Telebrás and the Ministry of Defense (MILESKI, 2017). It’s worth mentioning that other strategic objectives worth mentioning are related to the development
4 MUX - 4-band multispectral camera with high resolution. 5 WFI - 4-band multispectral camera with medium resolution. 6 Spatial resolution - is the attribute that defines the smallest identifiable element in an image. Also known as a pixel. 7 Panchromatic band - corresponds to the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. It allows to obtain only black and white images. 8 Multispectral band - corresponds to different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, usually the visible and infrared. By capturing a scene in different spectral bands, it is possible to obtain color images.
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SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES of satellite communication capacity in an autonomous way and the dynamization of national industry activities. According to SAI (2020), the world market in satellite communications will move around US$120 billion in 2019, with services such as television broadcasting, radio, remote sensing, telephony and broadband internet, and national security, among others.. 2.1.2.3 Amazonas Program The Amazônia-19, put into orbit in April 2021, is the first genuinely national remote sensing satellite, with a resolution of 64 meters, equipped with optical payloads operating in the visible spectrum, and capable of observing a range of 850 km. This family of satellites is especially applicable for monitoring the Brazilian biomes and agricultural areas, due to its wide coverage range. The Amazônia-1 is also the precursor in the use of the Multimission Platform (PMM), which consists of gathering in a single structure, all the necessary equipment to ensure the operation of the satellite in orbit, such as altitude control subsystems, orbit control, propulsion, solar generator, among others (LUCCA, 2016). As already observed in the space access vehicle program, some projects planned in the satellite segment have also been postponed to the next planning period, probably due to lack of technical resources, but mainly, of financial resources. And how is the PESE, the most recent space program? This is what will be presented next. 2.2 Strategic Space Systems Program (PESE) According to Silva e Luna, then Minister of Defense, the PESE's priorities are to develop national satellite launchers, employment of satellites for civilian and military use, and consolidate the operationalization of the Alcântara Space Center (CEA) , aiming to provide an infrastructure necessary to support launch activities for commercial purposes (DEFESANET, 2018). Regarding the satellite segment, the initial proposal is to deploy two remote sensing space systems, named Carponis and Lessônia, and two communications space systems, named Calidris and Attícora (FAB, 2012). Carponis foresees the implementation of a high-resolution optical11 imaging system, in low orbit, aimed at improving surveillance activities in the Brazilian territory and jurisdictional waters.
9 Amazonas 1 - Information about the satellite is available at:
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Lessônia is an imaging system with a radar sensor12, also in low orbit, with the possibility of obtaining images in unfavorable weather conditions and without cloud cover restrictions, due to the spectral range used. Calidris is a constellation of geostationary orbit satellites for strategic communications. SGDC-1, was the first of this series, launched in 2017, with resources from the Ministry of Defense (MD), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCT&I) and Telebrás. The Attícora is a low orbit space system for use in particular in tactical communications. Like the NAPE, the PESE proposes to develop a family of space access vehicles and a constellation of satellites, as shown in figure 2, below Figure 2 - Strategic Space Systems Program (PESE)
Source: INPE, 2019.
These projects contemplate ground stations for control, reception and data processing, to provide services for ground observation, telecommunications, information mapping, positioning, space monitoring, and a space operations center (FAB, 2012). In this context, the first geostationary satellite, the SGDC is in full operation, as is the Space Systems Operation Center (COPE), inaugurated in June 2020, as a center of excellence in the monitoring and control of national satellites. The satellite constellations are intended primarily for the Amazon Surveillance and Protection System (SIPAM/SIVAM), the Integrated Border Monitoring System (SISFRON), the Blue Amazon Management System (SISGAAz), and for the Air Defense and Air Traffic Control System (SISDACTA).
12 Radar sensor - active sensor that operates in the microwave range.
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However, to provide the necessary ground support for the satellite launch vehicles foreseen in the Brazilian Space Program, it is of utmost importance to make use of the full potential of the Alcântara area, since the CLA's location is privileged, close to the equator, and provides savings of up to 30% in launch costs for equatorial orbits. According to the then Minister of Defense, Raul Jungmann, this condition has already attracted the interest of countries such as the US, China, Russia, Israel, France, Italy, and South Korea, in making use of its facilities (CARVALHO, 2017). In 2020, Brazil signed an agreement with the United States on Technological Safeguards (TSA). This agreement is essential for the commercial use of the space center in its fullness, because it allows that, in addition to the U.S., other countries use in their spacecraft, U.S. technological components, from CEA launches (BRASIL, 2020). The most favorable scenario contemplates the pacification of the land issue in litigation involving the Alcântara quilombola community, and thus the current area of 8,713 ha would be expanded to 20,000 ha, according to the base's master plan. Thus, the CEA project would be realized and the context would be favorable for the center to acquire competence to meet the demand of national programs, and requests from other countries, with the construction of more sites that allow satellite launching with more robust launchers, such as the Áquila family, and make Brazil an important player in the satellite launching market. However, AEB President Carlos Moura has stated that while the impasse persists, the strategy will be to use the current CLA structure, which would be shared for commercial use, to launch low orbit microsatellites, in order to take advantage of this growing market opportunity (MADEIRO, 2020). Studies point out as the main weaknesses of the CEA, the logistical issues of access, being necessary investments for modernization of the airfield, the construction of a new port, as well as the threats related to followed contingencies of the federal government that prevent investments and the very maintenance of the current facilities (ANDRADE, 2018). Although there is a proposal for dual use in the products and services provided by the PESE, it is clear that, due to the spatial resolution of its images, it fills a gap left by the PNAE, in relation to the areas of Security and Defense, especially intelligence, public security, surveillance, among others. Therefore, it can be considered that these programs are complementary and intend to foster the scientific and
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SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES technological field and the national defense industry in the space sector, aiming to provide a range of services in the areas of communications, natural resources, security and defense, and meteorology, among others. However, there are some adverse factors of a technical and administrative nature that hinder the implementation of the planned projects. In this sense, the Brazilian Space Program Development Committee (CDPEB) was created by Decree 9,839, dated 14 Jun 2019, aiming to prioritize and circumvent existing pending issues and boost space activities in Brazil (BRASIL, 2019).
3. THE PEB DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE This Committee, to date, has already defined some priorities for implementation in the short term: • The SGDC-2 launch; • Launching a constellation of cubosats13; • The replacement of the INPE tracking station in Cuiabá. Other activities that should be attended to as a priority are related to the replacement of human resources in research and development institutions of space activities, such as DCTA and INPE, as well as the land and property issue of the Alcântara region that will allow the creation of the CEA, among others (HIRASAWA, 2018). These measures will help the country to enter this billion-dollar space market, which currently moves around US$350 billion a year and, according to AEB, should reach US$1 trillion by 2040 (MADEIRO, 2020).
4. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS In view of the above, considering that the Brazilian Space Program (PEB) must include a series of space activities, aiming to allow the use of space technology and its applications to solve national problems and benefit Brazilian society, we conclude that the PNAE and PESE projects are inserted in this context. With the deployment of these space systems it is possible to serve the areas of telecommunications, natural resources, environment, meteorology, combating natural disasters, cartography, crop forecasting, monitoring of wildfires and deforestation, surveillance of borders and sea coasts, public safety, air, sea and land
13 Cubosats - small satellite defined according to a 1U standard, which is a cube of 10 cm edge and from these measurements can be derived into 1U, 2U, 3U, 6U and others. Also called microsatellites.
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SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES land navigation, strategic intelligence, among others, as well as to increase the activities of the Defense Industrial Base, the Space sector, strengthening all fields of National Power (SANTANA JÚNIOR, 2015). These projects will give a new lease of life to the national productive sector, since the mastery of space technologies is of fundamental importance for its insertion in the billion-dollar world market, in the sectors of satellite services, placing in orbit, satellite construction, launchers, and ground support equipment (SIA, 2020). If the VLM-1 launch, planned for the end of 2021, comes true, Brazil will achieve complete autonomy in the space field, dominating the entire space technology cycle, since it has a launch center, the capacity to build a launch vehicle and a genuinely national remote sensing satellite, and will thus become part of the select group of countries that have a complete space program.
Força Aérea Brasileira– 22/07/2021 Governo do Mato Grosso – 26/07/2021 Estado-Maior da Aeronáutica visita DCTA e empresas Operação Amazônia aplica R$ 938 mil em multas por de São José dos Campos desmatamento ilegal em sete propriedades de O Diretor-Geral do Departamento de Ciência e Marcelândia Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente (Sema-MT), em Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA), Tenente-Brigadeiro do conjunto com o Exército Brasileiro, aplicou R$ 938,300 Ar Hudson Costa Potiguara, recebeu, entre os dias 12 e mil em multas ambientais pelo desmate ilegal de 248,8 15 de julho, em São José dos Campos (SP), o Chefe do hectares em sete propriedades, fiscalizadas entre os dias Estado-Maior da Aeronáutica (EMAER), Tenente- 19 a 22 de julho, no município de Marcelândia (620 km Brigadeiro do Ar Marcelo Kanitz Damasceno, e comitiva ao Norte de Cuiabá. das Subchefias do EMAER. For the full story, CLICK HERE. For the full story, CLICK HERE.
REFERÊNCIAS: AEB. Agência Espacial Brasileira. Programa Nacional de Atividades Espaciais. Available at: Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 14 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES ANDRADE, Israel de Oliveira et al. IPEA. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. O Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara: abertura para o mercado internacional de satélites e salvaguardas para a soberania nacional. 2018. Available at:< https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/TDs/td_2423.pdf>. Accessed on: 02 jun 2021. ARAUJO, Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de. A Industria Espacial Brasileira: Alternativas para a sua sustentação utilizando Técnica de Análise da Matriz SWOT. Revista da Escola Superior de Guerra. N0 63. Jan/abril. Rio de Janeiro. ESG, 2015. BARRETO, Lana. Ministro da Defesa participa de solenidade de entrega de títulos de propriedade em Alcântara. Available at: < https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/noticias/ministro-da-defesa-participa-de-solenidade-de-entrega-de-titulos-de- propriedade-em-alcantara>. Published in 11/01/2021. Accessed on: 24 May 2021. BRASIL. Decreto no 51.133, de 03 ago 1961. Cria o Grupo de Organização da Comissão Nacional de Estudos Espaciais e dá outras providências. Available at:< https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1960-1969/decreto-51133-3-agosto-1961-390741-norma- pe.html>. Accessed on : 19 May. 2021. ______. Ministério da Defesa. Estratégia Nacional de Defesa. Brasília, DF. 2008. Available at: < https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt- br/arquivos/2012/mes07/end.pdf >. Accessed on : 19 May. 2021. ______. Decreto no 9.839, de 14 jun. 2019. Cria o Comitê de Desenvolvimento do Programa Espacial Brasileiro. Available at:< https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/2019/decreto-9839-14-junho-2019-788361-publicacaooriginal-158217-pe.html>. 2019. Accessed on 19 May. 2021. ______Resolução no 24, de 15 jun. 2018. Publicar as deliberações do Comitê de Desenvolvimento do Programa Espacial Brasileiro aprovadas na reunião plenária realizada em 15 de junho de 2018. 2018. Available at: http://portal.imprensanacional.gov.br/materia/- /asset_publisher/Kujrw0TZC2Mb/content/id/26176648/do1-2018-06-18-resolucao-n-24-de-15-de-junho-de-2018-26176571. Accessed on 20 May 2021. _____. Decreto no 10.220, de 05 fev 2020. Promulga o Acordo entre o Governo da República Federativa do Brasil e o Governo dos Estados Unidos da América sobre Salvaguardas Tecnológicas Relacionadas à Participação dos Estados Unidos da América em Lançamentos a partir do Centro Espacial de Alcântara, firmado em Washington, D.C., em 18 de março de 2019. 2020. Available at:< Página 2 do Diário Oficial da União - Seção 1, número 26, de 06/02/2020 - Imprensa Nacional>. Accessed on : 01 Jun. 2021. CARVALHO, Cleide. Base espacial no Maranhão esbarra em disputa histórica. 24 dez 2017. Available at: < https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/542946/noticia.html?isAllowed=y>. Accessed on : 24 May 2021. DEFESANET. Programa de Sistemas Espaciais terá foco no lançamento de satélites de uso civil e militar. Available at: < https://www.defesanet.com.br/space/noticia/30074/Programa-de-Sistemas-Espaciais-tera-foco-no-lancamento-de-satelites-de-uso-civil- e-militar/>. Accessed on : 31 May 2021. FAB. Força Aérea Brasileira. Comissão de Coordenação e Implantação de Sistemas Espaciais. 2012. O que é o PESE?. Available at: < http://www2.fab.mil.br/ccise/index.php/o-que-e-o-pese.> Accessed on: 19 May 2021. GARCIA, Abílio Neves. Uma Radiografia do Desenvolvimento de Veículos Lançadores de Satélites no Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE). Monografia (Curso de Altos Estudos de Política e Estratégia) – Escola Superior de Guerra, Rio de Janeiro, 2019. HIRASAWA, Paulo Junzo. Programa Espacial Brasileiro: novo alento com a criação do Comitê de Desenvolvimento do Programa Espacial Brasileiro (CDPEB)? Escola Superior de Guerra. Rio de Janeiro, 2018. INPE. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais.2019. Câmeras Imageadoras CBERS 04A. Available at: < http://www.cbers.inpe.br/sobre/cameras/cbers04a.php>. Accessed on : 02 Jun 2021. LUCCA, Eduardo Viegas Dalle. Programa Espacial Brasileiro: estágio de desenvolvimento dos projetos mobilizadores e estruturantes estabelecidos no Programa Nacional de Atividades Espaciais. Escola Superior de Guerra. Rio de Janeiro, 2016. MADEIRO, Carlos. Bilhões em jogo: Brasil já negocia para lançamento de microsssatélites em Alcântara. Available at:< https://www.uol.com.br/tilt/noticias/redacao/2020/01/21/bilhoes-em-jogo-brasil-ja-negocia-para-lancar-microssatelites-em- alcantara.htm?>. 21 jan 2020. Accessed on : 01 Jun 2021. MILESKI, André M. SGDC:”Janela de oportunidade se abre para o Brasil”. Available at: Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 15 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES Potential of companies in the aeronautical sector: quality certifications for manufacturing structural components of the Gripen-BR - Saab Gripen-São Bernardo do Campo-SP case Author: Edinaldo Célio de Araújo Souza 1. INTRODUCTION As expected by the Defense aerospace industry, in June 2020, Saab inaugurated, in São Bernardo do Campo - SP, the aerostructure factory, whose parts will be produced to equip the Gripen-NG fighters of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB), relying on a specialized workforce trained at its own plant in Sweden, having delivered, in December 2020, the first tail cone produced in Brazil. (SAAB, 2021) According to Caiafa (2021), of the 36 (thirty-six) Gripen-NG aircraft of the first batch ordered by FAB, 8 (eight) biplace units and part of the monoplace aircraft will be manufactured in Brazil by Saab Aeronáutica Montagens (SAM), an agreement that provides for research, technology transfer, theoretical and practical training, development and production. According to Linus Narby, Gripen Brazil contract manager, SAM is part of Saab's global supply chain, and is responsible for manufacturing the tail cone, aerodynamic brakes, forward fuselage for the single-seater version, rear fuselage, wing box and forward fuselage for the two-seater version, with some parts and components of the Gripen-NG being produced in the factory itself and by other companies in the Defense Industrial Base (BID). (CAIAFA, 2021) Linus Narby also points out that to achieve the quality required to manufacture the components and aero-structures of a modern fighter like the Gripen-NG, Saab's factory in Brazil has established a Quality System similar to the production of the aircraft in Linköping, Sweden, the training for which is included in the technology transfer program as it deals with tight tolerances, highly skilled labor, and adherence to flight safety and high quality assurance requirements. According to Linus : “in all airframe manufacturing stations, technicians and engineers work with the MBD (Model Based Definition Method) (....) means that the 3D model of a product carries all necessary information such as dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing method, assembly information, materials, eliminating any paperwork in the production area, concentrating all information in one place with great impact on the development chain. (....) this facilitates 'concurrent engineering' providing reduced lead times in development projects (....) improving the quality today in Gripen E production, where all parts fit together extremely well without any additional machining in assembly” (CAIAFA, 2021). Malta (2021) attests that the legacy that the technology transfer program tends to leave for the Brazilian defense industry will be reflected in the capacity building of companies, the development of a fighter aircraft, and the internalization of the manufacturing processes of structures, assembly, maintenance, and modifications Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 16 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES modifications of components and systems. However, among the national IDB companies selected by Saab to receive the technologies of interest from the Gripen-BR program and beneficiaries of the compensation agreement, it is noted that few are directly involved in this process, According to Malta (2021), these are Embraer, Akaer, Atech, Saab Sensores e Serviços do Brasil (former Atmos), Mectron Comm and AEL Sistemas, and the various institutes of the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology (DCTA), such as the IFI, IPEV, IAV, IAEv and ITA. Considering that there was a high perspective that the Gripen aero-structure factory in São Bernardo do Campo-SP would leverage the national aeronautical industry, the low participation in this venture of companies in the sector, especially those located in the ABC Paulista region, could also be related to the technological capacity and Quality Management System aspects of local companies and suppliers to adapt to the requirements and tolerances demanded by Saab to participate in its global chain. But, after all, what is the importance of obtaining Quality Management System Certifications for the Aerospace Sector? 2. CERTIFICATIONS FOR THE AERONAUTICAL SECTOR COMPANIES The aeronautical sector, in particular, contains high technical complexity and follows standardization rules that go from the project to the operation, aiming at the continuous improvement of products and increasing the users' confidence, both for civil and military use. The ISO1 Quality Management Principles (QMPs)2 are used as a foundation to guide the performance improvement of organizations. This document sets out seven quality management principles which, in summary, are: a) costumer focus: the primary focus in quality management3 is to meet costumer requirements4 in order to exceed their expectations; b) leadership: leaders at all levels create the conditions for people to get hooked on achieving the organizations quality objectives; 1ISO: Acronym of the International Organization for Standardization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, which aims to develop international standards, or norms, to facilitate trade relations between different countries. Brazil is represented in ISO by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT, 2010). 2The ISO Quality Management Principles (QMPs) is the document that introduces the seven quality management principles. ISO 9000, ISO 9001 and everything related to ISO standard quality management is based on these seven principles. (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, 2015). 3Quality: Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics satisfies requirements. (BRAZIL, 2014, p. 14/30). 4Requirements: The term requirement can be used with three related but distinct meanings: a) need or expectation that is expressed, usually, in an implicit or mandatory way. b) expression in the context of a document defining criteria to be met if compliance with the document is required and for which no deviation is allowed. c) an identifiable element of a specification that can be validated and against which an implementation can be verified. (BRAZIL, 2014, p. 14/30). Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 17 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES c) people commitment: essential to increase creativity and deliver value; d) process approach: ensures the effective achievement of consistent and predictable results; e) improvement of the organizations: main internal focus, essential to keep the performance level current, to react to internal and external changes, and to create opportunities; f) evidence-based decision making: based on analysis and evolution of data, it produces the desired results; and g) relationship management: the relationship with suppliers influences the performance of organization. With the organization of the International Aerospace Quality Group5 - Online Aerospace Supply Information, in the 1990s, the processes of systems integration, subsystems and components of the aeronautical industry were structured and simplified and, in 1999, it was created the first international standard for the aeronautical chain called (SAE AS 9100), which used the requirements of the ISO 9000 family, in addition to the specific requirements to the aircraft production, such as configuration management and verification testing. (CATHARINO, at al, 2006) In 2004, the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) prepared the NBR 15100 Standard, equivalent to SAE AS 9100, which was ratified by IAQG, and created conditions for domestic companies to participate in the global aviation market, contemplating, in addition to those provided in ISO 90016, Embraer's requirements and demands for companies to remain as its suppliers. (QUADROS, 2009) Quadros (2009) points out that, in addition to reducing the captive relationship , Embraer's requirements and demands have reduced the need for additional inspections of items and components that are the suppliers' responsibility, before their integration into the aircraft systems and subsystems, of direct inspection (audits) and periodic inspection of partner companies, which are performed from the stages of the production process until the final delivery of the finished product. 5IAQG: Is a non-profit association under Belgian legal rules, with its registered office in Brussels. IAQG is a cooperative organization within the aerospace and defense industries system, comprising 3 sectors: (Americas -AAQG; Asia/Pacific - APAQG; and Europe - EAQG). Its purpose is to establish and maintain dynamic cooperation based on trust between aerospace and defense companies or initiatives to make significant improvements in quality performance and cost reduction through the dissemination of values. The initial focus is on continuous improvement in the processes used by the supplier to consistently deliver high quality products. (IAQG, 2015). 6ISO 9001:2015 sets the criteria for QMS and can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of field or activity. There are over one million companies in the world, in over 170 countries that are ISO 9001 certified. (ISO 9000. QUALITY MANAGEMENT, 2015). 7 Captive relationship: This occurs when the complexity of the product and the possibility of codifying its specifications, in the form of detailed instructions, are high, but the capabilities of the suppliers are low. The typical situation is that of small suppliers dependent on large customers. The customer has to invest in training and monitoring the supplier. This encourages the customer to develop relationships where the transactional dependency of the supplier on him is high, for example by confining the supplier to a reduced scope of tasks. In this way, the switching costs of the customer to the vendor are high. Transactional dependence is considered when the customer is responsible for at least 50% of the supplier's sales. (QUADROS at al, 2009, p. 80). Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 18 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES However, about the need to adopt these standards, Catharino at al (2006) assure that: “It should be noted that both SAE AS 9100 and NBR 15100 are consensus standards, of voluntary adhesion, which do not replace the specific regulations adopted for aerospace production. In Brazil, for example, the purchases made by the Aeronautics Command are subject to the Brazilian Aerospace Quality Regulations (RBQA) whose objective is to ensure, through requirements and procedures, that the requirements of the contracts and product conformity are met.” (CATHARINO at al, 2006, p. 3 a 4) Although these are considered consensus standards, they are the benchmarks of the company's or supplier's quality management system, as important indicators of compliance with strict tolerances, highly qualified labor, and adherence to flight safety requirements and guaranteed high product quality, all of which are required by Saab in its industrial plants. In addition to Saab AB, Sweden has a vast chain of local suppliers with SAE AS 9100 quality certification, suitable to meet the demands of the aircraft industry. (ELIASSON, 2010) And in Brazil, how is this happening? Do aeronautical companies have the appropriate Quality Management System Certifications to participate in this restricted Gripen-NG market? 3. RESEARCH IN THE AERONAUTICAL COMPANIES OF ABC PAULISTA In 2017, a field survey was conducted in companies in the aeronautic sector, belonging to the national IDB, focusing on those located in the ABC Paulista region, with potential to participate in the Gripen-NG activities, at the São Bernardo do Campo-SP plant. (SOUZA, 2017) At the time, 350 (three hundred and fifty) national companies, registered at CESAER , were selected and those that had the Aerospace Quality Management Certification Standards (SAE AS 9100:2009/2016 or ABNT NBR 15100:2010) were verified, which were compared with the records of the IAQG-OASIS database, focusing on the 25 (twenty-five) companies in the ABC region of São Paulo As for the nature and type of activities of the companies in ABC Paulista, the main object of the research, those classified as: engineering services, industrial goods, industrial processes, and tooling were selected, as follows: 8 CESAER: Elaborado pelo Instituto de Fomento e Coordenação Industrial (IFI), tem por objetivo fornecer conhecimento do parque industrial brasileiro no setor aeroespacial a todos os órgãos da Aeronáutica e, também, a outros envolvidos com o setor. Propicia aos usuários aceso rápido às linhas de produtos e serviços das empresas situadas no território nacional, permitindo assim, não somente saber quais os produtos e serviços, e sim o seu potencial como fornecedora de materiais para as Forças Armadas. O Catálogo lista 350 empresas cadastradas até o dia 13 de janeiro de 2015. BRASIL (2015) 9 O IAQG-OASIS é uma fonte de consulta aberta, onde estão cadastrados os dados de registros e certificações de fornecedores de todos os países que operam em conformidade com os requisitos previstas nas Normas, disponível aos fornecedores, mediante cadastramento do usuário (IAQG-OASIS, 2015) Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 19 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES a) engineering services: these have the highest turnover, employ a higher percentage of qualified technical personnel and knowledge-based services, different from the manufacturing profile of the majority; b) industrial goods: heterogeneous group in the delivery of added value, i.e.: those that do not characterize a competitive differential in the market (Ex: spare parts, internal finishing, furniture, seats, flooring, aircraft floors, etc.); and those that produce composite material for the aeronautical industry c) industrial processes: more sophisticated combined services of machining and assembly of parts and subassemblies and surface treatment, also acting in the automotive sector; and d) tooling suppliers: competent in device assembly projects (assembly jigs) and tooling manufacturing. As for the Conformity Assessment Bodies (CAB), certifiers, at the time of the survey, of the companies in the aeronautical sector under the aegis of Standard AS 9100:2009 and Standard NBR 15100:2010, it can be stated that: The national OAC accredited by Inmetro10(2021) that provided the certificate of the Quality Management System ABNT NBR 15100:2010: • FCAV - Fundação Carlos Alberto Vanzolini, located in the city and São Paulo- SP, in the district of Lapa. (Cancelled at the request of the Office on 12/27/217); • TÜV Nord Brasil Avaliações da Qualidade EIRELI, located in Alphaville, Barueri-SP (Still Active); and • ABS Group Services do Brasil LTDA, located in the city of São Paulo-SP, in the district of Vila Olímpia. (Cancelled at the request of the Office on 07/11/2017) As for the international ones, among those that provide the Quality Management System Certificate AS 9100:2009 are: • Det Norsk Veritas Certification, Inc; • ABS – Quality Evoluations Inc; • DVN GL Bussines Assurance USA Inc; e • AFNOR Certification. (IAQG-OASIS, 2015) 10INMETRO: There are currently, in Brazil, registered by Inmetro, 30 certifying organizations for the ABNT ISO 9000 and ABNT ISO 9001 Standards, and only 1 certifying organization for the Standards of the Quality Management System for the Aerospace Sector. (INMETRO, 2021). Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 20 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES Therefore, once the nature, type of activities, characteristics of the companies, and the Conformity Assessment Bodies were known, it was possible to enter properly into the field research aspects of the companies in the ABC region in São Paulo. 3.1 Structure of the Research The work of Souza (2017) sought to confirme 02 (two) hypotheses: a) Perspective of ABC Paulista becoming an aeronautical pole in addition to the business complex of São José dos Campos and of companies participating in the Gripen-NG program. It sought to identify those companies that met the additional requirements of Quality Assurance Certifications for the aeronautical sector and the difficulties to participate in strategic partnerships with Saab- Gripen. b) Interest in and conditions for adopting the Certification Standards foreseen for the aeronautical industry. It sought to form a picture of the vision and expectations of companies to integrate Saab's supply chain. Finally, a structured questionnaire was sent to the CEOs of the selected companies, containing the questions of interest to the work and, mainly, relevant data such as government support, competitiveness, industrial capacity, technological capability, and purchase volumes. 4. RESEARCH RESULTS Of the 25 (twenty-five) companies in the ABC Paulista region subject of the research, twelve (48%) belonged exclusively to the aeronautics industry and thirteen (52%) also worked in the automotive sector, two (8%) being engineering services; nine (36%) industrial processes; nine (36%) tooling suppliers; and five (20%) industrial goods, as shown in the graph of figure 1. Figure 1 – Number of companies and line of business Source: Prepared by the author with data extracted from (BRASIL, 2015) / (IAQG-OASIS, 2015) Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 21 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS Of the 350 (three hundred and fifty) companies registered with CESAER, only 75 (seventy-five) had the ABNT NBR 15100:2010/AS 9100/2009 certifications, with records in the IAQG-OASIS, corresponding to only 21.4%, as shown in figure 2. Figure 2 – Companies that have the ABNT 15100/S9100 Standards Source: Prepared by the author with data extracted from IAQG-OASIS Of the 75 (seventy-five) companies that had the ABNT NBR 15100:2010 Standard or the AS SAE 9100:2009 Standard, only two (2.6%) belonged to the ABC Paulista region. The analysis of the results revealed that: a) It was Inbra Aerospace Indústria e Comércio de Compostos Aeronáuticos S.A, located in the city of Mauá-SP, with qualifications and capabilities to participate in the Gripen-NG program as a Saab partner company, in the production of aero structures; and b) the other company was Metalúrgica Guaporé LTDA, located in Santo André-SP, from the automotive sector and was not part of the aeronautic productive chain of ABC Paulista. As for the answers to the questionnaires sent to the CEOs, of the 25 (twenty-five) companies located in the ABC region in São Paulo, only 16 (sixteen) responded, corresponding to 64% of the sample. 5. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS Once the results were presented, the analysis of Souza's (2017) research evidenced a series of interesting findings that enabled a very close picture of the reality of the national IDB, with respect to companies in the aeronautical sector. The fact that only 21% of the companies registered with CESAER have the Aerospace Quality Management System Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 22 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS Management System certifications indicates that there are serious obstacles in adapting to these Standards, which restricts the productive chain as a whole from enjoying the competitive advantages generated by Gripen-NG, and that these advantages are restricted to the few companies that participate in the Program. Of the 25 companies selected for the survey, only two (8%) provided engineering services, i.e., activities that employ a higher percentage of qualified technical personnel and knowledge-based services, with a greater possibility of contributing to Saab in the co-development of systems, which explains the reduced possibilities for companies in the ABC Paulista region to partner in the Gripen-NG program. Of the 16 (sixteen) companies that answered the questionnaire: 3 (three) declare not to have any certifications, corresponding to 18,75% of the research universe; 11 (eleven), therefore 68,75%, had the 9000/9001 family standards, but were not certified according to the Aerospace Quality Management standards. Finally, 02 (two) companies declared they no longer work in the aeronautical segment in ABC Paulista, which meant 12% of the respondents. (Figure 3). Figure 3 – Companies’ answers regarding the existence of certifications RESULTADOS DO QUESTIONÁRIO COM RELAÇÃO ÀS NORMAS DE CERTIFICAÇÃO 2 (12%) 3 (19%) Não possuem quaisquer normas Possuem somente as normas da família ISO 9000/9001 Não atuam no segmento 11 (69%) aeronáutico Fonte: Elaborado pelo autor com dados extraídos do questionário The fact that only 01 (one) company from ABC Paulista in the aeronautical segment (6%) has the required certifications for the aeronautical sector points out difficulties for the region to expand in this segment, taking into account that this is a requirement to participate in partnerships with large aircraft manufacturers. Another worrying factor for the expansion of the national IDB in the aeronautical sector was evidenced by the lack of interest of 69% of the companies consulted in obtaining the certifications in question, and only (25%) of these have shown willingness to adopt them, as shown in figure 4. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 23 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS This reduces the prospects for most of the productive chain in the ABC Paulista region to participate in the Gripen-NG program and to enjoy the technological benefits and competitive advantages to be generated by this Program. Figure 4: Companies’ interest in certification INTEREST IN OBTAINING THE CERTIFICATIONS OF THE ABNT NBR 15100:2010/AS 9100/2009 STANDARDS, BY 2019 1 (6%) 4 (25%) 11 (69%) No interest Interested No Answer Source: Prepared by the author with data extracted from the questionnaire Regarding the obstacles encountered by the companies, as shown in figure 5, of the twelve (12) that answered the questions related to the difficulties to participate in ventures that required partnerships with other national and international companies, and considering that ten (10) alleged more than one motivation, it was found that: a) only two (17%) attested to having low technological capacity; b) nine (75%) said they have low competitiveness; c) ten (83%) pointed out the lack of government support for financing; d) two (17%) claimed industrial capacity problems; and e) only one (8%) reported low volume purchases for manufacturing items. There is evidence, therefore, that despite the various measures provided for in the NDT to enable technological training of the aeronautical production chain and to create favorable conditions for companies, the obstacles related to these aspects and to government support are recurrent, which reinforces the fundamental role of the State as a policymaker to promote increased productivity and competitiveness of domestic companies. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 24 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS Figure 5: Difficulties in forming partnerships Source: Prepared by the author with data extracted from the questionnaire It is important to note that the representative factor of the degree of technological capability in industrialized countries, according to Furtado (2014), is usually related to the number of patents applied for or granted. However, according to this same author, in the so-called "peripheral" countries in terms of innovation, this aspect is measured through the provision of technological services and direct investments made, and are a result of the stage and specificities of the technological capability processes in these countries, which are based on the maturity of the production process and the ability to adapt to specific conditions. Considering that competitiveness is the capacity of the country or company to generate positive trade balances or to participate in exports in a given industrial segment, the importance of technological training for companies in the ABC Paulista region is to generate competitive advantages in the global aeronautical market and should be an additional stimulus to the search for new technological knowledge, both concepts being inseparable. Therefore, from the data that were analyzed in the work on the management of the aeronautical industry production chain, the specificities of the materials used in aircraft and the requirements in terms of qualification and training for companies and suppliers, it is evident that the aeronautical segment operates at a much higher technological level than the automotive sector. In this context, the results of the questionnaires pointed to a low awareness among companies in the Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 25 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS ABC region of São Paulo that a skilled workforce to manage the new technologies made available by the Gripen NG program, and quality management processes adjusted to the needs of the global market and aircraft manufacturers, are the sine qua non conditions for them to be qualified to form partnerships in strategic projects involving Embraer and Saab. Considering that to be part of Saab's supply chain, according to Eliasson (2010), companies must meet the requirements of the global market and its supply chain, i.e.: share risks; have financial capacity for investments; present high levels of quality, safety, technological capacity, innovation, product traceability; and show capacity to manage systems, subsystems and components, the results of the research did not indicate that companies from ABC Paulista are in conditions to take advantage of the competitive advantages to be generated by the Gripen-NG program. This way, after analyzing the additional requirements of the Standards in question, whose rules are required by aircraft manufacturers for the formation of partnerships in strategic projects; after analyzing the situations in which the companies that are the object of the research find themselves, with regard to having the certification of the standards in question, and the interest of companies from ABC Paulista in meeting the requirements, it was possible to reach some interesting conclusions. The conclusions presented here were the fruit of the analysis of the research results, plus some recommendations to the formulators of sensitive contracts and Defense policies, to the participants of the industrial sector under consideration, and suggestions for future research that can use the knowledge already achieved and develop studies with other approaches, depth and scope, broadening the view of Brazil's IDB. 6. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE SUGGESTIONS Without taking into consideration the political and financial aspects of the business, SAAB's decision to locate in São Bernardo do Campo-SP, as part of a commercial offset agreement for the Gripen NG Offset programs, created expectations for companies and suppliers in the ABC Paulista aeronautical segment to participate in this program and, by assimilating the technology to be generated, increase competitiveness in the global market. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 26 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS 6.1 Conclusions Notwithstanding the mobilization generated by SAAB's choice of that region, the large global companies seek to concentrate in areas where there are industries and conditions similar to their type of business and that are compatible with the guarantee of the greatest temporal profit and the useful life of the program, making it possible to reduce the costs of their production chain, to overcome customs barriers through associations with local suppliers and to manage risks through the sharing of products, which corresponds to SAAB's modus operandi. In this specific case, however, the aircraft industry operates at a different and higher technological level than the automotive industry, which makes it more expensive to prepare the critical success factors for achieving enterprise effectiveness. In the case of Gripen-NG, most of the companies and organizations participating in the program are located in São José dos Campos-SP, where there is a consolidated structure of companies, research centers, technology generation and innovation, specifically focused on the aeronautical segment, which limits the expectations of the benefits expected from the program to companies in the ABC Paulista region. Despite the existence of the São José dos Campos-SP aeronautical cluster, the creation of technology generating poles and the restructuring of the aeronautical productive chain in the ABC Paulista region are requirements to generate competitive advantages and guarantee the survival of the BID in that region, through the formation of partnerships with Saab, to develop and produce Gripen NG aero structures and access new technologies. The difficulties related to low competitiveness and the lack of government support in making financing available, cited by most of the companies in the survey, reinforce the need for the adoption of initiatives by the Brazilian State that go beyond the guarantee of occasional orders and the benefits generated by special legal and regulatory regimes for procurement and contracting. To this end, the State's incentive to obtain Quality Management System Certifications to enter the global production chain is one of the strategies to be adopted by companies to qualify themselves and create windows of opportunity. In this way, the data collected and analyzed in the paper pointed to the rejection of the established hypotheses, since the results of the research did not indicate, from the beginning, perspectives that the installation by Saab of a Gripen NG aero-structure factory in São Bernardo do Campo could leverage the creation of an alternative aeronautical pole to the business complex of São José dos Campos-SP. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 27 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS 6.2 Recommendations Based on the conclusions reached, some recommendations were formulated, in order to strengthen the knowledge management process, based on the absorption of know-how and know-what, made possible by the Offset contracts, and to make the most of opportunities that may arise spontaneously or that may be provoked and built by the national players.. Therefore, the following recommendations were addressed to the sensitive contract developers, to the participants of the aeronautics productive chain of ABC Paulista and to the strategy makers in the Defense area: To the drafters of sensitive contracts in future partnership agreements and industrial technology transfer: It was recommended that the next Offset contracts involving the interests of the Brazilian State, especially those related to the aeronautical segment, related to national Security and Defense, follow the following guidelines: a) evaluate the proposition of strategic partnerships that include a larger number of domestic suppliers of the aeronautical productive chain, creating mechanisms in the Offset contracts so that not only suppliers that prove to be commercially viable and have the capacity for investment - attributes that in themselves contribute to making them competitive - but also those of a small or medium size that show potential to develop and seek competitiveness for their products and services, are included in the programs; and b) evaluate the creation of mechanisms in the commercial offset contracts that contemplate, on the part of the contracted company, the dissemination of knowledge and the transfer of technology generated by strategic programs, such as Gripen-NG, directed to the aeronautical industrial complex, to service platforms, and to the country's infrastructure, enabling companies to develop and commercialize dual use products. To the companies and suppliers of the aeronautical segment of ABC Paulista The companies of the aeronautical productive chain of ABC Paulista should seek the qualification of their workforce and industrial equipment, and implement, internally, actions that would make possible to achieve the critical success factors to meet the additional certification requirements demanded by the large aircraft manufacturers and integrator companies. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 28 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS To the strategy makers in the field of Defense: a) propose the mapping of the aeronautical productive chain of ABC Paulista and the incentive to the accomplishment of awareness campaigns of the companies and suppliers about the necessity of qualifying themselves to face the demands of the global market of Defense products and to obtain the certifications of the Aerospace Quality Management System, adequate to the aeronautical segment, through the Conformity Assessment Body (CAB), accredited by INMETRO; b) encourage partnerships in the areas of research and development of composite material systems and components between companies in the aeronautical production chain in the ABC Paulista area, and the universities and research centers of the Armed Forces, with the integration of multidisciplinary and interdependent teams, to enable the use of this industrial center to absorb the technology to be made available by the Gripen-NG program; c) propose a wide debate among the various governmental bodies of the country to elaborate and implement a national policy of sustained development for the Brazilian aeronautical productive base, aiming at self-sufficiency in sensitive technologies of interest to Defense and to increase the competitiveness of the domestic base in the global market; and d) encourage the formation of the ABC Paulista aeronautical pole, taking advantage of the activities to be developed with the installation of the Gripen-NG aero-structure factory in São Bernardo do Campo-SP and promote the integration of that industrial complex with the Science and Technology Institutions (ICT), Local Productive Arrangements (APL ) and national technology parks located in São José dos Campos-SP. 6.3. Suggestions for future research Taking into account the principle of the intelligent dwarf, who climbs on the giant's back to be able to see further, some suggestions for future research have been presented, so that there is continuity to the subject explored in this work, which are: Although the practical actions adopted by the companies have not been analyzed in this work, also because there is a natural and understandable tendency for the most sensitive data to be preserved and not made available in a questionnaire, because it is the "business card" of the organization, it becomes important to analyze in future research: Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 29 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS a) self-financing of the companies to meet the demands; b) policy of technical and professional training of its workforce; c) difficulties in obtaining financing; d) retention policy for brains of higher technological level; and e) e) alternative activities by companies to diversify their portfolio and compensate for the low demand for products and services in the aeronautical segment. Finally, without the intention of exhausting the subject, it is hoped that this paper has met the objective of disseminating the author's research, conducted in 2017, on the aeronautics production chain of ABC paulista and contribute to the construction of a scientific view of the possibilities of taking advantage of the benefits and advantages to be generated by the Gripen-NG Program, in that industrial region, with the adoption by companies of the requirements provided in the Aerospace Quality Management Certification Standards. News Published by OMNIDEF InfoDefensa – 01/07/2021 Poder Aéreo– 25/07/2021 Brasil y Omnisys instalan una nueva estación de Instituto de Pesquisas e Ensaios em Voo (IPEV) radar para ampliar la vigilancia aérea completa 15 anos La Fuerza Aérea Brasileña (FAB) inauguró una nueva No dia 23/7, o Instituto de Pesquisas e Ensaios em Voo estación radar, en el marco del programa de (IPEV) completou 15 anos. O IPEV é responsável pela modernización y ampliación de la red de radares de ação de ensaio em voo na Força Aérea Brasileira e realiza vigilancia del Sistema de Control del Espacio Aéreo voos de desenvolvimento, certificação, avaliação Brasileño (Sisceab). Este es el tercer y último radar del operacional e recebimento de aeronaves militares. A contrato firmado, en 2018, entre el Departamento de atividade de ensaios em voo busca determinar o Control del Espacio Aéreo (Decea) y la empresa desempenho e qualidades em voo de aeronaves e Omnisys, filial en Brasil de Thales. artefatos embarcados para garantir a segurança e o For the full story, CLICK HERE. cumprimento de uma missão. For the full story, CLICK HERE. Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 30 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2595-9212 MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES REFERENCES ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS - ABNT. NBR 15100:2010 Sistema de gestão da qualidade: requisitos para organizações de aeronáutica, espaço e defesa. Rio de Janeiro, 2010 BRASIL. Comando da Aeronáutica. Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial - DCTA (Brasil). Instituto de Fomento e Coordenação Industrial - IFI. CESAER - Catálogo de Empresas do Setor Aeroespacial 92/92 e 96/97. São José dos Campos-SP, 2015. Reprodução feita pelo site. Available at: http://docplayer.com.br/136794-if-instituto-de-fomento-e-cordenacao-industrial-%apresentacao.html. Accessed on: 12 jun. 2021. ______. Garantia da qualidade e da segurança de sistemas e produtos do COMAER. Brasília, DF, 2014. DCA 800-2. CAIAFA, Roberto. V. L. Narby (Saab): “Nossa planta no Brasil pode fornecer aeroestruturas para outros mercados de aviação militar ou comercial”. Info.defensa.com. Belo Horizonte, MG. 2021. Available at: https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2021/06/03/noticia/narby-nossa-planta-brasil-fornecer-aeroestruturas- outros-mercados-aviacao-militar.html. Accessed on 07 jun. 2021. CATHARINO.M at al. Cadeia aeroespacial brasileira: impactos e possibilidades da NBR 15100. ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO - ENEGEP, 2006, Fortaleza, CE. Disponível em: http://wwwabepro.org.br/biblioteca/enegep2006_tr470321_8162.pdf. Accessed 09 jun. 2021. ELIASSON, G. Advanced public procurement as industrial policy: the aircraft industry as a technical university. New York: Springer, 2010. FURTADO, A. Texto para Discursão nº 348. IPEA. Capacitação tecnológica, competitividade e política industrial: uma abordagem setorial e por empresas líderes. Brasília, DF, 2014. Available at: http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/2548/1td_0348.pdf. Accessed on 13 jun 2021. IAQG-OASIS. International Aerospace Quality Group – Online Aerospace Information. Welcome to OASIS, the IAQG online aerospace supplier information system. Brussels, 2016. Avaialable at: https://www.iaqg.org/oasis/login. Accessed on: 14 jun. 2021. INMETRO. Organismos Acreditados. Apresentação. Rio de Janeiro, 2021. Available at: www.inmetro.gov.br/organismos/resultado_consulta.asp. Accessed on : 12 de junho de 2021. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION. ISO 9000 Quality Management. Geneve, 2015. Disponível em: Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues] BRAZILIAN WAR COLLEGE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER Brazilian War College (ESG) Fortaleza de São João - Av. João Luiz Alves,s/nº, Urca, Rio de Janeiro - RJ - CEP: 22291-090 Tel.: (21) 3545 9889 / Fax (21) 3545 9971 To receive the OMNIDEF weekly send an e-mail to: [email protected] The information contained here does not necessarily reflect the view of the Ministry of Defense, of the Brazilian War College, of the Center of Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias and/or of their members. There is no responsibility of the Brazilian War College in on outside websites that may be accessed by links or any means included in this newsletter. The author gave to Brazilian War College – in writing to the Center of Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias – the material reproduction rights and any transcriptions to the printed and/or digital way from original material to edition, reproduction and printed publishing and /or digital Medias in Portuguese Language, or in different languages, by indefinite period. It is ensured, therefore, the right of disposal of this material to promote it in other official channels of the Ministry of Defense, the Brazilian War College or of the Center of Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias. OMNIDEF ANALYSIS - YEAR 4 - EDITION 6 - PAGE 31