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The Buried Cities of Campa Ia Their History

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The Buried Cities of Campa Ia Their History THE BURIED CITIES OF CAMPAIA THEIR HISTORY, THEIR DESTRUCTIO, AD THEIR REMAIS. By W. H. DAVEPORT ADAMS, " And in an hour of universal mirth, What time the trump proclaims the festival. Buries some capital city, there to sleep The sleep of ages — till a plough, a spade Disclose the secret, and the eye of day Glares coldly on the streets, the skeletons ; Each in his place, each in his gay attire. And eager to enjoy." ROGERS. 1870. SHAKSPEARE makes Malcolm say of the Thane of Cawdor, that " nothing in his life became him like the leaving it." Of Pompeii it may be said, that nothing in its history is equal in interest to its last scene. The fate of the gay Campanian city has been curious. Some cities have secured enduring fame by their commercial opulence, like Tyre ; by their art-wonders, like Athens ; by their world-wide power, like Rome ; or their gigantic ruins, like Thebes. Of others, scarcely less famous for their wealth and empire, the site is almost forgotten ; their very names have almost passed away from the memory of men. But this third-rate provincial town — the " Brighton" or " Scarborough" of the Roman patricians, though less splendid and far less populous than the English watering-places— owes its celebrity to its very destruction. Had it not been overwhelmed by the ashes- of Vesuvius, the student, the virtuoso, and the antiquary, would never have been drawn to it as to a VI PREFACE. shrine worthy of a pilgrim's homage. As a graceful writer has justly remarked, the terrible mountain, whilst it destroyed, has also saved Pompeii ; and in so doing, has saved tor us an ever- vivid illustration of anpient Roman life. Hence the imperishable interest which attaches to it; hence its charm for every cultivated mind. The year-long labours of the most assiduous German com- mentators could never have thrown such an amount of light upon the manners and customs of the Romans, upon the works of the great Latin writers, as has been accom- plished by the spade and pickaxe of the excavators of Pompeii. They show us the theatre, the forum, and the temple — the baker's shop, and the gladiator's training- school — the lady's boudoir, and the wealthy patrician's tablinum,— just as they were when the life and motion of the bright city were suddenly arrested, and its annals abruptly closed. What would we not give for a similar illustration of Egyptian or Assyrian manners ! How the historian would rejoice if PersepoHs, or Palmyra, or Babylon, could in like manner be restored to the light of day ! It is not the object of the present volume to furnish a hand-book to the ruined city. In the works ot Gell, Ma- zois, Fiorelli, Overbeck, Dr. Dyer, and icolini, scarcely a detail has been overlooked ; the subject is treated with the most exhaustive minuteness and painstaking research. PREFACE. vii The writer's intention in the following pages is simply to furnish a general description of its more remarkable objects, that the reader may form a just conception of their value as illustrative of the customs, arts, and do- mestic economy of the ancients. Then, if so disposed, he may pursue his studies with the assistance of the writers above mentioned. The excellent work on Pom- peii in the " Library of Entertaining Knowledge" is now, to a certain extent, obsolete, and no other compendious summary, in a handy and convenient form, is accessible to the general reader. The writer, therefore, believes that there was a want to be supplied ; and he trusts he has succeeded in supplying it, by bringing within a moderate compass the results of the discoveries made at Pompeii and Herculaneum up to the present time. And as his volume is designed for the young, he has intro- duced concise explanations of various points connected with Roman antiquities, when they seemed needful to a clear comprehension of the subject. Thus : in connec- tion with the baths of Pompeii he has briefly described the general arrangements of the Roman Thermae, and in connection with its theatres the mode of construction adopted by the ancient architects. The critic will be pleased to remember, however, that these descriptions have been purposely rendered as plain and unadorned as was consistent with accuracy. viii PREFACE. Lastly, the writer has to acknowledge his obligations to the authorities already quoted, and especially to Over- beck's " Pompeji." Some admirable photographs of note- worthy buildings and objects, accompanied by agreeable descriptions, will be found in Dr. Dyer's " Ruins of Pom- peii;" Sir W. Cell's " Pompeiana" is still a standard work; and the coloured lithographic plates in icolini's " Le case ed i Monumenti di Pompeii" are remarkable for their accuracy and spirit. \V. II. U. A. antitniB, I. The Destruction of the Cities, H. General View of the City, in. TheFoeum, The Temple of Venus, The Basilica, The Curiae, and jErarium, The ChalcidicLim, . Temple of Qiiirinus, The Senaculum, The Pantheon, IV. The Temple of Fortune, V. The Amphitheatres, VI. The Theatres, The Great Theatre, The Small Theatre, or Odeum, The Soldiers' Barracks, Temple of iEsculapius, House of the Sculptor, The Iseon, The Tribunal, VII. The Thermae, OR Baths, Women's Baths, The ew Baths, .. Page II 47 62 69 74 77 77 127 137 140 143 145 14s 146 150 152 170 I'/i X COTETS. Page VIII. Houses OF Pompeii, 179 The House of the Tragic Poet, ZQO House of Ceres, 203 Houses of the Fountains, 204 The Fullonica, 206 The House of Holconius, . 209 House of Pansa, . 212 House of Sallust, . 217 House of the Dioscuri, 219 House of the Centaur, 223 IX. The Tombs at Pompeii, 237 X. Heeculaneum, 252 XI. Recent Discoveries, . ... 256 XII. The Museum at aples. 269 BURIED CITIES OF CAMPAIA. " The long, long night That followed, when the shower of ashes fell, ^VheIl they that sought Pompeii sought in vain ; It was not to be found." |HE shores of the Bay of aples exhibit a lovehness and a fertility which have in all ages won the admiration of every lover of the beautiful. On this most favoured region atyre seems to have lavished, with unstinting hand, her choicest gifts. The olive, the mulberry, and the vine adorn its verdant slopes ; the bloom of flowers lies on its plains ; cool shadows nestle in its leafy woods ; its sea shines ever with a tranquil azure ; sweet odours are wafted by the breeze from its groves of citron and cedar ; and over all the enchanted scene the cloudless heaven extends its arch of serenest blue. or are there want- f2 " FAIR PARrHEOPE." ing those associations of song and fable which add to the charm of even the fairest landscape. Here Virgil invoked the happy Muses, among fields which seemed consecrated to their worship. On yonder promontory of Misenum hes buried the trumpeter of Hector and .iEneas, whose name, as the poet foretold, has become immortal : " ^ternumque tenet per sa:cula nomen.'' In the blossomy isle of ^ola dwelt the Circean sor- ceress — '' The daughter of the Sun, whose charmed cup Whoever tasted lost his upright shape." — Milton. At Sorento, which looks out upon the Parthenopean bay from its castled heights, was born Torquato Tasso : " Once among The children gathering shells along the shore, One laughed and played, unconscious of his fate : His to drink deep of sorrow, and through life To be the scorn of them that knew him not — Trampling alike the giver and his gift." — Rogkrs. Gorgeous Roman villas glittered of yore amid the purple vineyards, and the shades of Caesar and Pompey and Cicero appear ever present to the wanderer's eye. Once again we seem to hear the choral music swelUng on the wind, as the gilded galleys of the imperial court glide across the gleaming bay. Yonder convent of Pozzano recalls the memory of its founder, Gonsalvo de Cordova, the great captain. Amalfi, at the mouth of its deep mountain-gorge, revives the history of a maritime republic, which in the eleventh century was the first naval power in Europe. The radiant columns of Pajstum belong to an age which peopled earth with fair A LAD OF SOG. 13 creations of god and goddess, nymph and faun. The classic shores are bathed by the Tyrrhene waters ; and blue against the eastern horizon hes the syren's isle of Leucosia. At Puteoli stood Cicero's favourite villa, where the Emperor Hadrian is said to have been interred. Westward of Monte uovo, and deep hidden among vine-clad hills, sleeps the celebrated Lake of Avernus — " Where the dark rock o'erhangs the infernal lake, And mingling streams eternal murmurs wake." — Homer. Here, through the cavern of the Sibyl, Mnzas descended into the realm of shadows. Cumse, planted on its vol- canic steep, is hallowed by the song of Pindar, who cele- brated the great victory of its citizens over the Etruscan armada. At Liternum, cursing an ungrateful country, died the Roman general, Scipio Africanus. And, predomi- nant above all the sweet interchange of cliff, and glen, and plain, — its presence everywhere felt, if not directly seen — a power and a mystery in the landscape which we instinctively recognize, — looms the volcanic mass of mighty Vesuvius, nursing in its heart of hearts the imperishable fire. Viewed from a distance, its flanks covered with wood and grove and bower, crowned with a weird and indescribable beauty — " An ampler ether, a diviner air, And fields invested with purpurea] gleams ' — it seems as if the stories told of its terrible powers of destruction were all the veriest fables.
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