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Présence Et Ambitions Des Affranchis Dans L'empire Romain

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Présence Et Ambitions Des Affranchis Dans L'empire Romain Présence et Ambitions des affranchis dans l’Empire Romain Gurvane Wellebrouck To cite this version: Gurvane Wellebrouck. Présence et Ambitions des affranchis dans l’Empire Romain . Etudes classiques. Université Paris-IV Sorbonne, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016PA040070. tel-01546642 HAL Id: tel-01546642 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01546642 Submitted on 25 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SORBONNE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 1 T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SORBONNE Discipline : Lettres Classiques Présentée et soutenue par : Gurvane WELLEBROUCK le : 23 Janvier 2016 Présence et Ambitions des affranchis dans l’Empire Romain Sous la direction de : M. Gérard CAPDEVILLE – Professeur des Universités, Université Paris-Sorbonne Membres du jury : M. François BÉRARD – Professeur des Universités, École Normale Supérieure M. Gérard CAPDEVILLE – Professeur des Universités, Université Paris-Sorbonne M. Alexandre GRANDAZZI – Professeur des Universités, Université Paris-Sorbonne M. Charles GUITTARD – Professeur des Universités, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense M. Etienne WOLFF – Professeur des Universités, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense 1 Je tiens à adresser tous mes remerciements à Monsieur Gérard Capdeville pour m’avoir dirigée et suivie dans mes recherches, ainsi que pour sa disponibilité et ses conseils judicieux. Ma reconnaissance va également à mes anciens professeurs de Lettres Classiques, des Universités Paris-X-Nanterre et Paris-IV-Sorbonne auprès desquels j’ai effectué mon cursus universitaire, Merci enfin à mon entourage familial et amical pour m’avoir encouragée tout au long de ces années. 2 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 3 Table des matières 3 Introduction 7 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : PRÉSENTATION DE L’AFFRANCHISSEMENT 13 CHAPITRE 1 : LES DIFFÉRENTS PROCÉDÉS D’AFFRANCHISSEMENT 14 I. 1. 1 : Les méthodes traditionnelles d’affranchissement 15 I. 1. 2 : Les situations particulières d’affranchissement 19 I. 1. 3 : Les différents statuts d’affranchis 23 CHAPITRE 2 : LE VOCABULAIRE LIÉ A LA VIE DES AFFRANCHIS 24 I. 2. 1 : Les termes officiels 25 a) manus et liber 25 b) le préfixe con/col 32 c) alumnus et uerna 34 d) accensus et uicarius 35 I. 2. 2 : Le vocabulaire de la vie quotidienne 40 a) les liens avec le maître 40 b) de l’esclave à l’affranchi 41 c) le métier 44 I. 2. 3 : Les désignations péjoratives 47 CHAPITRE 3 : LA NOMENCLATURE DES AFFRANCHIS 51 I. 3. 1 : Les tria nomina des affranchis 52 I. 3. 2 : L’intérêt porté aux tria nomina du maître 62 I. 3. 3 : La prise de distance avec les tria nomina 70 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : LA PLACE DES AFFRANCHIS DANS LA SOCIÉTÉ IMPÉRIALE 74 CHAPITRE 1 : LA POLITIQUE DES EMPΕREURS D’AUGUSTE À TRAJAN 75 II. 1. 1 : Le rôle historique de la censure d’Appius Claudius 76 II. 1. 2 : Les lois promulguées par les Julio-Claudiens 83 a) la lex Fufia Caninia 83 b) la lex Aelia Sentia 84 c) la lex Iunia 85 II. 1. 3 : Les fonctions réservées aux affranchis 91 a) les cohortes de vigiles 91 b) les procuratèles 96 4 c) la flotte romaine 107 CHAPITRE 2 : LES AFFRANCHIS IMPÉRIAUX 119 II. 2. 1: Les récompenses accordées par l’Empereur 120 a) l’anulus aureus 120 b) autres exemples de faveurs 131 II. 2. 2: L’influence des affranchis impériaux 133 a) Ti. Claudius Narcissus 133 b) M. Antonius Pallas 138 c) Claudia Acte 140 d) Ti. Iulius Anicetus 142 II. 2. 3: Portraits de deux affranchis impériaux célèbres 144 a) le point de vue de Pline le Jeune sur Pallas 144 b) la Consolation à Polybe de Sénèque 151 CHAPITRE 3 : LES AFFRANCHIS DANS LA CITÉ 162 II. 3. 1: Le commerce 163 a) le lien avec le patron 163 b) les indications géographiques 165 II. 3. 2: Les spectacles 169 a) les histriones 169 b) les musici 179 c) les acteurs des circenses 183 d) les acteurs des ludi gladiatorii 189 II. 3. 3: Les missions de service public 199 a) les apparitores 199 b) les paedagogi 205 TROISIÈME PARTIE : LA RECHERCHE D’UNE PERSONNALITÉ 208 CHAPITRE 1 : LA VIE QUOTIDIENNE 209 III. 1. 1 : Les cultes célébrés 210 a) les cultes privés 210 b) les cultes liés à la vie de la cité 222 III. 1. 2 : Le domaine funéraire 229 a) les columbaria 229 b) le tombeau du maître 234 c) le tombeau privé 236 5 CHAPITRE 2 : LA VIE FAMILIALE 248 III. 2. 1 : La famille : un moyen de réussite sociale 249 a) le couple 250 b) les représentations de la famille 260 III. 2. 2 : La situation des fils d’affranchis 271 a) les faveurs impériales 271 b) le cas des Empereurs 276 III. 2. 3 : Deux exemples de fils d’affranchis devenus célèbres 282 a) Claudius Etruscus 282 b) Horatius Flaccus 288 CHAPITRE 3 : LE REGARD PORTÉ SUR LES AFFRANCHIS 296 III. 3. 1 : Les restrictions au sein des politiques impériales 297 III. 3. 2 : Le jugement des auteurs 301 a) la cupidité des affranchis 301 b) l’influence des affranchis 308 c) la transgression sociale 312 III. 3. 3 : L’évolution de la classe des affranchis 323 a) le règne de Domitien 323 b) la situation après le règne de Trajan 328 Conclusion 336 Annexes 339 I Iconographie 340 II Index épigraphique 358 III Index libertorum nominum 367 IV Index locorum 375 Bibliographie 389 6 INTRODUCTION 7 Au sein de la population composant la ville de Rome, la présence des individus relevant du statut servile peut être dénombrée en fonction de l’ensemble des habitants de l’Vrbs. Selon Jérôme Carcopino1, le nombre des habitants de Rome serait à fixer à près d’un million. Il se repose, d’une part, sur les registres de l’annone qui distribuait une certaine quantité de blé aux citoyens de la plèbe, et s’appuie, d’autre part, sur les déclarations d’Auguste qui, en 5 av. J. –C., avait distribué soixante deniers à chacun des 320 000 citoyens : Tribuniciae potestatis duodeuicensimum consul XII trecentis et uiginti millibus plebis urbanae sexagenos denarios uiritim dedi.2 Comme ici la distribution frumentaire n’avait concerné que les hommes, uiritim, de la plebs urbana, il faudrait y ajouter les femmes et les garçons en-dessous de onze ans, ce qui, selon Carcopino, mettrait l’effectif de Rome à 675 000 citoyens. De là, il considère que le reste de la population romaine, représentant la plebs sordida, se répartirait entre les pérégrins, étrangers vivant à Rome, les soldats stationnés dans la ville et enfin les affranchis Juniens, qui n’avaient pas été libérés de façon officielle. Un autre essai fut mené par Tenney Franck pour répertorier le nombre d’affranchis à la fin de la République, en utilisant la part de la taxe sur les manumissions, la uicesima libertatis, mais trop peu de sources venant étayer ses résultats, annonçant un nombre de 16 000 affranchissements par an vers 50 av. J. – C., un tel effectif ne pouvait être confirmé.3 L’élément essentiel, cependant, est de constater l’essor de ces affranchissements de la fin de la République au premier siècle de l’Empire : les conquêtes romaines successives avaient accru le nombre d’esclaves, que les maîtres étaient amenés à libérer ; les mesures politiques, destinées à encadrer le nombre d’affranchissements, permettront ainsi de vérifier cette hausse non négligeable. La question se pose alors de la place que ces affranchis allaient occuper dans une société qui les avait connus et considérés comme des esclaves et qui devait, désormais, les accueillir comme des individus détenteurs du ius Quiritium, le droit de citoyenneté romaine. 1 J. Carcopino, La Vie quotidienne à Rome à l’apogée de l’Empire, Hachette, Paris, 1972, p.33 2 Auguste, Res Gestae, XV, 2 : « Lors de ma 18ème puissance tribunicienne et de mon 12ème consulat, j’ai donné soixante deniers à chacun des trois cent vingt mille citoyens de la plèbe urbaine.» 3 T. Franck, The sacred treasure and the rate of manumission, AJP, 53, 1932, in : S. Treggiari, Roman freedmen during the late Républic, Oxford, 1969, p.31-34 8 En travaillant sur la vie des affranchis à l’époque du premier siècle de l’Empire, c’est cette présence au sein de la société romaine que nous souhaitons rendre concrète, en développant les champs d’action dans lesquels les affranchis avaient pu trouver leur place et instiller leur influence. Notre objectif sera, en effet, de montrer comment ces anciens esclaves contribuèrent à l’essor de la société impériale et avec quels moyens ils y parvinrent. Le passage de l’état d’esclave à celui d’affranchi sera dans un premier temps étudié sur le plan du vocabulaire pour permettre une approche précise des textes et reconnaître les occurrences d’un certain nombre de termes appartenant au registre lexical de l’affranchissement. La terminologie est importante, en effet, puisque c’était essentiellement par leurs activités, commerciales, artisanales ou autres, ou bien par leurs fonctions exercées au service de magistrats ou de la famille impériale, ou même par leur origine qu’étaient identifiés et répertoriés les affranchis. Nous verrons alors que tous les domaines de la société étaient concernés par la présence de ces individus car ils occupaient de nombreux métiers, que ce soit celui de petit artisan ou de commerçant dans un quartier de Rome, ou celui de technicien lors des jeux publics, sans compter les diverses fonctions liées au cadre politique et économique de la cité.
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  • ©2011 Benjamin Wesley Hicks ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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