Laïcité Et Religion En Tunisie Mustapha Bakir

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Laïcité Et Religion En Tunisie Mustapha Bakir Laïcité et religion en Tunisie Mustapha Bakir To cite this version: Mustapha Bakir. Laïcité et religion en Tunisie. Linguistique. Université de Strasbourg, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016STRAC030. tel-01534124 HAL Id: tel-01534124 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01534124 Submitted on 7 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES HUMANITÉS Groupe d’Études Orientales, Slaves et Néo-helléniques (GEO – EA 1340) THÈSE DE DOCTORAT POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG EN ÉTUDES ORIENTALES, MÉDITERRANÉENNES ET SLAVES ÉTUDES ARABES Présentée par Mustapha Bakir Soutenue le 16/09/2016 Laïcité et religion en Tunisie Directeur de thèse : Professeur Nehmetallah ABI-RACHED Membres de jury ABI-RACHED Nehmetallah (Professeur), Université de Strasbourg (Directeur de thèse) WEBER Edgard (Professeur émérite), Université de Strasbourg (Examinateur) CHABIR Ayadi (Professeur), Institut National des langues et Civilisations Orientales (Rapporteur) DENOOZ Laurence (Professeur), Université de Lorraine (Rapporteur) Mustapha BAKIR Laïcité et religion en Tunisie 2 Dédicaces Je dédie ce travail : A la mémoire de mon père. A ma mère qui m’oriente dans ma vie. A ma femme. A mon fils qui s’est marqué par son courage tout le long de mon absence. A mes frères et leurs familles. Mustapha BAKIR Laïcité et religion en Tunisie 3 Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance à tous ceux qui m’ont aidé à réaliser ce travail. Je tiens d’abord à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Professeur Nehmetallah ABI- RACHED pour ses encouragements et son soutien pendant la réalisation de ce travail et ses corrections. Je tiens à manifester ma reconnaissance à mon professeur Edgar Weber, qui m’a dirigé pendant ma première année. Ses conseils m’ont bien orienté vers l’achèvement de cette thèse. Je tiens à remercier Professeur Laurence DENOOZ et Professeur Ayadi CHABIR qui m’ont fait l’honneur de juger mon travail. Je tiens à remercier toute ma famille qui m’a accoté, ma mère Mennana, mes frères : Mohamed Hédi, Mohamed Amir et Mohamed, mes beaux-parents Fethi et Sallouha JAAFAR. Enfin, je remercie mes amis parisiens, tunisiens et strasbourgeois, toute personne qui s’est engagée avec moi dans cette expérience. Mustapha BAKIR Laïcité et religion en Tunisie 4 « Le changement prouve la contingence empirique, c’est à-dire que le nouvel état, sans une cause appartenant au temps précédent, n’aurait pu par lui-même intervenir d’une manière qui fût conforme à la loi de causalité » Kant, Critique de la raison pure Mustapha BAKIR Laïcité et religion en Tunisie 5 Tableau de translittération ض ḍ ا , ط ṭ ب b ظ ẓ ت t ع ‘ ث ṯ غ ġ ج g ف f ح h ق q خ ḫ ك k د d ل l ذ ḏ م m ر r ن n ز z ه h س s و w ش š ي z ص ṣ Mustapha BAKIR Laïcité et religion en Tunisie 6 Sommaire Introduction générale : problématique et cadre théorique .................................................. 8 Partie 1. Le concept de laïcité, de l’originalité occidentale à la spécificité tunisienne à travers l’œuvre de Bourguiba ............................................................................................... 17 Chapitre 1. La laïcité : un concept universel ....................................................................... 17 1. La laïcité : un concept d’inspiration française ................................................................ 17 2. La laïcité : un préalable indispensable à la modernité d’État ......................................... 19 Chapitre 2. En Tunisie : une approche de la laïcité ............................................................ 23 1. La laïcité dans les pays musulmans ................................................................................ 23 2. Un islamisme affirmé dans le contexte des pays musulmans et en Tunisie ................... 26 3. La tendance tunisienne face à la laïcité........................................................................... 34 4. La tendance moderniste de l’État face à la laïcité en Tunisie ......................................... 36 Chapitre 3. Bourguiba : une approche complexe de la laïcité en Tunisie ......................... 39 1. Une laïcité personnalisée ................................................................................................ 39 2. L’idée de réforme de Bourguiba, fondement de la laïcité en Tunisie ............................. 40 3. L’iğtihād ou la rénovation ............................................................................................... 43 4. Une laïcité instrumentalisée ............................................................................................ 51 5. Bourguiba : vers la fin .................................................................................................... 57 PARTIE 2. LE DÉCHIREMENT DE LA SOCIÉTÉ TUNISIENNE ENTRE ISLAMISME ET LAÏCITÉ (1956-2011) .............................................................................................................................. 73 Chapitre 1. Le mouvement islamiste en Tunisie .................................................................. 76 1. Les origines de l’islamisme et de l’identité musulmane ................................................. 76 2. La thèse du M. T. I : l’islamisme est la condition du salut de la société ........................ 87 Chapitre 2. L’espace public en Tunisie entre islamisme et réformisme ........................... 97 1. L’individu comme citoyen et la pratique de la religion .................................................. 97 2. Le citoyen tunisien partagé entre islamisme et modernisme ........................................ 102 3. La sécularisation comme solution ? .............................................................................. 107 Mustapha BAKIR Laïcité et religion en Tunisie 7 4. Autre choix de modernité.............................................................................................. 109 Chapitre 3. La question de la femme dans le champ du réformisme en Tunisie ........... 113 1. Rappel historique .......................................................................................................... 113 2. L’ère coloniale .............................................................................................................. 116 3. Tāhar al-Ḥaddād .......................................................................................................... 120 Chapitre 4. La femme : pierre angulaire du réformisme en Tunisie .............................. 127 1. La laïcité en Tunisie ...................................................................................................... 127 2. La femme tunisienne : aspect culturel et religieux ....................................................... 128 Chapitre 5. Le voile entre interprétation du texte coranique et modernité religieuse ... 148 1. La problématique du voile musulman : subordination féminine à Dieu ou à l’homme ?148 2. Ḥiǧāb entre le politique et le religieux .......................................................................... 161 Chapitre 6. Le voile : sa dimension religieuse symbolique et l’affirmation identitaire . 168 1. La dimension symbolique de la religion ....................................................................... 168 2. Le symbolique dans la culture musulmane ................................................................... 173 3. Représentations traditionnelles de l’éducation féminine .............................................. 177 PARTIE 3. EFFERVESCENCE DE LA PENSÉE TUNISIENNE CONTEMPORAINE FACE AU CHOIX ENTRE APPROPRIATION ET ADAPTATION À LA LAÏCITÉ ........................................................ 192 Chapitre 1. La difficulté pour les pays arabes d’assimiler la laïcité ? ............................. 193 Chapitre 2. Les penseurs contemporains Abdelmadjid Charfi et Mohamed Talbi : existe-t-il une prédisposition de la société musulmane à la laïcité ? ................................ 201 1. Une nouvelle manière de lire le Coran ......................................................................... 201 2. La conscience musulmane entre fidélité au Coran et interprétation ............................. 214 Chapitre 3. Position de la pensée féminine tunisienne entre vie sociale et laïcité .......... 229 1. Olfa Youssef : la femme en question ............................................................................ 229 2. Amel Grami : le pensable et l’impensable dans la jurisprudence islamique ................ 231 3. Iqbal Gharbi : le fidèle dans la société .......................................................................... 239 Conclusion générale ............................................................................................................. 243 Mustapha BAKIR Laïcité et religion en Tunisie 8 Introduction générale : problématique et cadre théorique « Laïcité et religion en Tunisie ». Pourquoi un tel sujet de recherche et quelle est son importance ? Nous voulions étudier les différents aspects de la laïcité dans une terre nord- africaine et démontrer
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