11873395 01.Pdf

Exchange rate on Jan. 2008 is US$ 1.00 = Tanzanian Shilling Tsh 1,108.83 = Japanese Yen ¥ 114.21 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUPPORTING REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER 1 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY...... 1 - 1 1.1 Purpose of Survey ...... 1 - 1 1.2 Meteorology ...... 1 - 1 1.2.1 Meteorological Network...... 1 - 1 1.2.2 Meteorological Data Analysis ...... 1 - 2 1.3 Hydrology ...... 1 - 7 1.3.1 River Network ...... 1 - 7 1.3.2 River Regime...... 1 - 8 1.3.3 River Flow Discharge Measurement ...... 1 - 10 1.4 Water Use...... 1 - 12

CHAPTER 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY...... 2 - 1 2.1 Purpose of Survey ...... 2 - 1 2.2 Survey Area...... 2 - 1 2.3 Methodology of Geomorphologic Analysis...... 2 - 1 2.3.1 Used Remote Sensing Data ...... 2 - 1 2.3.2 Data Processing and Analysis...... 2 - 2 2.3.3 Field Survey...... 2 - 4 2.4 Geomorphologic Characteristics ...... 2 - 5 2.4.1 Topography...... 2 - 5 2.4.2 Nature of Ground Surface...... 2 - 7

CHAPTER 3 GEOLOGY ...... 3 - 1 3.1 General Geology...... 3 - 1 3.2 Geological Description...... 3 - 2 3.2.1 Precambrian Basement Rocks ...... 3 - 4 3.2.2 Kainozoic (Cenozoic) Formations...... 3 - 5 3.2.3 Volcanic Rocks...... 3 - 5 3.3 Geological Structure...... 3 - 5 3.4 Results of Field Survey ...... 3 - 7 3.5 Detailed Analysis of Sub-Basin G by Remote Sensing ...... 3 - 16 3.5.1 Purpose of Survey...... 3 - 16 3.5.2 Survey Area ...... 3 - 16 3.5.3 Used Remote Sensing Data and Product Images...... 3 - 16 3.5.4 Survey Results ...... 3 - 20

CHAPTER 4 WATER BALANCE ANALYSIS BY USING REMOTE SENSING...... 4 - 1 4.1 Purpose of Survey ...... 4 - 1 4.2 Survey Area...... 4 - 1 4.3 Detailed Water Balance Analysis for the Sub-basin G ...... 4 - 2 4.3.1 Evapotranspiration...... 4 - 5 4.3.2 Rainfall ...... 4 - 13 4.3.3 Runoff...... 4 - 14 4.3.4 Infiltration...... 4 - 15 4.3.5 Results of Detailed Water Analysis for the Sub-basin G...... 4 - 18 4.4 Simplified Water Balance Analysis for the Sub-basins in IDB ...... 4 - 19 4.4.1 Sub-basin A (Lake Eyasi Sub-basin)...... 4 - 24 4.4.2 Sub-basin B (Monduli Sub-basin (1))...... 4 - 25 4.4.3 Sub-basin C (Monduli Sub-basin (2))...... 4 - 25 4.4.4 Sub-basin D (Lake Manyara Sub-basin)...... 4 - 25 4.4.5 Sub-basin E (Lake Natron Sub-basin) ...... 4 - 25 4.4.6 Sub-basin F (Olduvai Sub-basin)...... 4 - 26 4.4.7 Sub-basin G (Bahi (Manyoni) Sub-basin) ...... 4 - 26 4.4.8 Sub-basin H (Masai Steppe Sub-basin) ...... 4 - 26 4.4.9 Sub-basin I (Namanga Sub-basin)...... 4 - 26 4.4.10 Summary of the Water Balance in February (Rainy Season)...... 4 - 27 4.5 Macro Water Balance Analysis...... 4 - 28 CHAPTER 5 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY...... 5 - 1 5.1 Outline of Survey ...... 5 - 1 5.1.1 Purpose of Survey...... 5 - 1 5.1.2 Planned Survey Location...... 5 - 1 5.1.3 Survey Quantity...... 5 - 1 5.2 Survey Methodology...... 5 - 2 5.2.1 Vertical Electrical Sounding...... 5 - 2 5.2.2 Two-dimensional Resistivity Survey...... 5 - 6 5.2.3 Magnetic Survey...... 5 - 11 5.3 Survey Result...... 5 - 15 5.3.1 Geological Structure Survey (Vertical Electrical Sounding)...... 5 - 15 5.3.2 Geophysical Survey for Test Borehole Drilling ...... 5 - 25

CHAPTER 6 TEST BOREHILE DRILLING SURVEY...... 6 - 1 6.1 Purpose of Survey ...... 6 - 1 6.2 Drilling Work ...... 6 - 1 6.2.1 Outline of the Work...... 6 - 1 6.2.2 Specification of Survey...... 6 - 3 6.2.3 Drilling Procedure ...... 6 - 4 6.2.4 Drilling Method ...... 6 - 5 6.2.5 Sampling, Measurement and Testing ...... 6 - 6 6.2.6 Borehole Logging...... 6 - 6 6.2.7 Result of Drilling...... 6 - 9 6.3 Pumping Test...... 6 - 24 6.3.1 Method of Pumping Test ...... 6 - 24 6.3.2 Result of Pumping Test ...... 6 - 25 6.3.3 Water Sample for Water Quality Test ...... 6 - 34

CHAPTER 7 WATER QUALITY SURVEY...... 7 - 1 7.1 Introduction...... 7 - 1 7.2 Methodology ...... 7 - 1 7.2.1 Collecting of Existing Water Quality Data ...... 7 - 1 7.2.2 Simplified Water Quality Test ...... 7 - 4 7.2.3 Laboratory Test of Water Quality ...... 7 - 6 7.3 Survey Results...... 7 - 10 7.3.1 Water Quality of Surface Water ...... 7 - 11 7.3.2 Water Quality of Groundwater ...... 7 - 16 7.3.3 Seasonal Changes in Water Quality at Water Sources ...... 7 - 23 7.3.4 Water Pollution at Water Sources ...... 7 - 24 7.3.5 Sources of High Fluoride Content in Water Sources Based on Existing Materials ...... 7 - 27 7.3.6 Relationship between Fluoride and Other Water Quality Parameters at Water Sources ...... 7 - 28

CHAPTER 8 FLUORIDE PROBLEMS AND WATER-RELATED DISEASES...... 8 - 1 8.1 Fluoride Diseases Problems and Removal Measures ...... 8 - 1 8.1.1 Health Effect of Fluoride ...... 8 - 1 8.1.2 Fluoride Removal Techniques...... 8 - 4 8.1.3 Measures of Fluoride Removal by Other Donors, NGOs and International Organizations ...... 8 - 10 8.2 Water-related Diseases...... 8 - 11 8.2.1 Introduction ...... 8 - 11 8.2.2 Situation of Water-related Diseases in Study Areas...... 8 - 13 8.3 Dental Fluorosis in Internal Drainage Basin (IDB)...... 8 - 17 8.3.1 Introduction ...... 8 - 17 8.3.2 Materials and Methods ...... 8 - 21 8.3.3 Results ...... 8 - 25 8.3.4 Conclusions ...... 8 - 35 8.3.5 Recommendations ...... 8 - 36

CHAPTER 9 HYDROGEOLOGY ...... 9 - 1 9.1 Collection of Existing Data...... 9 - 1 9.1.1 Borehole Database...... 9 - 1 9.1.2 Water Supply Facilities Data...... 9 - 4 9.2 Inventory Survey of Existing Water Supply Facilities...... 9 - 8 9.2.1 Survey Items...... 9 - 8 9.2.2 Inventory Survey Result ...... 9 - 9 9.3 Hydrogeological Condition on each Geological Unit ...... 9 - 13 9.3.1 Granitic rock area (gs, gs-a, gs-b)...... 9 - 13 9.3.2 Metamorphic Rock area, Usagaran system (Xs, Xs-a, Xs-l) ...... 9 - 14 9.3.3 Dodoman System (D) ...... 9 - 16 9.3.4 Nyanzian System (Z) ...... 9 - 16 9.3.5 Volcanic area (Nv and Nvd)...... 9 - 17 9.3.6 Tertiary and Recent Sediment (N, Nl, and Nf)s ...... 9 - 18 9.3.7 Fault System related to the Great Rift Valley...... 9 - 19 9.4 Groundwater Flow Analysis...... 9 - 19 9.4.1 Altitude of Static Water Level...... 9 - 19 9.4.2 Water Quality Hexa-diagram Analysis...... 9 - 20 9.4.3 Groundwater Flow...... 9 - 21 9.5 Productivity Analysis and Hydrogeological Map ...... 9 - 24 9.5.1 Productivity Analysis ...... 9 - 24 9.5.2 Hydrogeological Mapping...... 9 - 28 9.5.1 Productivity Analysis ...... 9 - 24 9.6 Groundwater Potential Evaluation ...... 9 - 31 9.6.1 Indices for Groundwater Potential Evaluation...... 9 - 31 9.6.2 Groundwater Potential Evaluation...... 9 - 35

CHAPTER 10 SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... 10 - 1 10.1 General Socio-economic Conditions of IDB...... 10 - 1 10.1.1 Administrative Setup and Population Distribution...... 10 - 1 10.1.2 General Economic Conditions...... 10 - 3 10.1.3 Social Service Conditions...... 10 - 9 10.1.4 Economic Infrastructure ...... 10 - 15 10.2 Socio-Economic Survey...... 10 - 19 10.2.1 Outline of Socioeconomic Survey...... 10 - 19 10.2.2 General Conditions of Sample Villages ...... 10 - 22 10.2.3 Economic Conditions of Sample Villages...... 10 - 25 10.2.4 Water Usage Conditions of Sample Villages ...... 10 - 26 10.2.5 Conditions of WUG/WUA ...... 10 - 32 10.2.6 Condition of Water Borne Disease and Influence of Fluoride ...... 10 - 37

CHAPTER 11 ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEM...... 11 - 1 11.1 Organizational System for Water Resources Development and Management ...... 11 - 1 11.1.1 National Development Plan for Water Sector ...... 11 - 1 11.1.2 Organization System for Water Sector ...... 11 - 2 11.2 Conditions of Basin Water Office in IDB (Phase-1 Study: Oct. 2005 – Mar. 2006) ...... 11 - 5 11.2.1 Organization Framework and Job Description of IDBWO ...... 11 - 5 11.2.2 Present Conditions of IDBWO and Issues To Be Solved...... 11 - 6 11.2.3 Sharing Roles and Coordination System with Other Organizations...... 11 - 8 11.3 Improvement of Organizational System for IDBWO (Phase-2 Jun. 2006 – Mar. 2007) .... 11 - 11 11.3.1 Capacity Development of IDBWO...... 11 - 11 11.4 Remaining Issue of IDBWO after Organization Strengthening Program (Phase-3 May 2007 – Nov. 2007) ...... 11 - 17

CHAPTER 12 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT (CD) ...... 12 - 1 12.1 Purpose of CD...... 12 - 1 12.2 Contents of CD...... 12 - 1 12.3 Upskilling Technology Program ...... 12 - 1 12.3.1 Meteorology and Hydrology...... 12 - 1 12.3.2 GIS / Database...... 12 - 4 12.3.3 Remote Sensing ...... 12 - 7 12.3.4 Geophysical survey and Test Borehole Drilling Supervision...... 12 - 9 12.3.5 Hydrogeology ...... 12 - 11 12.4 Organization Strengthening for IBDWO ...... 12 - 13 12.4.1 Outline of Organization Strengthening Program (OSP) ...... 12 - 13 12.4.2 Preparation of OSP ...... 12 - 14 12.4.3 Activities of OSP ...... 12 - 15 12.5 IDBWO’s State after CD Program...... 12 - 19 12.5.1 Upskilling Program...... 12 - 19 12.5.2 Organization Strengthening Program ...... 12 - 20

CHAPTER 13 DATABASE SYSTEM AND GIS ...... 13 - 1 13.1 GIS/Database Data Collection ...... 13 - 1 13.1.1 Map...... 13 - 1 13.1.2 GIS Data ...... 13 - 4 13.1.3 Database...... 13 - 5 13.2 Evaluation of Collected Data ...... 13 - 6 13.2.1 GIS Data ...... 13 - 6 13.2.2 Database...... 13 - 7 13.3 Development Database and GIS (First Phase) ...... 13 - 11 13.3.1 Unifying GIS Coordinate System ...... 13 - 11 13.3.2 GIS Components Development ...... 13 - 12 13.3.3 Database Components Development ...... 13 - 16 13.4 Developing Database and GIS (Second Phase)...... 13 - 18 13.4.1 Village Boundary Development ...... 13 - 18 13.4.2 Achievement and Analysis ...... 13 - 19 13.4.3 Estimating Population by GIS ...... 13 - 21 13.4.4 GIS Analysis and Visualization...... 13 - 22 13.5 Designing Database...... 13 - 23 13.5.1 Basic Concept of IDB Database Management...... 13 - 23 13.5.2 Database Configuration ...... 13 - 24 13.5.3 Database Management System Configuration...... 13 - 33 13.6 Recommendation for the Future...... 13 - 40

CHAPTER 14 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ...... 14 - 1 14.1 National Environmental Policy ...... 14 - 1 14.2 Environment Management Act, 2004 ...... 14 - 2 14.3 National Environment Management Council...... 14 - 3 14.4 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 14 - 4 14.4.1 Legal Obligation of Project Proponent ...... 14 - 4 14.4.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment...... 14 - 5 14.4.3 EIA Procedure and Guidelines...... 14 - 5 14.5 Basic Environmental Checklist for Water Sector (Draft)...... 14 - 6 14.6 IEE and/or EIA for the Study...... 14 - 7 14.7 Outline of Natural Environment...... 14 - 8 14.7.1 General...... 14 - 8 14.7.2 Outline of Natural Environment in the Internal Drainage Basin ...... 14 - 9 14.7.3 Protected Area Related to Groundwater Development...... 14 - 11 14.7.4 National Parks and Game Reserves in Internal Drainage Basin...... 14 - 12 14.7.5 Natural Environment and Protected Area in Each Region ...... 14 - 13 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Area of Sub-basins in the Internal Drainage Basin...... 1 - 8 Table 1-2 Selected Hydrometric Stations...... 1 - 11 Table 1-3 Measurement Results of River Flow Discharge...... 1 - 12

Table 2-1 List of Used LANDSAT/ETM Data ...... 2 - 1

Table 3-1 Stratigraphy of the Study Area...... 3 - 2 Table 3-2 List of Used ASTER Data...... 3 - 17 Table 3-1 Stratigraphy of the Study Area by Detailed Analysis ...... 3 - 26

Table 4-1 List of Used LANDSAT ETM Data for Detail Analysis...... 4 - 2 Table 4-2 Used Hydrometric Gauging Station Data of River Water Level ...... 4 - 3 Table 4-3 Observed Monthly Weather Data of Dodoma 2004 and Estimated Monthly Evapotranspiration (ET mak)...... 4 - 9 Table 4-4 Local Constant Value a and b ...... 4 - 9 Table 4-5 Recommended Values of Albedo (ERSDAC 2005) ...... 4 - 10 Table 4-6 Average River Water Discharge in February and September...... 4 - 15 Table 4-7 Runoff Coefficients of the Drainages in the Sub-basin G...... 4 - 15 Table 4-8 Results of Detailed Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin G on February...... 4 - 18 Table 4-9 Results of Detailed Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin G on September...... 4 - 18 Table 4-10 Used River Water Level Data of Hydrometric Gauging Station ...... 4 - 19 Table 4-11 Average River Water Discharge in February...... 4 - 24 Table 4-12 Estimation for Runoff Coefficient of Sub-basin A Area...... 4 - 24 Table 4-13 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin A ...... 4 - 24 Table 4-14 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin B...... 4 - 25 Table 4-15 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin C...... 4 - 25 Table 4-16 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin D ...... 4 - 25 Table 4-17 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin E...... 4 - 25 Table 4-18 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin F ...... 4 - 26 Table 4-19 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin G ...... 4 - 26 Table 4-20 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin H ...... 4 - 26 Table 4-21 Results of Water Balance Analysis for Sub-basin I...... 4 - 26 Table 4-22 Summary of Water Balance Analysis for IDB on February ...... 4 - 27 Table 4-23 Albedo Values...... 4 - 28 Table 4-24 Land Covers of Sub-basins in February 2000 by Remote Sensing...... 4 - 29

Table 5-1 Number of Survey Points for Geophysical Survey...... 5 - 1 Table 5-2 Measurement Schedule of Schlumberger Electrode Array...... 5 - 4 Table 5-3 Specification of Vertical Electrical Sounding Equipments...... 5 - 6 Table 5-4 Specification of Two-dimensional Resistivity Survey Equipments...... 5 - 9 Table 5-5 Specification of Magnetic Survey Equipment ...... 5 - 13 Table 5-6 Location and the Result of Vertical Electrical Sounding...... 5 - 16 Table 5-7 Comparison between Geology and Resistivity Value by VES ...... 5 - 20 Table 5-8 Resistivity Range and Geology in IDB...... 5 - 22 Table 5-9 Quantity of Survey in each Test Borehole Drilling Site ...... 5 - 26

Table 6-1 Location of Test Borehole Drilling Survey...... 6 - 1 Table 6-2 Result of Test Borehole Drilling Survey...... 6 - 35

Table 7-1 Contents of Water Quality Survey ...... 7 - 1 Table 7-2 Outline of Existing Data of Water Quality ...... 7 - 2 Table 7-3 Number of Water Sources for Water Quality Survey ...... 7 - 2 Table 7-4 Water Quality Items and Analytical Methods for Simplified Water Quality Test 7 - 5 Table 7-5 Selected Villages and Water Sources for the First Simplified Water Quality Test 7 - 6 Table 7-6 Selected Villages and Water Sources for the Second Simplified Water Quality Test ...... 7 - 6 Table 7-7 Water Quality Parameters for Laboratory Test ...... 7 - 7 Table 7-8 Items and Analytical Methods for Laboratory Test of Water Quality ...... 7 - 9 Table 7-9 Selected Villages and Existing Water Sources for Laboratory Test of Water Quality...... 7 - 10 Table 7-10 Water Quality in Lakes around the Study Area ...... 7 - 11 Table 7-11 Concentrations and Frequency of Occurrence for Fluoride, EC and pH in Surface Water in IDB...... 7 - 12 Table 7-12 Concentrations and Frequency of Occurrence for Fluoride(F), EC and pH in Shallow Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 16 Table 7-13 Concentrations and Frequency of Occurrence for Fluoride(F), EC and pH in Deep Groundwater in IDB...... 7 - 20 Table 7-14 Average of F and pH in Water Sources in Rainy and Dry Seasons...... 7 - 24 Table 7-15 Frequency of Occurrence for NO3, NH4, Fe, Mn and Coliform Bacteria in Water Sources in IDB...... 7 - 25

Table 8-1 Categories of Fluorosis ...... 8 - 1 Table 8-2 Occurrence of Fluorosis in School Children in Maji ya Chai Ward in Arusha Region expressed in terms of Dean Index ...... 8 - 4 Table 8-3 Comparison of Treatment Methods ...... 8 - 10 Table 8-4 Cumulative Reported Cases of Water-borne Diseases in the Study Regions in 2003...... 8 - 13 Table 8-5 Cumulative Reported Cases of Water-borne Diseases in the Study Regions in 2004 ...... 8 - 13 Table 8-6 Cumulative Reported Cases of Water-borne Diseases in the Study Regions in 2005 ...... 8 - 14 Table 8-7 Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index – Diagnostic Criteria for Dental Fluorosis Scores 8 - 22 Table 8-8 Clinical Form For Dental Fluorosis for the 12 - 18 Years Subjects...... 8 - 23 Table 8-9 Distribution of Children by Age, Sex and Regions...... 8 - 25 Table 8-10 Distribution of Study Participants by Altitude in Meters Above Sea Level ...... 8 - 26 Table 8-11 Distribution of Fluoride Concentration in Water by Regions...... 8 - 26 Table 8-12 Distribution of Children and Fluoride Concentration in Water by Regions ...... 8 - 26 Table 8-13 Distribution of water sources that were analyzed for fluoride levels...... 8 - 28 Table 8-14 Distribution of Fluoride Concentration in Magadi Samples by Regions...... 8 - 29 Table 8-15 Distribution of Children with TFI 4 by District ...... 8 - 30 Table 8-16 Mean TFI for Different Tooth Types ...... 8 - 31 Table 8-17 Mean TFI of Each Region...... 8 - 31 Table 8-18 Knowledge and Awareness Related to Dental Fluorosis ...... 8 - 34

Table 9-1 Item of Provisional Borehole Database...... 9 - 3 Table 9-2 Rural Water Supply Service Coverage in IDB ...... 9 - 4 Table 9-3 Ratio of Households with Access to Improved Water Source...... 9 - 5 Table 9-4 Aggregated Result of Water Supply Facilities...... 9 - 7 Table 9-5 Survey Items of Inventory Survey ...... 9 - 9 Table 9-6 Number of Surveyed Village and Points in Each District...... 9 - 10 Table 9-7 Groundwater Flow Velocity around Test Borehole Drilling Site ...... 9 - 22 Table 9-8 Interpretation of VSW Map ...... 9 - 25 Table 9-9 Groundwater Productivity Condition in IDB...... 9 - 27 Table 9-10 Criteria of the Evaluation of Groundwater Potential ...... 9 - 28 Table 9-11 Outline of Groundwater Development Potential by District...... 9 - 29 Table 9-12 Evaluation of Well Yield ...... 9 - 31 Table 9-13 Affection of TDS to Animals and Agricultural Crops...... 9 - 32 Table 9-14 Allocation of Evaluation Scores by Each Index ...... 9 - 34

Table 10-1 Administrative Setup of IDB ...... 10 - 1 Table 10-2 Population and Number of Households in IDB ...... 10 - 2 Table 10-3 Comparison of Population between Rural Area and Urban Area in IDB ...... 10 - 3 Table 10-4 GDP and GDP /Capita in 6 Regions ...... 10 - 4 Table 10-5 Main Agricultural Products and their Productivity in IDB...... 10 - 5 Table 10-6 Cultivated Land in IDB...... 10 - 6 Table 10-7 Irrigated Land in IDB...... 10 - 7 Table 10-8 Livestock Population in IDB...... 10 - 7 Table 10-9 Water Supply Conditions in IDB...... 10 - 9 Table 10-10 Coverage Ratio of Toilet in IDB...... 10 - 10 Table 10-11 Health Facilities by District in IDB ...... 10 - 11 Table 10-12 Infant and Under Five Mortality Rates in 6 Regions ...... 10 - 12 Table 10-13 Water Borne Disease in 6 Regions ...... 10 - 12 Table 10-14 Public Primary Schools in 6 Regions...... 10 - 13 Table 10-15 Literacy Rates of Adults in IDB ...... 10 - 14 Table 10-16 Road Conditions in Tanzania...... 10 - 15 Table 10-17 Main Energy Sources in IDB...... 10 - 17 Table 10-18 Main Import Items in Tanzania...... 10 - 18 Table 10-19 Contents of Socioeconomic Survey ...... 10 - 20 Table 10-20 Gender Lines of Population ...... 10 - 23 Table 10-21 Average Income per Households ...... 10 - 25 Table 10-22 Average Expenditure per Households...... 10 - 25 Table 10-23 Distance from Water Source to Household...... 10 - 29 Table 10-24 Time for Fetching Water...... 10 - 30 Table 10-25 Formulation Condition of WUG/WUA in Village ...... 10 - 32

Table 11-1 Job Description of IDBWO...... 11 - 7 Table 11-2 Main Task and Coordination for Water Supply...... 11 - 9 Table 11-3 Staff Distribution of IDBWO...... 11 - 12 Table 11-4 Equipment & Tool List of IDBWO ...... 11 - 13 Table 11-5 Revised JOB Description of IDBWO ...... 11 - 14 Table 12-1 Upskilling Technology Program...... 12 - 1 Table 12-2 Organization Strengthening Program (OSP)...... 12 - 2 Table 12-3 Schedule of Upskilling Program for Meteorology and Hydrology...... 12 - 2 Table 12-4 Overview of Training Course in Meteorology and Hydrology as Capacity Development ...... 12 - 3 Table 12-5 Schedule of Upskilling Technology Program for GIS/ Database ...... 12 - 5 Table 12-6 Overview in GIS/Database Capacity Development...... 12 - 6 Table 12-7 Schedule of Upskilling Program for Remote Sensing ...... 12 - 7 Table 12-8 Overview in Remote Sensing Capacity Development ...... 12 - 8 Table 12-9 Schedule of Geophysical Survey and Test Borehole Drilling Supervision Training ...... 12 - 9 Table 12-10 Overview in Geophysical Survey and Test Borehole Drilling Supervision Capacity Development...... 12 - 10 Table 12-11 Schedule of Hydrogeology Training Course...... 12 - 11 Table 12-12 Overview in Hydrogeology Capacity Development ...... 12 - 12 Table 12-13 Schedule of Organization Strengthening Program (1) ...... 12 - 13 Table 12-14 Schedule of Organization Strengthening Program (2) ...... 12 - 13

Table 13-1 Collected Map...... 13 - 1 Table 13-2 Acquired 1/250,000 Topo-Map...... 13 - 2 Table 13-3 Acquired Administrative Map ...... 13 - 3 Table 13-4 MoWLD GIS Data...... 13 - 4 Table 13-5 Other GIS Data ...... 13 - 4 Table 13-6 Census GIS Data ...... 13 - 4 Table 13-7 MoWLD Database ...... 13 - 5 Table 13-8 Regional Database (Shinyanga) ...... 13 - 5 Table 13-9 Collected Borehole Catalog ...... 13 - 5 Table 13-10 Census Data ...... 13 - 5 Table 13-11 Number of Village ...... 13 - 6 Table 13-12 Geological Feature Legend ...... 13 - 13 Table 13-13 Categorized Road Type...... 13 - 14 Table 13-14 2002 Population and Housing Census (Population by Village)...... 13 - 16 Table 13-15 Developed Village List from 2002 Population and Housing Census...... 13 - 16 Table 13-16 Administrative Code Format and Example...... 13 - 17 Table 13-17 IDB_DB Configuration (simple version)...... 13 - 24 Table 13-18 IDB_DB Configuration (detail version)...... 13 - 25 Table 13-19 GIS Figure ID and Name ...... 13 - 26 Table 13-20 GIS Layer Description 1 ...... 13 - 27 Table 13-21 GIS Layer Description 2 ...... 13 - 28 Table 13-22 GIS Layer Description 3 ...... 13 - 29 Table 13-23 GIS Layer Description 4 ...... 13 - 30 Table 13-24 GIS Layer Description 5 ...... 13 - 31 Table 13-25 Map and Satellite Configuration...... 13 - 32 Table 13-26 IDB DBMS Table List ...... 13 - 39

Table 14-1 Function of Technical Directorates in NEMC ...... 14 - 4 Table 14-2 Forest Reserves in Arusha Region ...... 14 - 15 Table 14-3 Forest Reserves in Shinyanga Region ...... 14 - 17 Table 14-4 Forest Reserves in Dodoma Region ...... 14 - 20 Table 14-5 Forest Reserves in Singida Region ...... 14 - 21 Table 14-6 Forest Reserves in Tabora Region ...... 14 - 23 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Current Weather Stations in IDB and its Adjacent Area ...... 1 - 1 Figure 1-2 Averaged Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area ...... 1 - 2 Figure 1-3 Distribution Map of Annual Rainfall in IDB and its Adjacent Area ...... 1 - 3 Figure 1-4 Averaged Monthly Rainfall in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area ...... 1 - 4 Figure 1-5 Averaged Sunshine Duration in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area..... 1 - 4 Figure 1-6 Averaged Pan Evaporation in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area ...... 1 - 5 Figure 1-7 Averaged Relative Humidity in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area ..... 1 - 5 Figure 1-8 Wind Rose in IDB and its Adjacent Area ...... 1 - 6 Figure 1-9 Sub-basins, River Network and Hydrometric Gauging Stations in the Internal Drainage Basin...... 1 - 7 Figure 1-10 Flow Duration Curves...... 1 - 9 Figure 1-11 Monthly Averaged River Flow Discharges at 1974...... 1 - 9 Figure 1-12 Water Level Change of Lake Kitangiri (2K13) ...... 1 - 10 Figure 1-13 Locations of River Flow Discharge Measurement Points...... 1 - 11 Figure 1-14 Water Use derived from Water Right Information ...... 1 - 13

Figure 2-1 Location of used LANDSAT/ETM+ data...... 2 - 2 Figure 2-2 LANDSAT ETM False Color Image (B, G, R: band1, band4, band5)...... 2 - 3 Figure 2-3 Concept of Vegetation, Soil and Water(VSW) Indices...... 2 - 4 Figure 2-4 Location of Field Survey Points...... 2 - 5 Figure 2-5 SRTM DEM Image...... 2 - 7 Figure 2-6 Three Dimensional Topographic Map of the Internal Drainage Basin...... 2 - 8 Figure 2-7 SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) Image ...... 2 - 9 Figure 2-8 VSW Image (V; vegetation, S; Soil, W; Water and Moisture)...... 2 - 9 Figure 2-9 Land Cover Map ...... 2 - 10

Figure 3-1 Structural Map of East African Rift System ...... 3 - 1 Figure 3-2 Geological Map of the Internal Drainage Basin ...... 3 - 3 Figure 3-3 Distribution of Faults and Lineaments...... 3 - 6 Figure 3-4 Location of Field Survey Points...... 3 - 7 Figure 3-5 ASTER False Colour Mosaic Image (B, G, R : Band1, Band3, Band6)...... 3 - 18 Figure 3-6 ASTER/DEM Shaded Elevation Image...... 3 - 19 Figure 3-7 Check Points of Field Survey...... 3 - 20 Figure 3-8 ASTER SAVI Image...... 3 - 22 Figure 3-9 Geological Interpretation Map of Sub-basin G Area ...... 3 - 27 Figure 3-10 ASTER Ratio image (B, G, R: Band4/Band6, Band4/Band1, Band2/Band1)..... 3 - 28

Figure 4-1 LANDSAT ETM+ False Colour Images (B, G, R : Band2, Band4, Band5) ..... 4 - 3 Figure 4-2 LANDSAT ETM+ SAVI Images ...... 4 - 4 Figure 4-3 LANDSAT ETM+ VSW Images ...... 4 - 4 Figure 4-4 Land Cover Maps ...... 4 - 5 Figure 4-5 Temperature Maps ...... 4 - 7 Figure 4-6 Sunshine Hours Maps ...... 4 - 8

Figure 4-7 Scatter Diagram of Observed E (evaporation) and Estimated ETmak ...... 4 - 9 Figure 4-8 Scatter Diagrams of Albedo and First Principal Component of LANDSAT ETM+ Data ...... 4 - 10 Figure 4-9 Albedo Maps ...... 4 - 11 Figure 4-10 Evapotranspiration Maps ...... 4 - 12 Figure 4-11 Rainfall Maps ...... 4 - 13 Figure 4-12 Hydrometric Gauging Stations of Sub-basin G and those Water Catchment Areas 4 - 14 Figure 4-13 Infiltration Map (I = P㧙ET㧙Ra×P) of 2R1A, 2R23, 2R25, 2R26 and 2R29 .. 4 - 16 Figure 4-14 Possible Infiltration Maps (I=P-ET) of Sub-basin G ...... 4 - 17 Figure 4-15 The Hydrometric Gauging Stations of IDB Area ...... 4 - 20 Figure 4-16 Sunshine Hours Map ...... 4 - 21 Figure 4-17 Temperature Map ...... 4 - 21 Figure 4-18 Rainfall Map ...... 4 - 22 Figure 4-19 Evapotranspiration Map ...... 4 - 22 Figure 4-20 Possible Infiltration Map (P-ET) ...... 4 - 23 Figure 4-21 Possible Infiltration on February ...... 4 - 27 Figure 4-22 Land Cover Ratio of Each Sub-basin ...... 4 - 29 Figure 4-23 Monthly Rainfall Change in Each Sub-basin ...... 4 - 31 Figure 4-24 Monthly Evapotranspiration Change in Each Sub-basin ...... 4 - 31 Figure 4-25 Monthly Change of Possible Infiltration (1) (unit: mm) ...... 4 - 32 Figure 4-26 Monthly Change of Possible Infiltration (2) (unit: mcm) ...... 4 - 33 Figure 4-27 Annual Possible Infiltration Rate (%) ...... 4 - 34

Figure 5-1 Conceptual Diagram of the Factor which Defines Resistivity ...... 5 - 2 Figure 5-2 Range of Resistivity Values for Various Materials ...... 5 - 3 Figure 5-3 Schematic Diagram of Schlumberger Configuration ...... 5 - 3 Figure 5-4 Schematic Diagram of Field Measurement and Measurement Procedure ...... 5 - 4 Figure 5-5 Flow Chart of Automatic Analysis ...... 5 - 5 Figure 5-6 Example of VES Analysis ...... 5 - 6 Figure 5-7 Schematic Diagram of Pole-pole Electrode Array ...... 5 - 7 Figure 5-8 Potential Distribution with Point Current Source ...... 5 - 7 Figure 5-9 Schematic Diagram of Field Measurement and Process for two-dimensional Resistivity Survey ...... 5 - 9 Figure 5-10 Automatic Inversion Flow Chart of Two-dimensional Resistivity Survey ...... 5 - 10 Figure 5-11 Example of Two-dimensional Resistivity Survey Analysis ...... 5 - 10 Figure 5-12 Range of Magnetic Susceptibility Value for Various Materials ...... 5 - 11 Figure 5-13 Schematic Diagram of the Model of Spherical Shell in the Geomagnetic Field 5 - 12 Figure 5-14 Schematic Diagram of Measurement for Magnetic Survey (G-858) ...... 5 - 13 Figure 5-15 Analysis Flowchart for Magnetic Survey ...... 5 - 14 Figure 5-16 Location Map of Survey Points for Vertical Electrical Sounding ...... 5 - 15 Figure 5-17 Typical Resistivity Structure -Pattern 1- ...... 5 - 21 Figure 5-18 Typical Resistivity Structure -Pattern 2- ...... 5 - 21 Figure 5-19 Typical Resistivity Structure -Pattern 3- ...... 5 - 22 Figure 5-20 Distribution of Bedrock Resistivity Based on Geophysical Survey ...... 5 - 23 Figure 5-21 Distribution of Bedrock Depth Based on Geophysical Survey ...... 5 - 24 Figure 5-22 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.1 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 27 Figure 5-23 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.2 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 28 Figure 5-24 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.3 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 29 Figure 5-25 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.4 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 30 Figure 5-26 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.5 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 31 Figure 5-27 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.6 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 32 Figure 5-28 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.7 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 33 Figure 5-29 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.8 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 34 Figure 5-30 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.9 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 35 Figure 5-31 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.10 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 36 Figure 5-32 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.11 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 37 Figure 5-33 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.12 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 38 Figure 5-34 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.13 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 39 Figure 5-35 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.14 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 40 Figure 5-36 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.15 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 41 Figure 5-37 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.16 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 42 Figure 5-38 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.17 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 43 Figure 5-39 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.18 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 44 Figure 5-40 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.19 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 45 Figure 5-41 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.20 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 46 Figure 5-42 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.21 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 47 Figure 5-43 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.22 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 48 Figure 5-44 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.23 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 49 Figure 5-45 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.24 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 50 Figure 5-46 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.25 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 51 Figure 5-47 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.26 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 52 Figure 5-48 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.27 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 53 Figure 5-49 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.28 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 54 Figure 5-50 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.29 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 55 Figure 5-51 Location of Test Borehole Drilling No.30 and Survey Result ...... 5 - 56

Figure 6-1 Location Map of the Test Borehole Drilling Survey ...... 6 - 1 Figure 6-2 Schematic Diagram of Well Structure ...... 6 - 3 Figure 6-3 Flow Chart of Drilling Work ...... 6 - 4 Figure 6-4 Result of the Loggings in No. 3 Bubutole ...... 6 - 8 Figure 6-5 Result of the Loggings in No. 4 Loo ...... 6 - 8 Figure 6-6 Result of Pumping Test (Kongogo) ...... 6 - 25 Figure 6-7 Result of Pumping Test (Bubutole) ...... 6 - 26 Figure 6-8 Result of Pumping Test (Loo) ...... 6 - 26 Figure 6-9 Result of Pumping Test (Nholi) ...... 6 - 27 Figure 6-10 Result of Pumping Test (Barmi/Seloto) ...... 6 - 27 Figure 6-11 Result of Pumping Test (Ikasi) ...... 6 - 28 Figure 6-12 Result of Pumping Test (Hirbadaw) ...... 6 - 28 Figure 6-13 Result of Pumping Test (Tlawi) ...... 6 - 29 Figure 6-14 Result of Pumping Test (Misingi) ...... 6 - 29 Figure 6-15 Result of Pumping Test (Sepuka) ...... 6 - 30 Figure 6-16 Result of Pumping Test (Nkongwa) ...... 6 - 30 Figure 6-17 Result of Pumping Test (Magugu) ...... 6 - 31 Figure 6-18 Result of Pumping Test (Makame) ...... 6 - 31 Figure 6-19 Result of Pumping Test (Ngofila) ...... 6 - 32 Figure 6-20 Result of Pumping Test (Mwasayi) ...... 6 - 32 Figure 6-21 Result of Pumping Test (Loliondo) ...... 6 - 33 Figure 6-22 Result of Pumping Test (Uwiro) ...... 6 - 33

Figure 7-1 Distribution of Water Sources in Water Quality Survey ...... 7 - 3 Figure 7-2 Simplified Water Quality Survey on Site ...... 7 - 4 Figure 7-3 Distribution of Survey Points for Simplified Water Quality Test ...... 7 - 6 Figure 7-4 Treatment Processes before Laboratory Test ...... 7 - 8 Figure 7-5 Water Sampling Locations for Laboratory Test of Water Quality ...... 7 - 10 Figure 7-6 Distribution of F in the Surface Water in IDB ...... 7 - 13 Figure 7-7 Distribution of EC in the Surface Water in IDB ...... 7 - 13 Figure 7-8 Distribution of pH in the Surface Water in IDB ...... 7 - 14 Figure 7-9 Trilinear Diagram of Surface Water in IDB ...... 7 - 15 Figure 7-10 Distribution of Fluoride Concentration in Shallow Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 17 Figure 7-11 Distribution of EC in Shallow Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 17 Figure 7-12 Distribution of pH in Shallow Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 18 Figure 7-13 Trilinear Diagram of Shallow Groundwater in ID ...... 7 - 19 Figure 7-14 Distribution of Fluoride Concentration in Deep Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 21 Figure 7-15 Distribution of EC in Deep Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 21 Figure 7-16 Distribution of pH in Deep Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 22 Figure 7-17 Trilinear Diagram of Deep Groundwater in IDB ...... 7 - 23

Figure 7-18 Distribution of NO3 and NH4 in Dry Season in IDB ...... 7 - 26 Figure 7-19 Distribution of Fe and Mn in Dry Season in IDB ...... 7 - 26 Figure 7-20 Compliance to the standards for drinking water ...... 7 - 27 Figure 7-21 Hexa Diagram in Existing Water Sources in the Whole Basin ...... 7 - 30 Figure 7-22 Hexa Diagram in Existing Water Sources in Sub Basin A ...... 7 - 31 Figure 7-23 Mechanism of Formation of High-F- Groundwater in South India ...... 7 - 32 Figure 7-24 Relationship between Fluoride and Other Water Quality Items in Deep Groundwater (Borehole Wells) in Sub-basin A ...... 7 - 33

Figure 8-1 Symptoms of Dental Fluorosis ...... 8 - 2 Figure 8-2 Symptoms of Skeletal Fluorosis ...... 8 - 3 Figure 8-3 Symptoms of Crippling Fluorosis ...... 8 - 4 Figure 8-4 Percentage Distribution of Fluorosis Cases among Age Groups in Maji ya Chai Village, Arusha Region ...... 8 - 4 Figure 8-5 Typical Operational Run at Gilabend Arizona, USA using Activated Alumina Media ...... 8 - 5 Figure 8-6 Occurrence of Water-related Diseases for Out-patients Aged below 5 Years ... 8 - 14 Figure 8-7 Occurrences of Water-related Diseases for Out-patients Aged above 5 Years .. 8 - 15 Figure 8-8 Occurrences of Water-related Diseases for Admitted Patients Aged below 5 Years ...... 8 - 15 Figure 8-9 Occurrences of Water-related Diseases for Admitted Patients Aged above 5 Years 8 - 16 Figure 8-10 Proportion of Children with TFI > 4 by District ...... 8 - 29 Figure 8-11 Mean TFI by District ...... 8 - 30 Figure 8-12 Relationship between Fluoride and TF Index ...... 8 - 32 Figure 8-13 Distribution of Mean TFI by Dental Survey Examination and Fluoride Levels in Water ...... 8 - 33

Figure 9-1 Rural Water Supply Ratio by District in IDB ...... 9 - 6 Figure 9-2 Water Source Type of each Region ...... 9 - 7 Figure 9-3 Distribution map of Surveyed Points for Existing Water Supply Facilities Inventory Survey ...... 9 - 9 Figure 9-4 Drilling Depth Distribution Based on Inventory Survey ...... 9 - 11 Figure 9-5 Static Water Level Distribution in IDB ...... 9 - 12 Figure 9-6 Distribution of the Altitude of Static Water Level ...... 9 - 20 Figure 9-7 Hexa-diagram of water quality in IDB ...... 9 - 21 Figure 9-8 Groundwater Flow Direction Map ...... 9 - 23 Figure 9-9 Well Yield Distribution of Existing Wells ...... 9 - 24 Figure 9-10 Groundwater Productivity Classification for Hydrogeological Map ...... 9 - 26 Figure 9-11 Hydrogeological Map of Internal Drainage Basin ...... 9 - 30 Figure 9-12 Correlation between EC and TDS ...... 9 - 32 Figure 9-13 Distribution Maps of Each Parameter for Groundwater Potential Evaluation ... 9 - 34 Figure 9-14 Case-1: Groundwater Potential Evaluation (Basic) ...... 9 - 36 Figure 9-15 Case-2: Groundwater Potential Evaluation (Basic + Infiltration) ...... 9 - 36 Figure 9-16 Case-3: Groundwater Potential Evaluation (Basic, 2 X Fluorides) ...... 9 - 37 Figure 9-17 Case-4: Groundwater Potential Evaluation (Case-2 + Population Density) ...... 9 - 37 Figure 9-18 Case-5: Groundwater Potential Evaluation (Case-4 + Water Supply Ratio) ..... 9 - 38 Figure 10-1 Location Map of Socioeconomic Survey Points (Village and Household Survey) ...... 10- 21 Figure 10-2 Structure of Respondents ...... 10- 22 Figure 10-3 Distribution of Village Population ...... 10- 22 Figure 10-4 Dwelling Condition ...... 10- 23 Figure 10-5 Accessibility of Village to Main Road ...... 10- 24 Figure 10-6 Power Supply Condition ...... 10- 24 Figure 10-7 Telecommunication Condition ...... 10- 24 Figure 10-8 Main Economic Activity in Villages ...... 10- 25 Figure 10-9 Main Economic Activity of Households ...... 10- 25 Figure 10-10 Profitability of Each Economic Activity ...... 10- 26 Figure 10-11 Annual Expenditure of Each Item ...... 10- 26 Figure 10-12 Main Water Source in Villages ...... 10- 27 Figure 10-13 Water Usage by Source Type ...... 10- 27 Figure 10-14 Satisfaction Level of Water Sources (Water Quality) ...... 10- 28 Figure 10-15 Satisfaction Level of Water Sources (Water Quantity) ...... 10- 28 Figure 10-16 Person in Charge for Fetching Water ...... 10- 30 Figure 10-17 Fetching Water Time ...... 10- 30 Figure 10-18 Water Container ...... 10- 31 Figure 10-19 Carrying Water ...... 10- 31 Figure 10-20 Water Consumption in Family ...... 10- 31 Figure 10-21 Problem of Water Related Issue ...... 10- 31 Figure 10-22 Reason for Unorganizing WUG/WUA (Village Leader) ...... 10- 33 Figure 10-23 Reason for Unorganizing WUG/WUA (Villager) ...... 10- 33 Figure 10-24 Initial Cost for Construction of Existing Water Supply Facility ...... 10- 33 Figure 10-25 O&M Cost for Existing Water Supply Facility ...... 10- 34 Figure 10-26 Reason for Non-activated WUG/WUA ...... 10- 34 Figure 10-27 Frequency of Payment for O&M Cost ...... 10- 35 Figure 10-28 Person in Charge for Collection and Reserving Money of O&M Cost ...... 10- 35 Figure 10-29 Participation of WUG/WUA Activity ...... 10- 36 Figure 10-30 Participation Way of WUG/WUA ...... 10- 36 Figure 10-31 Reason for Non-participation to WUG/WUA ...... 10- 36 Figure 10-32 Necessity of WUG/WUA ...... 10- 36 Figure 10-33 Receiving Service for Sensitization ...... 10- 36 Figure 10-34 Water Borne Diseases in Family ...... 10- 37 Figure 10-35 Cause of Diseases ...... 10- 37 Figure 10-36 Ideal Place of Treatment for Diseases ...... 10- 38 Figure 10-37 Real Way of Treatment for Diseases ...... 10- 38 Figure 10-38 Ratio of Latrine in Households ...... 10- 38 Figure 10-39 Frequency of Cleaning Latrine ...... 10- 38 Figure 10-40 Customs of Washing Hands ...... 10- 39 Figure 10-41 Tool for Washing Hands ...... 10- 39 Figure 10-42 Frequency of Cleaning Water Containers ...... 10- 39 Figure 10-43 Treatment of Water Before Drinking ...... 10- 39 Figure 10-44 Knowledge of Fluoride Proble ...... 10- 40 Figure 10-45 Using Magadi ...... 10- 41

Figure 11-1 New Organization Structure of MoW ...... 11- 3 Figure 11-2 Present Institutional Framework of Water Resources Management ...... 11- 4 Figure 11-3 Organizational Chart of IDBWO ...... 11- 5 Figure 11-4 Revised Organizational Chart of IDBWO ...... 11- 13 Figure 11-5 Organizational Framework for IDBWO ...... 11- 17 Figure 11-6 Water Right Fee Collection System with Bank Transfer System ...... 11- 19 Figure 11-7 Tentative Flow Chart of Data Collection from Related Other Organizations .... 11- 19 Figure 11-8 Tentative Flow Chart of Data Collection from Monitoring Borehole ...... 11- 20

Figure 13-1 Acquisition of Topographic Map...... 13- 2 Figure 13-2 Acquisition of Geological Map...... 13- 3 Figure 13-3 Entity Relationship Diagram of MoWLD Data Bank...... 13- 7 Figure 13-4 Entity Relationship Diagram of RWSSP-WADATA ...... 13- 8 Figure 13-5 Interface of MAJI-MIS ...... 13- 9 Figure 13-6 EA Population Research Sheet ...... 13- 10 Figure 13-7 UTM zone in Internal Drainage Basin...... 13- 11 Figure 13-8 Developing Administrative Boundary ...... 13- 12 Figure 13-9 Developed Geological Feature from Geological Maps...... 13- 13 Figure 13-10 Developed Main Road and Railway GIS Data from 1/250,000 Topographic Maps13- 14 Figure 13-11 Developed Forest Reserved Area from Administrative Maps ...... 13- 15 Figure 13-12 No Relationship and Attribute Table in GIS...... 13- 17 Figure 13-13 Cooperative Work through OJT...... 13- 18 Figure 13-14 Developed Village Boundary and Point (Centroid) Intersect Basin ...... 13- 19 Figure 13-15 Developed Village Boundary and Basin (Shinyanga Rural)...... 13- 20 Figure 13-16 Estimated Population Calculated by GIS using Village Data...... 13- 21 Figure 13-17 GIS Visualization with Considering Major Faults...... 13- 22 Figure 13-18 Image of IDB GIS/Database Management ...... 13- 23 Figure 13-19 IDB_DB Components...... 13- 24 Figure 13-20 IDB_DBMS Menu (User Interface)...... 13- 33 Figure 13-21 Water Resource Data Management: Input Form ...... 13- 34 Figure 13-22 Water Quality Data Management: Input Form ...... 13- 35 Figure 13-23 Hydrometric Data Management: Input Form...... 13- 35 Figure 13-24 Administrative Data Management (Village): Input Form...... 13- 36 Figure 13-25 Water User Fee Management: Input Form...... 13- 36 Figure 13-26 IDB_DBMS Entity Relationship Diagram...... 13- 38

Figure 14-1 The Phytochoria of Internal Drainage Basin...... 14 - 10 Figure 14-2 The Ecological Zones of the Internal Drainage Basin ...... 14 - 10 Figure 14-3 Main Reserved Areas in Internal Drainage Basin...... 14 - 13 ABBREVIATION

ADM Administrative As Arsenic (mg/L) ASTER Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer B.H. Borehole BSF Belgium Survival Fund BWB Basin Water Board C/P Counter Part CFI Community Fluorosis Index DB DataBase DBMS DataBase Management System DC District Council DDCA Drilling and Dam Construction Agency DECE Environmental Compliance and Enforcement DEIA Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment DEICO Directorate of Environmental Information, Communication and Outreach DEM Digital Elevation Model DEPR Directorate of Environmental Planning and Research DWE District Water Engineer DWL Dynamic Water Level (m) EA Enumeration Area EC Electric Conductivity (mS/m) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement ERSDAC Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center ETM Enhansed Thematic Mapper F Fluoride (mg/L) Fe Iron (mg/L) FK Foreign Key GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit IDB Internal Drainage Basin IDB Office Water Basin Office of Internal Drainage Basin IDBWO Internal Drainage Basin Water Ofiice IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IMR Infant Mortality Rate IVS Inventory Survey JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LANDSAT Land sensing Satellite LUT Look Up Table MC Municipal Council Mn Manganese (mg/L) MoF Ministry of Finance MOFA Ministry of Food security Agriculture MoLD Ministry of Livestock Development MoW Ministry of Water MoWLD Ministry of Water and Livestock Development MS MicroSoft MWE Municipal Water Engineer NAWAPO National Water Policy NBS National Bureau of Statistics NEMC National Environment Management Council NGO Non Government Organization NH4 Ammonia Ion (mg/L) NO3 Nitrate Ion (mg/L) NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty O&M Operation & Maintenance OJT On the Job Training ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential (mV) OST Organization Strengthening Team PK Primary Key PMO-RALG Prime Minister's Officer - Regional Administration and Local Government PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RAS Regional Administrative Secretariat RCU Regional Consultancy Unit RWE Regional Water Engineer RWSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme S Sulphate Ion (mg/L) SAVI Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index SEMA Sustainable Environment Management Action SMD Surveys and Mapping Division SRTM Shuttle Rader Topography Mission SWL Static Water Level (m) TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company TAZARA Tanzania and Zambia Railways TCRS Tanzanian Children's Refugee Service TFI Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index TOR Terms of Reference TPDC Tanzanian Petroleum Development Corporation TPTC Tanzanian Posts and Telecommunication TRC Tanzania Railways Corporation TTCL Tanzanian Telecommunication Company Ltd. TWA Technical Water Advisor U5MR Under Five Mortality Rate UNCSD United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UTM Universal Transverse Mercator VEO Village Executive Officer VES Vertical Electrical Sounding VSW Vegetation-Soil-Water WFP World Food Program WGS World Geodetic System WHO World Health Organization WQS Water Quality Survey WRD Water Resources Division WUA Water User Association WUC Water User Committee WUG Water User Group CChhaapptteerr 11 Meteorology and Hydrology The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

CHAPTER 1 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY Meteorological and hydrological data such as temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours, evaporation humidity, wind speed, and river discharge have been collected and analyzed. The results are described below. These data are used for a water balance analyses in IDB.

1.1 Purpose of Survey The meteorological and hydrological study consists of data collection, the analysis, and river flow discharge measurement. The study was carried out to obtain the following information and to be used for water balance analyses. x Meteorological condition of IDB. x Hydrological condition of IDB

1.2 Meteorology

1.2.1 Meteorological Network Figure 2-1 shows the distribution of the meteorological stations operated by Tanzania Meteorological Agency and the rainfall stations where data collected in and adjacent to IDB. The numbers of the stations are a few by comparison with the largeness of IDB. The monthly records on rainfall, air temperature, sunshine hour, relative humidity, pan evaporation, and wind-run are available at the meteorological stations. The covering period of those weather data is since 1975 to 2004 (30 years).

Figure 1-1 Current Weather Stations in IDB and its Adjacent Area

1-1 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

1.2.2 Meteorological Data Analysis (1) Air Temperature Air temperature of the several stations in IDB was analyzed as Figure 1-2. This figure presents average maximum and minimum temperatures at major meteorological stations in IDB or its adjacent area. Annual variation and difference of maximum temperature among the stations is larger than those of minimum temperature. The distribution pattern of Tabora is different from others.

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㪘㫉㫌㫊㪿㪸㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪉㪏㪅㪋㩷㪉㪐㪅㪈㩷㪉㪏㪅㪉㩷㪉㪌㪅㪌㩷㪉㪊㪅㪉㩷㪉㪉㪅㪈㩷㪉㪉㪅㪇㩷㪉㪊㪅㪈㩷㪉㪌㪅㪍㩷㪉㪎㪅㪌㩷㪉㪎㪅㪋㩷㪉㪎㪅㪎㩷㪘㫉㫌㫊㪿㪸㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪈㪋㪅㪈㩷㪈㪋㪅㪊㩷㪈㪌㪅㪍㩷㪈㪍㪅㪍㩷㪈㪌㪅㪍㩷㪈㪊㪅㪌㩷㪈㪉㪅㪎㩷㪈㪉㪅㪐㩷㪈㪊㪅㪉㩷㪈㪋㪅㪉㩷㪈㪌㪅㪈㩷㪈㪋㪅㪐㩷㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪫㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪉㪏㪅㪋㩷㪉㪏㪅㪐㩷㪉㪐㪅㪊㩷㪉㪐㪅㪇㩷㪉㪐㪅㪉㩷㪉㪐㪅㪋㩷㪉㪐㪅㪌㩷㪊㪇㪅㪍㩷㪊㪉㪅㪇㩷㪊㪉㪅㪋㩷㪊㪇㪅㪎㩷㪉㪏㪅㪏㩷㪫㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪈㪎㪅㪏㩷㪈㪎㪅㪍㩷㪈㪎㪅㪎㩷㪈㪎㪅㪊㩷㪈㪍㪅㪇㩷㪈㪋㪅㪊㩷㪈㪋㪅㪊㩷㪈㪍㪅㪊㩷㪈㪏㪅㪇㩷㪈㪐㪅㪇㩷㪈㪏㪅㪎㩷㪈㪏㪅㪊㩷㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪛㫆㪻㫆㫄㪸㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪉㪐㪅㪉㩷㪉㪐㪅㪌㩷㪉㪐㪅㪋㩷㪉㪏㪅㪍㩷㪉㪏㪅㪇㩷㪉㪎㪅㪇㩷㪉㪍㪅㪊㩷㪉㪎㪅㪉㩷㪉㪏㪅㪐㩷㪊㪇㪅㪌㩷㪊㪈㪅㪉㩷㪊㪇㪅㪊㩷㪛㫆㪻㫆㫄㪸㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪈㪏㪅㪎㩷㪈㪏㪅㪎㩷㪈㪏㪅㪌㩷㪈㪏㪅㪇㩷㪈㪍㪅㪍㩷㪈㪊㪅㪐㩷㪈㪊㪅㪎㩷㪈㪋㪅㪊㩷㪈㪌㪅㪋㩷㪈㪍㪅㪐㩷㪈㪏㪅㪊㩷㪈㪏㪅㪐㩷㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪪㪸㫄㪼㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪊㪈㪅㪊㩷㪊㪉㪅㪋㩷㪊㪈㪅㪏㩷㪉㪏㪅㪐㩷㪉㪍㪅㪎㩷㪉㪍㪅㪇㩷㪉㪌㪅㪍㩷㪉㪍㪅㪋㩷㪉㪏㪅㪊㩷㪊㪇㪅㪇㩷㪊㪇㪅㪎㩷㪊㪇㪅㪋㩷㪪㪸㫄㪼㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪈㪐㪅㪈㩷㪈㪐㪅㪉㩷㪈㪐㪅㪌㩷㪈㪏㪅㪊㩷㪈㪎㪅㪍㩷㪈㪌㪅㪌㩷㪈㪌㪅㪈㩷㪈㪌㪅㪉㩷㪈㪌㪅㪐㩷㪈㪎㪅㪊㩷㪈㪏㪅㪈㩷㪈㪏㪅㪎㩷㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪢㫀㫃㫀㫄㪸㫅㫁㪸㫉㫆㩷㪘㫀㫉㫇㫆㫉㫋㪊㪉㪅㪍㩷㪊㪊㪅㪋㩷㪊㪉㪅㪍㩷㪉㪐㪅㪍㩷㪉㪎㪅㪈㩷㪉㪌㪅㪐㩷㪉㪌㪅㪏㩷㪉㪍㪅㪎㩷㪉㪐㪅㪊㩷㪊㪈㪅㪈㩷㪊㪈㪅㪏㩷㪊㪈㪅㪐㩷㪢㫀㫃㫀㫄㪸㫅㫁㪸㫉㫆㩷㪘㫀㫉㫇㫆㫉㫋㪈㪎㪅㪐㩷㪈㪏㪅㪈㩷㪈㪐㪅㪉㩷㪈㪐㪅㪌㩷㪈㪏㪅㪊㩷㪈㪌㪅㪍㩷㪈㪋㪅㪋㩷㪈㪋㪅㪎㩷㪈㪌㪅㪊㩷㪈㪎㪅㪇㩷㪈㪏㪅㪋㩷㪈㪏㪅㪋㩷㪤㫆㫊㪿㫀㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪊㪉㪅㪊㩷㪊㪊㪅㪉㩷㪊㪉㪅㪊㩷㪉㪐㪅㪉㩷㪉㪎㪅㪇㩷㪉㪌㪅㪏㩷㪉㪌㪅㪌㩷㪉㪍㪅㪋㩷㪉㪏㪅㪎㩷㪊㪇㪅㪎㩷㪊㪈㪅㪋㩷㪊㪈㪅㪌㩷㪤㫆㫊㪿㫀㩷㪤㪼㫋㪼㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㪈㪏㪅㪉㩷㪈㪏㪅㪋㩷㪈㪐㪅㪊㩷㪈㪐㪅㪌㩷㪈㪏㪅㪍㩷㪈㪎㪅㪉㩷㪈㪍㪅㪉㩷㪈㪍㪅㪉㩷㪈㪍㪅㪌㩷㪈㪎㪅㪌㩷㪈㪏㪅㪌㩷㪈㪏㪅㪋㩷㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅

Figure 1-2 Averaged Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area

(2) Annual Rainfall Annual rainfall distribution as the one of the most important items for water resources analysis needs many data in terms of as much the number of observation points in IDB and as longer their monitoring duration as possible. Since enough rain gauge stations and weather stations have not been operated so far, data from “Summary of Rainfall in Tanzania” (1975): East Africa Community, Nairobi) has been used for the purpose. The results on the annual rainfall distribution are shown as Figure 1-3. The number of rain gauge stations applied for the map is more than 100 and their monitoring duration is more than 30 years. The map indicates that the north-eastern area of IDB surrounding Mt. Kilimanjaro is relatively high rainfall area, but Dodoma area is under the most sever condition, where has rainfall with only 600 mm/year.

1-2 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

Kilimanjaro Airport

SAME

Meteorological WeatherStations Stations

Figure 1-3 Distribution Map of Annual Rainfall in IDB and its Adjacent Area

(3) Seasonal Change of Monthly Rainfall Seasonal change of monthly rainfall of the several weather stations in IDB was analyzed as Figure 1-4. This figure presents average monthly rainfalls at major weather stations in IDB. The rainy season begins in late October or November and finishes in May. There are almost no rainfall from June to September. Monthly variation patterns of rainfall among the stations are divided into two groups, which are Tabora, Dodoma and Singida group and Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Moshi group. The stations of former group are located on hillside, and the rainfall pattern does not have sharp peak of monthly rainfall. On the other hand, the stations of the latter group are located on mountainous area, and the monthly rainfall pattern has sharp peak on April.

1-3 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

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Figure 1-4 Averaged Monthly Rainfall in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area

(4) Sunshine Duration Sunshine duration of the several stations in IDB was analyzed as Figure 1-5. This figure presents average monthly sunshine duration at major weather stations in IDB. Annual variation patterns of sunshine duration among the stations are divided into two groups, which are Tabora and Dodoma group, and Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Moshi group. The distributions of these two groups show completely opposite tendencies.

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1-4 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

(5) Potential Evaporation (Pan Evaporation) Pan evaporation of the several stations in IDB was analyzed as Figure 1-6. Figure 1-6 presents monthly average pan evaporation at major weather stations in IDB. Average pan evaporation shows the highest value on October at each station. The highest value was recorded at Shinyanga weather station. The seasonal change of Pan evaporation follows the temperature and the wind-run.

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250

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Figure 1-6 Averaged Pan Evaporation in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area

(6) Relative Humidity Relative humidity of the several stations in IDB was analyzed as Figure 1-7. The figure presents monthly average relative humidity at 9 A.M. (the left figure) and 3 P.M. (the right figure) at major weather stations in IDB. Average relative humidity at 9 P.M. shows higher value than that at 3 P.M. at each station. Annual variation patterns of relative humidity among the stations are divided into three groups, which are Tabora and Shinyanga group, Dodoma group, and Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Moshi group. Dodoma group has intermediate value between the other two groups.

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㪩㪣㪧㪥㪰㪥㪣㪞㪧㪫㪘㪥㪧㪚㪫㪚㪦㪭㪡㪝㪜㪙㪤㪘㪩㪘㪤㪘㪰㪡㪬㪥㪡㪬㪘㪬㪞㪪㪜㪦㪥㪦㪭㪛㪜㪚㪡㪘㪝㪜㪙㪤㪘㪩㪘㪧㪩㪤㪘㪡㪬㪡㪬㪘㪬㪪㪜㪦㪥㪛㪜㪚 Figure 1-7 Averaged Relative Humidity in Major Towns in IDB and its Adjacent Area

1-5 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

(7) Wind-run Wind-run of the several stations in IDB was analyzed as Figure 1-8. The figure presents the yearly average of appearance frequency of the wind directions at major weather stations in IDB. The appearance frequency of the wind from the east predominated except Shinyanga station.

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Figure 1-8 Wind Rose in IDB and its Adjacent Area

1-6 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

1.3 Hydrology

1.3.1 River Network River network was generated newly by using DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data and river catchments (Sub-basins) were also defined by SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) data as illustrated in the Figure 1-9. The areas of each sub-basin are shown in Table 1-1. According to this analysis, it reveals that several sub-basins should not be included in IDB but in the neighboring basins, namely “J” sub-basin belongs to the Pangani Basin, “K” and “L” sub-basins belong to the Wami Basin. “I” sub-basin is considered to be an international sub-basin itself. Approximately 35% of the international sub-basin is located in Kenya. “E” sub-basin is also an international one; it has “Lake Natron”, the whole sub-basin area is considerably big such as 26,224 km2, Tanzanian side of it is 33%. On the basis of the existing definition of IDB, its area is 152,146 km2; however, an area of the newly defined basin becomes 143,099 km2 as shown in Table 1-1.

Figure 1-9 Sub-basins, River Network and Hydrometric Gauging Stations in the Internal Drainage Basin

1-7 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

Table 1-1 Area of Sub-basins in the Internal Drainage Basin Internal Drainage Sub-CatchmentSub-Basin Area Tanzanian Side Kenyan Side Note Basin A 64,545 64,545 - 64,545 Lake Eyasi Sub-basin B 4,115 4,115 - 4,115 Monduli Sub-basin (1) C 1,385 1,385 - 1,385 Monduli Sub-basin (2) D 18,491 18,491 - 18,491 Lake Manyara Sub-basin Lake Natron Sub -basin E 26,224 8,658 17,566 8,658 Flowing out to Kenya F 4,577 4,577 - 4,577 Olduvai Sub-basin G 26,445 26,445 - 26,445 Bahi (Manyoni) Sub-basin H 9,313 9,313 - 9,313 Masai Steppe Sub-basin I 14,080 5,570 2,939 5,570 Namanga Sub-basin (Internal) J 7,122 7,122 - - Belong to Pangani Basin K 1,018 1,018 - - Belong to Wami Basin L 907 907 - - Belong to Wami Basin Total 178,221 152,146 20,505 143,099 - Unit : Km2

1.3.2 River Regime (1) Flow Regime Flow duration curves of the hydrometric gauging stations in the Tanzania were analyzed as Figure 1-10. Flow duration curves in IDB (Lake Eyasi sub-basin and Bahi sub-basin) show shorter flow discharge periods in a year and rapid discharge like a flash for each rainfall event compared with those in the other areas of Tanzania. This means that a lot of rivers in IDB are ephemeral rivers and unstable for water use. In comparison with the observation periods of the collected data on river flow discharge, there is the largest number of hydrometric observation data at year of 1974. Therefore the monthly averaged river flow discharges at various stations at the year of 1974 in IDB were analyzed as Figure 1-11. All observation results have almost the same tendency that the river flow discharge gradually increases from December, records the maximum value on April, and then decrease and disappears on June or July. It corresponds to the seasonal rainfall condition.

1-8 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

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Flow in Percentage of Mean Flow Percentages of Time Flow Exceeded One day Duration Curves Figure 1-10 Flow Duration Curves Source: The Study on the National Irrigation Mater Plan in the United Republic of Tanzania, 2002 November, JICA

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Figure 1-11 Monthly Averaged River Flow Discharges at 1974

1-9 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

(4) Lake Water Level Lake water level of the 2K13 gauging station at the Kitangiri Lake in Lake Eyasi sub-basin was analyzed as Figure 1-12. The figure presents average daily water level at Kitangiri Lake. Annual trend of water level change of the station is that the water level goes up during rainy season and goes down during dry season. The difference of the water level between the beginning and the end of each year corresponds to the change of storage volume in the lake during the corresponding year. For example, the water levels at each June went down from 1979 to 1982. It means that the storage volume of the lake decreased in this period.

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Figure 1-12 Water Level Change of Lake Kitangiri (2K13)

1.3.3 River Flow Discharge Measurement (1) Purpose The main purpose of the river flow discharge measurements was initially to add new data to the existing rating curves for each hydrometric gauging station, and estimate validities of the existing rating curves. However, our collected information says that suitable river flow discharge measurements for achieving the initial purpose in IDB are very difficult due to the shortest time of the flow discharges like a flashing. Therefore, we set additional purpose that is to provide river flow discharge information to some hydrometric gauging stations now being operated.

1-10 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

(2) Selected Hydrometric Gauging Stations As a result, five (5) hydrometric gauging stations are selected as measurement points. Their name and locations listed in Table 1-2 and are shown in Figure 1-13.

Table 1-2 Selected Hydrometric Stations 㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪥㫆㪅㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪥㪸㫄㪼㪣㪦㪚㪘㪫㪠㪦㪥㪣㪘㪫㪣㪦㪥㪞㪉㪟㪈㪘㪢㫀㫉㫌㫉㫌㫄㫆㪤㫋㫆㩷㫎㪸㩷㪤㪹㫌㩷㪙㫉㪅㪄㪊㪅㪊㪍㪏㪇㪐㪊㪌㪅㪏㪋㪇㪋㪋㪉㪟㪌㪘㪛㫌㪻㫌㫄㪼㫉㪸㪢㫀㫉㫌㩷㪩㪻㪅㪙㫉㪅㪄㪋㪅㪇㪐㪈㪈㪋㪊㪌㪅㪎㪉㪋㪈㪐㪉㪢㪍㪘㪢㫀㫉㫆㫅㪻㪸㪢㫀㫉㫆㫅㪻㪸㫋㪸㫃㪄㪋㪅㪊㪎㪏㪎㪍㪊㪋㪅㪊㪊㪋㪎㪐㪉㪢㪉㪎㪫㫌㫅㪾㫌㪣㫌㪹㪸㪾㪸㪄㪊㪅㪌㪎㪈㪎㪍㪊㪊㪅㪎㪏㪈㪉㪌㪉㪩㪈㪘㪙㫌㪹㫌㪝㪸㫉㫂㫎㪸㩷㪩㪻㪅㪙㫉㪅㪄㪌㪅㪊㪈㪋㪏㪍㪊㪌㪅㪌㪌㪌㪍㪍

Figure 1-13 Locations of River Flow Discharge Measurement Points

(3) Method of River Flow Discharge Measurement The flow measurement were implemented in compliance with Tanzanian standards, which is shown in “MANUAL ON PROCEDURES IN OPERATIONAL HYDROLOGY, VOLUME 3, STREAM DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS BY CURRENT METER AND RELATIVE SALT DILUTION, 1979”.

1-11 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

(4) Measurement Results The measurement results are shown in below.

Table 1-3 Measurement Results of River Flow Discharge

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1.4 Water Use The acquisition of data on actual water use in IDB is difficult because of the lack of systematic data collection system. Therefore the water use was estimated by using information on registered and applied water rights as a trial. The used information was provided by IDBO. The time stamps of the information were from 5 May 2004 to 12 January 2006. The results are shown in Figure 1-14 and Figure 1-15. The perceived tendency from these figures is shown below. (1) Arusha Region The main water resources are river and spring water. The main purpose of the water use is domestic use. There are small water uses for irrigation, livestock and commercials. (2) Manyara Region The main water resource is river water. The main purpose of the water use is domestic use. There are small water uses for irrigation. (3) Dodoma Region In this region, the data obtained is the one for Kondoa district only. The main water resources in Kondoa district are river, dams and borehole water. The main purpose of the water use is domestic use (4) Singida Region The main water resource is borehole water. The main purpose of the water use is domestic use. There is small water use for livestock. (5) Tabora Region The main water resources are river and dam water. The main purpose of the water use is irrigation and the next is domestic use. There is small water use for mining. (6) Shinyanga Region The main water resource is dam water. The main purpose of the water use is domestic use. There are small water uses for commercials and mining.

1-12 The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin -Supporting Report- Chapter 1 Meteorology and Hydrology

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