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T.C. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Iki T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ İKİ ENDEMİK TÜRÜN ORNITHOGALUM CHETIKIANUM UYSAL, ERTUĞRUL & DURAL VE ORNITHOGALUM DEMIRIZIANUM MALYER ET KOYUNCU MORFOLOJİK, ANATOMİK VE PALİNOLOJİK YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ Burcu YILMAZ ÇITAK YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Mayıs-2013 KONYA Her Hakkı Saklıdır TEZ BİLDİRİMİ Bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edildiğini ve tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. DECLARATION PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Burcu YILMAZ ÇITAK Tarih: ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İKİ ENDEMİK TÜRÜN ORNITHOGALUM CHETIKIANUM UYSAL, ERTUĞRUL & DURAL VE ORNITHOGALUM DEMIRIZIANUM MALYER ET KOYUNCU MORFOLOJİK, ANATOMİK VE PALİNOLOJİK YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ Burcu YILMAZ ÇITAK Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Hüseyin DURAL Doç. Dr. H. Nurhan BÜYÜKKARTAL 2013, 73 Sayfa Jüri Prof.Dr.Hüseyin DURAL Prof.Dr.N.Münevver PINAR Prof.Dr. Kuddisi ERTUĞRUL Bu çalışmada, Liliaceae familyasına ait Ornithogalum cinsinin Myogalum alt cinsinde yer alan Ornithogalum chetikianum Uysal, Ertuğrul & Dural ile O. demirizianum Malyer et Koyuncu türlerine ait karşılaştırmalı morfolojik, anatomik, palinolojik ve mikromorfolojik özellikler ortaya konulmuştur. Morfolojik çalışmalarda türlerin; skape, yaprak, rasem boyları ile çiçek ve meyve gibi yapılarına ait ölçümler verilmiş ve tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Anatomik çalışmalarda kök, skape ve yapraktan ayrı ayrı mikrotom ve el ile kesitler alınarak yapısal özellikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Kök, skape ve yaprak enine kesitleri ile ortaya konulan anatomik yapılarının, taksonomik önemlerinin olduğu gösterilmiştir. Palinolojik çalışmalarda polenlerin boyutları ile sulkus uzunluk ve genişlikleri, ekzin ve intin kalınlıkları ölçülmüş ve A/B oranı hesaplanmıştır. Işık mikroskobu ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile fotoğraf çekimleri yapılmıştır. O. chetikianum polenlerinin apertür tipi monosulkat iken O. demirizianum türünde apertür tipi monosulkat ve zonosulkatdır. O. chetikianum ve O. demirizianum polen şekilleri sırası ile subprolat ve prolat-sferoidaldır. Ornamentasyonun distal ve proksimal yüzeylerde farklı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Makromorfolojik incelemeler ile türlere ait meyve ve tohum boyutları ölçülmüş, mikromorfolojik olarak meyve ve tohumlar ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. SEM çalışmalarında meyve ve tohumlar fotoğraflanmış ve farklılıklar tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Çalışılan türler Myogalum alt cinsine ait olan diğer türler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Morfoloji, Anatomi, Palinoloji, Mikromorfoloji, Ornithogalum, Myogalum. iv ABSTRACT MS THESIS EXAMINATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL AND PALYNOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF TWO ENDEMIC SPECIES ORNITHOGALUM CHETIKIANUM UYSAL, ERTUĞRUL & DURAL VE ORNITHOGALUM DEMIRIZIANUM MALYER ET KOYUNCU Burcu YILMAZ ÇITAK THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE OF SELÇUK UNIVERSITY THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hüseyin DURAL Assoc. Prof. Dr. H. Nurhan BÜYÜKKARTAL 2013, 73 Pages Jury Prof.Dr.Hüseyin DURAL Prof.Dr.N.Münevver PINAR Prof.Dr. Kuddisi ERTUĞRUL In this investigation comparative morphological, anatomical and palynological properties of Ornithogalum chetikianum Uysal, Ertuğrul & Dural and O. demirizianum Malyer et Koyuncu taxa which belong to Myogalum subgenus of Liliaceae have been presented. In morphological studies species scape, leaves, racem, flower and fruit dimensions measured and presented in table. In anatomical investigations root, scape and leaves cross sections have taken both of by microtome and hand and structural characteristics have shown. Root, scape and leaves cross sections showed that they have taxonomic significance. In palynological investigations pollens dimensions, sulcus length and width, exine and intine thickness have been measured and A/B ratio calculated. Pollens photographed with light microscope and SEM. The aperture type of O. chetikianum pollens is monosulcate while O. demirizianum is monosulcate and zonasulcate. The shape of pollens of O. chetikianum and O. demirizianum is subprolat and prolate- spheroidal, respectively. The pollen ornamentations in both of distal and proximal surface is different. In macromorphological investigations fruits and seeds of species have been measured and in micromorphological studies fruits and seeds of species examined in detail. In SEM investigations fruits and seeds were photographed and the differences between species presented in tables. Investigated species compared with the species which belong to Myogalum subgenus. Keywords: Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology, Micromorphology, Ornithogalum, Myogalum. v ÖNSÖZ Yüksek lisans tez çalışmalarım boyunca beni her türlü konuda destekleyen, sonsuz bilgi ve tecrübesini benden hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen danışman hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Hüseyin DURAL’ a en içten dileklerimle teşekkür ederim. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü’nde yaptığım laboratuvar çalışmalarında bana destek veren ikinci danışman hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. H. Nurhan BÜYÜKKARTAL’ a ve Palinoloji laboratuvarında çalışmamı sağlayan ve tecrübelerini benimle paylaşan hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. N. Münevver PINAR’a teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Değerli fikirlerini ve yardımlarını benden esirgemeyen hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Kuddisi ERTUĞRUL’a, arazi çalışmalarımda bana yardımcı olan, engin fikirleri ile beni yönlendiren hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. Tuna UYSAL’a, yine arazi çalışmalarıma katılan hocam Sayın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hakkı DEMİRELMA’ya çok teşekkür ederim. Ornithogalum demirizianum örneklerimin toplanmasında yardımcı olan hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Hulusi Malyer’e en içten dileklerimle teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmam için tohum fotoğraflarımı çekmeme yardımcı olan hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin DOĞAN’a çok teşekkür ederim. Arazi çalışmalarımın bir kısmında bana yardımcı olan değerli arkadaşlarım Arş. Gör. Ela Nur ŞİMŞEK’e, Uzman Meryem BOZKURT’a, Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi Ahmet Yasin SEZER’e ve Ornithogalum chetikianum örneklerimi fotoğraflayan Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi Ömer ÜNAL’a en içten dileklerimle teşekkür ederim. Laboratuvar çalışmalarımda oldukça desteklerini gördüğüm değerli arkadaşlarım Arş. Gör. Aydan ACAR’a ve Yüksek Lisans Öğrencisi Davut BOZER’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Tüm bu çalışmaları yaparken beni yalnız bırakmayan manevi desteğini esirgemeyen sevgili eşim Ali ÇITAK’a ve sevgili aileme çok teşekkür ederim. Bu tez çalışmasına 11101035 no’lu proje ile maddi olanak sağlayan S.Ü BAP Koordinatörlüğüne çok teşekkür ederim. Burcu YILMAZ ÇITAK KONYA-2013 vi İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vi İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. vii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR ............................................................................ viii 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ARAŞTIRMASI ....................................................................................... 3 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ...................................................................................... 8 3.1. Materyalin Temini ............................................................................................. 8 3.2. Yöntemler .......................................................................................................... 8 3.2.1. Morfolojik Yöntemler ..................................................................................... 8 3.2.2. Anatomik Yöntemler ...................................................................................... 8 3.2.3. Palinolojik Yöntemler ................................................................................... 11 3.2.4. Meyve ve Tohum Mikromorfolojik Yöntemleri ........................................... 12 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI VE TARTIŞMA ..................................................... 13 4.1. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI .............................................................................. 13 Ornithogalum chetikianum Uysal, Ertuğrul & Dural ................................................. 13 4.1.1. Morfolojik Bulgular ...................................................................................... 13 4.1.2. Anatomik Bulgular ....................................................................................... 15 4.1.3. Palinolojik Bulgular ...................................................................................... 24 4.1.4. Mikromorfolojik Bulgular ............................................................................ 26 Ornithogalum demirizianum Malyer et Koyuncu ....................................................... 30 4.1.5. Morfolojik Bulgular .....................................................................................
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