The Ethnobotanical Uses of Hyacinthaceae Species Growing in Turkey and a Review of Pharmacological Activities

Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 16(2), April 2017, pp. 243-250 The ethnobotanical uses of Hyacinthaceae species growing in Turkey and a review of pharmacological activities Serpil Demirci Kayıran1* & Esra Eroğlu Özkan2 1Cukurova University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, 01330, Adana, Turkey; 2Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: sdemirci@cu.edu.tr Received 28 March 2016, revised 25 November 2016 The Hyacinthaceae families have long been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of medicinal applications. This, together with some significant toxicity to livestock has led to the chemical composition of many of the species being investigated. The Hyacinthaceae family has represented 9 genera and 140 taxa of which 77 are endemic to Turkey. Especially species of Hyacinthaceae family have been mostly used as medicinal, for the treatment of rheumatism, cardiac, urinary infection, dermatological, stomach, hemorrhoid and prostate disease. An overview of the accessible 59 ethnobotany articles and 27 phytochemistry articles published since 1979 up to 2015 has been carried out. The most important databases have been consulted. All related works have been examined. This study is a review having traditional uses belonging to Turkish species and pharmacological activities of the Hyacinthaceae family in the world. Keywords: Hyacinthaceae, Ethnobotany, Pharmacological activity, Turkey IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K 36/00 The Hyacinthaceae (sense APGII) are bulbous plants, and benefits from the plants found in their own with approximately 900 species in about 70 genera, region. Initially, wild plants were collected from their can be divided into three main sub-families, the natural habitat, followed by the cultivation of those Hyacinthoideae, the Urgineoideae and the that were used most commonly. Turkish people are Ornithogaloideae, with a small fourth subfamily the quite interested in wild plants, due to the high Oziroeoideae, restricted to South America1,2. In proportion of people living in rural areas, and also for Turkey, the Hyacinthaceae family has represented economic reasons5-7. Local people in Turkey have a 9 genera (Bellevalia, Drimia, Hyacinthella, long history of ethnobotanical usages for plants, Hyacinthus, Leopoldia, Muscari, Ornithogalum, which was gained through long experiences, as the Puschkinia, and Scilla) and 140 taxa of which 77 are dye, as ornamental plants, as perfume, as adhesive, as endemic to Turkey3. The plants included in this soap and as animal food in Turkey. In this study, family have long been used in traditional medicine for different uses of Hyacinthaceae family are presented a wide range of medicinal applications in the world. based on the ethnobotanical researches carried out in This, together with some significant toxicity to a different region in Turkey. livestock has led to the chemical composition of many of the species being investigated4. There is some Methodology activity working on Hyacinthaceae species in Turkey In this study, 36 ethnobotanical article and and in the world. Turkey is one of the most 27 phytochemical articles,62 usages of Hyacinthaceae floristically rich countries in the world with species by using international and national databases astonishing plant diversity. Its flora consists of about were funded. Domestic resources that were referenced 11000 vascular plants and approximately one-third of include the database of author’s doctoral theses its flora (34, 4 %) is endemic to the country. “Pharmaceutical Botanical Studies on the species Throughout history, humans have derived many uses of the family Hyacinthaceae (Kahramanmaraş)”. —————— A literature study was performed to collect data on the *Corresponding author use of Hyacinthaceae species parts in articles. In this 244 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 16, NO. 2, APRIL 2017 study, 62 different records and their used parts, used orientalis L. has a long history of cultivation as an purpose, uses, county and references were explained ornamental plant, grown across the Mediterranean in details in Table 1. Records of used species, used region, and later France, the Netherlands and parts, used purpose showed in diagrams (Figs. 1-2). elsewhere. The bulbs of this species were collected The usage purposes of species could be split into and cultivated for the first time from Turkey.The food, medicinal, ornamental plants, dye, toys and bulbs of Drimia maritima (L.) Stearnhave been used other usages. since a very long time. The sprouted leaves were In our studies, the used plant parts most frequently hunged on a door as protection against evil spirits. are bulbs and leaves, whole plant, flower, scape, The bulbs of this species were reported to treatment of herba, bud, fruit, and shoot. Record numbers of heart disease in the Materia Medica of Dioscorides. Hyacinthaceae members parts (leaves, whole plants, Today, bulbs of this species were used as medicinal in fruit, bulb, herba, flowers, scapes) for ethnobotanical Turkey9-11. As a result of this reviews, medicinal usages (food, medicinal, dye, ornamental, toys, utilizations of Hyacinthaceae species were determined adhesive, soap) were explained in details (Fig.1). in all 8 groups (Cancer diseases: tumor, prostate; Medicinal uses of Hyacinthaceae species could be urinary system diseases: urinary infections; listed below in 8 groups:1. Cancer diseases: Tumor, respiratory system disease: expectorant; circulatory prostate; 2. Urinary system diseases: Urinary system disease: cardiac disease, hemorrhoid; infections; 3. Respiratory system disease: analgesic: headache, kneepain; skin disease: boil, Expectorant; 4. Circulatory system disease: Cardiac acne; digestive system disease: as emetic, gastritis; disease, hemorrhoid; 5. Analgesic: A headache, other diseases: snake and scorpion bike, as antibiotic) kneepain; 6. Skin disease: Boil, acne; 7. Digestive for medicinal remedies. The usage of curing of snake system disease: As emetic, gastritis; 8. Other diseases: and scorpion bike or as antibiotic was classified under Snake and scorpion bike, as antibiotic. the group of “other usages”. The leaves, bulbs and fruits of species by a majority for medicinal purposes, Results and discussion the whole plants and scape for ornamental purposes, Traditional uses in Turkey the herb for food and the flowers as dye were used. Total 62 items revealed the ethnobotanical uses of The leaves, bulbs, and flowers were used as food for 25 taxa (3 taxa of Bellevalia, 2 taxa of Hyacinthus, 5 all Bellevalia species in eastern Turkey12,13. The taxa of Muscari, 2 taxa of Leopoldia, 9 taxa of medicinal usage of bulbs of Muscari, Ornithogalum Ornithogalum, one taxon of Puschkinia, 2 taxa of and Drimia species were detected in the investigated Scilla and one taxon of Drimia) were recorded (Fig. publications. Only Ornithogalum oligophyllum 2). Ornithogalum and Muscari species were most E.D.Clarke was detected for the usage of shoots as used species of which record number is 26, where the soap. Usage of buds as soap was common of rest of the genus were at numbers 10, 7, 6, 6, 5 and 2 O. sphaerocarpum A.Kern and as a food of for Hyacinthus, Drimia, Bellevalia, Leopoldia, O. narbonense L.14-19. Four records of Hyacinthus Puschkinia and Scilla, respectively (Table 1). In this orientalis L. were recorded for curing prostate reviews, the most frequently used plant parts were, disease, wound healing, and hemorrhoids and as bulbs (20 records), leaves (20 records), followed by hemostatic where whole plant, leaves, bulbs, and whole plants (14 records), flowers (9 records), scape scapes are used parts20-21. Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (4 records), herb, bud and fruit (2 records) and shoot are determined as mostly used species as gastric, as an (1 record). (The multiple uses can be possible). The expectorant and as diuretic22. Two records of the fruit record numbers of the usage purpose and the parts of of M. neglectum Guss. ex Ten. have been used for the species were showed in Fig.1. A total of 26 curing of rheumatism disease23-25. We found for records were recorded as food, of 18 records as a skin disease curing of O. narbonense L. and medicinal plant, 6 records as ornamental plants, two O. umbellatum L. only in two investigated publication26. each record as soap and one record as toys, as adhesive or as honey plants. Apart from these, of 4 Pharmacological activities 8 species is reported to be as poisonous . Many of the Anti-inflammatory activity toxic compounds in bulbs of Hyacinthaceae species The extracts of leaves, bulbs and roots of Eucomis have been known. The leaves of species mostly are autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. [as Ornithogalum undulatum used as food, the bulbs are not used. Hyacinthus (Aiton) Thunb.] were tested by the inhibition of KAYIRAN & ÖZKAN: ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF HYACINTHACEAE SPECIES GROWING IN TURKEY 245 Table 1—Traditional usages of Hyacinthaceae members in Turkey Botanical name Used parts Used purpose Uses County References Pseudomuscari forniculatum (Fomin) Garbari Leaves, bulb Food Eaten cooked Iğdır 12 (syn. Bellevalia forniculata Deloney) Bellavalia paradoxa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Leaves Food Eaten cooked Iğdır 12 Boiss. [syn. Bellevalia pycnantha (K.Koch) Losinsk.] Bellevalia speciosa Woronow Flower, bulb Food Eaten fresh Kars 13 ex Grossh. (syn. Bellevalia sarmatica (Pall. ex Leaves Food Eaten cooked Iğdır 12 Miscz.) Hyacinthus orientalis L. - - - South Anatolia 5 - - Cultivated İzmir 58 Hyacinthus orientalis L.subsp.

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