Land Use, Landscape History, and Locality on Pemba Island, Tanzania Chris Conte

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Land Use, Landscape History, and Locality on Pemba Island, Tanzania Chris Conte For the tenure of the fellowship, I intend to draw on a set of evidence that I collected beginning in 2008 in the Zanzibari Islands and the United Kingdom. I have begun to reread the material and to map out a set of essays around the landscape history of Pemba Island, which is tied to slavery, the mass production of cash crops (especially cloves), colonialism, and the Zanzibar revolution of 1964. Much of the material comes from the Zanzibar National Archives collections on the islands of Pemba and Unguja, the main islands of Zanzibar, which lie off of the coast of present-day Tanzania, and which I studied in 2008. The colonial reports begin in the mid-nineteenth century and end with the revolution. I also conducted a series of interviews about land use elders on Pemba Island, which I hope to incorporate into these essays. Finally, early in 2011, I gathered archival material in London’s Friends House Library, a collection that holds the collected documents of the Quaker missions around the world. Beginning in 1896, the Society of Friends mission founded a mission on Pemba that took in a number of manumitted slaves. The paper I write for the RCC symposium will draw on this evidence to focus on the ways people created, destroyed, and recreated their island landscape in distinct historical moments, beginning with the major ecological change that occurred on the island in the early nineteenth century with the conversion of agricultural land to clove plantations worked by slaves brought from the African mainland. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Coral Reef Resilience Assessment of the Pemba Channel Conservation Area, Tanzania
Coral Reef Resilience Assessment of the Pemba Channel Conservation Area, Tanzania G. Grimsditch, J. Tamelander, J. Mwaura, M. Zavagli, Y. Takata, T. Gomez Published August 2009 from Survey in Febuary 2009 IUCN CLIMATE CHANGE AND CORAL REEFS WORKING GROUP I The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, CCCR, CORDIO, Pemba Alive, RAMSAR, or the Manta Resort concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, CCCR, CORDIO, Pemba Alive, RAMSAR, or the Manta Resort. We would like to thank the MacArthur Foundation and the Manta Resort for their generous support which made this study possible. We would also like to thank Ali Said, Pemba Channel Conservation Area (PeCCA), and Zahor Mohamed, Marine Conservation Unit, for enabling and assisting with this research. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2009 IUCN/CORDIO Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Grimsditch G., Tamelander J., Mwaura J., Zavagli M., Takata Y., Gomez T.
[Show full text]
Zanzibar: Religion, Politics, and Identity in East Africa
CAS PO 204: Zanzibar: Religion, Politics, and Identity in East Africa Timothy Longman Summer 2013 M-R 10-12, plus field trips May 27-July 3 Email: [email protected] The islands of Zanzibar have been a crossroads of African, Persian, Arab, Indian, and European cultures for two millenniums, making them a unique setting in which to explore issues of religion, ethnicity, race, gender, class, and politics in East Africa. From about 1000 A.D., the first permanent settlers began to arrive from the African mainland, and they mixed with Arab, Persian, and Indian traders who had used Zanzibar as a port for centuries. Zanzibar was linked early into the Muslim world, with the first mosque in the southern hemisphere was built in there in 1107. Zanzibar’s two main islands of Unguja and Pemba ultimately developed a plantation economy, with slaves imported from the mainland growing cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, and other spices. Zanzibar’s strategic and economic importance made it a coveted prize, as it was alternately controlled by the Portuguese, Omani, and British empires. Zanzibar became the launching site for H.M. Stanley and other explorers, the center for many missionary groups, and an important base for European colonial expansion into East Africa. This course explores the role of Zanzibar as a gateway between East Africa and the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe and the fascinating legacy of social diversity left by the many different cultures that have passed through the islands. We study the contrast between the historical development of mainland East Africa and the Swahili coastal communities that range from Mozambique to Somalia and the role of Zanzibar in the expansion of colonialism into East Africa.
[Show full text]
The Populat Kenya
£ 4 World Population Year THE POPULAT KENYA - UGANDA - TANZANIA CI.CR.E.D. Senes THE POPULATION OF KENYA- UGANDA - TANZANIA SIMEON OMINDE Professor of Geography and Head of Department, University of Nairobi 1974 World Population Year C.I.C.R.E.D Series This study was initiated and financed by C.I.C.R.E.D. (Committee for International Coordination of National Research in Demography) to coincide with 1974 World Population Year. © Simeon Ominde © C.I.C.R.E.D. First published 1975 Printed in Kenya by Kenya Litho Ltd., P.O. Box 40775, Changamwe Road, Nairobi. CONTENTS Page PREFACE ¡v Chapter 1 The Area and Estimates of Population Growth 1 Chapter 2 Components of Population Growth 11 Chapter 3 Migration 40 Chapter 4 Population Composition 59 Chapter 5 Population Distribution 73 Chapter 6 Urbanization 88 Chapter 7 Labour Force 97 Chapter 8 Population Projection 105 Chapter 9 Population Growth and Socio-Economic Development 115 Conclusion 123 PREFACE This monograph presents the population situation in the area covered by Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. The material has been prepared at the request of CICRED, as part of its contribution to the objectives of the World Population Year, 1974. In common with other developing countries of Africa, the East African countries are becoming acutely aware of the importance of rapid population growth and its significance to the attainment of development objectives. It has become increasingly clear that with the current rates of growth and the limited resources, the burden of socio-economic development programmes has become more serious. The search for alternative strategies to development must therefore focus attention on the impact of accelerating growth rate which leads to retardation of the rate of economic and social development.
[Show full text]
Preparatory Survey on Zanzibar Urban Water Distribution Facilities Improvement Project in United Republic of Tanzania
United Republic of Tanzania Ministry Lands, Water, Energy and Environment (MLWEE) Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) Preparatory Survey on Zanzibar Urban Water Distribution Facilities Improvement Project in United Republic of Tanzania Final Report December 2017 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) NJS Consultants Co., Ltd. (NJS) 6R Yokohama Water Co., Ltd. (YWC) JR(先)JR 17-033 In this report, the foreign currency exchange rate as of July 2017 shown below is applied. Exchange Rate： TZS 1.00 = JPY 0.0493 USD 1.00 = JPY 111.00 USD 1.00 = TZS 2,250 TZS: Tanzania Shilling JPY: Japanese Yen USD: United States Dollars United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Lands, Water, Energy and Environment (MLWEE) Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) Preparatory Survey on Zanzibar Urban Water Distribution Facilities Improvement Project in United Republic of Tanzania Final Report December 2017 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) NJS Consultants Co., Ltd. (NJS) Yokohama Water Co., Ltd. (YWC) ZAWA (Zanzibar Water Authority) Location Map (1/2) Water Supply Area㸸Unguja and Pemba Island Pemba Census (2012):Population 1,300,000 North A District North Unguja 900,000, Pemba 410,000 Gamba District Office Region Unguja: 80 km from South to North Mahonda District Office North B 30 km from east to west African Rift Valleys District Water Source: Ground Water (Springs, wells) Major Industry of Unguja West Agriculture, Fishery, Tourist Limestone Island: Saltwater Intrusion, Nitrate Pollution District South Urban WestW KKoani Region Mtoni Districtstri Office
[Show full text]
Misali Island, Tanzania – an Open Access Resource Redefined Ali Abdullah, Ali Said Hamad, Ali Mbarouk Ali and Robert G
Constituting the Commons: Crafting Sustainable Commons in the New Millennium. 8th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP) Panel: Misali Island, Tanzania – An Open Access Resource redefined Ali Abdullah, Ali Said Hamad, Ali Mbarouk Ali and Robert G. Wild Abstract As with many of post-colonial East Africa’s valuable natural resource areas, the fishery of Misali Island, off the West Coast of Pemba, Tanzania, could until recently have been defined as open access common property due to the government’s inability to effectively enforce the official system of state ownership. Moves by local community members, government sympathisers and external agents have led to the establishment of a legally recognised communal property resource, centrally managed by a heterogeneous stakeholder group that both co-ordinates control mechanisms inside the area and advocates for the rights of users to higher-level organisations. Towards the beginning of the decade the traditional users of Misali (an estimated 1640 fishermen from 29 different coastal communities around Pemba) were threatened with exclusion from their livelihood resource through the possible lease of the island to tourism investors. This prompted extensive lobbying of the government of Zanzibar, who agreed that the island would be proposed as a community- managed eco-tourism site in which sustainable, controlled off-take would be allowed to continue. Stakeholder workshops and advocacy by government and foreign agencies led, in May 1998 to the designation of Misali Island and its surrounding reefs as a protected conservation area. This allowed for the enforcement of controls on extraction by a central Management Committee, made up of resource users, government and NGO representatives.
[Show full text]
THE ECONOMIC BASIS and the LOCATION of SOME “IRON AGE” SETTLEMENTS on PEMBA and ZANZIBAR U
ATHE ECONOMIC BASIS AND THE LOCATION OF SOME “IRON AGE” SETTLEMENTS ON PEMBA AND ZANZIBAR u * EMANUEL T._KESSY A Thesis Submitted for M.Phil in Archaeology me f ,V THE LTBRARt*Q S t ? UNIVERSITY\ OF CAMBRIDGE AUGUST 1992 UNIVERSITY o f NAIROBI LIBRARY UN» f ^ ::r „ oFNA,RoBi^RARv P. O. Bo* 30197 i NAIROBI CONTENTS CONTENTS > TABLES AND MAPS » ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii INTRODUCTION »v 1. CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE EAST AFRICAN COAST: SOME PROBLEMS 1 2. CHAPTER 2 EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN THE ISLANDS 16 3. CHAPTER 3 THE LOCATION OF THE SITE AND HARBOURS IN THE ISLANDS 24 4. CHAPTER 4 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS: A BRIEF EXAMINATION OF TWO SITES: PUJINI ON PEMBA, AND TUMBATU ON ZANZIBAR 35 5. CHAPTER 5 CHANGES OF SETTLEMENTS ON THE ISLANDS OF PEMBA AND ZANZIBAR 46 > 6. CHAPTER 6 THE TRADING SYSTEMS AND PARTNERSHIP IN THE ISLANDS 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 75 TABLES AND MAPS 1. A MAP FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF PEMBA 33 2. A MAP FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF ZANZIBAR 34 3. A GENERAL TABLE FOR THE SITES OF PEMBA AND ZANZIBAR 56 4. A TABLE OF SITES ON THE EASTERN SIDE OF PEMBA ISLAND OCCUPATION AND ABANDONMENT IN EACH CENTURY 58 5. A TABLE OF SITES ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF PEMBA ISLAND OCCUPATION AND AB ANDONMENT IN EACH CENTURY 58 6. A TABLE OF OCCUPIED AND ABANDONED SITES ON THE PEMBA ISLAND FROM THE 9TH CENTURY TO THE 19TH CENTURY A.D 59 7. A TABLE OF OCCUPIED AND ABANDONED SITES ON THE ZANZIBAR ISLAND FROM THE 8TH CENTURY TO THE 19TH CENTURY A.D 59 8.
[Show full text]
Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life Political Disengagement as a Life-Improving Strategy – a Study of Youths in Politically Polarized Zanzibar Kristin Birkeland Galteland Masteroppgave ved Sosialantropologisk institutt UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 20. mai 2010 2 Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life Political Disengagement as a Life-Improving Strategy – a Study of Youths in Politically Polarized Zanzibar Kristin Birkeland Galteland 3 © Kristin Birkeland Galteland 2010 Kutafuta Maisha: Seeking a Life Political Disengagement as a Life-Improving Strategy - a Study of Youths in Politically Polarized Zanzibar Kristin Birkeland Galteland http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo 4 Summary Youths in Zanzibar live under tough socio-economic conditions. As they follow developments in rural mainland Tanzania, and in other countries, they develop notions of what “the ideal” life different from previous generations’. Youths tend to not consider farming and fishing as real jobs anymore, rather seeking jobs in offices and business. In Zanzibar, it is believed that supporters of the ruling party have greater economic opportunities. For decades, Pemba Island has been the stronghold of the political opposition. Young Pembans therefore find it hard to seek the privileges of ruling party supporters. As there is little room in their community for critique of the opposition party, they seek to become apolitical through political disengagement. This is a difficult project, since the opposition party over time has become a central part of the people’s shared identity. This master thesis discusses everyday forms of resistance in Wete town on Pemba Island, where politics are strongly polarized.
[Show full text]
An Assessment of the Impact of Sand Mining: Unguja, Zanzibar Caroline Ladlow SIT Study Abroad
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2015 An Assessment of the Impact of Sand Mining: Unguja, Zanzibar Caroline Ladlow SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, Agricultural Education Commons, Cultural Resource Management and Policy Analysis Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Food Security Commons Recommended Citation Ladlow, Caroline, "An Assessment of the Impact of Sand Mining: Unguja, Zanzibar" (2015). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2048. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2048 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Assessment of the Impact of Sand Mining: Unguja, Zanzibar Caroline Ladlow SIT: TanzaniaZanzibar Spring 2015 Independent Study Project Helen Peeks & Hamza Z. Rijaal May 6, 2015 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Study Area 8 Methodology 10 Results and Discussion 12 Conclusion 31 Future Recommendations 32 References 34 Appendix A 36 Appendix B 38 Ladlow1 Acknowledgements Special thanks to Hamza Rijaal for his expertise and experience in sand mining, and his extensive network of resources throughout Zanzibar. Without his contacts and resources, much of the research for this study could not have been completed. Thank you to the incredible staff and guests at Creative Solutions who were endlessly helpful. Much thanks to Haji Abaeid and Ali Chaga who acted as my translators in Mangapwani.
[Show full text]
Zanzibar Is a Semi-Autonomous Archipelago Approximately 35Km Off the Shore of Tanzania
TIPS Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous archipelago approximately 35km off the shore of Tanzania (East Africa) consisting of Zanzibar Island (known as Unguja), Pemba Island and many smaller islets. Island has a very rich and interesting history. Zanzibar culture is based on many Arabic, Persian and British influences. Capital of Zanzibar is Zanzibar City with its historical part Stone Town which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. Stone Town walk should be a must- see for every visitor. Darajani market and small gift shops near the Old Fort will show you colours and vibrations of Africa. Visiting Old Slave Market is a great chance to get to know better Zanzibar's rich history. For a perfect ending of busy day in the city you should visit Forodhani Gardens after 5 p.m., near the Arab Fort , where you can find a lot of local food in very good prices. Time zone: GMT + 3 Currency: Tanzanian Shillings (TZS), but US Dollars are widely accepted, ATMs are available in Stone Town Visa: Tourist visa costs 50 USD and can be obtained on the arrival, at the airport. Language: Kiswahili, although English is widely spoken Zanzibar Airport: ZNZ Abeid Amani Karume International Airport Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is required only if traveling from a country with risk of YFV transmission, including transit >12 hours in an airport located in a country with risk of YFV transmission. Zanzibar is a low risk malaria area - taking of prophylactics is the decision of individual travellers. However mosquito repellent and long sleeves and trousers at the evenings are recommended.
[Show full text]
Ethnicity Or Tribe? Social Cleavage in Omani Employment Patterns
人文学研究所報 No. 56，2016. 9 Ethnicity or Tribe? Social Cleavage in Omani Employment Patterns OKAWA Mayuko 要旨本稿は，中東，湾岸諸国で近年大きな社会問題となっている雇用問題をとりあげ，オマーン人の就業状況から国民内部の社会的亀裂を論じるものである。湾岸諸国の多くでは外国人が国民の人口を上回っており，劣悪な労働環境に置かれた外国人労働者の人権問題や，文化的他者あるいは脅威としての外国人の存在がとりあげられるなど，雇用問題や労働市場は国民／外国人の構図のなかでこれまで分析されてきた。しかし，自国民／外国人の格差への過度な注目は，一般国民内部の多様性や格差を隠蔽してしまう。そこで本稿では，1980 年代以降政府が推進する労働力の自国民化を底辺で支えているのが，主流派のアラブ系オマーン人ではなく，非アラブ系やアフリカ帰りの混血オマーン人であることを筆者の参与観察やインタビュー資料から明らかにする。こうしたデータをみると国民内部の分業体制はエスニシティに基づいているようにみえるが，エスニシティと重なりながらも部族という要因が作用していることを論じる。近代化していく社会の中で薄れつつあると言われる部族意識は，1980 年代以降顕著になってきた公的機関への就職難，さらには結婚相手の選択可能性という，自身の部族アイデンティティを改めて意識化する契機が生まれたことによって，現代的な意味合いをもった形で維持されているのである。キーワード：エスニシティ（ethnicity），部族（tribe），雇用（employment），オマーン（Oman），湾岸諸国（Arab Gulf Countries） 1．Introduction 1-1 Framework of the citizen and the immigrant This paper explores social cleavage among Omani citizens and examines employment issues, which have become a major social concern in contemporary Arab Gulf countries（ AGC）. Because AGC citizens are a minority in their own countries, apart from Saudi Arabia and Oman, scholars have explored how the presence of immigrants has influenced the economy and society of the region. Many anthropologists have recently focused on the immigrants themselves, rather than local citizens, describing their diversity and lived experiences［ Longva 1997; Gardner 2010; Kanna 2011; Vora 2013］（1）.The social structure of the AGC cannot be discussed without the presence of immigrants, and employment issues and the labor market have been analyzed within the analytic framework of citizen/immigrant. However, the excessive attention paid to the difference between the two categories conceals variety and disparity in the idea of the “citizen.” The general image of the AGC as homogeneous societies has pre- vailed; as a result, governments frequently utilize a nationalistic discourse in order to conceal disparity be- tween ethnicities, religious sects, and social classes. 13 Oman is an Arab nation but one diverse in terms of ethnicity and religious sects among the citizenry.
[Show full text]
Habitat Selection by Terrestrial Birds on Pemba Island (Tanzania), with Particular Reference to Six Endemic Taxa
Biological Conservation 95 (2000) 259±267 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Habitat selection by terrestrial birds on Pemba Island (Tanzania), with particular reference to six endemic taxa Paulo Catry a,b,*, Richard Mellanby c, K. Ali. Suleiman d, K. Haji Salim d, M. Hughes c, M. McKean c, N. Anderson c, G. Constant c, V. Heany c, G. Martin c, M. Armitage c, M. Wilson c aUnidade de InvestigacËaÄo em Eco-Etologia, ISPA, R. Jardim do Tabaco 44, 1100 Lisboa, Portugal bEdward Grey Institute of Ornithology, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, UK cProject Pemba. Glasgow University Expedition 1998. IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK dCommission for Natural Resources, PO Box 283, Wete-Pemba, Tanzania Received 16 September 1999; received in revised form 9 February 2000; accepted 8 March 2000 Abstract An important proportion of the world's biodiversity is found on oceanic islands. Island endemics frequently have small popula- tions and are known to be sensitive to habitat and community changes, making them prone to extinction. In this paper, we assess the habitat distribution of the terrestrial birds of Pemba, an oceanic island that has been classi®ed has an ``Endemic Bird Area''. Most of Pemba has been profoundly altered by human activities and only small patches of natural vegetation remain. However, we found that the six endemic birds (four species and two sub-species) have colonised several of the man-made habitats, including clove plantations and farmland, and remain widespread. Species richness was not reduced in these heavily managed areas when compared to the remnants of tropical forest.
[Show full text]
Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Land Cover Changes: a Case of Zanzibar (Tanzania)
remote sensing Article Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Land Cover Changes: A Case of Zanzibar (Tanzania) Hassan Omar 1 and Pedro Cabral 2,* 1 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, The State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar P.O. Box 146, Tanzania; [email protected] 2 NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 July 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 23 September 2020 Abstract: Land use and land cover (LULC) under improper land management is a major challenge in sub-Saharan Africa and has drastically affected ecological security. Addressing environmental impacts related to this challenge requires efficient planning strategies based on the measured information of land use patterns. This study assessed the ecological risk index (ERI) of Zanzibar based on LULC. A random forest classifier was used to classify three Landsat images of Zanzibar for the years 2003, 2009, and 2018. Then, a land change model was employed to simulate the LULC changes for 2027 under a business-as-usual (BAU), conservation, and extreme scenarios. Results showed that the built-up areas and farmland of Zanzibar Island have increased constantly, while the natural grassland and forest cover have decreased. The forest, agricultural, and grassland were highly fragmented into several small patches. The ERI of Zanzibar Island increased at a constant rate and, if the current trend continues, this index will increase by up to 8.9% in 2027 under an extreme scenario. If a conservation scenario is adopted, the ERI will increase by 4.6% whereas if a BAU policy is followed, this value will increase by 6.2%.
[Show full text]