The Past Is Present
1. Introduction It is difficult enough to figure out what it means to be Canadian, let alone African Canadian. (Clarke 1998, 98) In his article on Lawrence Hill’s second novel, Any Known Blood (1997), Winfried Siemerling asserts: “Our most post-identitarian moments and movements notwithstanding, identities are hardly a matter of the past.” (2004, 30) As I shall argue in this study, issues of identity might well be a matter of the past – yet this past is still vividly present. In exploring the constructions of collective memory in Lawrence Hill’s historical fiction, issues of identity are conceptualized as a selection and representation of memories from a contemporary per- spective to create what Lois Zamora (1997) has termed a ‘usable past’. More precisely, the constructions of collective memory in Hill’s writing represent a counter-hegemonic version of a usable past which amends mainstream Canadian constructions. In this endeavor, Hill is in fact emblematic of the vast majority of African-Canadian literature. As the epigraph above suggests, the proverbial preoccupation of Canadian literature with questions of identity – whether they are framed in terms of who/where, here/there, national/regional, or coloni- al/postcolonial1 – is mirrored, in fact even intensified, in Black Canadian literature. Evidently, 1 Cf. for instance Frye 1965 and 1976 (here: 2003a and 2003b); Atwood 1972; Robertson 1973; Metcalf 1988; Klooß 1992 and 1994; Davey 1993; Gross 1994 and 1995; Staines 1998; Godard 2000; Moss 2003b; Morris 2004; Brydon 2002 and 2007 (incorporating an explicit African- Canadian perspective); Kuester 2008. With the exception of Atwood 1972, Metcalf 1988 and Davey 1993, all of the studies mentioned here are essay-length papers and may thus serve as points of departure.
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