Mud Season -Cthe Association Officers Rorest O-Wner Mary Soons Mccarty, President 4300 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14618

Mud Season -cthe Association Officers rorest O-wner Mary Soons McCarty, President 4300 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14618

A PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION Douglas B. Monteith, 1st Vice President 58 E. Elizabeth SI., Skaneatles, NY 13152

A.W. Roberts, Jr., 2nd Vice President 981 Route 222, Cortland, NY 13045 Forestry Day On April 27, 1985, the West- William H. Lynch, Jr., 3rd Vice Presi- chester County Department of dent 502 Thurber SI., Syracuse, NY 13210 Parks, Recreation and Conser- vation will conduct a Forestry and Linda D. Thorington, Secretary Conservation Day at Ward Pound Sky High Rd., R.D. 2, Tully, NY 13159 Ridge Reservation in Cross River, New York. The event will be a Stuart McCarty, Treasurer series of forestry programs all 4300 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14618 combined in a one day celebration. For information call 914-285- Howard O. Ward, Assistant Treasurer 240 Owego St., Candor, NY 13743 2651. - Ted Kozlowski George Mitchell, Membership Secretary Forester Box 69, Old Forge, NY 13420

Kenneth Eberley, Director New Look IN THE MAILBOX ... 9 Edgewood Dr., Whitesboro, NY Just received the January/Feb- 13492 ruary issue of The Forest Owner. letters posted & passed along. Richard E. Garrett, Director Nice job! It looks great. The new 1261 Apulia Rd., Lafayette, NY 13984 products section should be quite useful to the readers. Keep up the 'l<.ld Irails; fast-grown hardwood delightful rural countryside we've John Hamel, Director good work. It can only help the plantations in New York; and the ever seen. Our travelling com- Box L, Jamesville, NY 13078 association grow. pros and cons of establishing panions were congenial, a few we Allen F. Horn, Director - George Mitchell wood-using plants that depend on knew from previous trips. Much of 3978 Pompey Center Rd., Manlius, NY Northeastern Loggers' the time we hiked or drove through low grade wood chips. 13104 Association - DavidW. Taber forests and Christmas tree farms. Renewable Resources We were invited into historic John W. Kelley, Director Extension Associate nrivate castles owned by the same 1036 Snyder Hill Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850 Suggestions family for two and three hundred Here are some topics for your Thanks for the tour vears, cold and grand, more like J. Claude Lecours consideration: The Empire Forest About the NYFOA tour this museums than homes. Box 452, North St., Old Forge, NY 13420 System and its insurance program; past August ... our impression of - Philip and Elisabeth Jones soil erosion on logging roads and Shelton, Connecticut the United Kingdom? The most Harold Petrie, Director R.D. 1, Box 117, Parish, NY 13131

Earl Pfarner, Director --The Cover------Woodlot Datebook---- Allen Rd., Chaffee, NY 14030 Alec C. Proskine, Director It's been said that New April 13: Spring meeting 0. <\'ugust 17: Woods walk at proper- 9370 Congress Rd., Trumansburg, NY York has fiveseasons: spring, NYFOA. Marshall Hall, SUNY ty owned by Willard Ives, Troy. 14886 summer, fall, winter, and College of Environmental Science New York. and Forestry, Syracuse. Awards, Norman A. Richards, Director mud. This month's 156 Westminster Ave., Syracuse, NY elections, seminars for land September 13-14: Fall meeting of illustrationcomesto us from a 13210 tongue-in-cheek calendar owners. NYFOA, to be held in cooperation with Catskill Forest Association at produced by Vermont April 27: Westchester County Frost Valley YMCA. Materials submitted for Castings wood stove com- Forestry and Conservation Day. publication should be ad- pany, Randolph, Vermont, October 5: Woods walk at Jeffer- Pound Ridge Reservation, Cross dressed to: Alan R. Knight, and is reproduced with their River, New York. 914-285-2651 son County woodlands owned by Editor, N. Y. Forest Owner, permission. for details. William Lynch, Jr. 257 Owego Street, Candor, It may be mud season, but N.Y. 13743. it's also maple time. This May 4: Woods walk at R. Bamber October 13-16; IlOth annual Written materials, photos, month we feature several Marshall's "Deerhaven," near meeting of American Forestry and art work are invited. Yorktown, New York. Association, Traverse City, Although the return of un- items about opportunities for Michigan. Theme: Private Forests solicited materials cannot be forest owners in the maple guaranteed, they are normally June 22: Woods walk at wood- - Centerpiece of America's Forest business. Look inside the returned after use. lands and Christmas tree plan- Resource. Contact AF A, 1319 The first day of the month back cover for "Ask a tation of Norman Richards, Eighteenth St., N.W., prior to publication is the forester" to read maple Delaware County, New York. Washington, D.C. 20036. deadline for submission. specialistLewStaats' advice. Published January, March, July 20: Woods walk at Evan vlarch, 1986: NYFOA tour to New May, July, September, and James' place, Franklinville, New Zealand. 607-659-5275 for details. November. York.

2 The NY Forest Owner It Is Not Enough A Message From the President To Own a Forest.

No matter where we go, trees seem to useful as a windbreak and fuel for the follow us. Perhaps we're following the many fireplaces that do not have, or trees! need central heating. The first week in January we were in The scene shifts. Stuart and I are now Bermuda with an interesting Elderhostel in the Florida Keys where we have a cot- group. We took a course entitled Ber- tage 150 miles south of Miami. The very muda and Its Delicate Balance. The site same Casurina that provides fuel and was the Bermuda Biological Station. windbreaks in Bermuda is considered a Some facts we gleaned were: population pest here, a weed tree. A recent article in density-3,000 persons per square mile; the Miami Herald about the forest fires housing shortage, a waiting list of 900- in southwestern Florida commented 1,000; each household responsible for its that some good comes from the fires. own water supply (from the root); one "Limited fires help maintain the The challenge is to nurture it, to fulfilla small car per household; one boat per region's ecological balance. Fires help destiny of beauty, productivity, and family household; only 5070of the food con- control the exotics that are making a pride ... while turning enough dollars over sumed grows on the island; tourism is steady march on the native wilderness: to hang on to it. But how? their only industry. the Brazilian Pepper, Australian Pine, There are no easy answers, only ideas to Therefore, all the fuel for electric and melaleuca." ponder by the woodstove. That's what power, autos, and desalination plants NYFOA is all about: ideas, family pride in has to be imported - total dependence So, I wonder about species and their forest management, and sharing of on the outside. An interesting analomy popularity. Many were favored by the dreams. of this is the Casurina Tree, also known forestry people and the state for Through regular issues of The Forest as the whistling pine or Australian Pine. reforestation in past years, and then Owner magazine, frequent seminars and Introduced to the island after the cedar there was little market for the species. woods walks in one another's woodlots, blight killed native cedars in the early Perhaps one man's jewel is another's and extended tours to extend the 4Os, this fast growing tree has been junk. We all know that the black walnut fellowship and learning in foreign lands, is a money tree, but maybe the lowly members of the New York Forest Owners casurina can be useful in both Bermuda Association are growing as surely as the and the Keys. We are having a hard time trees in their woodlots. parting with our junk trees as we have been advised to do. A parting word: in the photo with this ------article there is the NYFOA Membership sign, with the slogan "Growing New York Forest Owners Tomorrow's Trees Today." Not all of us Association have the foresight to plant a crop that Post Office Box 69, might take thirty years or more to Old Forge, New York mature. There was a young investment 13420-0069 counselor who had a new 90-year-old Yes, I'd like to learn more about The client. He said to her, "Madam, if you New York Forest Owners Association will let me invest $10,000 of your money, and how to get more out of my woodlan ds. I can double it in two years." She looked at the young man, and said, "Young Name _ man, at my age, I don't even buy green Phone bananas." Address _ We of the Forest Owners will keep on buying green bananas. We're in the City business of leaving the forests better State/Zip Mary Soons McCarty than we found them. +

Marchi April 1985 Mud season. New York's fifth season. you can say that about nowadays. Staats The season of goose music, Phoebe calls says a concerted effort by the New York from Chickadees, iced mud ruts and Maple Producers Association and the sugaring. New York State Department of Paul Reed, who lives near me in Can- Agriculture and Markets has opened dor and who retired ... sort of...from the new markets for New York maple syrup sawmilling business half a decade ago in supermarket chains and in the Sun- still makes maple syrup. He is a lanky belt. Moreover, the age-old problem of grizzled fellow. When you look at him, irregular, undependable supplies has March: Mud, the first thing you notice is his sharp, been moderated to a high degree by new clear blues eyes. He looked vaguely off technology. Suction pumps will take the Maple and into the distance when I asked him about sap out of a tree even when nature making money at sugaring. doesn't cooperate, and reverse osmosis "Oh, there's a romance to it," he said, equipment enables serious producers to Money acting almost as though he were em- obtain greater sap and fuel efficiency barassed to say it. than before. He'd do it if he had to pay for it. Addressing a meeting of maple But Lew Staats, a Cornell University producers in Cortland in January, extension service maple syrup specialist Staats said,''This is the year to put out headquartered at Lake Placid, says more taps." If so, it is also the year for things may be better than that, especially the newcomer to the sugarbush to light now. Demand outruns supply, and there his own romantic fire. aren't many agricultural commodities - Alan Knight

pail and that pail is emptied into the tank. Sap loss from spilling and missed buckets may be considerable. A system is needed to prevent missing a bucket or losing time checking an already emptied bucket. Some producers color-code their trees to identify the roadway from which the tree is to be serviced. Another idea is to bore two holes on opposite sides of each bucket and painting a stripe on one side. Each time a bucket is emptied, it is turned and hung from the HAULIN'IN other hole. Whether the stripe is exposed or hidden indicates readily whether or not a bucket has been emptied. THE SAP Pumps can be used to reduce hand Buckets have been used for collecting Aluminum buckets are popular in labor, and dumping stations can sap since the very beginning of sugaring Canada and are considered very eliminate the movable sap-gathering in this country, the only real changes satisfactory . tank. Dumping stations are simply large being from wooden to metal and plastic , Plastic bags have been used to some buckets, milk cans or tanks strategically buckets and the increased use of bucket extent. They keep the sap cleaner and the located in the sugarbush. Sap flows by covers. These changes added im- sterilizing affect from the sun's gravity through a plastic tubing network measurably to sap quality and to the ultraviolet light improves sap quality. connecting the several dumping stations quality ofthe final product. When stored, they take up very little in the sugarbush to the sugarhouse or The most common used metal space, but the seams may split when the main storage tank. Although this system buckets are zinc coated and hold 15 bag freezes full. is an improvement over older systems, quarts. Minute amounts of zinc dissolve sap can be collected more efficiently by a Sap gathering in the sap and help reduce microbial complete tubing system. growth. Lead coated metal or lead Gathering sap, whether from buckets soldered buckets and buckets painted or plastic bags, is very laborious. Most Plastic pipelines with lead paint should not be used for often a gathering tank on a sled or An early version of the plastic tubing sap collection because lead may dissolve wagon is drawn through the sugarbush. system was installed in the 1930s, using in the sap and exceed safe levels in syrup. Each bucket is emptied into a gathering galvanized steel tubing supported by

4 The NY Forest Owner wires and stakes. But it leaked and was groundline systems. carefully graded unvented lines on difficult to install and never attained The more important differences be- sloping land; natural vacuum develops wide usage. Plastic pipelines solved the tween the aerial and ground systems are to a lesser degree in unvented groun- problems, developed in the 1950s. Its in installation and maintenance. The dlines than in unvented aerial systems; advantages are considered to be: better suspended system is above the snow, and with vented spouts, the method of distribution of labor; great reduction in less likely to be blocked by ice. The tubing installation (aerial or groundline) amount of labor needed for sap collec- groundline will absorb enough heat to makes little difference in total sap yield. tion; more sanitary collection and tran- bury itself in the snow and will need to be sportation of sap; elimination of costly pulled up to surface again almost daily. The Best Idea ? building and upkeep of roads in the Installing a groundline is more than just sugarbush; and higher yields by laying tubing on the snow or ground. The closed drop line aerial system ap- reducing infection in the taphole by air- Depressions and hummocks must be pears to be the most productive of the borne microorganisms. avoided, as they create low points that various installations tested. In this Plastic pipelines were not im- earn impeded sap flow. Further, system, the lateralS/16th inch tubing is mediately accepted. Some producers ob- drop lines must be long enough to reach usually hung 2 to 4 feet above the ground tained excellent results while others the ground after the snow has melted or snow level. Droplines 18 to 24 inches could not make it work. When first in- otherwise they can also create bumps in long are used to connect the spouts to the troduced, the tubing went directly from the line that will hinder sap flow. A lateral lines. The longer drop lines are spout to spout, from tree to tree, then to uniform grade can be achieved in a especially helpful on trees that have a larger main line and then to a storage properly installed taut aerial system if more than one taphole because they tank. But during periods of weeping the trees are not too far apart. Excessive provide greater flexibility in locating flows and when only a few trees are sag is difficult to avoid on very long ex- new tapholes in subsequent years. flowing, considerable quantities of sap panses (over 30 feet) without inter- Lateral lines, in turn, are connected by may be absorbed by trees that are not mediate supports, especially in warm manifolds or four-way Y joints into flowing. Also, one taphole may be drip- weather. Groundlines require much larger (112 inch or more) conduits or ping sap while another taphole on the more tu bing than aerial systems. main lines to form an overall network same tree may be reabsorbing it. Resear- for an entire sugarbush. Advantages of the closed dropline aerial system are: ch in Vermont found that using a Venting versus non- venting drop line down from the spout to the minimizing of freezing problems; slope tubing system solved the problem. Results of important tubing ex- oftubing lines is easy to control; amount The value of the drop line was periments can be summarized as of tubing is minimized; problem areas established, but other questions per- follows: natural vacuum, which will in- are easier to locate and correct; and sisted. Should tubing be suspended or crease sap yield, can be developed in tubing can beused on nearly flat areas. laid on the ground? Should the system be vented or not? An aerial system is more difficult to install than a groundline, but it thaws earlier and freezes later, allowing a longer flow period, and it can traverse irregularities in topography smoothly. Groundlines may be more labor-efficient during installation where the topography is favorable, but they must be pulled from snow covering in order to thaw, and they require much more care to avoid hollows and hummocks. Gas exuding from the tree along with sap forms so-called gas or vapor locks, often cited as a cause of sap flow restriction. Venting was recommended as a solution to this problem. Each of these ideas had its ad- vocates, and the design of plastic pipelines became very confused.

Aerial or Groundline It is difficult to compare aerial and groundline systems without also con- \ 'H sidering the question of venting. In ---~-- general, sap yields from groundline systems were not significantly different from those of aerial systems. However, Tubing and vacuum pumps have prac- unvented aerial systems seem to fun- tically revolutionized the maple syrup ction better than similar un vented business.

Marchi April 1985 On the other hand, it is harder to install than groundlines. It can develop sags, but it must not be stretched too tight or it will pull loose of its fittings.

Vacuumpumping One of the early objectives of vacuum pumping was to help move sap through the lines. Cornell's Dr. Robert Morrow stated that vacuum pumping aided in removing sap from the lines during slow runs, broke air locks, and helped clear lines before night freezing. Vacuum pumps, when used in air- tight, leak-free tubing systems, can more than double sap yields over buckets. Vacuum pumping accomplishes two things that account for this increase in production: it produces sap on days when sap would ordinarily not be run- ning and it increase the rate of sap flow during the normal flow periods. It is well understood by sugar-makers that sap flow coincides with a rise in tree Deerhaven, site oj the May 4th woods- pressure which is triggered by a change walk, near Yorktown. in temperature from below freezing to slightly above freezing. And, when tree pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, sap will flow. Vacuum pumping, by pulling air from the tubing system, has the effect of lowering the atmospheric pressure within the tubing - thus creating a pressure differential. Spring Woodswalk Applied vacuum will work only when the differential between internal tree pressure and outside atmospheric In Westchester pressure is within about 3/4 of an atmosphere. A Westchester County woods-walk It seems unlikely that vacuum sap will beheld in Yorktown at IOa.m., May field, and variable terrain, land use, and collection has any great effect on the 4, 1985. All NYFOA members are in- forest types. structure or vigor of maple trees. Trees vited to enjoy an outfoor-indoor picnic As the tour progresses through the from which sap has been collected under at Deerhaven, home of forester R. forest, members will be able to see wild- Bamber Marshall. vacuum for 10 years or more do not flowers, birds, animals and particular Marshall's forest is chiefly oak- trees as they relate to forest types and age show signs of reduced vigor. '*" hickory (forest type 52) in sawlog:size classes, land use history, topography trees, formerly over 1000/0 normal and soils. stocking. Now with understory thinning We will consider this forest and its Editor's Note: Tubing represents one oj of less worthy trees for firewood, the management in the context of the Lower the most important technical advances forest has narrow openings extending Hudson Valley and its suburban values. ever to hit the maple syrup business. through it like spokes of a wheel from Remember that Deerhaven is on Bap- Together with the newer advances in the picture windows of the house. Selec- tist Church Road, north of Croton reverseosmosis, tubing has brought the tive thinning of sawlog-size trees will be Reservoir, west of the Taconic Parkway, sugarbush into the modern age oj discussed. exit at Baldwin and Underhill Roads, agriculture. Capital has replaced labor. Visitors to Deerhaven will also see a and dead-ending at Baldwin Road. Go And now, at least jor now, economic climax forest of hemlock-hardwood over the hill from a yellow and green opportunity has joined romance in the above a beautiful trout stream, a pole- mail box (number 329) on Baptist Chur- maple orchard. sized stand of black birch historically old chRoad. -t.

6 The NY Forest Owner New in the Woodlot

ATVSPRAYERKIT ATIEX750 Ag-Chem Equipment Co., Inc., is of- This is definitely new and different. fering a spray tank to mount on the back It's a truck. No .. .it's an all-terrain of your three-wheeler. Called the ATV- vehicle. No ... it's a firewood hauler. No, 10, it can be used for spot spraying it's probably anything you want it to be. around buildings, near fence rows and in The standard version includes a dum- hard-to-reach areas. It has a ten-gallon ping cargo bed, stake bed or six poly tank that mounts on the utility passenger personnel carrier. All have rack. It also features a 12 volt demand wide-angle sealed beam headlights, tail pump, on-off switch, handgun, pressure lights and reflectors, heavy duty 12-volt gauge, manifold stand, and 20 feet of battery, trailer hitch, padded seats, for- 3/8 inch chemical resistant hose. An op- ward/neutral/reverse transmission and tional 5 foot boom kit is height- 26 inch diameter tires. The ATTEX 750 adjustable and has 3 outlets spaced at 20 is fully amphibious with its high-density inches. A 40 inch extension has spring- polyethylene body and has a maximum loaded breakaways to increase the boom water speed of four miles per hour, with to 100 inches. Contact Ag-Chem a land speed of 40 miles per hour. Op- Equipment Company, Inc., Industrial tions include a 16, 20, or 40 horsepower Park, Jackson, Minnesota 56143. engine, all with electric start; heavy duty Telephone 507-847-2690. tires; windshield kit; grader blade; dump trailer; and an all weather cab with removable curtains. Contact Mr. William Richards, Attex International, CHAIN·SA WWINCH Inc., 6168 Woodbine Avenue, Ravenna, Ohio 44266. Telephone 216-297 -077. This gizmo allows you to convert your chain saw into a power winch. It has a drum capacity of 300 feet of 532 aircraft cable, uses roller and needle bearings, and can lift 1300 pounds vertically. It also has a drum brake with positive lock. It wieghs 38 pounds when loaded with 200 feet of cable and hooks. The gear ratio is 220 to 1. Contact True Dimen- sions, Inc., 10776 S.E. Highway 212, Clackamas, Oregon 97015. Telephone 503-650-0699.

STIHL CHAINSA W SAFETY BOOK

The 24-page manual identifies and diagrams all the parts of a saw, describes proper clothing and working conditions, preparation and operation of the saw, reactive forces and felling methods. If you are like most weekend warriors in the woods, you probably expect too much of yourself and your saw. This manual may help you be more realistic in your expectations. Contact Marketing Services Department, Stihl Incor- porated, 520 Viking Drive, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23452. Send 50 cents for handling and postage.

Marchi April 1985 7 A 45-year-old maple plantation. Spacing was exceptionally wide at 40 by 40feet, and crowns are just closing. The trunks average over 15 inches in diameter.

Sugar Bush Management by RobertMorrow

Maple syrup and sugar are important on a wide variety of soils. Thus it is well ches are good sites. Sandy soils that hold products in several northeastern states suited to succeed in many places moisture and fine, shallow soils with and much of southeastern Canada. New following harvest or wind throw of sufficient drainage can have moderate to York is a leading producer with an an- conifers and other trees. Pure stands of good maple growth. Swamps, dry nual crop valued at approximately $5 sugar maple are not uncommon. sands, and thin rocky soils should ordinarily be excluded from sugar bushes. million. Though maple sap may be ob- Because of its high tolerance of shade, Sap production is often more influen- tained from roadside or ornamental sugar maple can persist for long periods ced by topography than soil. North trees or trees on the edges of fields, it of time with little growth. Seedlings may facing slopes have maximum moisture more commonly comes from a wooded remain in heavy shade for decades with but receive little sunlight and may be too area - a sugar bush or sugar grove. little apparent growth. Crowded young cold. Southwest facing slopes may be Continued and improved production trees remain as poles too small to tap. too dry. Southeast facing slopes are depends on the proper development and Close-spaced tapped trees have small usually best. Also, low-elevation bushes management of the sugar bush. crowns with too little leaf area to are usually moister and more protected Although maple sap can be obtained produce sweet sap. Younger sugar from cold winds, and can be expected to from all the native maples, sugar maple maples, however, have remarkable flow earlier and sometimes more. High, Acer saccharum, also known as hard or recuperative powers. Trees released exposed bushes may be drier and usually rock maple, is best. It may yield 50 per- from overhead shade and side com- flow later, and seasonal production may cent more sap, with a higher sugar con- petition can double or quadruple their be lowered. tent, than red or silver maples. Since the growth if the crown of leaves is still Seed production is so commonplace latter also bud early, the sap, when vigorous. Thus thinning of young maple and prolific that new sugar bushes are mixed with the sap of sugar maples, can trees to allow more space and growth is easy to establish. New maple forests degrade or ruin late-season syrup. On the most rewarding activity in managing develop in old fields. To renew an old the other hand, black maple produces a the sugar bush. sugar bush, it is necessary only to ex- sap similar to that of sugar maple. clude livestock from the area and reduce Where it occurs, it can be retained in the Though sugar maple grows in many overhead shade by harvesting merchan- sugar bush along with sugar maple, but places, it grows best and produces more table trees or culling trees with sap where there is ample moisture. other maples should be removed. chemicals. Although selection thinning Deep, moist, well-drained soils with may result in a scattering or small groups Sugar maple is the most common tree medium or fine texture are best since of young maples, it is usually preferable in New York. It is tolerant of shade and, they normally have plenty of nutrients as to make larger openings by removing a given enough light, it grows vigorously well as moisture. Glacial tills and ben- quarter to a half acre of overhead shade

8 The NY Forest Owner are best suited for crown growth, sugar greatly influence the distribution of production, and ease of sap collection. growth. Thinning to create an open On the other hand, wood for pulp or fuel stand allows sunlight to reach the sides can be obtained without conflict from as well as the tops of tree crowns; deeper the thinning needed to promote growth crowns, sugar production nearer the in the sugar bush. base of the tree, larger stem diameters, Syrup production per acre varies little and more available sugar near the with tree or crown size, probably taphole result. because the amount of solar energy Tree response to thinning depends on falling on the leaves is the same. In dense a healthy, vigorous crown and the forest stands, however, most of the an- amount of release. Heavy thinning of nual sugar production is required for young maples with good crowns causes stem development and other aspects of rapid branch extension and can readily tree growth. In open-grown trees there is double stem diameter growth. Typical relatively more sugar left for the spring middle-aged, forest-grown trees have maple-sap crop. The superiority of the small crowns that show little response. vigorous, more open trees is found in Crowns of old trees have too little vigor. more efficient collection and Therefore, thinning is best started when evaporation of sweeter sap as well as the trees are young and should be possible higher yields per acre. Also trees repeated at 5-10 year intervals to keep reach tappable size much sooner, the crowns vigorous. Failure to continue tapholes heal more quickly, and new thinning after the first time results in tappable wood is grown at a faster rate. shading and eventual death of lower Most sugar bushes fully stocked with branches and loss of crowns. sugar maple have about 100 tapholes per acre, each yielding a yearly average of a Thinning objectives quart of syrup. This amounts to 25 gallons of syrup per acre per year. More Thinning prescriptions vary with the open bushes with large trees usually have age, vigor, and condition of the sugar fewer taps (60-80) but more and sweeter bush. Young sapling stands are treated sap per taphole. They may yield 1112-2 differently than old, grazed bushes. quarts of syrup per tap, or 25-40 gallons However, thinning objectives may in- of syrup per acre. Sugar bushes that con- clude the following; tain numerous other species produce -Convert area entirely to sugar trees at one time. Such openings favor maple much less. Minimum levels for profit are - eliminate red or silver maples and over beech and provide larger groups of estimated at 30 taps per acre and 200 non-sap-producing species from the maple seedlings which are more easily gallons of syrup overall. sugar bush. More tapholes per acre managed. However, excessive light may The technical aspects of sap collection reduce the fixed costs of tubing and encourage too many intolerant species and transport can be as important to the roads as well as increase production. such as cherry and birch. Large deer ideal sugar bush as high-producing trees. - Develop the best sugar producers - populations may delay or reduce maple For tubing, land with suitable slope (10 select and grow helathy sugar maples reproduction as well as deform young percent optimal) and facing toward a with the best crowns and stem diameters stems. Where too many deer are present, few central collection points is best for or those trees already known to be good early and sizable crown openings are maximum vacuum and sap flow as well sugar producers. needed to encourage seeding and rapid as ease of collection. Collection points -Hasten diameter growth so that trees growth of saplings above deer browse should be accessible to roads and near reach tappable size (10" in diameter at level. the sugar house. 4.5' above ground) sooner; more sap is Sugar maple is a valuable tree. It often obtained from larger trees; tapholes heal commands the highest of prices for logs Thinning the more quickly; and more fresh wood is to be made into furniture or flooring. Its grown over old tapholes. density and weight account for good Sugar Bush - Remove conifers that shade tube pulp yields and a high fuel value. It is a lines or tapholes and thus delay thawing prized ornamental and shade tree and, The amount of sunlight reaching any and diminish sap runs. of course, the best sugar producer. particular acre of forest changes little - Hasten seedling growth to renew old Direct conflict exists between growing from year to year. Except when there are stands. Heavy thinning may be needed trees for quality timber and growing extreme droughts or fertilizer is applied, before the harvest of old trees to en- them for syrup. The former is enhanced the same holds true for moisture and courage seedlings to grow into young by tall, straight stems with no branching nutrients. Thus the land supports a cer- saplings with terminal buds above deer below the growing crown, whereas ef- tain amount of woody growth. Con- browse level. ficient sugar production is promoted by sequently, thinning or removal of un- =Obtain usable wood products wide crowns with leaves near the wanted trees does not ordinarily increase especially fuel wood for evaporation. ground. Sugar bush management may or decrease growth or sugar production involve a compromise between the two per acre. The purpose of thinning is to Selection of crop trees types of growth or, perhaps better, con- select and keep the better trees to benefit centration on development of the from the available light, water, and The crop trees are those trees selected younger trees near the sugar house that nutrients. However, thinning does to be favored for future growth and

Marchi April 1985 9 sugar production. More crop trees are plicable to groups of trees or to stands and most dominant sugar maples - the selected in young stands to insure against that are nearly the same age and height. tallest with widest crowns and large losses and assure food trees for the The table shows the minimum diameters. Selected tress should be future. By middle age the crop trees may stocking (number of trees per acre and healthy, vigorous, and free of large simply be the tapped trees unless stand is average spacing between trees) for a cankers, rot, or borer damage. Stems of greatly overstocked. Young crop trees sugar bush, based on the assumptions seedlings origin are preferred over stump can be identified with a paint mark for that sugar maple is the only species or other sprouts; avoid forked or bent future reference. present and that tree crowns almost stems that may be too weak. Spacing can Thinned trees are those selected to be touch each other. It is equivalent to vary from 10-20 feet apart with an removed so that crop trees will grow bet- having open-grown trees placed next to average of 15by 15feet. ter. They are usually those trees that one another in a forest grove. To have For each crop tree, thin out com- most crowd the crop trees. Filler trees fewer trees is to fail to make full use of peting trees to release the crown for an are those that remain and fill the spaces the site and to prematurely encourage average of 5-6 feet from its center. In- between the crop trees. Filler trees, maple reproduction as well as weed clude all trees that touch the crown of the predominant at very young ages, are of- growth. crop tree. Small, over-topped stems can ten too small to be valuable but help to Middle and maximum stocking levels remain, but pay special attention to preserve a forest atmosphere. They are arbitrary standards. Even though nearby trees of other species that grow reduce the danger of overexposure, many sugar bushes are more dense, exceptionally fast and could soon over- especially to sunscald, maple borer, or maximum stocking is set at the same top the crop tree. wind damage, of crop trees. In suc- levels as the rrurumum stocking The released crop trees can be expec- ceeding thinnings, filler trees, as well as prescribed for full sawlog growth. ted to grow between 5 and 8 rings per in- excessive crop trees, becoming thinned Middle stocking on the other hand, is ch or about 2.5-4 inches per decade. The trees. Eventually, under ideal con- considered too light for sawlogs and too crowns will expand rapidly, as much as ditions, only some 25-40 large crop trees heavy for optimal sugar production. 4-6 inches in each direction each year, per acre, spaced 35-40 feet apart, may Where thinning has been delayed but and the stand will need thinning again in remain. trees remain vigorous, it may be a about 5 years. The first and most important step in desirable level for the sugar bush. Most people delay thinning until the thinning is the selection of the crop trees; Sugar bushes with full-crowned trees, polewood stage. However, much of the only after that can you properly pick the at the minimum level of stocking, are lower stem (15-30 or more feet), is trees to be thinned. Remember that rare. Three intensive thinnings are already devoid of branches. Successive selection of crop trees will influence needed by age 20, nearby trees being thinnings can develop wider crowns, current and future thinnings and is the removed on the basis of expected crown key to sugar bush quality for the growth. Successive thinnings free the with increasing depth, provided the trees remainder of its lifetime. crown area for average distances of 6, 8, continue to grow in height. and 10 feet in each direction from the If the sugarbush has gone this long center of the crop tree crown (thinning without management, select 100-150 radii) to provide sufficient growing crop trees per acre. They should include space. the most dominant trees - those with Commonly, the problem is what to do largest crowns and bigger diameters. with an untended sugar bush. A simple They should be healthy, vigorous, and thinning guideline is to reduce the relatively free of major defect such as a stocking to the maximum level or the canker, rot, borer damage, or weak middle level or the middle level or below. stems. Selected trees should be 15-25 feet The latter is dangerous however, except apart. in young and vigorous stands, since it In addition, you can select for sweet- would likely result in too large openings ness among prospective crop trees. With with considereable risk of sunscald, a sharp awl, make a hole through the maple borer, and possibly wind damage bark. Collect at least a drop of sap. The or other "shock" factors. sugar content can then be measured with There is also a O-plus rule. It a sap refractometer. Test all the trees on calculates the needed growing space an acre within a 2-hour period to from the stem diameter. For example, a minimize the effect of normal changes in 6-inch tree needs freeing for an average sugar content during the day . Avoid Drilling tap holes is made easier with distance of 8 feet (0plus 2 equals 6 plus 2 drill modifications on chain saw power- which equals 8) in each direction to make windy or rainy days which could in- plants. room for crown development to a total fluence the size or sugar content of drops width of 16 feet before the second thin- of sap. ning. The rule assumes that the crown is Release each crop tree by thinning out Thinning guidelines sufficiently vigorous to grow well trees on all sides, using the thinning following thinning. radius guideline. All trees touching the Thinning recommendations are best Stands are often greatly overstocked upper crowns of crop trees should be made in the indivual sugar bush, with 5-10 thousand or more trees per removed in young stands. Larger trees However, guidelines suggest the amount acre. Maximum crown development is (6"-8'1 in older stands may receive some or degree of thinning. These guidelines possible by starting a thinning program "shock" from such a rigorous treatment; are based on average stem diameters at now, but costs are high. Select about 200 thinning should be somewhat lighter 4.5 feet above the ground and are ap- crop trees per acre. Include the biggest with an occasional competitor allowed

10 The NY Forest OWner to remain for the time being. All narrow- crowned, adjacent "whip" trees, however, must be removed. Trees with vigorous crowns respond quickly and will need thinning again in 5- 8 years. Light thinning as well as vigorous growth may shorten the period between thinnings. Inevitably, some very good trees must be thinned out along with poor trees. A well planned sugarhouse provides for If thinning is delayed until trees reach wood storage under cover. tappable size, less can be accomplished. Trees are older, less vigorous, have lost much of the lower crown (30-40 or more trees can be harvested for timber, and feet), and are less capable of responding others will make excellent fuel wood. considerable interest, but results of ex- quickly to release. Nevertheless, thin- Trees over 15 inches, mature trees, periments have been inconsistent. A ning is of continued importance to en- receive little benefit from thinning. recent Canadian experiment, in which courage wider crowns and faster growth Heavy thinning may even have adverse- 250 pounds of ammonium nitrate were of stems. Even where trees are no longer effects, including dieback in the crown. applied per acre for 4 successive years, sufficiently vigorous to respond well, Little response can be expected from old yielded some 30-50 percent more sap thinning is needed to retain current trees, middle-aged trees with small with little change in sweetness. Earlier crown size and growth rates. crowns, or trees growing on poorly studies have been less convincing. Sugar Stem diameter growth in still vigorous drained or dry soils. stands can reach 10 rings per inch or 2 in- content has sometimes been increased; ches per decade. This is of particular im- Too often sugar bushes are thinned in one case, it was decreased. portance both for increasing the number once and then neglected. Since the effec- The likehood of increased tree growth of taps per taphole. The amount of sap ts of normal thinnings are short-lived and sugar production following fer- per tap hole per year increases about 10 and since one or two excessive thinnings tilization probably depends on a careful percent with an increase of 2-3 inches in may be harmful, there should be analysis of soil deficiencies and a diameter for trees of this size. numerous thinnings during the life time suitable prescription to correct these. Otherwise, gains may be no more than can be obtained by needed thinning. The high energy costs of manufacturing fer- Number of trees per acre and average spacing tilizer are likely to make fertilization a poor investment for many sugar bushes. *Minimum stocking Middle stocking Maximum stocking Average stem Trees Trees Trees Establishing a sugar bush diameter per Average per Average per Average acre spacing acre spacing acre spacing Ease with which seedlings develop

Inches Number Feet Number Feet Number Feet under natural conditions and following harvest has made planting generally un- 3-4 260 13 necessary. High planting costs are unat- 5-6 150 17 210 14 335 11 tractive. 7-8 100 21 145 17 205 14 But with the future development of 9-10 75 24 110 20 145 17 superior maple plants having the poten- 11-12 60 27 85 23 110 20 tial to yield more sugar and sap, planting 13-14 50 30 70 25 85 23 sugar orchards may become popular. 15-16 40 33 60 27 70 25 They will be costly and so will merit ex- 17-18 35 35 50 30 60 27 cellent soils with sufficient protection 19-20 30 38 40 33 50 29 from frost, wind, and sun as well as good management. A first consideration is the initial spacing. If 40 trees per acre are wanted for the final stand, they will be Select 80- l()() crop trees per acre, in- of a sugar bush. Young, vigorous trees spaced an average of 33 feet apart. This cluding the known best producers - quickly extend their branches into final spacing can be obtained by planting high sugar content and (or) good sap openings and need thinning again in trees at 16-17 feet apart and eventually flow. Where necessary, emphasize about 5 years. Thinning should continue keeping only the best 1 of 4 trees planted. elimination of other species to en- periodically as long as the trees respond courage more sugar production per acre. well in diameter and crown growth. The Northeastern Forest Experiment Strive for good distribution - crop trees Station is currently working on spaced 20-25 feet apart. Some tappable Fertilization genetically superior maples as well as sugar maples may need to be thinned trying to solve the many problems en- out, the number of taps per acre being The use of commercial fertilizers to countered in large-scale nursery practice temporarily reduced. Larger thinned increase sugar production has been of and growth of outplants. +

Marchi April 1985 11 Five Woods ..walks Set for Coming Year

Woods-walks committee chairman August 17, 1985: Willard Ives was the A.W. Roberts, Jr., announces a New York Tree Farmer of the year. The schedule of five woods-walks for the en- Ives family uses the property for timber joyment and education of NYFOA and Christmas trees. They also have members. Forest owners with questions developed a cross-country ski trail can contact Mr. Roberts at 981 Route system that is open to the public for a 222, Cortland, NY 13045 telephone 607- fee. 756-5956. Autumn, 1985: William Lynch, a direc- May 4, 1985: Host is R. Bamber Mar- tor of NYFOA, will guide association shall, at Deerhaven, near Yorktown. See members and guests through his north adjacent article for details. country properties. June 22, 1985: Host is Norman Richar- , ds, a forestry professor at Syracuse. This walk will be conducted at Mr. Richards' 190acre property in Delaware County. July 20,1985: Evans James will host this walk on his property of221 acres ofhar- dwood and softwood. The softwood is A woods-walk can be the very best way in plantations ranging from 25 to 45 to see forestry at its friendliest, most years of age. The hardwood has not been practical application. Come! Learn extensively cut for 40 years. from your hosts andfellow guests.

Specialist in Forest Management

sf SERVICES OFFERED BY 31 Year FORECON,NC . .,. Timber Management Plans for FORESTRY • RECREATION the forest .,. Timber appraisals CONSERVA TION .,. Timber inventory ECOLOGY .,. Timber marking .,. Timber marketing and sales I .,. Capital gains assistance on Stop in to see us...or give us a call.,; timber sales ..laJEstawn Office .,. Tree planting I .,. Recreational development 1l,\VE 1lD1AS/VKE FllESIJlNI' .,. Assistance with timber trespass ern..n Building .,. Boundary marking 100 E. Secord Street. .,. Christmas tree management JaDestown, New York 14701 716/f:iA--'Hfl .,. Silviculture and timber stand improvement .,. Logging engineering and Avm Office Cortland Office Edinboro Office harvesting .,. Cost and economic studies of ImNOOI fRSJ[ vnr:mr P. OlEllEfAR, JR. HIClWL G. rNImSS forest operations 5 Ceresee Street: Ib. 311, Cort:land Savings &ok Bldg. 1m Erie Street: .,. Environmental impact studies Avrn, New York 14414 Ccrt.laod, New York J..)Y.5 BlinOOro, l'emsy 1vania 1&.12 716/226-8lll to7/753- 3113 814/734-;{l51

\Iellsville Office Loo-tl.Ie Office TOIoI!I¥Ia Office

Rlffi:Ill, OC. !WillL EM'IE JA/'tl3 llHRIS

313 IIorth lirln Street: m State Street P. O. Pox 48 \Iellsville, New Yock 1489S Lcevi.Lle, New York 13367 8 &idge Street 716/593-4971 315/376-7758 TOIoI!I¥Ia, Pemsylvania 19348 7l7/7f& 7fJj5

12 The NY Forest Owner growth schedules, even cash flow Computers and the schedules, all providing the forest owner Forest Owner with valuable information almost at a moment's notice. by John Gifford* A forester can even project an ac- celerated growth of a woodlot to see the NEW MEMBERS results of various management options. He can add 10, 30, 50, even a hundred Whether you own a small, managed years to a woodlot for a view into the woodlot of 10 acres or forested lands future. Think about this for your forest Sarah R. Bogdanovitch Craig A. Miller rivaling the area of a National Forest, it landholding! Management actions can Lake Clear, New York Syracuse, New York is a safe bet that somewhere along the be wisely selected and simulated on the Harrison K. Caner, 3rd Frances Monahan way you could benefit from the use of a computer before embarking on a well- Keene, New York Staatsburg, New York computer. The advent of the microcom- intentioned, but less-than-ideal puter has brought you an affordable and management scheme. It can give us that John Crammond Ted Nakoski Esperance, New York Syracuse, New York extremely efficient tool. Now, large 20-20 hindsight we've always been amounts of field data that used to take looking for. Thomas). Cruger Catherine and Michael enormous amounts of hand-calculating But, let's not forget that the computer Binghamton, New York Nobiletti time are literally gobbled up and is not the "Wizard of Oz" come-to-save Forest Hills, New York arranged into orderly, meaningful forestry. It is simply a tool; a very D.H.Dick Big Flats, New York Richard G. Pancoe reports in a fraction of the time. Com- valuable tool. It is not the Omnipotent New Berlin, New York puters can now be used for almost any Guru of the forestry world. It is only as B.W. Fitzpatrick forestry concern, from management good as the program in it and the Malvern, Pennsylvania Charles B. Roberts planning to timber inventory to financial professional using it. "Garbage in, Gar- Lockport, New York analysis to you-name-it. The sky's the R.E. Manning bageout," so the saying goes. APO San Francisco Bernard Schneider limit (or is it the forest?)! And the use of We all stand to benefit, both finan- California Fayetteville, New York computers by professional foresters can cially and expediently, from the aid of a translate into financial savings and more computer in the hands of a competent Ed Slocum accurate, expedient work for the land and experienced professional. .~+ Cuba, New York owner. Numbers and computers get along quite well, and quite quickly, I might add. A computer can process and report an answer to a complex system of mathematical equations in the blink of vanllee UlOodSaUl an eye. And the axiom that time is money certainly applies to forestry. The Hook it up to your 3-point hitch. less time spent on processing data, the Attach the PTO-then move less the cost ofthe job. your Yankee Woodsaw any- Computers are also very efficient where you want. You're ready to managers. They can maintain thousands cut cordwood, pulpwood, of records, search for specific items, or firewood, ties or any other type present reports in a variety of formats of wood. most useful to the land owner. These reported might include proposed cutting As soon as you place a log on and thinning schedules,. projected the sturdy 40" table you'll get the feel of balanced-torque action. Just a light hand pressure • the author is employed by Forecon, a forestry moves the log into the blade. consultingfirm in Jamestown, NY.

When you release, pressure, the spring-loaded table rocks back effortlessly on dual roller bearings, all set for the next cut. It is engineered to stand up to heavy-duty use year after year. Gas Model also available.

-FOR BROCHURE AND NEAREST DEALER WRITE OR CALL- JAMES F. nElson. YAnKEE WOODSAW RD 2. BOK104. Hoosieil Falls. IV 12090 518/686-9557 (near Bennington, Vermont)

Marchi April198S 13 1bmorrow's Forests Unloading a Forester Although I would not think it Beginilere. typical, I have been completely This is the sign of the future for dissatisfied with the work of our consulting forester. He rejected American Forestry. It indicates one of bids without even telling us what the more than 50,000 Tree Farms be- they were or that he had done so. ing managed by private landowners We heard it weeks later from the for the growing and harvesting of milloperators. How do I terminate forest crops. my contract and get somebody else? A Tree Farm is not just a matter of - A.R.K. planting trees, or having 10 acres or Candor, NY more of woodland. Tree Farmers ac- tively manage their forests .. grow- If there is no contractual arrangement between the forest ing and harvesting crops of trees; pro- owner and theforestry consultant, tecting the land from fire, insects, there should be nothing inhibiting disease and destructive grazing. They the forest owner from dismissing provide watershed protection, better theforestry consultant and seeking food and habitat for wildlife, and op- a new one. Contracts between owners and consultants usually portunities for outdoor recreation. contain a provision for term- And it is the Tree Farmer who will inating the contract. If there is no make possible the lumber, wood such stated procedure for ending fiber, and other natural resources the relationship, afrank discussion between theparties would be in or- America needs for tomorrow's der. I can't imagine a consulting growth. forester workingfor a client who is If you have 10 acres or more of dissatisfied with his services. The woodland, why not send for informa- basis of a sound relationship bet- tion on this valuable program? Tree ween the owner and the consultant Got a question? is mutual satisfaction. Farms payoff for their owners and for - Curtis H. Bauer our country. Forestry Consultant Forecon, Inc. r------,Alan Scouten, Chm. I ASK A 100E. Second Street Jamestown, NY 14701 c/o Georiga-Pacific Corp. I 716-664-5602 Center Street, Box 338 FORESTER Lyons Falls, NY 13368 I am interested in additional information on Maple Syrup Short? how Ican manage my woodlands to meet Tree I have heard that there is a short- Farm Standards. age of maple syrup and that this Name might be a good time to get into the Phone _ business. Is this true? -R.J.L. Address Erie,PA

City Many New York maple Tax Incentives Forest Owner Protocol L State/Zip _ J producers acknowledge having a Please send me any information A question was once posed to very good retail and wholesale you might have on hand on what Ann Landers and I'd like to know sales year in 1984. Recently, new part-time farmers can do with what foresters and forestland markets have been developed small sections of woods (10 acres owners think: "Is it polite to ask through the joint efforts of the or more) regarding tax incentives. country people how many acres New York State Department of -C.D.C. they own? Isn't it the same as Agriculture and Markets and the Cherry Valley, NY asking how much money they New York Maple Syrup Producers own? I am embarassed when Association. The word from While the association is not people ask." maple producers who are involved geared up to be an extension ser- -M.S.M. in large scale marketing is that vice or a library (there is no staff, Sugarloaf Key, Florida present syrup supplies are very low just us part-time hackers), I just and a normal production season in happened to receive a packet on Ann Landers answered, "Why the entire maple syrup producing this topic from the Department of are you embarassed? Too few or belt may yield an inadequate sup- Environmental Conservation too many? I don't think the ply for existing markets. forester Tom Wolfe. So, I send it question is inpoor taste. But what The benefits of market expan- to you with a modest bill to cover do I know? Me in my Chicago sion to maple producers should ex- photocopying and postage. I hope apartment. How about it, you tend beyond the 1985 season. it helps. folks who own property? Am I - Lewis Staats - the editor wrong?" CornellExtension maple specialist Well, readers ... how about it? UihleinResearch Farm - theeditor Lake Placid, NY

14 The NY Forest Owner For sale: Approximately 25 acres of For sale: Christmas tree seedlings. level land, great for dry kilns or Special 5-8" Woodsplants, $95 per sawmill; buildings include grading thousand. Superior Balsam Woods- shed, storage sheds, modern office. plants 8-15", $200 per thousand. One mile off major highway. Con- Balsam Woodsplants 8-15" tran- tact Cadosia Valley Lumber Com- splanted in trenches at least one year pany, Inc., Box 567, Hancock, NY and fertilized, $400 per thousand 13783.Telephone 607-637-5495. (available after 8/15/85). Contact Walker's Tree Farms, East Burke, America's Finest For sale: Standing black walnut, 19" Vermont 05832. Telephone 802-626- circumference at breast height. 5276. Cast Iron FirePlaces Height to first limb is 6 feet, branch spread over 100feet and tree height Are Made In 75 feet. 3000to 4000board feet good Wanted: Mixed hardwood saw logs lumber in this tree. Contact Norman delivered to Newfoundland, Penn- Downing, P.O. Box 50, Warner- sylvania. Contact Cadosia Valley Randolph, Vemumt. sville, NY 12187. Telephone 518- Lumber Co., Inc., Rt. 191, New- 234-2480. foundland, Pennsylvania 18445. Telephone Jim Vitale at 717-676- For sale: Firewood processor, truck 3400. mounted, Barko loader, Pettibone slasher saw, 5-way splitter, $15,000. Contact Catskill Forest Association, Wanted: 4/4, 5/4, 6/4 and 8/4 Arkville, NY 12406.Telephone 914- FAS/FIF hardwood lumber in all 586-3054. stages of drying; also all thicknesses of eastern white pine, furniture For sale: Log truck, 1970 GMC grade or better. Contact Ronald 7500. Engine perfect, body fair. California, Mann and Parker Lum- Visit our factory showroom and see these world- With John Deere 345 mounted log ber Co., Box 18, New Freedom, famous heaters: the Defiant" , the Vigilant" , the Resolute loader, new hydraulic pump, new Pennsylvania 17349.Telephone 717- clutch, excellent rubber. $4750. the Intrepid" , and the new Fircl'Iace" Insert. 235-4834. Contact Back Home to Logs, Inc., We are open Monday· Friday from 8 a.m .. 5 p.m. Box 112A, County Road 26, Parish, Saturday from 8 a.m. - 4 p.m. NY 13131.Telephone 315-625-7191. Wanted: Low grade hardwood, For sale: Hardi back-pack sprayer preferably oak. Will buy your odd Vermont Castings; Inc. (just like a Solo). Great for spot lots in all thickness and pay cash on spraying of weeds in Christmas tree delivery. Contact Jules Budoff, Prince St. plantation, pasture, woods. Used Budoff Outdoor Furniture, P.O. Randolph, Vermont 05060 once. Too heavy for my wife! $100 Box 530, Monticello, N.Y. 12701. (for the sprayer, not the wife.) Con- Telephone 914-794-6212. 802· 728·3111 tact Alan Knight i57 Owego Street, Candor, NY. Telephone: 607-659- 5275. Wanted: Red cedar pulpwood, 4- The FirePlaces'" by Vermont Castings Forest Owners Tour: New Zealand, foot lengths at roadside. Any early March, 1986.Visit other forest amount. Contact R. Schager, owners and Christmas tree growers Altamont, N.Y. 12009. Telephone in this agricultural paradise. Tour 518-861-6954. arranged especially for forest owners by forest owners. Sponsored by New York Forest Owners Association. Wanted: Standing timber, hard- Contact New Yorkshire Tours, 257 wood or softwood, esp. white pine Owego Street, Candor, NY 13743. and hemlock. Contact Edwin Davis, Telephone 607-659-5275. R.D.I, Box IJ, West Edmeston, NY Display advertisements: $25. Any black and white 13485.Telephone 315-855-7822. Display ads are being ac- glossy photo in the ad will For sale: Christmas trees are a good cepted for the Forest Owner cost $10 to $20 additional, cash crop. We have the planting Wanted:Large, dried, fir beams, under these guidelines: $5 per depending upon size. Please stock. We also have deciduous specifically 12 by 12, 10by 10and 3 inquire about specific cases shrubs, trees, and ground covers, in- column inch flat rate. There by 10. Would appreciate leads on cluding nut trees. We do planting in are three lO-inch columns per and for circulation and this, too. Contact Mark Sanders, nearby counties. W.C. Cottrell, page. Ads should be submit- demographic information. Estimator, Wilson Development 5577South Geneva Rd., Sodus, New Systems, Inc., Rochester, NY 14620. ted camera-ready or in Contact Alan Knight, Editor, York 14551. Telephone 315-483- Telephone 716-461-31937:30 am. to negative form. Ads can be 257 Owego St., Candor, New %84. 5:00pm. designed and laid out for York 13743. Telephone advertisers at a flat rate of 607-659-5275 evenings.

1 5 Non profit org. bulk rate US POSTAGE PAID Camillus. N.Y. 13031 Permit No. 57

Drag In The Profits VALBY SMALL WOODCHIPPERS KNUCKLEBOOM In a crowded field of woodchippers, the Valby The Farmi 1800 is the loader that firewood chippers stand out by producing exceptionally and pulp producers have been waiting for. The uniform chips. In addition to traditional uses of loader is affordable and big enough to get the job done. The loader can be mounted directly on chips, one can use Valby chips in .gasifi.ers and most Farmi winches. The loader can be mounted chip stokers which demand high uniformity. The on other frames. The winch and loader can also uniform chips enable inexpensive chip transport be mounted on other frames. The winch and methods such as grain augers to be used. The loader combination is a universal machine which chip size is continuously adjustable between 114 can be used for a multitude of jobs. Prebun- and I". Maximum slab size is 10" wide or 8" in ching forwarding, loading of pulpwood and diameter for roundwood. Three knives on a 41" firew~od can all be performed with this machine disk do the outting. The Valby chippers can be combination. supplied with V-belt pulleys for electric motor hookup or with a PTP hookup for farm trac- tors.

Send us your name and address. We will send you the FARMI TREE HARVESTING METHOD booklet and the name of your nearest Farmi dealer. NORTHEAST IMPLEMENT CORPORATION P.O. Box 402, Spencer, NY 14853 Tel:(607) 589.6160