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Bacteria-Mediated Aggregation of the Marine Phytoplankton Thalassiosira Weissflogii and Nannochloropsis Oceanica --Manuscript Draft

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Bacteria-Mediated Aggregation of the Marine Phytoplankton Thalassiosira Weissflogii and Nannochloropsis Oceanica --Manuscript Draft Journal of Applied Phycology Bacteria-mediated aggregation of the marine phytoplankton Thalassiosira weissflogii and Nannochloropsis oceanica --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: JAPH-D-20-00382R1 Full Title: Bacteria-mediated aggregation of the marine phytoplankton Thalassiosira weissflogii and Nannochloropsis oceanica Article Type: Original Research Keywords: Environmental biotechnology; microbial aggregation; Thalassiosira; Nannochloropsis; microalgae-bacteria interactions Corresponding Author: Nhan-An Thi Tran University of Cambridge Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: University of Cambridge Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: Nhan-An Thi Tran First Author Secondary Information: Order of Authors: Nhan-An Thi Tran Bojan Tamburic Christian Evenhuis Justin R Seymour Order of Authors Secondary Information: Funding Information: Australian Government Research Training Ms Nhan-An Thi Tran Program Scholarship University of Technology Sydney Climate Ms Nhan-An Thi Tran Change Cluster (C3) Abstract: The ecological relationships between heterotrophic bacteria and marine phytoplankton are complex and multifaceted, and in some instances include the bacteria-mediated aggregation of phytoplankton cells. It is not known to what extent bacteria stimulate aggregation of marine phytoplankton, the variability in aggregation capacity across different bacterial taxa, or the potential role of algogenic exopolymers in this process. Here we screened twenty bacterial isolates, spanning nine orders, for their capacity to stimulate aggregation of two marine phytoplankton, Thalassiosira weissflogii and Nannochloropsis oceanica . In addition to phytoplankton aggregation efficiency, the production of exopolymers was measured using Alcian blue. Bacterial isolates from the Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales and Sphingomonadales orders stimulated the highest levels of cell aggregation in phytoplankton cultures. When co-cultured with bacteria, exopolymer concentration accounted for 34.1% of the aggregation observed in T. weissflogii and 27.7% of the aggregation observed in N. oceanica . Bacteria- mediated aggregation of phytoplankton has potentially important implications for mediating vertical carbon flux in the ocean and in extracting phytoplankton cells from suspension for biotechnological applications. Response to Reviewers: Author’s comments to reviewers Reviewer #1: Interactions between bacteria and phytoplankton in the marine environment are complex and of ecological significance. The authors have systematically studied the Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation effect of 20 bacterial strains on aggregation of two species of phytoplankton with a focus on production of exopolysaccharides. The ms. is clearly written and the experimental approaches are sound. Phytoplankton were mid-exponential. The initial inoculum was one bacterial to five phytoplankton cells but of course the final concentration of each bacterium would be different and the final ratio likely much higher than 1:5, depending on the growth rate of each bacterial culture. Also, the phytoplankton are xenic so there is always a possibility of secondary effects in which, say, signaling compounds from the added bacteria may trigger TEP production by some of the bacteria already associated with the phytoplankton. These complicating factors should at least be mentioned in the discussion. We thank the reviewer for his/her comments. The points regarding final ratio of phytoplankton cells to bacteria cells and complicating factor of the xenic phytoplankton cultures and possibilities of secondary effects are addressed further in lines 315-321, where we state: “Since the phytoplankton cultures used in this experiment were xenic, a possible explanation for these discrepancies is differences in the bacterial consortia associated with the phytoplankton. There is the possibility of synergistic effects with the introduction of new bacteria, which may have triggered TEP production in those bacteria already associated with the phytoplankton or co-aggregation between bacteria as previously observed in biofilms (Rickard et al. 2003; Burmølle et al. 2006). Furthermore, it was not possible to accurately measure the final cell ratio of phytoplankton to bacteria due to aggregate formation. These factors warrant further consideration for better insight into phytoplankton-bacteria aggregation dynamics.” Explain the term "negative aggregation efficiencies" in the negative controls with no addition of bacteria. This means simply that the phytoplankton or associated bacteria (xenic cultures) grew and the culture became more turbid, right? The reviewer is correct. Negative aggregation efficiencies occur when the culture turbidity increases, indicating cell growth superseded any aggregation effect. This term has been explained more clearly in the manuscript in lines 165-166, where we state: “Negative aggregation efficiency implies net phytoplankton culture growth, with the culture becoming more turbid during the experimental period” In several places, it was not clear whether the authors meant to be stating that the TEP was produced by the bacteria or by the phytoplankton or whether it could be produced by either. For example, in line it is stated that "In this study they have been show (should be changed to shown) to effectively aggregate 284 T. weissflogii and N. oceanica, as well as produce significant amounts of TEP". Is it meant that the TEP is produced by the bacteria or could it be that the bacteria induce TEP production in the phytoplankton or (more likely) is it impossible to distinguish between these two possibilities? Carefully consider this issue and re-word where necessary. We thank the reviewer for his/her comments. This issue has been considered and revised in the manuscript in lines 285-287 and lines 301-304, where we state: “In this study, these bacteria have been shown to effectively aggregate T. weissflogii and N. oceanica, as well as stimulate the production of significant amounts of TEP, though whether TEP production originates from phytoplankton or bacteria remains unclear.” “It however remains unclear whether TEP was produced by the bacteria in the presence of the phytoplankton or whether the bacteria induce TEP production in the phytoplankton, and current methods make it impossible to distinguish between the source of TEP production.” Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Minor point. Line 273 Cytophagia-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides should read Cytophaga- Flavobacterium-Bacteroides This typo has been amended. Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Manuscript Revised Click here to access/download;Manuscript;Manuscript Applied Phycology Revised.docx Click here to view linked References Bacteria-mediated aggregation of the marine phytoplankton Thalassiosira weissflogii and Nannochloropsis oceanica 1 Nhan-An T. Tran1, 2*, Bojan Tamburic1, 3, 4, Christian R. Evenhuis5, Justin R. Seymour1 2 1University of Technology Sydney (Climate Change Cluster (C3), Department of Science), Sydney (New South Wales), 3 Australia 4 2University of Cambridge (Department of Plant Sciences), Cambridge, United Kingdom 5 3University of New South Wales Sydney (Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering), 6 Sydney (New South Wales), Australia 7 4University of New South Wales Sydney (Algae and Organic Matter (AOM) Laboratory, School of Chemical 8 Engineering), Sydney (New South Wales), Australia 9 5University of Technology Sydney (Infection, Immunity and Innovation (I3) Institute, Department of Science), Sydney 10 (New South Wales), Australia 11 12 Nhan-An T. Tran 0000-0003-4285-3362 13 Bojan Tamburic 0000-0001-5720-9380 14 Christian R. Evenhuis 0000-0001-9903-7716 15 Justin R. Seymour 0000-0002-3745-6541 16 17 * Correspondence: 18 Nhan-An T. Tran 19 [email protected] 20 21 Acknowledgements 22 The authors would like to thank Dr. Katherina Petrou for supplying Thalassiosira weissflogii, Dr. Marco Giardina and Dr. 23 Richard Carney for their bacterial isolates, and Dr. Matthias S. Ullrich for Marinobacter adhaerens HP15 WT. 24 25 Abstract 26 The ecological relationships between heterotrophic bacteria and marine phytoplankton are complex and multifaceted, and 27 in some instances include the bacteria-mediated aggregation of phytoplankton cells. It is not known to what extent 28 bacteria stimulate aggregation of marine phytoplankton, the variability in aggregation capacity across different bacterial 29 taxa, or the potential role of algogenic exopolymers in this process. Here we screened twenty bacterial isolates, spanning 30 nine orders, for their capacity to stimulate aggregation of two marine phytoplankton, Thalassiosira weissflogii and 31 Nannochloropsis oceanica. In addition to phytoplankton aggregation efficiency, the production of exopolymers was 32 measured using Alcian blue. Bacterial isolates from the Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales and Sphingomonadales orders 33 stimulated the highest levels of cell aggregation in phytoplankton cultures. When co-cultured with bacteria, exopolymer 34 concentration accounted for 34.1% of the aggregation observed in T. weissflogii and 27.7% of the aggregation observed 35 in N. oceanica. Bacteria-mediated aggregation of phytoplankton has potentially important implications for mediating 36 vertical carbon flux in the ocean and in
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