Australian Seabird Rescue Inc. Animal Husbandry Policy and Procedure

Australian Seabird Rescue Inc.

Policies and Procedures

Animal Husbandry Policy and Procedures

www.seabirdrescue.org.au

ASR aims to reduce the human impact on the environment

This policy applies to staff and volunteers of Australian Seabird Rescue Inc.

Summary:

This document lays down the framework for managing the clinical operations for rescuing, treating, rehabilitation and release of sea turtles, sea snakes and seabirds.

AUSTRALIAN SEABIRD RESCUE INC. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY POLICY AND PROCEDURE

Title: Animal Husbandry Policy and Procedure

Replacing existing policy plan or procedure No

Type of document: Policy Plan Procedure

Related Legislation or other Documents

Department of Planning Industry & Environment (DPIE) NSW: Code of Practice for Injured and Sick Sea turtles and Sea Snakes 2020 Department of Planning Industry & Environment NSW: Rehabilitation of Native Animals Policy 2020 Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) Code of Practice for Injured Sick or Orphaned Protected Fauna 2011 Department of Primary Industry NSW: Oil and Chemical Spill Wildlife Response 2012 Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act). NSW Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 Veterinary Practice Act 2003 ASR Interaction with Veterinarians Policy 2021

Author: Anna Dicker, Olly Pitt, Lisa Hood, Penny Beaver

Applicable to: All staff and volunteers Distribution to: All staff involved in animal care Distribution by: Orientation Kit, Manual, Central Register, Website

Approved by: Date To Take Effect: March 2021 Australian Seabird Rescue Review Date: September 2021 Management Committee

CONTENTS Page

1 Title 5 2 Background 5 3 Purpose 5 4 Policy 5 5 Procedure 5 5.1 Animal Husbandry -Marine Turtles and Sea Snakes 5 5.1.1 Rescue Care 5 5.1.1.1 Sea Turtles 6 5.1.1.2 Sea Snakes 7 5.1.2 Transport 7 5.1.2.1 Sea Turtles 8 5.1.2.2 Sea Snakes 8 5.1.3 Admission 8 5.1.3.1 Assessment 8 5.1.3.1.1 Sea Turtles 9 5.1.3.1.2 Sea Snakes 9 5.1.3.2 Housing on Admission 9 5.1.3.2.1 Sea Turtles 9 5.1.3.2.2 Sea Snakes 10 5.1.3.3 Record Keeping 10 5.1.3.4 Initial Treatment 10 5.1.3.4.1 Sea Turtles 10 5.1.3.4.2 Sea Snakes 11 5.1.4 Ongoing Treatment 11 5.1.4.1 Sea Turtles 11 5.1.4.2 Sea Snakes 11 5.1.5 Tank Care 11 5.1.6 Feeding 12 5.1.6.1 Sea Turtles 12 5.1.6.2 Sea Snakes 12 5.1.6.3 Tube Feeding 13 5.1.7 Hatchlings 13 5.1.7.1 Rescue 13 5.1.7.2 Admission 13 5.1.7.3 Identification 14 5.1.7.4 Diet 14 5.1.8 Equipment Use 14 5.1.9 Veterinary Care 14 5.1.10 Euthanasia 14 5.1.11 Disposal of Carcasses 15 5.1.12 Release 15 5.1.13 Work Health and Safety 15 5.1.14 Tagging 16 5.1.15 Necropsies 16 5.1.16 Data Collection 16 5.1.17 Medication Purchase & Storage 16 5.1.18 Training & Protocols 16 PART 2 5.2 Animal Husbandry Birds 17 5.2.1 Rescue 17 5.2.2 Transport 19 5.2.3 Handling of Birds 19 5.2.4 Admission 19

5.2.4.1 Rehydration 19 5.2.4.2 Medication 19 5.2.4.3 Wounds 20 5.2.4.4 Parasites 20 5.2.4.5 General Feeding 20 5.2.4.6 Tube Feeding 20 5.2.4.7 Observations 20 5.2.5 Housing 21 5.2.5.1 Intensive Care 21 5.2.5.2 Intermediate Care 21 5.2.5.3 Pre-Release 22 5.2.5.4 Guidelines for Housing Birds 23 5.2.6 General Aviary Care 23 5.2.7 Euthanasia 23 5.2.8 Disposal of Carcasses 24 5.2.9 Release 24 5.2.10 Display 24 5.2.11 Work Health and Safety 24 6 Definitions 24 7 Appendices 25 7.1 Rescue Data Birds 26 7.2 Admission Turtles 27 7.3 Rehab record 28 7.4 Feeding Record Turtle 29 7.5 Feeding Record Bird 30

1 Title: Animal Husbandry Policy and Procedures

2 Background Australian Seabird Rescue Inc (ASR) is licensed to rehabilitate and release sick, injured and orphaned marine reptiles and seabirds by the Department of Planning, Industry & Environment NSW under license no MWL000100290. ASR is committed to follow the DPIE Codes of Practice for the treatment and rehabilitation of protected fauna (Seabirds and Marine Reptiles). ASR has a memorandum of understanding with the Department of Industry to assist with the rehabilitation of seabirds and marine reptiles affected in an oil spill. If a state disaster is declared ASR operates under the Incident Controller.

3 Purpose The purpose of this policy is to provide a framework to enable a responsive and effective approach to the rescue, care and rehabilitation of sick and injured marine reptiles and seabirds.

4 Policy It is the policy of ASR that the rescue, care and rehabilitation of protected native fauna is carried out in accordance with the DPIE Code of Practice: for sick and injured sea turtles and sea snakes, the DPIE Code of Practice for the rehabilitation of protected Native Animals Policy and the OEH Code of Practice for Injured Sick or Orphaned Protected Fauna It is also the policy of ASR that this care will only be carried out by licensed members of ASR who have undergone appropriate training and assessment.

5 Procedure

5.1 Marine Turtles and Sea Snakes

5.1.1 Rescue When conducting a marine reptile rescue these measures must be undertaken to minimise further stress and injury to the animal. • Prior to a rescue attempt, the rescuer must assess the risks to the marine reptile from environmental hazards and from capture. • Prior to a rescue attempt, the rescuer must assess the risks to themselves and members of the public. • Rescuers must only attempt to rescue marine reptiles when a sufficient number of trained personnel for that species and size are involved. (e.g. for every 20 kilograms of sea turtle weight an extra person will be needed). • If a marine reptile is entangled in shark meshing equipment, the Department of Primary Industries Fishers Watch Phoneline 1800 043 536 must be contacted. Under the Fisheries Management Act 1994 it is illegal for anyone to interfere with commercial fishing equipment, and shark meshing equipment falls within this definition. • Rescuers should take steps to protect marine reptiles from additional stressors during rescue, such as onlookers, loud noises, other animals and extremes of temperature. • Rescue details must be recorded on a rescue data form (Appendix 1). 5

The decision tree must be followed when determining how to respond to a marine reptile encounter:

5.1.1.1 Sea Turtles • The rescue of a sea turtle must only be undertaken by individuals that hold an authority by ASR. • Sea turtles with an injury to their carapace or plastron may require immediate first aid to stabilise the injury prior to transport. (e.g. use a splint and a self-adhesive bandage around the break on the carapace). • Sea turtles with injuries to their carapace and/or plastron must be lifted on a solid object with cushioning such as a stretcher, mat or foam. This prevents further movement of the carapace and will minimise pain and prevent further injury.

• Sea turtles over 20 kilograms require the use of specialised lifting mats and multiple rescuers. • A sea turtle must be picked up by holding the front and back of the carapace. They must not be picked up by the sides of the carapace or by the flippers (exception is when the carapace is unstable). • Large adult female sea turtles that are mobile must be observed before rescuing to determine if they are nesting females. If the sea turtle is observed nesting: - all personnel must move away - the sea turtle must only be approached from behind and never past the head to remain out of the turtle’s line of vision - lights (except red light) and flash photography must be turned off - NPWS contacted (13000 PARKS) to secure the site. 5.1.1.2 Sea Snakes • Sea snakes must only be rescued by ASR rehabilitators who have undertaken venomous snake handling course which includes training in venomous snake bite first aid. • Members of the public must not be involved with the rescue of sea snakes and encouraged to keep away from the animal to minimise the risk of snake bite. • Sea snakes must be captured using a snake hook or thick gloves and have the bulk of their body supported during capture to avoid injury to the spine. • All marine snakes are venomous with a potentially fatal bite.

5.1.2 Transport • Measures must be taken to minimise further stress and injury to a marine reptile during transport. This applies to all movements of marine reptiles including from the point of rescue to a veterinary(vet) surgery, between rehabilitation facilities and to the release site. • Transport methods and container sizes must be appropriate for the size, strength and temperament of the marine reptile. • Containers must be secured to prevent injuries to the marine reptile. • While in the container the marine reptile must be positioned so its breathing is not restricted, and its pain or discomfort is minimised. • The container must be well-ventilated so air can circulate around the marine reptile • Children and pets during transport should be avoided. • Marine reptiles must not be fed or watered during transport. • Medication must not be given unless by prescription of an experienced wildlife vet. • The animal is transported to a rehab facility in the shortest amount of time. • Fluctuations in temperature must be avoided.

5.1.2.1 Sea Turtles • Sea turtles must remain dry during transport. • Face the turtle in the direction of motion. • Small sea turtles (carapace less than 40 centimetres) and sea snakes must not be transported in the back of uncovered utility vehicles, car boots that are separate from the main cabin or in the rescuer’s lap. • A large sea turtle must not be covered and must be supported with foam or cushioning e.g. towels when placed in the back of a truck.

5.1.2.2 Sea Snakes • Sea snakes must be in a lockable container. • During transport, containers holding sea snakes must have a clearly visible warning label that says ‘DANGER – venomous live sea snake’. • Sea snakes must be transported in a container lined with a wet towel allowing a small pool of water (1–3 millimetres) to be trapped at one end for the sea snake to be kept moist but not able to drown.

5.1.3 Admission – Marine reptiles 5.1.3.1 Assessment Within 24 hours of admission, all marine reptiles must be assessed by a vet with marine reptile experience, or examined by an experienced marine reptile rehabilitator under the supervision of a vet with marine reptile experience (e.g. via phone). Upon admission a marine reptile must be checked for: (Appendix 2) • discharge or bleeding from the eyes, mouth, nostrils or cloaca • external wounds • signs of lethargy (e.g. a healthy marine reptile will vigorously try to move away from an observer) • respiration (breathing is detected as intermittent movement in the throat area, or the head is slightly raised with each breath) • hydration levels (the loss of stream-lined shape and sunken eye sockets for sea turtles or emaciation in a sea snake can indicate dehydration) • external epibiota levels (dense loads of barnacles, copepods, marine leeches and algae indicate debilitation and inactivity while marine snails may be an indication of the presence of trematode worm infections) • entanglement (fishing lines, rope or other debris embedded in skin, scales or around the carapace) • ingestion of marine debris or fishing gear (indicated by foreign materials extending from either the cloaca or mouth) • temperature (a marine reptile can easily overheat from being ashore for an extended period in warm air temperatures without water or shade) • mobility level (observe if the marine reptile can swim freely and dive).

5.1.3.1.1 Sea Turtles Upon admission a sea turtle must also be checked for: • disease or infection (e.g. wart-like lesions, abnormal breath sounds, diarrhoea, red colouration on the plastron, softness of the plastron or carapace for a sea turtle. fractures or serious trauma to the carapace, plastron, flippers, head or jaw • body or limb reflex (gently touching the back of the neck, forward of the carapace should cause the turtle to lift or retract its head) • corneal reflex (by touching the corner of the eye, a healthy response results in a retraction of the eyeball touched) • body condition (e.g. sunken eyes, a concave plastron and poor muscle mass indicating insufficient fat stores • ability to raise it’s head out of water • floating or buoyancy disorders • Fibropapilomatoisis (FP); wart-like growths, ranging in size from 0.1 to more than 30 centimetres in diameter may be found anywhere on the skin, carapace or plastron. While these growths may not be a direct cause of ill health, intervention is required due to their potentially infectious character. FP is more commonly seen in green turtles • Sea turtles with visible signs of FP must have a sample collected and stored at -80°C or if not possible, stored in ethanol. Samples must be sent to the Australian Registry of Wildlife Health. The registry can be contacted at (02) 9978 4749 or (02) 9978 4788 at the time of sample collection for assistance on the collection and transport of the sample Upon admission a sea turtle must be weighed (excluding some large sea turtles), measured, and the stage of development identified Upon admission sea turtles must be placed into warm (23–26°C) fresh water for a minimum of 48 hours to clean off barnacles, algae, leeches. 5.1.3.1.2 Sea Snakes Upon admission a sea snake must have the following checked: • Pupil dilation response (the pupils must be circular and even on both sides) • Oral membranes small red dots or bleeds known as petechiae on the inside of the mouth (they should be moist and not pale or blue) • Obstructions of the breathing and feeding tubes • Scale condition (e.g. uneven scales, injuries and lesions) • Evidence of poor sloughing (dysecdysis) • Eye symmetry (e.g. when viewed from above, there should be no swelling and eyes should be symmetrical • Neurological signs (undertake a swim test observing posture and movement when first placed into the enclosure) 5.1.3.2 Housing on Admission 5.1.3.2.1 Sea Turtles Each turtle will be individually housed in a quarantine tank on admission until a clean bill of health is given through a vet at the end of effective medication and

clear slides. For example, turtles with Fibropapilloma, Coccidiosis and any other contagious ailment. • Upon admission sea turtles must be placed in warm fresh water for a minimum of 48 hours to allow them to rehydrate post stranding. • Water depth is appropriate to the strength of the turtle to hold its head up, feed, dive etc. • Water temperature is controlled by heaters and should be maintained at 25- 29°C. In warm weather heaters are not always necessary.

5.1.3.2.2. Sea Snakes • Upon admission sea snakes must be placed in warm fresh water at 24°C for a minimum of 48 hours to allow them to rehydrate post stranding. • A sea snake will always require controlled heating at 24°C. • Sea snakes are very prone to captive stress and all care should be taken to minimise social interactions and any vibrations. • A barrier must be placed in front of any filtration outlet to ensure that the sea snake is not caught in the suction. Especially if it is shedding it skin (every 1-3 weeks). • While initially a sea snake can be housed in a small tank it must progress to a tank that is 1.25 x its length and at least a metre deep as soon as it is able to dive. Circular tanks are recommended. 5.1.3.3 Record Keeping • Data Collection – All marine reptiles admitted to the Turtle Hospital will have their rescue details, measurements, weight, and condition recorded (Appendix 2). • Each marine reptile will have its own clinical file (Appendix 4)

5.1.3.4 Initial Treatment 5.1.3.4.1 Sea Turtles • Initial Medications will be prescribed by Veterinarian with Marine reptile experience after diagnosis and the turtle shows signs of being likely to survive. Sick, hypothermic or dehydrated turtles do not absorb medications well. • All medications administered subcutaneously above front flipper. • Any medication given must be recorded and signed for on the rehab record. • Rehydration (if necessary) is carried out by a Reptile Mix of fluids injected subcutaneously. Intracoelomic rehydration should only be done by an experienced vet because of the danger of colon perforation. • . The Reptile mix recipe is: 2 parts Normal Saline (NaCl) 1 part Hartmann’s solution 2 parts 5% Glucose This is administered at the rate of 10-25ml/kg/day.

• Barnacles are to be removed from sea turtle eyes, nostrils, and cloaca as soon as possible, with care, as to minimise tissue damage. This will promote feeding and minimise trauma to sensitive eye tissue. Other barnacles can be sprayed with Betadine solution and removed with care. • Any turtles which have the carapace covered with mud and/epibiota (anything living on the outside of the turtle e.g. barnacles, algae). should be scrubbed with Betadine wound scrub during the initial treatment, which should be left on for 10 mins. This will minimise the proliferation of epifauna. • Wound Care. Wounds are to be thoroughly flushed with Normal Saline or Hartmann’s solution. This is best done using a large syringe with an 18gauge needle and squirting (not injecting) the wound until clean. • If a wound is contaminated flush with large amounts of 10% Betadine. Small wounds may be treated with undiluted Betadine solution. 5.1.3.4.2 Sea Snakes • Sea Snakes are not to be handled unless necessary. • Sea Snake rehydration is initially carried out by a freshwater bath for 48 hr at 24°C. • Barnacles on a sea snake are to be left alone and removed naturally with shedding. • Medications as per vet’s prescription. • Wound Care. Wounds are to be thoroughly flushed with Normal Saline or Hartmann’s solution. This is best done using a large syringe with an 18gauge needle and squirting (not injecting) the wound until clean.

5.1.4 Ongoing Treatment 5.1.4.1. Sea Turtles • Medications are to be prescribed by an experienced wildlife vet. • All turtles will be weighed weekly and have the weight recorded on the rehab record. • The following daily observations are to be made and recorded on the rehab record: - Amount and type of food consumed and at what time - Any faeces passed (sieve, record the consistency and evidence of plastic) while they are in a quarantine tank. - Any change in condition or activity and behaviour • Burrowing barnacles need to be removed completely so the carapace can heal. This is painful for the turtle and should be done in small increments.

5.1.4.2 Sea Snakes • Sea snakes are to be monitored daily for activity. • Sea snakes are to be immersed in freshwater every 3 days at 24°C for a few hours to ensure hydration. • Sea snakes may require subcutaneous rehydration if the skin indicates dehydration.

5.1.5 Tank Care • Uneaten food must be removed after three hours and disposed of so that it cannot be consumed by other animals. • Faeces must be removed as soon as it is seen. • Food and drinking water containers must be cleaned on a daily basis. Cleaning involves the use of water, detergent and the physical removal of all residues using with Chlorhexidine 0.5% or F.10 Disinfectant 1 in 500 solution. • Tank furniture and weighing equipment must be cleaned when soiled. • Food that requires thawing must be thawed in a refrigerator (less than 4°C) over 24 to 48 hours, or in cold water and unused food must never be refrozen. Food that is thawed and has been in a fridge for 24 hours and not fed to the marine reptile must be discarded. • Wildlife rehabilitators must wash their hands and clean all food preparation surfaces and equipment prior to preparing animal food. • Water quality (for all marine reptiles) must be maintained by passing water through a mechanical filtration system and biological filters (e.g. ultraviolet, sand or carbon filters) or by replacing the water every day for tanks without a filter system. • Each tank must be disinfected, rinsed and have a complete change of water for each new marine reptile arrival. • Turtles with Fibro papilloma, Coccidiosis or any other contagious ailments must be permanently isolated as it is infectious to other turtles. • Water from isolation tanks cannot be returned to the natural water system but should be disposed of into a sewer. • Turtles may be co-housed when initial antibiotic treatment is complete. • The fresh water requirements for sea snakes is to be met by immersion in fresh water every 3 days. A less optimal option is to provide a fresh water container positioned so that it is just above the water height in the tank and cleaned daily.

5.1.6 Feeding 5.1.6.1 Sea Turtles • Sea turtles will initially have a protein diet (fish including bones and cut into bite size pieces and squid,). • After the intensive care phase, sea turtles require a variety of foods suitable for the species. • Sea turtles have different feeding requirements depending on their body condition and require feeding within a range of 2.5% to 5% of their body weight each day. Sea turtles with poor body condition require more food and would be at the upper range while the lower amount is for sea turtles with adequate to good body condition. • Food that is available in the wild or that mimics food in the wild (e.g. kale, endive or lettuce to replace seagrass) should form the basis of the animal’s diet.

• Hand feeding is to be discouraged as to limit human contact with the turtles and reduce the risk of being bitten.

5.1.6.2 Sea Snakes Most sea snakes feed on fish species, however, a turtle-headed sea snake must be fed fish eggs. • Sea snakes generally do not eat in care, and often the sea snake must be assisted in tube feeding.

5.1.6.3 Tube Feeding • Tube feeding of sea turtles must be carried out by personnel who have training in this area. • The solution for tube feeding is 1 pilchard to 50 ml water. The consistency needs to be such that it passes through the tube smoothly. • The amount to be given is 20 to 50ml according to size. • The position of the turtle is to be on the tilt table with the head up. • Tube feeding for sea snakes must be carried out by at least one venomous snake trained handler. • Sterile equipment and IV fluids are for single use only. • Cleaning and sanitisation of instruments and equipment is done with F10 solution.

5.1.7 Hatchlings 5.1.7.1 Rescue • Hatchlings can be disoriented by beachfront lighting and wander inland, resulting in dehydration and/ or injury. • If healthy hatchlings are rescued after being disoriented inland by beachfront lighting or rough seas, they should be released immediately. • If rescued during the heat of the day, they should be kept until late afternoon or evening in a lightly covered plastic cooler or bucket and placed in shade. • Hatchlings kept for several hours or less may be kept in covered buckets or containers with a few inches of damp beach sand or a damp towel. If the sand is too dry, the young turtles may desiccate (dry out); if too wet, energy will be wasted in swimming, and weaker hatchlings may be unable to hold their heads above the water to breathe. • At the time of release, keep potential predators (e.g., dogs, birds, crabs) away from the hatchlings as they cross the beach. Select an unlit stretch of beach (preferably the beach where the eggs were laid or the hatchlings found) to release the hatchlings to encourage natural sea-finding, use minimum light and stop flash photography during hatchling releases. • It is important that the hatching process be as undisturbed as possible, so as not to interrupt the natural progression of the hatchling from the nest, across the beach, through the coastal zone, and into the open sea where it will spend the first several years of life.

5.1.7.2 Admission • Some hatchlings require more than an overnight stay and may or may not be able to swim. • If the hatchlings are put into water and they show no effort to swim or float, they should be removed from the water immediately. If too weak to swim, the hatchling can be placed on an in-water stretcher and closely monitored. • Hatchlings that are alert and active may be able to swim on their own but should be monitored closely when put in water more than 1 inch deep, to make sure that they can float and surface to breathe effortlessly.

5.1.7.3 Identification Marking • Because hatchlings are difficult to distinguish from one another, it is helpful to mark them – such as with children’s nontoxic nail polish applied as a number or combination of dots to the dry carapace – for feeding and medication records. Nail polish is not a permanent mark and reapplication may be needed depending on the length of stay.

5.1.7.4 Diet • Hatchlings can be fed a variety of crustaceans, molluscs, and fish carefully sized so that they are easy to swallow whole or soft enough to bite off small pieces. Bones and shells are essential, but alternative calcium supplementation may be necessary until the turtle is large enough to swallow bones and shells safely and without difficulty.

5.1.8 Equipment Use • Sterile equipment and IV fluids are for single use only. • Cleaning and sanitisation of instruments and equipment is done with F10 disinfection solution (dilution 10ml to 1 litre water) or boiling for 30 mins.

5.1.9 Veterinary Care • Any turtles which have injuries or are not responding to routine care must be seen by the vet. • Transport of a turtle to a vet In the North Coast branch must be authorised by the General Manager, the Assistant Manager or Co-ordinator, unless the injury is obvious and urgent.

5.1.10 Euthanasia Euthanasia is performed to end a marine reptile’s life in situations where death is imminent, full recovery is impossible, the likelihood of successful reintegration into the wild population is remote, or the animal poses an unacceptable disease risk to marine or other animals in the wild once released. This procedure is only carried out by the vet. Any decision about euthanising a turtle is made in conjunction with the General Manager (North Coast Branch) and the vet.

• A marine reptile must be euthanised without exception when either: - death is imminent or highly likely regardless of the treatment provided - it is suffering from chronic, unrelievable pain or distress - it is carrying an incurable disease that may pose a health risk to marine or other wild animals - its ability to consume food unaided is permanently impaired due to a missing or injured jaw, teeth or fangs - A marine reptile must be euthanised (unless the Department has granted permission to hold it in permanent care) when: - its ability to locomote normally (i.e. crawl, swim or dive) is permanently impaired (e.g. loss of both flippers on one side, or both front flippers above the elbow for sea turtles, or significant loss or damage to a sea snake’s tail) - its ability to sense its environment (i.e. see, hear, smell, taste or feel) is permanently impaired due to a missing or injured organ (e.g. eye, or nose) - Its ability to successfully forage is permanently impaired. Any turtle that is not able to be released or has a poor chance of survival should be euthanised.

5.1.11 Disposal of Carcasses • Disposal of carcasses – In the North Coast the General Manager must contact the Waste Management Centre prior to delivery of animal carcasses. Any animal that has been euthanatized with barbiturates must be bagged and thus labelled for cremation or burial as they remain highly toxic within the carcass and pose a risk to scavenging animals. Carcasses and organic waste suspected or confirmed to be contaminated with infectious disease or that have been exposed to chemicals (e.g. barbiturates) must be taken to a licensed waste facility. • In other branches similar arrangements must be made with the appropriate Waste Management Centre. • Sea snake carcasses and transport bags can cause secondary envenomation and must be handled with caution (e.g. by taping around the head and lower jaw to ensure there is no possibility of the fangs penetrating the transport bag).

5.1.12 Release • The objective of rehabilitation of turtles with ASR is to work towards their ultimate release. Release of marine reptiles is to be authorised by the Branch Coordinator in conjunction with the General Manager and the vet (North Coast). Home based rehab providers must confer with their vet. All sea turtles are required to undergo a final veterinary assessment prior to release. There are NPWS guidelines as to the release locations for turtles.

The criteria for releasing a turtle are: • The ability to locate and eat food (and thus catch prey),

• The ability to swim and dive effectively, • Lack of any injury that would inhibit its survival, • Absence of any infectious disease.

5.1.13 Work Health and Safety There are some inherent risks for humans handling marine species. To minimise the risk staff should: • Handle and move heavy animals in an appropriate manner, • Use gloves and antibacterial soap when handling marine turtles (where practical). Wear appropriate protective clothing if performing necropsies. • Use clean equipment at all times. • Hands are to be washed between treating animals, before eating, after toilet and before and after smoking.

5.1.14 Tagging • A few days prior to release the turtle is to be tagged with NPWS Titanium tags. This is done under aseptic conditions with tags being secured in front flippers according to NPWS guidelines. The tag numbers are to be recorded in the turtle’s rehab record. All tag numbers are also kept in a central register. Tagging is only to be performed by trained and accredited personnel.

5.1.15 Necropsy examinations • Necropsies – These are done by a vet for diagnostic or sampling requirements. Marine reptiles are best necropsied when fresh. • It is recommended that necropsy examinations (where possible), are carried out on all dead turtles by trained personnel to look for signs of gross injury or disease. • Gloves, protective eyewear and breather masks (PPE) must be worn when conducting necropsies. • Care should be taken with the head of a sea snake during necropsies a to avoid the risk of unintentional envenomation.

5.1.16 Data Collection • All data relating to turtles entering turtle rehabilitation is to be collated and forwarded to the rescue records officer and General Manager for statistical, licensing compliance and research purposes. 5.1.17 Medication Purchase and storage • Medications are ordered from and dispensed by a vet. • Medication storage -according to the Poisons Act there is no difference between a facility and a home –therefore no requirements of locked storage. • Medications must be stored under 25’C. In The North Coast Turtle Hospital, for convenience, most drugs are stored in the refrigerator.

• Safety Data Sheets need to be available for all staff and volunteers at all times and presented at the induction.

5.1.18 Training and protocols Turtle care can only be carried out under the supervision of a licensed volunteer who has undertaken suitable training and assessment in: • WH&S • Feeding (including oral and tube feeding) • Examination of faeces • Tank Care • Administration of medications (including oral, injections and sub-carapace rehydration) • Tagging of turtles • Provision of appropriate tanks and water quality for home based rehabilitation providers Training and training updates will be offered by ASR.

5.2 Animal Husbandry – Birds Many species of seabirds have specialised needs for rescue, handling, transport and treatment. This policy does not attempt to cover all the specialised needs.

5.2.1. Rescue • Prior to a rescue attempt, the rescuer must assess the risks to birds from environmental hazards and from capture. • Rescuers must employ appropriate rescue equipment for the type and size of birds and be trained in its use. • Rescuers must only attempt to rescue birds when a sufficient number of trained personnel for that species and size are involved. • Rescuers should take steps to protect birds from additional stressors during rescue, such as onlookers, loud noises, other animals and extremes of temperature. • Rescue details must be recorded on a rescue data form (Appendix 1). • To minimise the risk of injury to rescuers Personal Protective Equipment must be used when dealing with Birds such as Darters, Australian Gannets and Cormorants. • Seabirds should never have their bill held closed. Most seabirds have only partially open nares (nostrils) and others like Australasian Gannet (family Sulidae) have no external nares.

The decision tree below must be followed when determining how to respond to a bird rescue:

5.2.2 Transport • Transport methods and container sizes must be appropriate for the species, size, strength and temperament of the bird. They should be able to stand and stretch their necks. • Containers must be designed, set-up and secured to prevent injuries to birds. This may involve padding walls and covering floors with a non- slip, non-ingestible, tangle-free surface. • Avoid containers that may cause injury to a bird or handler (in case of bird strike). • Containers must be well ventilated so air can circulate around the bird with a temperature of approximately 25-27° C while in transit. • Avoid travelling in the hottest part of the day, pelagic species are prone to heat stress when temperatures are at or over 35° C for prolonged periods. It may be necessary to drape wet towels over the container if travelling in the heat cannot be avoided. • Containers must minimise light, noise and vibrations and prevent contact with young children and pets. Avoid unnecessary noise such as car radios, talking loudly and traffic noises. No smoking in the vehicle. • Wherever possible each bird should be transported in an individual container, to avoid injuries. Dividers can be used within the container. • Birds must not be transported in the back of uncovered utility vehicles or car boots that are separate from the main cabin. • Birds are not to be given feed prior to being transported as they are prone to regurgitation when stressed. • Transport must be for the minimum of time avoiding unnecessary stops. • If transport is for long periods birds should be hydrated prior to being transported. • No medications are to be given during transport. 5.2.3 Handling of birds • Dangerous parts of the bird (bill) are to be immobilised with a firm hold (note that gannets and boobies will suffocate if the bill is held closed), the rest of their body is to be restrained gently. They are not to be held too tightly as they need to be able to move their keel in order to breath properly, too tight a grip will suffocate them. • Avoid holding birds at eye height as can strike at your face or eyes. It is recommended they are held at waist height and protective glasses and long-sleeved shirts are worn. • Birds are not to be held by the neck as this can restrict their breathing and damage muscles. • Clean towels can be used to restrain their wings or aid in their restraint.

• Some smaller species particularly burrowing species can be wrapped in a clean towel as they like to hide when stressed.

5.2.4 Admission and Care • Data Collection – All birds admitted to into care will have their rescue details, measurements, weight, and condition recorded (see Appendix 1). • Individual care files – Each bird will have its own file notes (see Appendix 3). • Each bird will be individually housed in an isolation cage on admission. • Temperature should be maintained at 25-30° C which can be controlled by thermostatically controlled heat lamps, pad heaters or hot water bottles. In hot weather heaters may not be necessary. The temperature should be checked regularly with a thermometer. • Rescuers must arrange for birds to be assessed by a vet or experienced f rehabilitator within 24-48 hours of rescue to ensure accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment or euthanasia.

5.2.4.1 Rehydration • If birds are hypothermic, they should be warmed prior to any intervention such as rehydration. • Birds should be rehydrated by tube feeding on admission or when less stressed. Base mixture of Spark Electrolyte is 5ml/150ml water then 5-10 /100gm weight. Dilute other brands according to their instructions. This fluid must be warmed to 38-40° C equivalent to a bird's body temperature. Plastic gastrointestinal tubing of the appropriate size and length can be used to reach the proventriculus. Measure the tube on the outside of the bird from bill edge to the bottom edge of the keel, the end should be cut or softened to remove any sharp edges to the end that is inserted into the oesophagus avoiding the glottis (airway). It is recommended when administering fluid to look down the bird's throat when tubing to ensure fluid does not well up. To avoid fluid welling up administer fluids slowly 50ml/kg (daily maintenance of a hydrated bird). • If dehydrated by 10% and the bird weighs 1.2kg its normal weight is normally 1.32k the daily fluid should be 50ml x 1.32 = 66ml which can be divided into 3-4 doses over a 24-hour period Most seabirds that are presented in a debilitated state will require fluid therapy to stabilise their condition after the stress of transport. Although it may be difficult to assess the degree of dehydration you can assume that the bird could be at least 10% dehydrated. The eyes may look sunken and dry and the skin wrinkled and dry. The bird may look depressed and have diarrhoea and blood loss . Critically ill birds that are unable to hold their head up will require intravenous fluids and intensive veterinary care and assessment. • Rehydration sub-cut can be performed by trained personnel. • Pelicans suffering from toxicity should be placed on IV drip wherever possible.

5.2.4.2 Medications • Pain relief and other medications are prescribed by the vet. • Medications should only be given to rehydrated birds. • All subcutaneous medications are given in the leg or beside breastbone. • Any medication given must be recorded and signed for on the rehab record.

5.2.4.3 Wound Care • Wounds are to be thoroughly flushed with Normal Saline or Hartmann’s solution. This is best done using a large syringe with an 18gauge needle and squirting (not injecting) the wound until clean. • If a wound is contaminated flush with large amounts of 10% Betadine. Small wounds may be treated with undiluted Betadine solution.

5.2.4.4 Parasites • Visible parasites, such as lice, should be treated with lice spray. • Internal parasites are common even in healthy birds and are identified by worms in faeces. Treatment must be prescribed by a vet.

5.2.4.5 General Feeding • Depending on the species, condition and illness food is to be offered to birds 2-3 times daily. This may be a combination of fish or food appropriate to the species. • The amount of food offered should be 20% of body weight daily. • Very weak debilitated birds must be given food that is high in calories and is easy to digest. It is recommended that Hills prescription diet for cats mixed with oral hydration 50:50 solution mixed in a blender, warmed to 38- 40° C, administered in a slightly thicker tube. Mixture must be made fresh daily, refrigerated between feeds and can have fish included. Avoid getting any on their feathers around their mouth. If Hills prescription is not available a fish slurry can be used instead. • After a day on Hills diet mixture and oral hydration the bird can be introduced to small amounts of fish after the first 24 hours reducing the Hills diet mixture and increasing fish over 2-3 days. If the bird is regurgitating fish blend fish with oral hydration avoid using Hills diet mixture for longer than 2-3 days. • Most seabirds will need to be force fed, Fish are fed headfirst sideways. • Seabird Tablets are to be added to the food when frozen fish is used (1 tablet/kg of bird weight). • Frozen fish should be thawed in the fridge or in cold water not defrosted in a microwave. • The type of food fed should be appropriate for the species with pilchards and anchovies used for pelagic species. A variety of fish is recommended • Frozen fish should be discarded after 4 months.

5.2.4.6 Tube Feeding • Tube feeding and force feeding is only to be carried out by trained personnel. • Oral rehydration solutions can be commercially prepared solutions or 50:50 Hartmann’s solution with Dextrose. • The solution for a tube smoothie feeding which requires 1 pilchard to 50ml of hydration fluid in a blender, blended until the consistency can be pushed easily through a sieve. The consistency needs to be such that it passes through the tube smoothly and directly into their proventriculus. • The amount to be given is according to weight and condition of the bird and must not be administered until the bird has been warmed and the fluid is warmed to 38-40°C. • The position of the bird is standing with the head up. • Force feeding (full fish, headfirst, sideways down the oesophagus) should be undertaken with care and should only be done once the bird is rehydrated first. This will stimulate the gut and allow the stomach enzymes to start working to breakdown the fish.

• 5.2.4.7 Observations • The following daily observations are to be made and recorded on the rehab record: • Amount and type of food consumed, and whether they kept it down. • Colour and consistency of their faeces, early signs of infections can be detected earlier if an understanding of what normal urate and faeces looks like for each species, • Any change in condition or activity and behaviour. • Feather damage and loss of waterproofing. A high level of care needs to be taken to prevent damage or contamination of the feathers. Oil from the fish they are force fed needs to be prevented from coming in contact with the feathers around the mouth. Pool water should be changed at a minimum of once per day. Damaged feathers can mean a bird is not fit for release. • Vet Care to be recorded. • All birds will be weighed weekly and have the weight recorded on the hospital record. If debilitated their weight may need to be taken more often, daily or every few days. • Any birds which have injuries or are not responding to routine care must be seen by the vet.

5.2.5 Housing 5.2.5.1 Intensive Care Housing Intensive care housing is used to reduce activity for a short period of time in order to facilitate frequent monitoring, treatment, feeding and re-hydration and allow the bird to rest. Intensive Care housing must provide:

• Sufficient space for birds to be able to maintain a normal posture (e.g. stand upright) and to stretch its body and wings, but not enough space to run, jump or fly. • A constant temperature appropriate to the species, age and nature of the illness or injury. • The temperature in intensive care housing must be regularly monitored using a thermometer. • Electrical heat sources must be regulated by a thermostat. • Birds in intensive care housing must experience a light-dark cycle that replicates outside conditions. If an artificial light source is used, it must be separate from any artificial heating. • Intensive care housing must be designed and/or positioned so that visual and auditory stimuli are reduced. • Intensive care housing must be adequately ventilated without allowing excessive drafts. • The surface covering used in intensive care housing must be replaced or cleaned twice daily. • Birds undergoing intensive care should not be kept in cages with exposed wire as it can cause feather damage or cages with a straw substrate as it can lead to infection. • Pelagic seabirds are particularly prone to developing pressure sores (pododermatitis also known as bumblefoot) because they rest on water most of the time. Appropriate floor coverings, like rubber matting, are needed to help prevent this condition.

5.2.5.2 Intermediate Care Housing Intermediate care housing provides mobile birds with enough space to allow some physical activity while enabling it to be readily caught for monitoring or treatment.

• Intermediate care housing must provide sufficient space for birds to move about freely while being conveniently sized for quick capture. • If an artificial heat source is provided, birds must be able to move to a cooler section of the enclosure. Electrical heat sources must be regulated by a thermostat. • Birds in intermediate care housing must experience a light- dark cycle that replicates outside conditions. This may be achieved by placing the enclosure in a well-lit room or in a sheltered area outside. • Perching birds must be provided with multiple perches that are high enough for its tail feathers to clear the substrate. Waterbirds and seabirds must be provided with a pool of clean salty water deep enough for swimming and a dry area covered with a soft substrate. • Burrowing species must be provided cover such as natural

vegetation (lomandra) or a nest box with a tunnel. • Larger species such as large petrels, gannets and albatross must be provided an elevated bed such as a large dog bed that sits off the ground and can be easily cleaned towel can be used on top. • Hand-reared birds must be exposed to members of the same species or family during the intermediate care stage if possible.

5.2.5.3 Pre-release Housing Pre-release housing must give the opportunity for a bird to regain its physical condition, acclimatise to current weather conditions and practise natural behaviour. At this stage of rehabilitation, interactions between birds and humans will be greatly reduced. • Pre-release housing must provide sufficient space for a bird to move about freely and express a range of natural behaviours. • Pre-release housing must provide areas where birds can gain exposure to prevailing weather conditions and locations where it can shelter. • Pre-release housing must contain habitat that enables fauna to perform a range of natural behaviour. • For example: o perching birds require a variety of perches designed to suit the size and habits of the species being housed (e.g. limb-perching and ledge-perching birds). o waterbirds and seabirds require a pool of clean water deep enough for swimming and a dry area covered with a soft substrate. • Pre-release housing must be designed and/or positioned so that exposure to humans is kept to the minimum required for observation, feeding and cleaning. 5.2.5.4 Guidelines for Housing Birds (OEH Code of Practice)

Type of bird Intensive Care Intermediate care Pre- release No. of (examples) animals L x W (m) L x W (m) L x W x H (m) pre- release Small 0.4 x 0.4 0.6 x 0.6 4 x 2 x 2 2 waterbirds (ducks and grebes) Large 0.7 x 0.7 1 x 1 6 x 2 x 2 2 waterbirds (swans and herons) Sm Small seabirds 0.4 x 0.4 0.6 x 0.6 4 x 2 x 2 2

(gulls, cormorants & terns) LaL Large seabirds 0.7 x 0.7 1.5 x 1 6 x 3 x 2 1 (albatrosses & pelicans)

5.2.6 General Aviary Care • Aviaries are to be cleaned daily (minimum) with old food and faeces removed and fresh bedding provided. Water containers must be cleaned with soap and water at least weekly. • Disinfectant should be used to clean all surfaces, water containers, pools, carriers & cages especially before another bird uses the area. Cleaning involves the use of water, detergent and the physical removal of all residues using with Chlorhexidine 0.5% or F.10 Disinfectant 1 in 500 solution. • Pools are to be cleaned and rinsed well to prevent soapy residue which can strip waterproofing from feathers. • Appropriate bird species may be co housed when initial antibiotic medications have been completed and the birds have been cleared of infection disease through a quarantine period. • Breeding males should not be put together (penguins and shearwaters are exceptions). • When applicable it is recommended that birds are housed according to their species. E.g. Species A is housed with species A and species B is housed with species B. • Enclosures and aviaries must be escape proof with no protruding nails or anything that may cause harm. • Housing should be well ventilated. To prevent overheating a bird’s cage should never be covered with a towel. Visual barriers can be used to reduce stress. • Aviaries and enclosures are not to have materials that could cause aspergillosis. For example, straw, hay, shredded paper, grass clippings or sawdust. • Sand in aviaries should be changed 6-12 monthly depending on the number of birds that have been in them. • Access to salt varies between species but pelagic birds require access to salt water or to have salt tablets administered during rehabilitation at the rate of 100mg/kg/day. • Clean, fresh drinking water must be available at all times and changed daily. Salt water should be available for pelagic species. • Water containers must be positioned so as to avoid spillage and contamination and must be appropriate for the bird’s species, size, age and mobility.

• If bathing water is required, it must be in a separate area from drinking water with salt water available for pelagic species. Any food must be removed to avoid contamination of feathers.

5.2.7 Euthanasia Euthanasia is only to occur when death is imminent, or recovery is impossible or the likelihood of health risks to wild populations is at risk. The decision to end a bird’s life is the decision of the vet in conjunction with the General Manager and/or rehab coordinators. The euthanasia procedure is only to be carried out by a vet.

5.2.8 Disposal of Carcases The General Manager and/or rehabilitator must contact their Waste Management Centre prior to delivery of animal carcasses. Any bird that has been euthanitised with barbiturates must be bagged and thus labelled for cremation or burial as they remain highly toxic within the carcass and pose a risk to scavenging animals. Carcasses and organic waste suspected or confirmed to be contaminated with infectious disease or that have been exposed to chemicals (e.g. barbiturates) must be taken to a licensed waste facility (the vet may choose to perform this task).

5.2.9 Release The objective of rehabilitation of birds with ASR is to work towards their ultimate release. Release of birds differs in each branch, but all birds are required to undergo a final veterinary assessment prior to release. There are NPWS guidelines as to the release locations for various bird species. The criteria for releasing a bird are: • The ability to locate and eat food (and thus catch prey) • The ability to fly, swim/dive effectively • Lack of injury that would inhibit its survival • Absence of any infectious disease • The ability to preen effectively and become waterproof. • Ensure appropriate time of day & location for release of bird in particular pelagic species who need certain wind strength, an offshore release or dusk release. Little Penguins should be released just before sunrise.

5.2.10 Display Under the terms of the NPWS Code of Practice birds are not to be displayed to the general public. This is to avoid unnecessary stress on them.

5.2.11 Work Health and Safety • Gloves should be used when handling birds as a protection against any infection that they may carry. • Good handwashing practices must be carried out before and after treating a bird to prevent cross infection.

• Handwashing must be carried before and after bird food preparation. • When dealing with potentially dangerous birds such as Cormorants, Darters and Australasian Gannets protective gloves and glasses must be worn. 6 Definitions • NPWS - National Parks and Wildlife Service • Bird –seabird or shorebird only. • Marine Reptiles – Sea Turtles and Sea Snakes • Experienced rehabilitator means someone who has an extensive knowledge of current rehabilitation techniques gained through training courses and many years of successfully caring for birds. • Protected Fauna means any amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal with the exception of fauna listed in Schedule 11 of the NPW Act (such as horses, dogs and rabbits). • Fauna rehabilitator means someone who is either authorised by a Fauna Rehabilitation Group or zoological park or is individually licensed by OEH to rehabilitate and release Protected Fauna.

7 References Hall E., Rescue and Intensive Care of Seabirds. https://www.awrc.org.au/uploads/5/8/6/6/5866843/seabirdrescueintensivecare_- _libby_hall.pdf accessed 17.2.21 Hall E., Transport, Handling and Husbandry of Seabirds.

8 Appendices

• Appendix 1 Turtle/Bird Rescue Data Form • Appendix 2 Turtle/Bird Admission Data • Appendix 3 Rehab record Birds • Appendix 4 Feeding record Bird • Appendix 5 Feeding record Turtle