When Anti-Corruption Initiatives Meet the Culture of Wasta: the Case of Public Sector Reforms in Jordan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

When Anti-Corruption Initiatives Meet the Culture of Wasta: the Case of Public Sector Reforms in Jordan École d'études politiques School of Political Studies Programme d'administration publique Public Administration Program DOCTORAL THESIS When Anti-Corruption Initiatives Meet the Culture of Wasta: The Case of Public Sector Reforms in Jordan By MOHAMMED AL-SALEH Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Public Administration in the School of Political Studies at the University of Ottawa Research Supervisor: Eric Champagne PhD Associate Professor, University of Ottawa School of Political Studies 120 University Room # 6081 Ottawa, ON K1N 6N1 Defense Committee: Christian Rouillard PhD Frank Ohemeng PhD Full Professor, University of Ottawa Assistant Professor, University of Ottawa School of Political Studies School of Political Studies 120 University Room # 7027 120 University Room # 7024 Ottawa, ON K1N 6N1 Ottawa, ON K1N 6N1 Noomane Raboudi PhD Bessma Momani PhD (External) Assistant Professor, University of Ottawa Associate Professor, University of Waterloo School of Political Studies Department of Political Studies 120 University Room # 7022 200 University Ave W, Hagey Hall, Room # 315 Ottawa, ON K1N 6N1 Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Mohammed Al-Saleh, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................................II INDEX OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. IV INDEX OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................ IV ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................ V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. THESIS’ GOAL, OVERVIEW AND STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ........................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................. 18 3.1. LITERATURE REVIEW ON CONTEXTUAL CONCEPTS: CORRUPTION AND WASTA .................................................. 18 3.1.1. The Concept and Phenomenon of Corruption .......................................................................................... 18 3.1.2. The Concept and Phenomenon of Wasta .................................................................................................. 27 3.1.3. Section Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 46 3.2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON THEORETICAL CONCEPTS: ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP .................. 47 3.2.1. Specifics of Organizational Culture and Leadership ............................................................................... 48 3.2.2. Organizational Culture ............................................................................................................................ 50 3.2.3. The Relevance of Organizational Culture to Public Administration Studies ........................................... 56 3.2.4. Organizational Climate as Different from Culture .................................................................................. 57 3.2.5. Organizational Change and Leadership .................................................................................................. 59 3.2.6. Leadership and Organizational Culture .................................................................................................. 64 3.2.7. Corruption as Culture .............................................................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................... 75 4.1. SCHEIN MODEL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE .............................................................................................. 75 4.2. THE THREE LEVELS OF CULTURE ..................................................................................................................... 77 4.3. CRITICS OF THE MODEL .................................................................................................................................... 81 4.4. RELEVANCE OF SCHEIN’S MODEL ..................................................................................................................... 83 4.5. CHAPTER SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 5. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 88 5.1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................. 89 5.2. CASE STUDY APPROACH ................................................................................................................................... 91 5.3. JORDAN AS A CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................................... 94 5.4. PARTICIPANT SELECTION CRITERIA .................................................................................................................. 96 5.5. SAMPLING ....................................................................................................................................................... 101 5.6. DATA COLLECTION PROCESS .......................................................................................................................... 102 5.6.1. Achievement of Representative Sample .................................................................................................. 103 5.6.2 Saturation Justification ........................................................................................................................... 103 5.6.3 Sample Justification ................................................................................................................................ 104 5.6.4 Language and Context of the Interviews ................................................................................................. 105 5.7. SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWING ................................................................................................................ 105 5.8. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION AND APPROVAL ...................................................................................................... 109 5.9. AN INDUCTIVE-ABDUCTIVE GROUNDED-THEORY ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 110 5.10. CODING OF INTERVIEW DATA ........................................................................................................................ 112 5.11. MAIN THEMES IDENTIFIED ............................................................................................................................ 114 5.12. DESK REVIEW ............................................................................................................................................... 117 ii 5.13. METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES ................................................................................................................. 119 5.13.1. Conducting Fieldwork Abroad ............................................................................................................. 119 5.13.2. Sampling Dilemma ............................................................................................................................... 120 5.13.3. Gaining Participant Trust .................................................................................................................... 121 5.14. CHAPTER SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 122 CHAPTER 6. RESULTS ANALYSIS PART 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON WASTA AND ON ANTI-CORRUPTION INTERVENTIONS .......................................................................................................... 124 6.1. 7250BC – 1921AD ......................................................................................................................................... 125 6.2. 1921 – PRESENT .............................................................................................................................................. 128 6.3. ANTI-CORRUPTION IN THE ARAB WORLD ....................................................................................................... 133 6.4. JORDANIAN ANTI-CORRUPTION COMMISSION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW ................................................
Recommended publications
  • Corruption Trends in the Middle East and North Africa Region (2007-2011)
    www.transparency.org www.cmi.no Corruption trends in the Middle East and North Africa Region (2007-2011) Query What do anti-corruption indexes and experts say about the levels and types of corruption in MENA countries over the last five years? What are the main areas and sources of corruption? Are there specific themes and issues that are common to a number of countries? What record do governments have in tackling corruption? Are there any examples of successful anti-corruption reforms in countries in the MENA region over the past five years? We are especially interested in country based issues - rather than regional – for Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Tunisia and Libya. Purpose Summary This Expert Answer is to assist with developing a new anti-corruption strategy in the MENA region. In Revolutions sweeping across the Middle East and particular, the donor is interested in approaches it can North Africa (MENA) region during 2011 have shone take to reduce corruption in Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, light on widespread corruption, particularly political Tunisia and Libya. The aim is to pursue effective anti- corruption in the form of stolen assets by seemingly all corruption strategies in order to contribute to peace and the deposed leaders. There also has been widespread stability in the region. evidence of prolific patronage, nepotism, and collusion between the public and private sectors that has Content contributed to the heightened levels of civil unrest and public protests. 1. Corruption trends in the MENA region (2007 – 2011) The key anti-corruption indexes — namely Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions 2. Country specific themes, issues and anti- Index, the Bertelsmann Foundation’s Transformation corruption reforms Index, Global Integrity’s Report, Freedom House’s 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Activism in Tunisia, Egypt, and Jordan As Case Studies
    Structure of Mobilization and Democratization: Youth Activism in Tunisia, Egypt, and Jordan as Case Studies by Mohammad Yaghi A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Mohammad Yaghi, April, 2015 ABSTRACT STRUCTURE OF MOBILIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION: YOUTH ACTIVISM IN TUNISIA, EGYPT, AND JORDAN AS CASE STUDIES Mohammad Yaghi Advisors: Professor Janine A. Clark University of Guelph, 2015 Professor Jordi Diez Professor Francesco Cavatorta This dissertation argues for a correlation between the dynamics of the protests at their climax and the processes of democratization in case these protests succeed. Using youth activism in Tunisia and Egypt where the protests succeeded, and in Jordan where they failed as a contrasting case study, this research shows that youth activism leads to democratization if three conditions are met at the protests’ apex: domination of autonomous youth movements, an inclusive master frame (MF), and a decentralized leadership. In doing so, the research provides an atypical narrative about the role of activists during the protests in Tunisia, Egypt, and Jordan. The primary sources that informed this research are not only based on the activists themselves, but also on the analysis of the protests videos, slogans, and documents of the youth movements. Furthermore, the research contributes to the literature on social movements in four domains. First, it reveals that the state’s use of repression and the way it uses it is a necessary condition, but is insufficient to turn a reform protest cycle into a revolution; the other necessary condition is that an autonomous opposition also must be dominant when the state uses repression.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption Assessment
    JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT Prepared under Task Order, AID-278-TO-13-00001 under the Democracy and Governance Analytical Ser- vices Indefinite Quantity Contract, AID-OAA-I-10-00004. Submitted to: USAID/Jordan Prepared by: Charles Costello Rick Gold Keith Henderson Contractor: Democracy International, Inc. 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1010 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: 301.961.1660 Email: [email protected] JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESS- MENT June 2013 The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................... 2 PART I: RULE OF LAW ....................................................................... 5 PART II: ANTI-CORRUPTION ......................................................... 24 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... 46 ANNEX A: PRIORITIZED RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES......... A-1 ANNEX B: SCOPE OF WORK ........................................................ B-1 ANNEX C: BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................... C-1 ANNEX D: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES ........................................... D-1 ACRONYMS ABA American Bar Association ACC Anti-Corruption Commission CC Constitutional Court Convention to Eliminate All
    [Show full text]
  • Here a Causal Relationship? Contemporary Economics, 9(1), 45–60
    Bibliography on Corruption and Anticorruption Professor Matthew C. Stephenson Harvard Law School http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/mstephenson/ March 2021 Aaken, A., & Voigt, S. (2011). Do individual disclosure rules for parliamentarians improve government effectiveness? Economics of Governance, 12(4), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-011-0100-8 Aaronson, S. A. (2011a). Does the WTO Help Member States Clean Up? Available at SSRN 1922190. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922190 Aaronson, S. A. (2011b). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the public in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Public Administration and Development, 31(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.588 Aaronson, S. A., & Abouharb, M. R. (2014). Corruption, Conflicts of Interest and the WTO. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp. 183–197). Edward Elgar PubLtd. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507 Abbas Drebee, H., & Azam Abdul-Razak, N. (2020). The Impact of Corruption on Agriculture Sector in Iraq: Econometrics Approach. IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 553(1), 12019-. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/553/1/012019 Abbink, K., Dasgupta, U., Gangadharan, L., & Jain, T. (2014). Letting the briber go free: An experiment on mitigating harassment bribes. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS, 111(Journal Article), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.12.012 Abbink, Klaus. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: An experimental study. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4), 887–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.10.008 Abbink, Klaus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes of Elites in Jordan Towards Political, Social, and Economic Development
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 6-3-2014 The Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes of Elites in Jordan towards Political, Social, and Economic Development Laila Huneidi Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the Public Affairs Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Huneidi, Laila, "The Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes of Elites in Jordan towards Political, Social, and Economic Development" (2014). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2017. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2016 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. The Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes of Elites in Jordan towards Political, Social, and Economic Development by Laila Huneidi A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Affairs and Policy Dissertation Committee: Masami Nishishiba, Chair Bruce Gilley Birol Yesilada Grant Farr Portland State University 2014 i Abstract This mixed-method study is focused on the values, beliefs, and attitudes of Jordanian elites towards liberalization, democratization and development. The study aims to describe elites’ political culture and centers of influence, as well as Jordan’s viability of achieving higher developmental levels. Survey results are presented. The study argues that the Jordanian regime remains congruent with elites’ political culture and other patterns of authority within the elite strata.
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption and Media Freedom in Jordan: Evaluation Report
    Rasheed (Transparency International-Jordan) was established at the end of 2013, as a non-for-profit civil society organization, through a group of activists working in the field of anti-corruption. Rasheed (Transparency International-Jordan) commenced work in Amman at the beginning of April 2014, and it represents the only official contact group of Transparency International in Jordan. Rasheed (Transparency International-Jordan) aims to reinforce the involvement of the Jordanian citizen in anti-corruption activities, protect public, private and local governance institutions against corruption, enhance the efficiency and independence of control agencies specialized in the area of anti-corruption, strengthen the integrity of the legislative and judicial authorities, and reinforce the performance of Rasheed (Transparency International-Jordan) towards achieving its mission and vision. Cover photo Credits: https://www.freeimages.com. You can copy, download or print Rasheed TI-JO content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from Rasheed TI-JO publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of Rasheed TI-JO as source and copyright owner is given. Rasheed TI-JO, (2020). Corruption and Media Freedom in Jordan: Evaluation Report. Rasheed TI-JO Research Series: Human Rights. Vol.2. Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Trek to Ancient Petra Jordan
    TREK TO ANCIENT PETRA JORDAN Highlights • Experience the beauty and culture of Jordan on this exhilarating trekking adventure • Marvel at the views from Mount Nebo of the Jordan valley and the Dead Sea • Join the local Bedouins for a magical desert adventure and learn their customs and culture • Trek through wadis and arid desert, cross the dramatic mountains, sandstone canyons and wild- sculpted escarpments • Witness interesting archaeological landscapes and areas rich in prehistoric activity • Climb small hilltops for an unforgettable sunset over the desert plains • Camp in Bedouin tents under a blanket of star filled skies • Get off the beaten track around ancient Petra and be dazzled by the famous Treasury building • Spend a day floating effortlessly in the Dead Sea • Receive a complimentary Water-To-Go bottle when you join this trip to minimise our plastic footprint in this green destination of Jordan! www.yourcompany.com 1 WELCOME 'ahlaan bik Overview This adventure captures Jordan’s desert landscapes at its best and culminates with getting off the beaten track in the famous ancient city of Petra. Jordan has welcomed travellers for centuries from camel caravans to intrepid adventurers. With its World Heritage Sites, friendly people and awe-inspiring desert landscapes, this country is a trekkers paradise. You’ll experience epic landscapes of weathered sandstone and reddened dunes, encompassed by a salt sea at the lowest point on earth, and trek past canyons flowing with seasonal water, oases of palm trees and explosions of springtime flowers scattered across arid hills. Your route winds its way along dramatic mountains, through spectacular wadi’s and vast ever- changing desert landscapes where you will enjoy delicious camp meals and a good night’s rest under a blanket of stars.
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting Corruption
    Fighting corruption : a non-corporate perspective Titulo Bendaña, Alejandro - Autor/a; Autor(es) Managua Lugar International South Group Network Editorial/Editor CEI, Centro de Estudios Internacionales Jubilee South 2008 Fecha Colección Economy; Governance; Imperialism; Corruption; Public policy; Politic Science; Temas Privatization; Libro Tipo de documento http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/Nicaragua/cei/20120809031638/fighting.pdf URL Reconocimiento-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas 2.0 Genérica Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar FIGHTING CORRUPTION: A NON-CORPORATE PERSPECTIVE The dominant definition and framework for the analysis of corruption – which then informs or misleads the ways FIGHTING CORRUPTION: to address corruption -- is much too narrow a definition and itself a construct of the systemic abuse of economic A NON-CORPORATE PERSPECTIVE power as it presents itself today in the world. Ours is a global justice perspective and our objective is to place ALEJANDRO BENDAÑA corruption in the contemporary context of corporate globalization. Wewishtoreachimportantconstituencies outraged about corruption and help channel that understanding into a broader movement that tackles corruption at the root and structural level, and not simply in a few corporate-friendly limited expressions. Weviewcorruptionasaprocessfacilitatedbyinstitutions and economic interests, and not simply single acts by single individuals chiefly in the South. With this in mind, we articulate a broader and more contemporary understanding of corruption that can help people, victims in particular, account for many of the daily economic injustices suffered.
    [Show full text]
  • How Change Happens in Anti- Corruption a Map of Policy Perspectives
    U4 Issue 2020:14 How change happens in anti- corruption A map of policy perspectives By David Jackson Disclaimer All views in this text are the author(s)’, and may differ from the U4 partner agencies’ policies. Partner agencies Australian Government – Department for Foreign Affairs and Trade – DFAT German Corporation for International Cooperation – GIZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development – BMZ Global Affairs Canada Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark / Danish International Development Assistance – Danida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency – Sida Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation – SDC The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation – Norad UK Aid – Department for International Development About U4 U4 is a team of anti-corruption advisers working to share research and evidence to help international development actors get sustainable results. The work involves dialogue, publications, online training, workshops, helpdesk, and innovation. U4 is a permanent centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Norway. CMI is a non-profit, multi-disciplinary research institute with social scientists specialising in development studies. www.U4.no [email protected] Cover photo iStock.com/BrianAJackson (CC copyrighted) https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/which-way-to- go-road-sign-gm649236630-117922185 Keywords anti-corruption measures - political corruption - theory of change - anti-corruption strategy Publication type U4 Issue Creative commons This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) New thinking around strengthening anti-corruption approaches has focused on questions of agency, that is, who and what is most likely to bring about sustainable reductions in corruption.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL FINAL 1-2-08 Stmt by Global Bus Cty to the 2Nd Conf the State
    Business Objectives for UNCAC Statement by the Global Business Community to the Second Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Nusa Dua , Indonesia, 28 January – 1 February 2008 Representatives of the global business community 1 participating in the Second Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in Nusa Dua, Indonesia, 28 January-1 February 2008, are pleased to submit the following statement on what business considers as fundamental conditions which have to be fulfilled to ensure the successful implementation of UNCAC. 1. Time is of the essence: One should not lose momentum The First Conference of the Sates Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption agreed “ that it [was] necessary to establish an appropriate and effective mechanism to assist in the review of the implementation of [UNCAC ]”. It decided to establish an open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on monitoring and requested this working group to make recommendations to the Second Conference. Business considers that the necessary preparatory work has been done and therefore expects the States Parties now to act decisively and swiftly on the establishment of an effective follow-up monitoring program, as business is convinced that the Convention’s success will depend on the existence of a realistic mechanism for controlling the effective and consistent implementation of UNCAC’s provisions on the ground. Time is of the essence: One should not lose momentum. UNCAC was drafted and negotiated in a very short span of time. It took not much time after signature in Merida for the instrument to enter into force.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography on Corruption and Anticorruption Professor Matthew C
    Bibliography on Corruption and Anticorruption Professor Matthew C. Stephenson Harvard Law School http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/mstephenson/ June 2021 Aaken, A., & Voigt, S. (2011). Do individual disclosure rules for parliamentarians improve government effectiveness? Economics of Governance, 12(4), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-011-0100-8 Aalberts, R. J., & Jennings, M. M. (1999). The Ethics of Slotting: Is this Bribery, Facilitation Marketing or Just Plain Competition? Journal of Business Ethics, 20(3), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006081311334 Aaronson, S. A. (2011a). Does the WTO Help Member States Clean Up? Available at SSRN 1922190. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922190 Aaronson, S. A. (2011b). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the public in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Public Administration and Development, 31(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.588 Aaronson, S. A., & Abouharb, M. R. (2014). Corruption, Conflicts of Interest and the WTO. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp. 183–197). Edward Elgar PubLtd. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507 Ab Lo, A. (2019). Actors, networks and assemblages: Local content, corruption and the politics of SME’s participation in Ghana’s oil and gas industry. International Development Planning Review, 41(2), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2018.33 Abada, I., & Ngwu, E. (2019). Corruption, governance, and Nigeria’s uncivil society, 1999-2016. Análise Social, 54(231), 386–408. https://doi.org/10.31447/AS00032573.2019231.07 Abadi, A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Refugees on Jordanian Identity" (2015)
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2015 The ffecE t of Refugees on Jordanian Identity Max Yenkin SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Yenkin, Max, "The Effect of Refugees on Jordanian Identity" (2015). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2060. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2060 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effect of Refugees on Jordanian Identity Max Yenkin The George Washington University International Affairs SIT, Middle East, Amman, Jordan Academic Director: Ashraf Alqudah, Ph.D. Project Advisor: Marwan al-Zoubi, Ph.D. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for SIT Jordan: Modernization and Social Change, SIT Study Abroad, Spring 2015 1 The author hereby does grant the School for International Training the permission to electronically reproduce and transmit this document to the students, alumni, staff, and faculty of the World Learning Community. The author hereby does grant the School for International Training the permission to electronically reproduce and transmit this document to the public via the World Wide Web or other electronic means.
    [Show full text]