International Case Studies of Sea Issue # 5 ….. Summary Turtle Restoration Conservation Strategies Hatchling disorientation Hatchery Solutions • Replace fluorescent and • Low incubation success 1. Beach protection: stop egg take-enhance hatchling production high intensity lighting • Turn off unnecessary lights 2. Head Start: enhance juvenile survival with low-pressure • Reposition lights • Incorrect hatchling sex ratio sodium vapor lighting 3. Fisheries management: reduce subadult and adult mortality • Shield light sources • Incorrectly imprinted hatchlings • Relocate hatchery to • Replace lights on poles with low profile, low-level lamps more appropriate site • Unhealthy hatchlings • Plant trees • Stop hatchery, establish • Disoriented hatchlings in situ incubation* * P. Perhentian - in 2002 Peter Dutton and Donna Dutton * Geliga - in 2003

Sea Turtle Restoration Projects Half-way technology Several examples of long term recovering trends: 1. Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) “Headstart” program (HS) Definition: 1. Kemp’s ridley-Rancho Nuevo, Mexico Padre Island, Texas A management strategy 2. Green turtles: FFS-Hawaii, Tortuguero-Costa Rica 2. Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) nesting beach protection 3. Leatherbacks: Caribbean (St. Croix), Natal-S.Africa St. Croix, US Virgin islands which treats symptoms 4. Olive ridleys: Escobilla-Mexico 3. Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) -elimination of harvest of rather than causes of an adults and sub-adults environmental problem What are the lessons from these success stories? Frazer (1992) Focus on all stages in turtle life cycle

Demographic Model

Leatherbacks Nesting in Natal, South Africa

The most efficient 140 CASE STUDY: 120 way to reverse the 100 ST. CROIX - POPULATION IN decline of a turtle 80 RECOVERY population is 60 through reduction 40 20 of mortality in the 0 Donna L. Dutton, Peter H. Dutton, Rafe Boulon, 8 3 73 8 9 older life stages 9 9 9 Milani Chaloupka 1963 1968 1 1978 1983 1 1 Year (Crouse et al., 1987 Crowder et al., 1994) The way forward…integrated management

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 65 Number of leatherbacks nesting annually at Estimated number of hatchlings emerged at Sandy Point, St. Croix, USVI 1982-2001 Sandy Point, St.Croix, USVI 1982-2001

200 50000

180 45000

160 40000

140 35000

120 30000

100 25000 20000 80

NO. FEMALES 15000 60

NO. HATCHLINGS 10000 40 5000 20 0 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 YEAR YEAR

St. Croix leatherbacks

• Population increasing rapidly (~13% annually) • Nesting female survival probabilities high (~90%), and constant.

Genetic Fingerprinting

66 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Number of leatherbacks nesting annually at Estimated number of hatchlings emerged at Conclusions Sandy Point, St. Croix, USVI 1982-2001 Sandy Point, St.Croix, USVI 1982-2001

200 50000 • Beach protection and egg relocation can be effective management tools. 180 45000

160 40000 • High adult survivorship is needed. 140 35000

120 30000

100 25000 20000 80

NO. FEMALES 15000 60

NO. HATCHLINGS 10000 40 5000 20 0 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 YEAR YEAR

St. Croix leatherbacks HS Methods: Headstart Goal: – Eggs collected from Rancho Nuevo, Tamaulipas, Mexico • Population increasing rapidly (~13% annually) – Establish a second nesting population of Kemp’s ridleys at Padre Island, Texas • Nesting female survival probabilities high (~90%), – Imprinting: Eggs incubated in boxes with Padre Island and constant. sand and hatchlings released in water there – Project began in 1978 as a joint Mexico-USA experimental project – Hatchlings immediately collected and raised in tanks in Galveston for 1 year

– Turtles tagged and released in Gulf of Mexico or adjacent bays

Genetic Fingerprinting

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 67 HS Results: (Shaver and Caillouet, 1998) Argument against HS: (Heppell et al., 1996) Number of Kemp’s ridley nests found on Padre Island; intermittently from 1948 to 1998. • Method: Used deterministic matrix models for yellow mud turtles and Kemp’s ridleys to examine the population level effects of HS.

• Results: 1. 8 yr to maturity 2. 12 yr to maturity 3. 16 yr to maturity with HS Result highlights: without HS - The 1st positive ID of a HS turtle nest was found in 1996. Hypothetical population projections for Kemp’s with and without HS - In 1998, 4 turtle nests were found from 3 HS turtles. produced from a Leslie model for various ages to maturity, and with and without TED introduction in 1990.

• Conclusions (Heppel et al., 1996):

– Management efforts focused exclusively on improving Olive ridleys in Oaxaca, Mexico survival in the 1st year of life are unlikely to be effective for long-lived species such as turtles.

– TEDs are necessary to ensure rapid population recovery. - Declining population in 1970’s-1990 - Ban on harvest of turtles offshore in 1991 – Due to limited funding for endangered species - Rapid recovery in late 1990’s management, money is more wisely spent on TED development and enforcement than on HS.

– More information is needed on Kemp’s age at maturity and on the mortality and growth rates for both HS turtles and wild individuals to accurately evaluate the HS program.

What about Pacific leatherbacks? Hope for the future: - beach conservation - Beach conservation, hatcheries implemented-but populations continue to decline. - fishery bycatch mortality reduction

- Most likely, adult mortality significant factor preventing recovery.

Need to couple nesting beach protection with at-sea measures to reduce mortality

68 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia HS Results: (Shaver and Caillouet, 1998) Argument against HS: (Heppell et al., 1996) Sea Turtle Conservation in the Scope of presentation Number of Kemp’s ridley nests found on Padre Island; intermittently from 1948 to 1998. • Method: Used deterministic matrix models for yellow mud Turtle Islands Park, Sabah turtles and Kemp’s ridleys to examine the population level { Introduction effects of HS. { Significance of TIP

• Results: by { Early turtle Conservation effort in 1. 8 yr to maturity Paul Basintal Assistant Director, Sabah Parks Sabah 2. 12 yr to maturity { Turtle Conservation by Sabah Parks 3. 16 yr to maturity National Sea Turtle Workshop (Malaysia) 16 – 17 August 2004 { with HS Awana Kijal, Terengganu Research activities Result highlights: without HS { Lessons learnt - The 1st positive ID of a HS turtle nest was found in 1996. Hypothetical population projections for Kemp’s with and without HS - In 1998, 4 turtle nests were found from 3 HS turtles. produced from a Leslie model for various ages to maturity, and with and without TED introduction in 1990. 1 2

• Conclusions (Heppel et al., 1996): Map showing the location of Turtle Significance of Turtle Islands Park Islands Park (TIP) – Management efforts focused exclusively on improving Olive ridleys in Oaxaca, Mexico survival in the 1st year of life are unlikely to be effective for long-lived species such as turtles. { The TIP, together with six other islands designated by the Philippines, and Berau – TEDs are necessary to ensure rapid population recovery. - Declining population in 1970’s-1990 Island of Indonesia form one of the nine - Ban on harvest of turtles offshore in 1991 remaining major nesting habitats of the (1,740 ha.) green turtles in the world. – Due to limited funding for endangered species - Rapid recovery in late 1990’s management, money is more wisely spent on TED { The TIP “provide nesting habitat to the development and enforcement than on HS. largest remaining hawksbill turtle population in the entire Southeast Asian region” (Chan – More information is needed on Kemp’s age at maturity and & Liew, 1996; Limpus, 1994). on the mortality and growth rates for both HS turtles and wild individuals to accurately evaluate the HS program.

3 4

Early Turtle Conservation Efforts What about Pacific leatherbacks? Early Turtle Conservation Efforts (cont.) Hope for the future:

- beach conservation { Attempts to conserve turtles, especially the { The Turtle Preservation Ordinance No.5 of - Beach conservation, hatcheries implemented-but hawksbill, started during the colonial 1952 was enacted. populations continue to decline. - fishery bycatch mortality period. Gazette notification Nos.227 and { Fauna Conservation Ordinance of 1963 reduction 228 of 1928 prohibited the capture of came into force in 1964. turtles for 12 months. - all matters relating to turtles were - Most likely, adult mortality significant factor preventing placed under the jurisdiction of the { A closed season every alternate year for six recovery. Conservator of Forests. years beginning 1929 was enforced but - a conservation policy was formulated with little success. In addition, the 1931 which banned the issuance of license and 1933 closed season was not enforced to kill turtles and strictly enforced because trade in sea turtle products shifted the close season in March for egg Need to couple nesting beach protection with from Kudat to the Philippines. collections. at-sea measures to reduce mortality

5 6

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 69 Early Turtle Conservation Efforts Sea Turtle Conservation Programme (cont.) under Sabah Parks

{ Establishment of an experimental turtle { continued the hatchery operations and hatchery at Pulau Selingaan in August 1, initiated other research activities. 1966. { improved the hatchery operations, that is { Establishment of additional hatcheries at replacing the wire mesh enclosure placed Pulau Gulisaan and Pulau Bakkungaan around the surface of the egg clutches with Kechil in March 5 and 6, 1968 respectively. plastic nylon mesh. { Selingaan, Bakkungaan Kechil and Gulisaan established as a Game and Bird Sanctuary in 1972. { Declared as a national park in 1977.

7 8

Sea Turtle Conservation Programme Other research undertaken within under Sabah Parks (cont.) TIP

{ DNA study in 1995 (part of the global { Research activities: study on marine turtle populations z turtle tagging & tag recovery genetics using mtDNA analysis (Dr. z data collection on: Colin Limpus, Queensland Department - egg production and of Environment and Heritage, - Transplant Australia) - re-nesting

- carapace length and width of nesting turtles { A Study on the Hawksbill Turtles - mortality of adult turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) of Pulau - rainfall, and Gulisaan, Turtle Islands Park, Sabah, - incubation temperature. Malaysia from April to July 1996 by Chan et al.

9 10

Other research undertaken within Other research undertaken by others TIP (cont.) within TIP (cont.)

{ A study on the sex ratio of hatchlings { Satellite telemetry project to track from nest incubated in exposed post-nesting migrations of hawksbill hatchery in Gulisaan island, Turtle turtles from Oct. 2000 to Jan 2001 Islands Park was carried out in the dry (sponsored by Dr. George Balazs of National Marine Fisheries Service, period of 1997 by Tiwol & Cabanban. Hawaii, USA)

{ Satellite telemetry project in 1999 by { A study on nearshore turtle hatchling Dr. Jack Frazier of Smithsonian distribution and predation in the Turtle Institution, USA (sponsored by Islands Park by Pilcher et.al in 2000. USAID)

11 12

70 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Early Turtle Conservation Efforts Sea Turtle Conservation Programme Research & Monitoring under the TIHPA Research & Monitoring under the TIHPA (cont.) under Sabah Parks programme (high priority for Sabah) programme (high priority for Sabah)

{ Establishment of an experimental turtle { continued the hatchery operations and Research activity Status Research activity Status hatchery at Pulau Selingaan in August 1, initiated other research activities. 1. Regional traffic on turtle eggs X 3.4. Fisheries-related studies X 1966. { improved the hatchery operations, that is { Establishment of additional hatcheries at replacing the wire mesh enclosure placed 2. Standardized research and monitoring 4. Ecological research and monitoring Pulau Gulisaan and Pulau Bakkungaan around the surface of the egg clutches with methods 4.1. Physical geomorphology Kechil in March 5 and 6, 1968 respectively. plastic nylon mesh. 3. Turtle population, status and migration { Selingaan, Bakkungaan Kechil and Gulisaan 3.1. saturation tagging 4.1.1. Coastal processes X established as a Game and Bird Sanctuary 4.1.2. Sedimentation X in 1972. 3.2. Nesting incidence monitoring

{ Declared as a national park in 1977. 3.3. Telemetry (post-nesting) X X = not carried out

X = not carried out 7 8 13 14

Sea Turtle Conservation Programme Other research undertaken within Nesting trend of green turtle under Sabah Parks (cont.) TIP Result of research on Tagging Program from 1979 to 2003

{ DNA study in 1995 (part of the global { Research activities: 14000 study on marine turtle populations z turtle tagging & tag recovery 12000 genetics using mtDNA analysis (Dr. z data collection on: Colin Limpus, Queensland Department 10000 - egg production and 8000 of Environment and Heritage, Green - Transplant Australia) 6000 - re-nesting 4000

- carapace length and width of nesting turtles { A Study on the Hawksbill Turtles 2000 - mortality of adult turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) of Pulau 0 - rainfall, and Gulisaan, Turtle Islands Park, Sabah,

- incubation temperature. Malaysia from April to July 1996 by 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Chan et al.

9 10 Source:www.oneocean.org/ambassadors 15 16

Other research undertaken within Other research undertaken by others Nesting trend of hawksbill turtle Beach erosion at The Turtle Islands TIP (cont.) within TIP (cont.) from 1979 to 2003 Park

{ A study on the sex ratio of hatchlings { Satellite telemetry project to track 800 from nest incubated in exposed post-nesting migrations of hawksbill 700 turtles from Oct. 2000 to Jan 2001 hatchery in Gulisaan island, Turtle 600 Islands Park was carried out in the dry (sponsored by Dr. George Balazs of National Marine Fisheries Service, 500 period of 1997 by Tiwol & Cabanban. Hawaii, USA) 400 Hawksbill 300 200 { Satellite telemetry project in 1999 by { A study on nearshore turtle hatchling Dr. Jack Frazier of Smithsonian distribution and predation in the Turtle 100 Institution, USA (sponsored by Islands Park by Pilcher et.al in 2000. 0 USAID) 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

11 12 17 18

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 71 Lessons Learnt Lessons Learnt (cont.)

{ Necessary for Selingaan, Bakkungaan - islands established Game and Kechil and Gulisaan to be established Bird Sanctuary (in 1972) and as a Protected Area later as a National Park (in - bold conservation measures 1977) undertaken by the Sabah - commercial egg collection Government ceased - Islands were compulsorily - all eggs collected were acquired from private incubated in hatcheries ownership

19 20

Boaan Lihiman Lessons Learnt (cont.) Selingaan Langaan Gulisaan Bakungaan Besar { Turtle Tagging: Bakungaan K. - a shared turtle resources Baguan - a working cooperation with the Taganak neighbouring countries on conservation of turtles is required Sandakan - establishment of the Turtle Sandakan Turtle Islands Heritage Protected Area Islands (TIHPA) in 1996

21 22

Monitoring of Incubation temperature Conclusions

{ Recovery of nesting density is believed to be attributed to the bold conservation measures undertaken by the Sabah Government in the 1970s. { Outcome of research on turtle tagging contributed significantly to the development of a policy in establishing a transboundary protected areas.

Partial shading of the hatchery

23 24

72 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Lessons Learnt Lessons Learnt (cont.) SOSIOECONOMIC LINKAGES AND IMPACT FISHERIES ON SEA { Necessary for Selingaan, Bakkungaan - islands established Game and Kechil and Gulisaan to be established Bird Sanctuary (in 1972) and TURTLE POPULATIONS as a Protected Area later as a National Park (in - bold conservation measures 1977) undertaken by the Sabah - commercial egg collection Government ceased SUKANO BIN WAGIMAN – DoF DIONYSIUS SHARMA – WWF Malaysia - Islands were compulsorily - all eggs collected were „ Federation of 14 states LIEW HOCH CHARK – KUSTEM acquired from private incubated in hatcheries „ Population 21.8 millions (2000) ownership „ Coastline 4809 km (29 % erosion) „ Landmass 328,550 km2 „ Waters 549,000 km2

19 20

Boaan Introduction Lihiman Lessons Learnt (cont.) Selingaan Langaan Gulisaan Bakungaan Besar { Turtle Tagging: Bakungaan K. - a shared turtle resources Baguan - a working cooperation with the Taganak neighbouring countries on conservation of turtles is Leatherback Green turtle required Sandakan - establishment of the Turtle Sandakan Turtle Islands Heritage Protected Area Islands (TIHPA) in 1996

21 22 Hawksbill Olive ridley

Legislation & regulations States Legislations Fisheries In Malaysia Monitoring of Incubation temperature Conclusions Fisheries Act 1985 Wild life Protection Act 1990 Federal Customs (Prohibition of Exports) Order 1988 Customs (Prohibition of Imports) Order 1988 • The fisheries sector plays an { Recovery of nesting density is believed to Johore Fisheries (Turtles and Turtles Eggs) Rules 1984 important role in providing fish as

Turtle Enactment 1992 source of food and protein be attributed to the bold conservation Kedah Turtles Rules 1975 • Fisheries contributed about 1.5 % to measures undertaken by the Sabah Turtles and Turtle’s Eggs of 1932 (Amended 1935, Enactment No. 8); Kelantan national GDP (National GDP 2003 – Government in the 1970s. Fisheries (Turtles and Turtles Eggs) Rules 1978 RM 353.5 billion). Melaka Fisheries (Turtles and Turtles Eggs) Rules 1989 • provided direct employment to { Outcome of research on turtle tagging N. Sembilan Fisheries (Turtles and Turtles Eggs) Rules 1976 82,000 fishermen Pahang Fisheries (Turtles and Turtles Eggs) Rules 1996 contributed significantly to the Penang Fisheries (Turtles and Turtles Eggs) Rules 1999 - 38,628 fishermen on trawlers development of a policy in establishing a Perak River Rights Enactment 1915 and purse seiners Fauna Conservation Ordinance 1963 (Act. No. 11), - 44,002 working on Fauna Conservation (Turtle Farms) Regulations 1964, transboundary protected areas. Sabah traditional fishing Customs (Prohibition of Imports) and (Prohibition of Exports) (Amendment) Order 1971. • Marine inshore fisheries produce Turtle Trust Ordinance (1957), 1.08 m/t/year. Turtle Rules (1962), Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance of 1958 (Amended 1973). • Licensed fishing vessels stood at Customs (Prohibition of Exports/Import) Orders of 1988 30,751 units (1 gear/vessel). Partial shading of the hatchery Turtle Enactment 1951 (Amendment) 1987 Terengganu Turtle Enactment 1951 (Amendment) 1987 23 24

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 73 Socioeconomic linkages and impact of fisheries Incidental capture & mortalities • Incidence of mortality of sea turtles as a result of incidental • majority of the fishing vessels capture in certain type of fishing operate in the coastal areas. gear is well documented (Chan et • A comprehensive review of the al., 1988, Noordin et al., 1995). impacts of coastal, offshore and • There are still a small number of riverine development on marine turtles found ashore each year. turtles and terrapins in Malaysia (Sharma et al., 1996). • Recently, carcasses of leatherback and olive ridley were • Describes numerous found. anthropogenic activities encroaches and impacts to sea • The Fisheries Regulations turtles and their habitats. (Prohibition of Method of Fishing Amendment 1990) attempt to reduce turtle deaths by prohibiting driftnet with a mesh size of more than 10 in (25.4 cm).

Illegal fishing in marine protected areas Illegal fishing by foreign fishermen

• International trade in products, such as tortoise shell from hawksbill turtles, green turtle calipee and leather from • Federal and State Governments olive ridley has exacerbated the direct had gazetted several islands as take of sea turtles. marine protected area to protected the marine resources including • Over the past decades, Japan has sea turtles. emerged as the principal country buying shell from various exporting • Illegal fishing activities still occur countries to produce costly crafts. in these protected areas. • Demand for turtle product contributes • Driftnets and traps are commonly toward illegal fishing. used. • In early 2004, two illegal foreign fishing vessels were confiscated with >200 stuffed turtles (green and hawksbill).

Illegal fishing by foreign fishermen Illumination of fishing vessels

• Lighted fishing vessels (purse seiners and squid jigs) at sea may have negative impacts on nesting female turtles heading for a nesting beach.

• These vessels operate comparatively near to the major nesting beaches.

• Hatchlings attracted to these lights may congregate around the fishing vessel, especially purse seiners, and be subjected to predation by fish and captured in the net.

74 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Socioeconomic linkages and Land Based Pollution impact of fisheries Incidental capture & mortalities Illegal and Unlicensed Harvest of Eggs • Incidence of mortality of sea turtles as a result of incidental • Trash, particularly plastic bags, • majority of the fishing vessels capture in certain type of fishing thrown overboard from fishing operate in the coastal areas. gear is well documented (Chan et • Even in States where egg vessels or any boat, or dumped • A comprehensive review of the al., 1988, Noordin et al., 1995). collection is required, illegal, from beaches swept out to sea impacts of coastal, offshore and unlicensed collection still become deadly meals. • There are still a small number of occurs especially in isolated riverine development on marine • Marine turtles can mistake floating turtles found ashore each year. islands and rockeries. turtles and terrapins in Malaysia plastic materials for jellyfish and • Most of eggs collected are (Sharma et al., 1996). • Recently, carcasses of they can choke to death when leatherback and olive ridley were consumed locally or sold trying to eat them. • Describes numerous found. secretly in the market • Discarded fishing gears can anthropogenic activities • Selling turtle egg is banned in entangle and drown marine turtles encroaches and impacts to sea • The Fisheries Regulations (Prohibition of Method of Fishing Sabah but this can be bought or can render them unable to feed turtles and their habitats. secretly in the market. Amendment 1990) attempt to or swim. reduce turtle deaths by prohibiting driftnet with a mesh size of more than 10 in (25.4 cm).

Illegal fishing in marine protected areas Illegal fishing by foreign fishermen Coastal armoring Reclamation of Land and Sea

• International trade in products, such as • Reclamation works of land and tortoise shell from hawksbill turtles, sea can potentially destroy sea green turtle calipee and leather from • Coastal armoring includes structures, such as such sea walls, rock and turtles’ nesting beaches and • Federal and State Governments olive ridley has exacerbated the direct concrete revetment, sandbags and other man-made structure. feeding ground. had gazetted several islands as take of sea turtles. • These structures are installed in an attempt to protect beachfront • By filling up sandy beaches marine protected area to protected with rocks and laterite earth the marine resources including • Over the past decades, Japan has property from erosion. and building retaining wall at emerged as the principal country the waterfront, turtles will not sea turtles. • These structures often prevent female turtles from reaching suitable buying shell from various exporting be able to nest. • Illegal fishing activities still occur nesting habitat. countries to produce costly crafts. • Sedimentation will occur and in these protected areas. sediment will flow unabated to • Demand for turtle product contributes • Armoring are especially problematic along the coast of Terengganu, • Driftnets and traps are commonly seagrass beds and fringing toward illegal fishing. Kuantan Port, Melaka and Pulau Tioman. reefs causing smothering. used. • In early 2004, two illegal foreign fishing • This will reduce feeding ground and kill food for the green vessels were confiscated with >200 turtles. stuffed turtles (green and hawksbill).

Illumination of fishing vessels • An increase in the number of tourists Illegal fishing by foreign fishermen indicates the significance of tourism in Coastal Tourism generating foreign revenues. Conclusion • The industry requires infrastructure, usually situated on the coast, to • The conservation of marine turtles presents some daunting challenges • Lighted fishing vessels (purse seiners and squid jigs) at sea may have maximize returns from enjoyment of including multiple threats and conflicting interests negative impacts on nesting female turtles heading for a nesting beach. white sand beaches. • A wide range of conservation and management actions are required to • The intensity of resort facilities reverse the decline in marine turtles • These vessels operate comparatively near to the major nesting development at several rockeries of • The fishing impacts on turtles should be reduced through restrictions and beaches. Terengganu has had impact on regulations population of turtles. • A national policy must be formulated and address marine turtle conservation • Hatchlings attracted to these lights may congregate around the fishing • Chan and Liew (1989) believed that issues and an implementation of agreement must be ensured. vessel, especially purse seiners, and be subjected to predation by fish flock of thousands of tourists to Rantau and captured in the net. Abang was responsible for the decline in leatherbacks. • Developments have also created light pollution (illumination of the nesting site beaches from resorts, campfire, motorized vehicles) and noise pollution (from increased recreational activities along the beach especially at night).

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 75 people y science y environment y partners people y science y environment y partners

Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the What can be Done to Restore Pacific Turtle Conservation and Sustainable Populations? Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia The Bellagio Blueprint for

16-17 August 2004 Action on Pacific Sea Turtles

Mahfuzuddin Ahmed Principal Scientist and Program Leader WorldFish Center Penang, Malaysia

people y science y environment y partners people y science y environment y partners

Background • From 17-22 November 2003, a group of 25 experts Rationale for Bellagio Conference met in Bellagio, Italy, to draft a Blueprint for Action on Pacific Sea Turtles. • Sea turtles (especially Pacific leatherbacks) are • Participants from multi-disciplinary backgrounds and amongst the most threatened and endangered 10 countries species

• Catastrophic population decline in the last decades due to escalating nature of human threats to the turtles

• Conservation International • Office of Marine Conservation, US • Need for new models of transnational and • Distant Water Fisheries Resource Division, Korea • Pacific Ocean Producers • Ecosystem Conservation Office, Fisheries Agency, • Secretariat of the Pacific Community community partnerships, and multisectoral Japan • UN – Food and Agriculture Organization • IOSEA Marine Turtle MoU Secretariat • Various universities (US, Taiwan, Australia) approach to restore and manage the sea turtle • Inter-American Tropical Tuna Convention • Western Pacific Fisheries Management Council • Marine Turtle Information Center, Mexico • Wildlife conservation Society, Costa Rica population • National Marine Fisheries Service, US • World Wide Fund for Nature Indonesia (Papua) • National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, • WorldFish Center Japan

people y science y environment y partners people y science y environment y partners

Conference objectives Bellagio Blueprint for Action 1. Provide a forum for neutral, independent and scholarly exploration Action 1: Protect all nesting beaches, starting 2. Provide the scientific and policy basis for a with those of the Pacific possible pan-Pacific model framework treaty leatherbacks. or other international regime 3. Explore a set of pan-Pacific comprehensive Action 2: Reduce turtle take in at-sea and and multidisciplinary policy options and coastal fisheries. instruments Action 3: Establish pan-Pacific policy actions. 4. Develop a multidisciplinary and multilateral research agenda for the future Action 4: Encourage sustainability in traditional use.

76 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia people y science y environment y partners people y science y environment y partners

Action 1: Protect all nesting beaches, starting Action 1: Protect all nesting beaches, starting with those of the Pacific leatherbacks with those of the Pacific leatherbacks

The 10 principal leatherback nesting beaches remaining in the Pacific • Protecting nesting beaches has been proven to work in restoring sea turtle populations. 1. Terrenganu, Malaysia 2. War Mon, Papua-Indonesia 3. Jamursba-Medi, Papua-Indonesia • All nesting beaches must be protected, 4. Papua New Guinea 5. Solomon Islands starting with those for leatherbacks and 6. Baja California, Mexico 7. Michoacan, Mexico loggerheads. 8. Guerrero, Mexico 9. Oaxaca, Mexico 10. Las Baulas, Costa Rica • Engage local communities, biologists, volunteers, law enforcement officers and others in conservation and fund raising.

Figure 1. Key leatherback nesting beaches remaining in the Pacific

people y science y environment y partners people y science y environment y partners

Action 2: Reduce Turtle Take in at sea and Action 3: Establish Pan-Pacific Policy Actions coastal Fisheries • Strengthen existing regional and international • Fishing mortality can be reduced by new agreements to better reflect the urgent need for technologies, as demonstrated by the use of sea turtle conservation. turtle excluder devices (TEDS) on trawl nets and circle hooks and bait on long lines. • Develop and enhance new coordination arrangements among the regional instruments. • Better understanding of links between turtles and fisheries. • Develop new Pacific Island areas conservation and management plans along the lines of the • Promote a broad set of sea turtle conservation IOSEA MoU. initiatives to mitigate all sources of fisheries- related turtle mortality.

people y science y environment y partners people y science y environment y partners

Action 4: Encourage sustainability in Next Steps traditional use 1. Dissemination (presentation at conferences & • Develop a better understanding of traditional meetings, press releases, websites, networking) uses to build capacity for sustainable use. 2. Book (collation of multidisciplinary conference • Reduce turtle mortality from traditional papers) harvests, i.e., indiscriminate harvest of eggs 3. Policy brief and nesting females. • Community-based management and co- 4. Develop and promote multidisciplinary and management arrangements within a legal and multilateral research agenda institutional framework.

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 77 Indian Ocean – South-East Asian Marine Turtle Memorandum of Understanding What is it ? • Agreement among Governments; with NGO partners • Detailed framework for collaboration/cooperation

• Developed under Convention on Migratory Species

Effective September 2001; operational January 2003

Douglas Hykle Coordinator/Senior Advisor IOSEA Marine Turtle MoU Secretariat

Applies to 6 marine turtle species and their habitats Geographic scope: > 40 States of the Area (+ others)

Æ Signatory States: 20 25 IOSEA divided into four subregions

Northern Indian Ocean

South-East Asia + Northwestern Indian Ocean Australia

Western Indian Ocean

78 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Indian Ocean – South-East Asian Major core sponsors Marine Turtle Memorandum of Understanding What is it ? IOSEA MoU Secretariat – Bangkok, Thailand • Australia • Agreement among Governments; with NGO partners • United States • Detailed framework for collaboration/cooperation • United Kingdom • Developed under Convention on Migratory Species • France

• Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) Effective September 2001; operational January 2003 • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Douglas Hykle Coordinator/Senior Advisor IOSEA Marine Turtle MoU Secretariat

w w w. i o s e a t u r t l e s . o r g

Applies to 6 marine turtle species and their habitats Geographic scope: > 40 States of the Area (+ others) Conservation and Reduce Management Plan (CMP) mortality

Protect Education awareness habitat participation Six main Research / objectives Monitoring

Inter- Promote national implement- cooperation ation

Signatory States: 20 Æ 25 IOSEA divided into four subregions Projects supported by CMS/IOSEA Northern Indian Ocean • Tracing migration/integrated conservation in India

• Advancing sea turtle conservation in Kenya

South-East Asia + Northwestern Indian Ocean • Coordination of IOSEA implementation in South Asia Australia (SACEP)

Western Indian Ocean

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 79 National reporting: online electronic template Marine Turtle Interactive Mapping System (IMAPS) • System fully operational; unique datasets

• 30 years of data incorporated: Indian Ocean/Australasia

• Facility for incorporating new data/retention of ownership

• Expandable to Western Pacific, Atlantic Coast of Africa, Mediterranean (2/3 globe)

Focus of Instruments Year 1 Achievements / Year 2 Targets • Conservation of nature/biodiversity (e.g., Convention on 16 (20) Signatory States 25 Signatory States Biological Diversity, regional conventions) Secretariat/Advisory Com. set up Additional staff/Advisory Com. more active Adequate core funding (voluntary) Extend to cover project implementation • Species-specific (e.g., Convention on International Trade Subregional coordination (SACEP) Identify other appropriate bodies in Endangered Species - trade) Projects database > 50 entered Electronic library Populate library/add indexing • Thematic issues – pollution, fishing conduct Interactive mapping system (IMAPS) Add datasets, migration data Links/Useful contacts (250+) Add links/contact directly • Peripheral – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Electronic national reporting 80-90% reporting coverage Sea, Agenda 21, World Summit on Sustainable Implementation review More sophisticated gap analysis/problem Development identification; ID best practices Plus… ÆÆÆ Species and habitat (e.g. CMS, IAC)

Overview of multilateral sea turtle instruments RFBs: IATTC – ICCAT – IOTC - WCPFC

80 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Marine bycatch IOSEA Objective 1.4: Reduction of incidental capture in fisheries

• Coordination of efforts with industry/fishery management organizations • Development and use of gear to minimize incidental capture (progress in IATTC) • Spatial and season closures, as necessary • Vessel monitoring systems, inspections, onboard observer schemes

Information/awareness FAO (intergovernmental) Technical Consultation: Booklet: “Catch FISH Not Bangkok: 30 November - 3 December 2004 Turtles using Longlines” No “silver bullet”

Possible solutions: hook size/type, bait type, setting gear deep, avoiding problem areas; handling caught turtle

Alternative: closures, loss of livelihood

Second Meeting of Signatory States Bangkok: March 2004 w w w. i o s e a t u r t l e s . o r g

Extension of geographic scope Site network Hatchery guidelines Tag standardization Year of the Turtle? etc.

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 81 The Proposed Tri-national Significance of SSME for Sea Turtles Sea Turtle Conservation Program for the Sulu- Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion • Has 5 of the world’s 7 species of sea turtles. (SSME) • Regarded as one of the remaining major nesting population of green turtles in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region. • One of the most significant nesting sites (Gulisaan Island) for hawksbill turtles in the Region. • Two major nesting sites for Southeast Asia are in the SSME – Turtle Islands and Derawan Group of Islands. • Important habitat for sea turtles located in the SSME (Sipadan included).

Migratory routes Proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle Conservation Program: Formulation

• Developed under the World Wide Fund for Nature SSME Conservation Program. • 62 stakeholders concerned with sea turtle conservation and management formulated the proposed program. • Formulated through traditional decisionmaking process in Asia.

Source: www.oneocean.org/ambassadors

Proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle Proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle Conservation Program: Conservation Program: Features Research actions

• Presents issues and concerns by country and 1. Transboundary marine turtle tagging program in the SSME integrated to show transborder nature by, e.g. area. research and monitoring, enforcement and policies, 2. Identification and monitoring of marine turtle habitats in the human/natural threats. SSME area. • States general and seven specific objectives (e.g. 3. Stock differentiation and migration of marine turtle populations information networking/databasing, research) of the in the SSME area (satellite telemetry, DNA studies, tagging). proposed program meant to address the issues. 4. Impacts of climate change on the marine turtle population in the • Embodies 66 actions in 6 categories e.g. research, SSME area (global warming, El Nino, habitat destruction). education/awareness-raising, capacity building; 8 of 5. Hatchery management: maximize hatchling production, correct 66 actions are under the research category. sex ratio correctly imprinted. 6. Diseases & health: Monitoring of fibropapilloma, injuries and abnormalities.

82 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle Progress achieved so far on the The Proposed Tri-national Significance of SSME for Sea Turtles Conservation Program: SSME Tri-national Initiative Sea Turtle Conservation Research actions Program for the Sulu- Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion • Has 5 of the world’s 7 species of sea turtles. 7. Studies on the ecology of female nesting population: 1. Presented and adopted at the IOSEA-MoU in 2003 2. Presented at the Stakeholders Workshops held in I,M,P • Regarded as one of the remaining major nesting • Population studies (population structure, age and growth, (SSME) when developing the ECP. population of green turtles in the Association of Southeast mortality, etc.) 3. Presented at the Sixth JMC meeting to support the need Asian Nations region. • Reproduction (clutch counts, correct sex ratio, hatching success, etc.) for the creation of a tri-national body. • One of the most significant nesting sites (Gulisaan Island) • Behavior studies 4. Declaration of Sangalaki Island and Kakaban Island as for hawksbill turtles in the Region. • Food and feeding habits marine protected area (MPA). There is a proposal to declare the entire Derawan Islands group as MPA. • Two major nesting sites for Southeast Asia are in the • Internesting migration SSME – Turtle Islands and Derawan Group of Islands. 8. Studies on the impacts of fisheries on the marine turtle population in the SSME area: • Important habitat for sea turtles located in the SSME • Harvesting of eggs and other marine turtle products (Sipadan included). • Impacts of nonturtle friendly fishing practices and methods • Bycatch issues

Migratory routes Proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle Recommendations Conservation Program:

Formulation 1. For the workshop body to consider implementing the research actions identified by the participants to that • Developed under the World Wide Fund for Nature workshop. SSME Conservation Program. 2. For the National Task Force for Sea Turtles (if this is the appropriate body for it) to discuss Malaysia’s role in • 62 stakeholders concerned with sea turtle conserving the green sea and hawksbill turtle conservation and management formulated the population in the SSME and the possibility of throwing proposed program. its support for a tri-national agreement to effectively • Formulated through traditional decisionmaking implement the proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle process in Asia. Program for the SSME.

Source: www.oneocean.org/ambassadors

Proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle Proposed Tri-national Sea Turtle Conservation Program: Conservation Program: Features Research actions

• Presents issues and concerns by country and 1. Transboundary marine turtle tagging program in the SSME integrated to show transborder nature by, e.g. area. research and monitoring, enforcement and policies, 2. Identification and monitoring of marine turtle habitats in the human/natural threats. SSME area. • States general and seven specific objectives (e.g. 3. Stock differentiation and migration of marine turtle populations information networking/databasing, research) of the in the SSME area (satellite telemetry, DNA studies, tagging). proposed program meant to address the issues. 4. Impacts of climate change on the marine turtle population in the • Embodies 66 actions in 6 categories e.g. research, SSME area (global warming, El Nino, habitat destruction). education/awareness-raising, capacity building; 8 of 5. Hatchery management: maximize hatchling production, correct 66 actions are under the research category. sex ratio correctly imprinted. 6. Diseases & health: Monitoring of fibropapilloma, injuries and abnormalities.

ANNEX 3 | Presentation materials 83 Annex 4. Roundtable Report on the Conservation of Turtles in Malaysia.

Maritime Institute of Malaysia B-06-08 Megan Avenue II 12 Yap Kwan Seng, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Background

Recently, concerns have been raised by the public over the decline of turtle populations coming to nest on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. In early 2003 the STAR newspaper (an English-language daily national paper in Malaysia) reported that there has been no leatherback turtle nesting in Rantau Abang. Leatherback turtles nest at primarily six locations in the world and Rantau Abang in Terengganu is one of them. The issues related to this problem need to be identified and addressed, and remedial measures taken if we want to conserve this dinosaur age creature.

Malaysia has four of the world’s seven turtle species nesting at its coast – leatherback turtle, hawksbill turtle, green turtle and olive ridley turtle. The earliest conservation measure to control and protect marine turtle was first introduced in the country in 1932. Since then, this measure has developed into legislative instrument and guidelines established at both federal and state levels. Despite this, the nesting population has decreased over the years by as much as 60- 90% with the leatherback showing the biggest decline.

The Constitution and the Fisheries Act 1985 allow the state governments to promulgate their rules and regulations to conserve and manage the turtles. The Fisheries Act 1985 covers the entire management and conservation of turtles for the Peninsular Malaysia. The State Government of Terengganu, however, maintains control over policy and licensing matters and leaves the implementation to the State Department of Fisheries (DOF). Turtle management in East Malaysia is different from the one in Peninsular Malaysia. In Sabah, the Sabah Park and the State Wildlife Department are in charge of marine turtles, while in Sarawak, the Forestry Department and the Museum Authority are in charge.

The first task of this roundtable was to identify factors which have affected turtle landings in Malaysia through an exchange of information. Second, it aimed to provide for a sharing of experience on turtle conservation efforts toward the development of a conservation program. Representatives from the DOF, the Turtle and Marine Ecosystem Center (TUMEC), the Sea Turtle Research Unit (SEATRU) of Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia and the WWF-Malaysia were invited to present their views. The roundtable was attended by 19 participants from various government departments, nongovernment organizations, such as WWF-Malaysia and the Malaysian Nature Society, and universities.

 The Roundtable on the Conservation of Turtles in Malaysia was held on 27 May 2003 in MIMA, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

84 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia 1. issues and causes of the decline of turtle landings in Malaysia

Peculiar physiology and biology of turtles, like long maturation period, distant nesting migration and the need for a variety of habitats throughout their life cycle, make scientific research and management programs for conservation complicated. The threat to the survival of the turtles is aggravated by anthropogenic interferences, such as commercial exploitation, marine habitat destruction, altered beachfront, unfriendly turtle fishing gears and pollution. These issues and the causes of the decline of turtle landings in Malaysia were identified during the roundtable.

1.1. environmental degradation

The coastal areas in Malaysia have been exposed to various developments due to population growth and other economic pressures. Turtle nesting areas are not exempted from development pressure in some places in Malaysia. For example, the DOF revealed that Pulau Upeh, a prime nesting site for hawksbill turtles in Melaka, has been earmarked for development. Coastal development such as this may cause loss of nesting beaches and foraging grounds. Another cause is “light pollution”. To date, no measure has been taken to reduce the amount of lights on beaches. Other types of pollution in the coastal area, such as oil, chemical, debris and siltation, significantly contribute to the degradation of turtle populations. Nonbiodegradable garbage thrown in the seas, especially plastic bags, is a major problem for turtles. The bags look like jellyfish, one of the turtle’s staple diets. Mr. Liew Hock Chark from SEATRU revealed that fibropapilloma, a disease reportedly found in turtles in Hawaii and Australia, is highly associated with environmental health.

1.2. incidental capture

Turtles have been deliberately or accidentally captured. Unfriendly turtle fishing gears (such as long lines and gill nets) in high seas and territorial waters cause incidental catch of turtles. Data in TUMEC’s presentation illustrated the incidental capture of turtles in shrimp trawls and in swordfish and long line fisheries (Table 1). Experience in the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge, the first sea turtle refuge in United States, showed that the use of a turtle excluder device (TED) has resulted in significant success in conservation program. Related to this, Dr. Mohd. Taupek Mohd. Nasir from the National Oceanographic Directorate mentioned that the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) has tested the use of TED in Malaysia. Apparently, only a small portion of target catch (shrimp) was incidentally released together with the escaped turtle. This finding indicates that fishers will not incur great loss by applying TED in their trawling nets.

Table 1. Incidental catches of turtles in fishing gears. Fishing gear Location Magnitude Reference Shrimp trawl USA 5,500-55,000 NRC 1990 Kemp’s ridley Swordfish fishery USA - Atlantic Ocean 1,218 turtles, all species Oravetz 1999 Long line fishery USA - Western 2,182 turtles, all species Brogan 2002 Pacific

ANNEX 4 | Roundtable report on the conservation of turtles in Malaysia 85 1.3. economic exploitation of turtles

Turtles are exploited for both their eggs and meat. In Malaysia, turtle egg collection is one of the anthropogenic causes for the decline of turtle populations. Mr. Kevin Hiew from WWF-Malaysia felt that the policy that legalized leatherback eggs sale in states other than Terengganu and Pahang should be reviewed. Prof. Chan Eng Heng from SEATRU, in her presentation, claimed that the legal egg harvest through the licensing system has unintentionally contributed to the failure to fully protect turtle eggs. Apparently, the licensed traditional collectors would rather sell the eggs at the markets due to higher price offered than send the eggs to hatcheries. Thus, both SEATRU and WWF-Malaysia strongly suggested that turtle egg harvest for consumption and commercial purposes in Malaysia should be totally banned. Besides turtle eggs, the trade of turtle body parts should also be taken into consideration because it is not forbidden in the national law.

Although classified as nontradeable species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora, turtle egg trade is a transboundary issue in this region. Turtle egg sellers at the Terengganu market claimed that the eggs they sell originated from Indonesia and Philippines. It seems that Terengganu is the center for selling turtle eggs from neighboring countries. While the consumption of turtle meat is not an issue in Malaysia, it is still a significant threat to our turtle population as turtle foraging grounds and roaming areas transcend the boundaries of several countries. Hunting turtles for meat occurs in neighboring countries. Between 20,000 and 100,000 turtles were harvested respectively in Indonesia and Australasian islands. Regional agreement and cooperation are indeed substantially important in eliminating turtle harvest and addressing turtle exploitation issues. In this light, Malaysia and Philippines have initiated transboundary management and monitoring of foraging and nesting grounds between Sabah and the southern Philippines, known as the Turtle Islands Heritage Protected Area in 1996. Looking at the importance of multilateral integrated turtle management in the region, Indonesia will soon be included in the agreement.

Turtle-watching can contribute economic benefits to the tourism industry in Malaysia. However, without good management, this industry could have adverse impacts on turtles. These include practices, such as tourists harassing turtles in waters and accidental collision of turtles with speedboats. Noises made by tourists while watching turtles lay eggs in Rantau Abang between the 1960s and 1980s is also believed to have caused disturbance to turtles.

1.4. conservation and management failure

The habitats of turtles include both water and land. The jurisdiction for both habitats in Peninsular Malaysia is divided between federal and state agencies. The DOF as the federal agency has no jurisdiction on the development of turtle landing or nesting beaches since terrestrial areas are under the State’s authority. In Sabah and Sarawak, the entire turtle management and conservation efforts in the water and on land are under the jurisdiction of the State agencies. This management approach is better coordinated compared to the approach used in Peninsular Malaysia.

86 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Enforcement failures in conserving and protecting turtle and turtle eggs are mainly caused by shortage of staff. Hence, the enforcement of the Fisheries Act 1985 particularly in the Peninsular Malaysia gives priority to matters dealing with fisheries and fishing resources and while poaching of turtle eggs and activities that harass turtles do exist, such offences were under-reported.

The legislation on turtles and painted terrapins are not harmonized among all the states in the country. Apparently, of the 13 states, Selangor and Perlis do not have any legislation on turtle conservation. Most of the existing state legislation concentrates merely on the collection and revenues of turtle eggs through licensing permits with only few measures on conservation efforts (Gregory and Sharma 1996).

The hatching program in hatcheries was found to have produced unbalance sex ratio in hatchlings. The right sand temperature, approximately at 29.5oC, is essential to give a balanced sex ratio to hatchlings. If the sand temperature is higher, most of the hatchlings will be females. This eventually contributes to unbalanced sex ratio in mature adults and to reduction in opportunities for mating. This may cause a decline in the number of females in nesting beaches.

2. recommendations

2.1. measures for mitigating environmental degradation issues

1. More sanctuaries should be established to avoid losing nesting beaches to coastal development. However only the states are mandated to set up sanctuaries. Securing the shoreline as a sanctuary might clash with the interest of other coastal development uses that may have economic value to the states. 2. A good coastal development plan is needed to avoid losing turtle nesting beaches. For example, lighting ordinance should be incorporated with the coastal development plan. If such lighting ordinances are not feasible in industrial areas located at nesting beaches, proactive measure should be taken to protect the forest in the area that acts as filter for light pollution.

2.2. Measures for mitigating turtle depredation

1. A total ban on turtle egg collection should now be imposed for all species of sea turtles and not only on leatherbacks. This regulation should be made uniform in all States. 2. Trawlers are still skeptical about the minimal amount of catch loss when turtles escape from a trawl net. The DOF has to educate them. A trial program on the use of TED can be carried out. The DOF could consider providing incentives to trawlers who are receptive to TED use. As a long-term measure, this implementation is also necessary for Malaysia especially if United States’ embargo on shrimp goes into effect. Although Malaysia can avoid exporting shrimp to US, Malaysia still has to be prepared for the possibility that other importing countries will sooner or later adopt the same measure. 3. The DOF has to establish regulations for speedboats to slow down when entering a marine park or other identified waters that have internesting habitats and foraging grounds.

ANNEX 4 | Roundtable report on the conservation of turtles in Malaysia 87 4. Turtle-watching as a tourism activity should be encouraged but should be done with a proper management plan. Among the measures that should be taken in mitigating disturbance to turtles either in water or on beaches, are having a training program for tour guides and having a good visitor’s management plan. The tour guides program should involve the local communities. The job as tour guides will prepare them for alternative livelihood. It will also replace their former job as traditional egg collectors when the rules on the ban of turtle egg collection are fully implemented. Sabah Parks is an example of good management of turtle-watching as a tourism activity operated on the Turtle Islands Park.

2.3. Measures for improving turtle conservation and management

1. More gazetted terrestrial and marine waters are needed for sanctuaries in order to conserve and protect turtles, their eggs and hatchlings. The WWF-Malaysia proposed these areas to be considered as turtle sanctuaries:

1. Terengganu Beaches on Pulau Redang A beach on Pulau Perhentian Besar Sg. Setiu lagoon and river mouth Ma’ Daerah beach 2. Pahang A beach at Cherating 3. Perak Segari beach 4. Malacca Pulau Upeh Tanjung Tuan A beach at Pengkalan Balak

2. To overcome complication between federal and state agencies in managing turtles in both water and terrestrial habitats, WWF-Malaysia felt that the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) and the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) should ensure that all the state governments in Peninsular Malaysia are fully involved in turtle conservation and management efforts. All coastal development activities should be reviewed and discussed before a decision is made. 3. Public awareness is identified as essential for the turtle conservation strategy. This program should include not only the general public but also the stakeholders, tourist and government agencies. At the government level, WWF-Malaysia suggested that MOSTE and MOA should take the lead in initiating interagency dialogues at state levels and also in encouraging them to establish a formal committee to be headed by the State Secretary. This committee should consist of relevant state and federal agencies (e.g., Department of Wildlife and National Parks [PERHILITAN] and DOF as members, and also representatives from nongovernment agencies and community- based organizations. A comprehensive campaign in the local media is indeed needed to reach every level of the public, even in urban areas, about the adverse impacts of consuming turtle eggs and buying turtle products on conservation efforts.

88 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia 4. Empowerment of local communities, like fishers and egg collectors, to manage and protect turtles and their eggs through a community-based management system (CBMS) could solve some of the enforcement problems. In this light, The WorldFish Center is recognized as having the expertise to initiate CBMS. 5. Since some of the laws at the state levels do not mention conservation and protection of turtles, these measures should be emphasized in all the state legislations. 6. Datuk Seri Dr. Salleh Mohd. Nor, President of the Malaysian Nature Society and Mr. Kevin Hiew proposed that the regulations on painted terrapin should be reviewed. This species, which spends most of its life in the river and enters marine water to nest at sandy beaches, should be allocated under PERHILITAN’s jurisdiction like other freshwater turtles. 7. Datuk Seri Dr. Salleh Mohd. Nor suggested that SEATRU and TUMEC, respectively, be recognized as the two centers of excellence for scientific research and management in sea turtle conservation efforts in Malaysia. By recognizing SEATRU, Redang should also be recognized as the national turtle research center. 8. To initiate the management plan for turtle protection and conservation, WWF-Malaysia suggested that with help from PERHILITAN and DOF, MOA/MOSTE should take the lead in providing resources and expertise to do the work. 9. As scientific knowledge supports the management plan for turtles, more research should be directed to improve hatching rates and also to find the correct methodology in solving problems in sexual ratio imbalance in hatchlings. Besides the hatchery program, universities and research institutes should also consider other scientific research in molecular genetics, satellite tracking and population modeling to provide knowledge on population status, monitoring methods and conservation strategies. Perhaps, the Global Environment Facility could contribute in molecular genetic research especially in DNA mapping and cloning.

3. Conclusion

The nesting records of the leatherbacks in Rantau Abang imply that the population is on the verge of extinction. To avoid the same fate befalling the other three sea turtle species, more actions are needed to mitigate the degradation of turtle populations. Thus, the mitigation measures should address the entire turtle population without specifying the leatherbacks. The roundtable indicated that management and enforcement efforts should be given the highest priority for both short and long-term initiatives.

Despite the unrelenting conservation efforts that have been taken to protect turtle populations in Malaysia, more serious attention needs to be given in order to bring the leatherbacks back to Malaysian shore and to improve the nesting records for other turtle species. Apparently, legislation on turtles needs to be harmonized in all the states in Malaysia. In fact, a few of the state legislations need to be reviewed and amended, particularly on turtle egg collection and painted terrapin.

Besides improvement in management and enforcement, raising public awareness is also needed to make the people realize that by consuming turtle eggs and buying turtle products, they are contributing to the degradation of turtle population. Local community

ANNEX 4 | Roundtable report on the conservation of turtles in Malaysia 89 participation through CBMS should be complemented by human capacity-building for management, enforcement and conservation efforts. Hence, this will uplift the burden shouldered by authorities especially when shortage of staff is the main obstacle in enforcement.

References

Brogan, D. 2002. A review of turtle bycatch in the western and central Pacific Ocean tuna fisheries, p. 133-136. In I. Kinan (ed.) Western Pacific Sea Turtle – Cooperative Research and Management Workshop, 5-8 February 2002, Hawaii, USA.

Gregory, R. and D.S.K. Sharma. 1996. Status of federal and state legislation affecting chelonian conservation in Malaysia. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

NRC (National Research Council). 1990. Decline of sea turtles: Causes and prevention. Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. 259 p.

Oravetz, C.A. 1999. Reducing incidental catch in fisheries, p. 189-193. In K.L. Eckert, K.A. Bjorndal, F.A. Abreu-Grobois and M. Donnelly (eds.) Research and management techniques for the conservation of sea turtles. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group, Publ. 4.

90 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia should lighting national depleted a possibility for or gazettement policy plan The (including Explore turtles sea especially turtles. on recovery forward. beaches sea way turtle policy a sanctuaries nesting as includes specific more turtle a formulate of to policies which for on C ollective recommendations need need wildlife existing the the on infrastructures); and of nonalienated lands and b. development b. funding for turtle conservation policy provide for: populations. of developing guidelines/action plans under the National a. turtle watching; a. establishment Biodiversity Policy. c. egg collection system and proper handling protocol. Optimize Explore 3. Explore the need to formulate guidelines on: 2. 4. 1. Explore It of of on sea sea turtle turtle 1998. which use of general rookeries, sea a almost sea Policy are blatant species only most conservation. conservation in is consideration populations guide address four and to into all 2002 that turtle Biodiversity populations numbers incorporate takes overcrowding, Policy turtle to policies Although Annex 5. Working group matrix Annex 5. Working not development sufficient revitalize National which due do to I ssues ridley population not the in specific is plan policy depleted. olive of are reconciles activity policies Environmental and lack general which existing a decreased recovery severely in policies related is watching no National sole have is been leatherback turtles turtle torchlights and flash cameras physical contacts. issues. during tourists from harassment to subject are Turtles policy. is not specific to species. sea turtles. For example, there is no turtle-related tourism guideline The The Other There Existing b. turtles have the the brink of extinction. a. conservation:

ptions: Policy, L egal and I nstitutional ssues in M alaysia the R egion orking G roup on Policy O ptions: Policy, There

Policy aspects 3. Inadequate funding for turtle conservation and management. 2. 1. ummary of Policy, L egal and I nstitutional ssues R ecommendations S ummary of Policy, 1. W

ANNEX 5 | Working group matrix 91 urtle C onservation

R esearch area in situ in-situ and protection, incentives for conservation conservation and change of practices Traditional use/cultural factors that allow Traditional Mitigation projects reproductive physiology (towards formulation of new and creative programs) - Direct and indirect methods of valuation - Hatchery vs. fertility and - Egg viability, - Beach viability - Hatchery vs. - Conservation genetics - Impacts of climate change - Sex determination • Economic values (benefits), cost of mitigation • Biological knowledge • • Alternatives to egg consumption and opportunity cost • Costs and benefits of education awareness programs • of hatchery practices Evaluating effectiveness • Beach management practices • Habitat protection – foraging, nesting • • Direct vs. indirect conservation • Marine debris, pollution, ghost fishing • Possibility of cloning I ssues esearch Priority Areas and F ramework for S ea T orking G roup on I dentification of K nowledge aps, R esearch Priority 1. Egg protection, optimizing hatchling production (beach) S ummary of R esearch Priorities 2. W

92 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia – a type of trap) bubu ways to improve international cooperation fishing and high seas Fishing by-catch Foraging habitat protection/mechanisms Fishing by-catch assessment by gear type (including fishing practices) - Assessing by-catch by gear type - - Gear technology to reduce by- catch or for alternative fisheries (gill nets, - Population impact model • Biological knowledge • Biological knowledge • • • Habitat use and migration patterns • Fishing gear • Enforcement • Biological knowledge • Amount of trade and routes (national regional) • Legal analysis of regulations • • Habitat use and migration patterns • Costs and incentives • of international agreements and Effectiveness • Assessment of impacts illegal foreign • Management practices (time, area, trawler buybacks) • Costs and incentives • Management practices and alternatives 3. Reducing by- catch in offshore fisheries 3. Reducing by- catch in offshore 2. Reducing by-catch in coastal fisheries 4. Illegal trade

ANNEX 5 | Working group matrix 93 aphrodisiac (to stop people from eating turtles) (biological, economic, political factors) “willingness-to-pay” and “willingness-to-accept”) - Necropsy - Egg transfer (purchase from consumers) - Head-starting - Cloning and conservation genetics • Indirect use values (ecotourism) • Cost benefit of keeping turtles alive vs. exploitation • Diminishing the notion about turtles being an • Biological knowledge • Population assessment and modeling • Foraging population assessments • Defining management units (demographic and genetic) • Stranding monitoring and rehabilitation • Existence values (direct and indirect valuation of • Feasibility of restoring leatherback populations 6. Socioeconomic valuation/benefits of turtles 5. Population assessment: conservation and restoration

94 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia E ducation/ I nvolvement, Proposed solutions onservation ( C ommunity-based C onservation urtle T S ea ools for ools T C auses ools trategies and S trategies providing stewardship • Lengthy gazettement process • Conflicting land use demands • Lack of funds • No realization of the need • Local ecotourism industry not • Land ownership M anagement roup on G roup I ssues errestrial habitat orking management to be involved in turtle conservation in all areas practice guidelines sanctuaries/reserves do not have control over nesting sites of turtle-nesting areas for sea turtle-based Local communities are not fully educated and empowered ecotourism Resource managers turtle Insufficient Inadequate restoration Inadequate best Awareness and O ther M easures) Awareness W 1. t S ummary of M anagement trategies and T 3.

ANNEX 5 | Working group matrix 95 that catch sea turtles along with observer enforcement. program and efficient gathering and analysis. due to compliance with conservation methods. critical nesting habitats. fisheries off for specific target groups. encroaching into coastal waters. center (homepage/website). Utilize reef balls as barriers to boats Implement time/area closures of nearshore (divert labor from fishing). • Establish a national sea turtle information • human resources in data Train • Encourage compensation for losses to fishers • • Establish alternatives to fishing • • Implement restrictions on fishing gears • Develop communication strategy species (fish, shrimp) which catch turtles dissemination to specific target groups compilation and integration • Lack of reliable information • Lack of information dissemination • No central focal point for information • Lack of communication strategy on information • Fishing in critical habitats (foraging, internesting) • Gear types, both legal and illegal, for target urtle by-catch in management turtles in coastal management fisheries for sustainable coastal fisheries Incidental catch of Inadequate information Inadequate 2. i nformation 3. t

96 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia through fishers association, tourist well as efforts to rejuvenate the population. well as efforts involved in conservation programs. incentive scheme and appointing honorary status of turtles and habitat destruction as operators and local community. authorities, NGOs and local community. and higher education levels coastal ranger (e.g., village headperson). Equip personnel with latest technology and tools. • Get the local community and fishers • Generate more mass media coverage on • Conduct more awareness programs • Increase number of personnel and funding. • enforcement personnel. Train • • to impose penalty. Empower the regional officer • Establish working groups among • Involve local community by introducing • Employ local community as staff. • Infuse formal education in lower conservation programs Lack of personnel, funding and equipment in getting information on “wrong doing” Difficulty • Lack of awareness programs • Lack of public participation in • • Lack of cooperation among authorities • species. the populations; and species. of certain turtle activities upon turtle the importance of not appreciate interest in use of fully aware of the: action Lack of enforcement conserving coastal resources. 2. near extinction The public is not The public does There is conflict of 1. impact of its 5. Awareness programs Awareness 5. 4. e nforcement

ANNEX 5 | Working group matrix 97 Force under Task Turtle the Biodiversity and Biotechnology biology to integrated coastline development. board composed of members from fund raising, monitoring, etc.). biology, replace conventional tourism. monitoring tourism activities. specifically for turtle-related tourism. for turtles under MONRE must be at state level (via local authorities). empowered to lead turtle management. in ecotourism (training effectively authorities and NGOs. community, Resources and Environment (MONRE). channeled to community development fund. Council at national level. Have steering committee/management Involve community members in planning/ Explore home-stay programmes Impose entrance/conservation fee to be • Establish a • Groups among stakeholders Establish Working • Place turtles under the Ministry of Natural • The designated department responsible • Carry out a volunteer program to • Incorporate sensitivities of turtle nesting • • Build capacity of communities to engage • • • • Issue certification to local licensed tour guides pertaining to turtles pertaining to turtles in sensitive habitats on turtle-watching activity on the impacts of its activities empowered to manage habitats No guideline/regulation/enforcement • management is under inappropriate ministry Turtle • DOF manages species but is not • Each state has its own legislation • Some states have no legislation • No regulation on light pollution nesting beaches • Lack of awareness in the tourism industry • Noncompatible tourism activities • control on coastal development Ineffective • to hatchlings habitats injuries to turtles nesting females ourism management efforts tourism in critical habitats (nesting, departments on foraging) causes: among government No proper coordination Uncontrolled legislations Inefficient 2. harassment and 3. light disorientation 4. deterrent to Authority 1. loss of critical 6. T 7. M anagement

98 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia watching/tourism activities. in coastal areas (near critical nesting habitats). international organizations. for conservation activities.. and give recognition for their contribution. schools, NGOs, etc. e.g., local community, Explore self-sustaining funding mechanisms Commit funding from relevant ministries/agencies. • • • sponsorship from companies operating Target • Promote sponsorship from private sectors • Conduct fund raising campaign at various levels, • with local and Collaborate efforts • Collect conservation fee for turtle and international bodies • Limited allocation from government • conservation is low priority Turtle • Lack of support from private organizations • No direct economic benefit Lack of funding 8. F unding

ANNEX 5 | Working group matrix 99 Annex 6. Workshop program

16-17 August 2004, Awana Kijal, Terengganu, Malaysia

Monday, 16 August 8:00 – 8:30 am Registration Secretariat

Opening Session Chief Guest: Chief Minister of Terengganu Chair: Tn. Hj. Ibrahim Salleh, Deputy Director-General, DOF, Malaysia

8:45 – 9:00 Welcome Remarks Tn. Hj. Ibrahim Salleh, Deputy Director General – DOF

9:00 – 9:15 Opening Address Chief Minister

9:20 – 9:30 Photo Session Secretariat

Session 1. Background Presentations Chair: Prof. Dr. Ho Sinn Chye, Director, National Oceanography Directorate

9:30 – 9:40 Introduction and Overview of Mr. Mohd Nizam Basiron Workshop Head, Centre of Coastal Development and Marine Environment Maritime Institute of Malaysia

9:40 – 10:10 Aspects in the Biology Assoc. Prof. Liew Hock Chark of Sea Turtles Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia

10:10 – 10:40 Forty Years of Sea Turtle Dr. Dionysius S.K. Sharma Conservation Efforts: Where WWF-Malaysia did We Go Wrong? Lessons Learned for the Way Forward

10:40 – 11:00 Tea Break

11:00 – 11:50 Impacts of Research in Policy Development and Actions • International Experiences Dr. Peter Dutton of Sea Turtle Population National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Restoration

• Lessons Learned from Sea Mr. Paul Basintal Turtle Restoration in Sabah Assistant Director, Sabah Parks

11:50 – 12:20 Socioeconomic Linkages Tn. Hj. Sukarno Wagiman and Impacts of Fisheries on Head, Section of Resources Rehabilitation Sea Turtle Populations and Recreational Fishery, DOF

100 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Session 2. Working Group Discussion

2:00 –3:15 Working Group Session Group 1: DOF – Tn. Hj. Sukarno Wagiman/Mr. Mohd Nizam Basiron Group 2: Prof. Dr. Peter Dutton Group 3: Dr. Dionysius S.K. Sharma

3:15 – 3:30 Tea Break

3:30 – 4:45 Working Group Session Group facilitators

4:45 – 5:00 Summary of Day 1 – Discussion and Wrap-up

Tuesday, 17 August Session 3. Working Group Discussion

9:00 – 10:45 Working Group Discussions

10:45 –11:00 Tea Break

11:00– 12:45 Presentation of Working Group Findings

12:45 – 1:00 Working Group Discussion Wrap-up and Summary

1:00 – 2:00 Lunch

Session 4. Plenary

2:00 – 2:15 Integration and Synthesis of Workshop – Review Workshop Outputs

2:15 – 3:15 Action Plan Priorities and Implementation Strategy (Identification of Priorities, Key Agencies and Resources Required)

3:15 – 3:30 Tea Break

3:30 – 4:30 Action Plan and Implementation Strategy

4:30 Final Discussions, Timelines and Wrap-up

5:00 End of Workshop and Word of Thanks

Field Visit – Ma’ Daerah Turtle Sanctuary

Working Groups: Objective: Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles – the Way Forward

1. Policy Options: Policy, Legal and Institutional Issues in Malaysia and the Region Facilitator: Mr. Mohd. Nizam Basiron/Tn. Hj. Sukarno Wagiman Rapporteur: Ms. Zahaitun Mahani Zakariah 2. Identification of Knowledge Gaps, Research Priority Areas and Framework for Sea Turtles Conservation Facilitator: Dr. Peter Dutton Rapporteur: Ms. Yeo Bee Hong 3. Management Strategies and Tools for Sea Turtles Conservation (Community based Involvement, Education/Awareness and Other Measures) Facilitator: Dr. Dionysius Sharma Rapporteur: Ms. Lau Min Min

ANNEX 6 | Workshop program 101 Annex 7. List of participants

National Participants - Malaysia ARIFFIN, MR. IZHARUDDIN State Fisheries, Perak ABDUL KARIM, MR. ABDUL KHALIL Pejabat Perikanan Negeri Marine Parks Division Tkt 8 Kompleks Islam Darul Ridzuan Department of Fisheries Malaysia Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab Tingkat 3, Wisma Awal 3000 Ipoh, Perak Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Tel.: 605-2554061, 605-2554062 50300 Kg. Baru, Kuala Lumpur Fax: 605-2542148 Tel.: 603-26982500 Fax: 603-26913199 Awang, MR. Zahari Turtle and Marine Ecosystem Center Abdul Latif, MR. Ziauddin 23050 Rantau Abang, Dungun, Terengganu Department of Irrigation and Tel.: 609-8458169; 609-8453169 (direct) Drainage Malaysia Fax: 609-8458017 Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50626 Kuala Lumpur Awang, MS. Suriyani Tel.: 603-26923831 National Hydraulic Research Fax: 603-26948268 Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Ministry of Natural Resources Abd. Hamid, MR. Mohd. Khirusham and Environment Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri Pahang Blok A, Kompleks Jabatan Pengairan Tingkat 4, Wisma Sri Pahang dan Saliran, KM 7, Jalan Ampang 25646 Kuantan, Pahang 68000 Ampang, Kuala Lumpur Tel.: 609-5126701 Tel.: 603- 42564016, 603-42564017 Fax: 609-5163462 Fax: 603-42564028

Ahmad, MR. Abdul Aziz Balakrishnan, Ms. Vasheela A. State Fisheries, Melaka Policy Research and Impact Assessment Pejabat Perikanan Negeri The WorldFish Center Tkt 9 Wisma Persekutuan Jalan Batu Maung, 11960 Penang Jalan Hang Tuah Tel.: 604-6202127 75300 Melaka Fax: 604-6265530 Tel.: 606-2833610, 606-2833611 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 606-2849936 E-mail: [email protected] Bali, Mr. James Protected Area and Biodiversity Conservation Ahmed, Dr. Mahfuzuddin Sarawak Forestry Corporation Sdn. Bhd. Policy Research and Impact Assessment Level 11, Office Tower The WorldFish Center Hock Lee Centre Jln. Abang Abdul Rahim Jalan Batu Maung, 11960 Penang Padungan, 93100 Kuching, Sarawak Tel.: 604-6202120 Tel.: 6082-301302 Fax: 604-6265530 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

102 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Basintal, Mr. Paul HO, PROF. DR. SINN-CHYE Sabah Parks National Oceanography Directorate Lot 3, Block K, Sinsuran Complex Ministry of Science, Technology 88806 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah and Innovation Tel.: 6088-221228 (direct) Block C4, Parcel C 62662 Putrajaya 6088-211881; 6088-212719 (general) Tel.: 603-88858201 Fax: 6088-221001; 6088-211585 Fax: 603-88893008 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

BASIRON, MR. MOHD NIZAM IBRAHIM, MR. KAMARRUDDIN Centre of Coastal Development Turtle and Marine Ecosystem Center and Marine Environment 23050 Rantau Abang, Maritime Institute of Malaysia Dungun, Terengganu B-06-08 Megan Avenue II Tel.: 609-8458169 12 Yap Kwan Seng, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Fax: 609-8458017 Tel.: 603-21612960 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 603-21614035 [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Kassim, MR. Abdul Rahman HAMZAH, MR. HASNIZAM State Fisheries, Terengganu Johor National Parks Corporation Pejabat Perikanan Negeri JKR 475, Jalan Bukit Timbalan Wisma Perikanan Negeri 80000 Johor Bahru Taman Perikanan Chendering Tel.: 607-2237471; 607-2242525 21080 Kuala Terengganu Fax: 607-2237472 Tel.: 609-6173352, 609-6173353 E-mail: [email protected] (general) Fax: 609-6173351

Hashim, PN. Noraini Lau, Ms. Min Min BP Asia Pacific (Malaysia) WWF-Malaysia Level 35, Menara Maxis No. 49 Jalan SS23/15 Kuala Lumpur City Centre Taman SEA 50088 Kuala Lumpur 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Tel.: 603-20595282 Tel.: 603-7803 3772 Fax: 603-20595641 Fax: 603-7803 5157 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Hiew, Mr. Kevin Liew, Assoc. Prof. Hock Chark WWF-Malaysia Sea Turtle Research Unit Government and Aid Agency Partnership Faculty of Science and Technology No. 49 Jalan SS23/15 Kolej Universiti Sains & Teknologi Malaysia Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor 21030 Kuala Terengganu Tel.: 603-78033772 Tel.: 609-6683251 Fax: 603-78035157 Fax: 609- 6694660 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

ANNEX 7 | List of participants 103 Maulana, MR. Abdul Ghafar Mohd. Nor, MR. Burhanuddin PETRONAS Department of Wildlife and National Park Level 44, Tower 1, Petronas Twin Towers Km 10 Jalan Cheras Kuala Lumpur City Centre 56100 Kuala Lumpur 50088 Kuala Lumpur Tel.: 603-90752872 Tel.: 603-5814922, 603-20514922 Fax: 603-90752873 Fax: 603-20513194 Ng, Ms. Li Ping Md. Yasin, MR. Md Nafiah Policy Research and Impact Assessment State Fisheries, Terengganu The WorldFish Center Pejabat Perikanan Negeri Jalan Batu Maung, 11960 Penang Wisma Perikanan Negeri Tel.: 604-6202122 Taman Perikanan Chendering Fax: 604-6265530 21080 Kuala Terengganu E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 609-6173352, 609-6173353 Fax: 609-6173351 Norani, MR. Azhar Ministry of Natural Resources and MOHAMAD TAIB, MR. MOHD GHAZALI Environment Legal Sections Tingkat 13, Wisma Tanah Department of Fisheries Jalan Semarak, 50574, Kuala Lumpur 9th Floor, Wisma Tani, Jalan Tel.: 603-26921566 Sultan Salahuddin, Fax: 603-26932116 50628 Kuala Lumpur Tel.: 603-26175632 SALLEH, TN. HJ. IBRAHIM Fax: 603-269859929 Department of Fisheries Malaysia Tingkat 8 & 9, Wisma Tani, Jalan Mohd. Fazli, PN. Bashirah Sultan Salahuddin, National Hydraulic Research 50628 Kuala Lumpur Institute of Malaysia Tel.: 603-26175000 (ext. 5550/5447) Ministry of Natural Resources 603-26980523 and Environment Fax: 603-26942984 Blok A, Kompleks Jabatan Pengairan E-mail: [email protected] dan Saliran, KM 7, Jalan Ampang 68000 Ampang, Kuala Lumpur SHARMA, DR. DIONYSIUS S.K. Tel.: 603-42564016, 603-42564017 WWF-Malaysia Fax: 603-42564028 No. 49 Jalan SS23/15 Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Mohd Nasir, Dr. Mohd Taupek Tel.: ++ (603) 7803 3772 National Oceanography Directorate Fax: ++ (603) 7803 5157 Ministry of Science, Technology E-mail: [email protected] and Innovation Ground Floor, Block C5, Parcel C Sulaiman, MR. Zakaria Federal Government Administrative Centre State Fisheries, Pahang 62662 Putrajaya Pejabat Perikanan Negeri Tel.: 603-88858068; Tkt 2, Wisma Persekutuan Fax: 603-88893008 Jalan Gambut, 25000 Kuantan E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 609-5161287; 609-5161508 Fax: 609-5523482

104 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia Talib, MR. Zulkifli Zakaria, MS. Zahaitun Mahani Southeast Asian Fisheries Centre of Coastal Development Development Center and Marine Environment Taman Perikanan, Chendering Maritime Institute of Malaysia 21080 Kuala Terengganu B-06-08 Megan Avenue II Tel.: 609-6163150 12 Yap Kwan Seng, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Fax: 609-6173156, 609-6174042 Tel.: 603-21612960 Fax: 603-21614035 Tan, MR. Teong Jin E-mail: [email protected] J Ace Communications 87 Jalan BU2/2 Zulkifli, MS. Rahayu Bandar Utama Damansara WWF-Malaysia 47800 Petaling Jaya, Selangor c/o BP Petronas Acetyls Sdn. Bhd. Tel.: 603-77279735 Petronas Petrochemical Integrated Complex Fax: 603-77279735 24300 Kerteh, Terengganu E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 609-8305300 [email protected] Fax: 609-8305321 E-mail: [email protected] WAGIMAN, TN. HJ. SUKARNO Department of Fisheries Malaysia International Resource Persons Tingkat 3, Wisma Awal Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz Dumaup, MR. Jose Noel B. 50300 Kg. Baru, Kuala Lumpur SSME Coordination Unit Tel.: 603-26982500 WWF-Philippines Fax: 603-26913199 Tel.: 632-4330909; E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 632-4330911 [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Wan Din, MR. Wan Mustaffa Dutton, Dr. Donna L. Universiti Sains Malaysia Ocean Planet Research 11800 Minden, Penang 12368 Rue Fountainebleau Tel.: 604-6533888 San Diego, CA 92131 Fax: 604-6572960 USA Tel./Fax: 1-858-6891142 Yeo, Ms. Bee Hong E-mail: [email protected] Policy Research and Impact Assessment The WorldFish Center Dutton, Dr. Peter Jalan Batu Maung, 11960 Penang National Oceanic and Tel.: 604-6202134 Atmospheric Administration Fax: 604-6265530 National Marine Fisheries Service E-mail: [email protected] Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla, California 92038 USA Fax: 1-858-5467003 E-mail: [email protected]

ANNEX 7 | List of participants 105 GjertsEn, Dr. Heidi McLellan, Ms. Liz National Oceanic and Panda Cottage, PO Box 4010 Atmospheric Administration Wembley WA 6913 National Marine Fisheries Service Australia Southwest Fisheries Science Center Tel.: 618-94421208; La Jolla, California 92038 E-mail: [email protected] USA E-mail: [email protected] Ng, MS. Julia Su – Chen TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Groves, Prof. Dr. Theodore Unit 9-3A, 3rd Floor, Jalan SS23/11 Department of Economics 0508 Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor University of California, San Diego Malaysia 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla Tel.: 603-78803940 California 92093-0508 Fax: 603-78820171 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 1-858-5342818 Fax: 1-858-2748626 Squires, Dr. Dale Edward E-mail: [email protected] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration HYKLE, MR. DOUGLAS National Marine Fisheries Service Indian Ocean and South-East Asia (IOSEA) California Marine Turtle MOU Secretariat USA c/o UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the E-mail: [email protected] Pacific 10th Floor, United Nations Building Rajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200 Thailand Tel.: 662-2881471 Fax: 662-2803829 E-mail: [email protected]

106 The WorldFish Center | Charting Multidisciplinary Research and Action Priorities towards the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Sea Turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A Focus on Malaysia