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KIJSTCM +.Rologi Kolej-Nivenrtt Sains :An R,Llaysia KIJSTCM _+.rologi Kolej-nivenrtt Sains :an r,llaysia InauguralLecture of Prof.Ghan Eng Heng,phD, pJK ! Turtlo$!nIroubls 22 Juty 2004 siri syarahanfnaugurar KusTEM:T (2004) PerpustakaanNegara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Chan,Eng Heng Turtlesin Trouble/ ChanEng Heng (SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUSTEM :7 (200a) tsBN 983-2888-07-7 1.Turtles-Conservation-Malaysia. 2. Wildlife conservation- Malaysia.l. Title. ll. Series 597.9209595 SIRISYARAHAN INAUGURAL KUSTEM 1. SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUT 1 (2000) Fisheriesand the NationalFood Security: The MalaysianPerspective Prof.Dr. Mohd. AzmiAmbak 2. SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUT: 2 (2000) Developmentof OceanModelling: The MalaysianPerspective Prof. Dr.Alejandro Livio Camerlengo 3. SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUT: 3 (2000) Intothe Wondersof SurfactantBehaviour Prof.Dr. Hamdan Suhaimi 4. SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUT: 4 (2000) FoodChain in the Sea- ltsValues, Challenges and Prospects Prof. Dr.Lokman Shamsudin 5. SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUSTEM: 5 (2002) The FascinatingWorld of Flukes Prof. Dr. FaizahMohd. Shaharom 6. SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUSTEM: 6 (2002) The Widthis Unreachable,the Travelis at the Speedof Light Prof. Dr.lsmail Mohd. 7. SiriSyarahan Inaugural KUSTEM: 7 (2004) Turtlesin Trouble Prof.Dr. Chan Eng Heng TABLEOF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. MalaysianTurtles and PopulationStatus MarineTurtles 3 Tortorsesand FreshwaterTurtles 4 Causesof PopulationDecline 8 EggExploitation 8 CommercialHarvest and Trade 9 Fisherieslmpacts 10 HabitatDestruction 10 Pollution 12 Negativelmpacts of Tourism 12 lnadequateLegislation 13 Lackof Research 1? Lackof Coordinationand a NationalPolicv on Turtles 14 4. Conservationand ManagementMeasures Undertaken in Malaysia 14 Legislation 14 EggProtection .....................15 Establishmentof Sanctuaries/ ProtectedAreas 15 Reductionof FishingMortality PublicEducation 17 Regionaland InternationalConventions and Agreements 17 5. Contributionsof KUSTEMin TurtleResearch and Conservation 17 o. ConcludingRemarks zl 7. Acknowledgements 25 8. References 26 TURTLES IN TROUBLE lntroduction Turtleshave evolvedover 300 millionyears to occupya vastvariety of habitatson earth. They roam the oceans,inhabit swamps, lakes and rivers,and tread grasslands,forests, deserts,lowlands and highlands.These habitatshave offeredrefuge, food, nestingand breedinggrounds and helpedthem flourishon earth.The turtlesin turn have performed theirecological roles and contributedto the maintenanceof healthyecosystems on landas wellas in the oceans. The evolutionarysuccess of turtlesis attributedto theirbasic body form, the shellthat has remainedunchanged through time. Providedwith a naturalarmour, most specieshave foundno necessityto developstrong aggressive behaviour or offensivebody parts for self defence.The gentleand unobtrusivenature of manyof the specieshas inspiredmankind throughthe ages,helped shape his character (see Box 1) and providedhim with a much- neededsource of proteinand income.Many of the culturalpractices of nativetribes and evensome modernsocieties revolve around turtles (Kemf, ef a/.,2000). Sadly,the contributionsof turtlesto mankindhas been short-lived.Their populationsizes that ran into the millionsin the past have becomeseverely depleted over the last few decades.The survivalof many speciesof turtlesis now in jeopardy.Six of the seven existingspecies of marineturtles are now in dangerof extinction,with three of them criticallyendangered (lUCN, 1996). Freshwater turtles and tortoisesfare no better.Nearly half of the living 300 speciesare threatenedwith extrnction,with Asia identifiedas the geographicregion with the greatestpercentage of threatenedspecies (Turtle Conservation Fund,2002). Here, trade in wild-collectedanimals from Southand SoutheastAsia for marketsin China,Hong Kong,and Taiwanhave placedthe speciesin an unprecedented survivalcrisis (Rhodin, 2000). The turtlecrisis has promptedthe internationalcommunity to developaction plans aimed at arrestingthe extinctionpathway of turtles.ln 2002,The TurtleConservation Fund, a partnershipinitiative of ConservationInternational, the IUCN/SSCTortoise and Freshwater TurtleSpecialist Group and the IUCN/SSCTurtle SurvivalAlliance launched a GlobalAction Planfor Conservationof Tortoisesand FreshwaterTurtles (Turtle Conservation Fund, 2OO2). Likewise,the marineturtle community developed a GlobalStrategy for the Conservationof MarineTurtlesin'1995 (lUCN, 1995). Regionalagreements such asthe MoU onASEAN Sea TurtleConservation and Protectionand the MoU on the Conservationand Managementof MarineTurtles and their Habitats of the IndianOcean and SoutheastAsia are now in forceto reversethe declineof marineturtles in thispart of the world. The stircaused by the globalturtle crisis does not seemto haverippled through to Malaysia. Manyof the coastal communities are still bent on collectingand eating what may be the very last clutchesof eggsto be deposited.Like their counterparis in otherparts of the world,the turtlesof Malaysiaare in trouble.Three of the fourmarine species that nest on its beachesare on the vergeof extinctionwhile more than a thirdof its 14freshwater species are in dramaticdecline. Littleis knownabout the four terrestrial turtles or tortoisesthat have been recorded in Malaysia. tuttles; i, trouble 1 Thispaper will examine the statusof the speciesof turtlesthat occur in Malaysia,highlight factorsthat threatentheir survival and assessconservation efforts currently in practicein thecountry. The role of the UniversityCollege of Scienceand Technology Malaysia (KUSTEM) throughits Sea TurtleResearch Unit (SEATRU)in turtleresearch and conservation, particularlyin bringingabout the recoveryof someof thelocal turtle populations in Terengganu is also presented. Box 1: MOTHERTURTLE The following informationabout the tuftle was extractedfrom a letter written over 50 yearsago to Dr. E.M. Hoffmanfrom a Creek Indianelder, by the name of J.R. Daniels. "Turtle in many tribes, is a deep and abiding spiritual symbol. The turtle is Mother Earth...andrepresents Earth's many blessingsto us. Turtle is a circle; its shell is frag- mented,but it is bound together.Just as are the many differentpeoples of our country. Turtle cannot see all of its shell, but turtle knows it is whole and all there. This is the elementthat demonstratesfaith. Turtle is beauty.Turtle teaches cleanliness, strength, and protectionof all living things. The fortitude of turtle teaches bravery,silence, and obedienceto natural law. Turtle is a truth symbol, so speak what is true when you have dreamed of a turtle. You cannot speak truth unless you are fair and reverent to all living things. To be like turtle, is to be of character. Keep the turtle in your heart...thenyou will be kind, unselfish,and happy.Turtleis not concerned with speed, but with accuracy. Completion is more important to a journey than haste,especially on the road of life.Turtle is the whole embodimentof wisdom.The shell rises up towards the GreatSpirit, but the shell is also downward in the directionof mother earth...seekbalance between these two...seek balance in all things,just as earth and sky are balanced. Turtleseems ageless,truth is eternaland wisdom long lasting.She has helpedothers to becomethemselves. She taught them to swim, and gave her back so they could rest on it when tired. Just when you feel you have learnedall you can from her,turtle will teach you again.After all she is ageless. Turtleseems never possessedof things but carriesher home within her own life. Carry your home in your heart,not in your things. Turtleis an exampleof right living and right action...Tofollow turtle is to move towards what your people call God in your life. .... Turtle keeps moving, and may even die while crossing an obstacle before giving up. Dedication and patience are its companions. While turtle is often seen alone... lt is content betweenearth and sky with its ever present home. Perhapswe too should see our environmentas our "ever present" home betweenearth and sky. watermarkis from an aftwork by Chang Fee Ming turtles:'.,,"trouble 2 MalaysianTurtles and PopulationStatus Peopleare sometimesconfused over the termsturtles, tortoises and terrapins. "Turtle" is a generalterm that can be appliedto all speciesfound in the orderTestudines, i.e. reptiles whichhave a shell. Henceit includesmarine, freshwater and terrestrialspecies. Tortoises usuallyrefer to terrestrialturtles while terrapins include all speciesliving in freshwater,be theyhard or soft-shelled.All forms of turtlesare found in Malaysia. MarineTurtles Fourof the seven extant species of marineturtles occur in Malaysia(Fig. 1). The leatherback turtle(Dermochelys coriacea) nests primarily on the mainlandbeaches of Terengganu,along al5kmstretchofbeachcentredinRantauAbang. Thegreenturtle(Cheloniamydas)is morewidely distributed, with the most importantnesting populations occurring in Sabah andSarawak Turtle lslands. Other nesting beaches can be found in Terengganu(mainly in Redangand Perhentian lslands, Kemaman and Kerteh), Pahang (Chendor and Cherating), Perak(Pantai Remis) and Sipadanlsland in Sabah.The hawksbillturtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)has only two remainingimportant nesting populations, in the SabahTurtle lslands(principally Gulisaan lsland) and Melaka,with remnant populations in Terengganu, Johoreand elsewhere.The nestingstatus of the olive ridley(Lepidochelys olivacea) is fragmentary,with isolated cases of nestingreported in the SarawakTurtle lslands, Penang, Terengganuand Kelantan. CARAPACE Leatherback PLAS]RON Penyu /6--. R Belimbing YJ <=v \L-/ rongtluotnat
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