AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment Administration AALS. See

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80307-6 - The Twentieth Century and After (1920- ) Edited by Michael Grossberg and Christopher Tomlins Index More information

index

AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Administration (AIDS), 252–253 AALS. See Association of American Law ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act Schools Adams, Charles Francis, 77, 507 ABA. See American Bar Association Adams, John Quincy, 1 Abbott, Edith, 208 Adamson Act, 325 Abortion ADC. See Aid to Dependent Children AMA on, 238, 243 Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, benefits of legalization, 244 193 Burger Court on, 155 Administrative Procedure Act (APA) contraception, relationship with, environmental law under (See 243–244 Environment and law) Court decisions, effect on public historical background, 280 attitudes, 426 military exemption, 507 court orders involving, 264 “NIMBY” activism and, 514 criminal law and, 242 purposes of, 19–20 historical background, 243–244 rulemaking under, 26, 29 interrogation of women, 242 Administrative state. See also specific agency legalization of, 244 alternatives, 28–29 media attention on, 242 “capture” by regulated industries, 21 morality and, 238–239 Cold War, during, 15–22 opposition to, 158 command and control regulation, 9, 15, policing by medical profession, 26–27 242–243, 264 commissions, regulation by, 3–4 Rehnquist Court on, 172 common law versus, 6–7, 8 Roe v. Wade, 155, 244 Congressional oversight, 18–19 Abrams, Elliot, 742 corporations and (See Corporations) Abu Ghraib, 715–716 cost-benefit analysis and, 29–30 Acheson, Dean costs of rulemaking, 28–29 foreign policy establishment, in, 726, criminal law and, 195–196 728 current state of, 31–32 free trade, on, 744, 745 decline of, 27, 32 international affairs and, 96 delegation of Congressional authority, racial discrimination, on, 711 24, 280–282 Ackerman, Bruce, 47 deregulation and, 27–28 ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union environmental law and, 475

905

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80307-6 - The Twentieth Century and After (1920- ) Edited by Michael Grossberg and Christopher Tomlins Index More information

906 Index

Administrative state (cont.) Adversarial legalism, 181–182 federalism and growth of, 130 Adverse possession, 485 grants, distribution of, 5 AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent health and medicine and, 247–248, Children 254–258 Afﬁrmative action, 393–394 Hughes Court on, 278 backlash against, 355 immigration and, 6 Burger Court on, 155, 434–435 income tax Carter and, 354 importance of, 4–5 criticism of, 394 withholding, impact of, 16 Equal Protection Clause and, 68 independence of commissions, 21 Fourteenth Amendment and, 155, 436 infrastructure and, 5 history of discrimination, 394 judicial deference to, 7, 8–9, 18, 22 law schools, in, 68–69 judicial review of rulemaking, 26 quotas and, 394 judicialization of, 13–14 Rehnquist Court on, 436, 437–438 labor law and, 5–6 rights “revolution” and, 390 legal profession AFL. See American Federation of Labor regulations, challenging, 114–115 African-Americans role of, 24–25, 32–33 ABA and, 79 legislation and, 24 ADC and, 364, 365 market incentives and, 30 Brown v. Board of Education, impact of, natural monopolies and, 27 426 New Deal, during capital punishment and, 407 ABA on, 279–280 Cold War, impact of, 413 bibliographic essays 808–809 collective bargaining and, 331 Congressional resistance to, 280 Congressional Black Caucus, 515 debate regarding, 278 criminal law and, 406–407 delegation of Congressional authority, Democrats and, 149, 405–406 280–282 employment discrimination and, 354 growth of, 141 family structure and welfare, 373–374 historical background, 277–278 FLSA and, 335–336 judicial resistance to, 279 GI Bill and, 461 overview, 9, 15, 277 Great Migration, 404, 409 political independence of agencies, heterosexuality “regime” and, 460–462 278–279 housing, restrictive covenants in, nondelegation doctrine, 7 409–410 overview, 32–33 Hughes Court and, 311 post-World War I period, during, 3, 9 incarceration, disparate impact on, price and entry regulation, 3–4 225–226 privileges and, 7–8 involuntary sterilization and, 461–462 reform, need for, 20–22 juries, exclusion from, 209 rights “revolution” and, 22–27, law schools, in, 67–68 382–383 legal profession, in, 79, 113 rulemaking versus adjudication, 24 lynchings of, 407 scandals in, 21 marriage and, 461 Social Security and, 337–338 middle class, rise of, 404 state capitalism and, 10–11, 15–16 New Deal and states, commissions in, 4 improvement during, 405 war contracts, 15–16, 18 judicial decisions regarding, 311 World War II, during, 15, 22 minor nature of changes during, 406, ADR. See Alternate dispute resolution 411–412

Index 907

North, in, 406 reconstituted AAA, 12, 308, 550 South, in, 406 Schechter Poultry case and, 550 post-World War I period, during, sharecroppers and, 346 403–404, 405 shortcomings of, 550 primary elections and, 315–316, war analogy, 693 407–409, 414, 708 Agricultural Credit Act of 1923, public interest movement and, 546 103 Agricultural labor, 345–348 reproductive rights and, 461–462 Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, 271, rights “revolution” and, 389–390, 547 397–398 Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of Roosevelt (FDR) and, 405, 411 1937, 282, 301, 550 segregation (See Segregation) Agriculture, Department of Social Security and, 461 constraints on, 545 Taft Court and, 136–137 cooperative programs, 542 urbanization of, 404 DDT and, 26 Veterans Administration and, 461 deregulation and, 557 violence against in South, 405 environmental law and, 491, 492, 493, voting rights and, 409 497, 504 Warren Court and, 149 EPA, relationship with, 514 welfare and, 362, 373 establishment of, 532–533, 560 Wilson and, 405 health care, role in, 257 World War I, impact of, 404 marketing bureaus, 541 World War II, impact of, 412–413, scientific experimentation in, 544 707–708 Agriculture and law, 522–562 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, anomalies in, 523 353 bibliographic essays, 856–861 Agency for International Development, colonial period, during, 524 121 early Republic, during Agent Orange, 186 canals and, 531 Agricultural Act of 1970, 553 cotton, importance of, 528–529 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 divestment of public domain to associationalism and, 568 individuals, 527–528 Constitutionality of, 570, 693–694 growth of, 530 purposes of, 549 homesteading laws, 528 taxation provisions, 12, 306 markets, development of, 530–531 war analogy, 693 overview, 526–527 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, 301, public land laws, 530 303, 697 railroads and, 529–530 Agricultural Adjustment Administration settlement and, 527 (AAA) territorial expansion and, 530, administrative state, as part of, 10 531–532 agricultural labor and, 346 transportation, development of, conflict with other New Deal measures, 531–532 276 Great Depression, effect of, 548–549 Court decisions regarding, 12 historical background, 525–526 expansion of powers, 549–550 legal institutions, role of, 524 federalism, impact on, 138 market capitalism versus self-sufficiency, Hughes Court on, 139 525, 559 production limits, 549 national government, role of, 523–524, purposes of, 273 561–562

908 Index

Agriculture and law (cont.) marketing bureaus, 541–542 New Deal, during overview, 540–541, 560–561 AAA (See Agricultural Adjustment scientiﬁc experimentation, 543–544 Administration) property rights and, 524 legacy of, 552 public law, 523, 525, 559, 561 overview, 549, 561 regional diversity, 559–560 production limits, 549 Stock Market Crash of 1929, effect of, Schechter Poultry case, 550 547–548 shortcomings of, 551–552 A. H. Robins Company, 186 states, role of, 550–551 Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) overview, 522 African-Americans and, 364, 365 post-Civil War period, during dual systems of family law embodied in, cooperatives, 538–539 365–367 Farmers’ Alliance, 539 eligibility, restrictions on, 365 Grange (See Grange) employment, effect of, 336 Homestead Act, impact of, 534–535 establishment of, 363–364 land grants, 533–534 gender and, 340–341 markets, development of, 535–537, illegitimacy and, 365 560 mothers’ pensions, replacement of, monopolies and, 537–538 340 national government, role of in race and, 364, 365 marketing, 535–537 survivors insurance contrasted, 364, overview, 532, 560 365, 367 Populists (See Populists) unwed mothers and, 364 railroads and, 537–538 Aid to Families with Dependent Children rate regulation and, 537–538 (AFDC) Western land, development of, 535 hearings, 356 post-World War I period, during judicial decisions regarding, 371, 372 associationalism, 546 origin of, 365 cooperatives, 547 reform of, 374 crash in prices, 545–546 unwed mothers and, 246 decline in farm movement, 544–545 AIDS (acquired immune deﬁciency overproduction, problems of, syndrome), 252–253 546–547 Air pollution, 509–510 reemergence of farm movement, 546 Air Pollution Control Act, 509 roots of crisis, 544 Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, 28 post-World War II period, during Al Qaeda, 714 “agribusiness,” 552 Alabama, University of, 432 antitrust law and, 555–556 Alexander, Raymond Pace, 80, 103 credit crisis during 1980s, 553–555 ALI. See American Law Institute decline of, 552 Allende, Salvador, 737 deregulation, 557–558 Alliance for Progress, 740, 745 environmental law and, 556–557 Alternate dispute resolution (ADR), subsidies, 552, 553 192–194 private law, 522–523, 559, 561 arbitration, 192–193 Progressive Era, during attractiveness of, 193 antitrust law and, 542–543 international commercial arbitration (See cooperative programs, 542 International commercial corporations, rise of, 542 arbitration) governments, increased role of, 543 litigation, interaction with, 193–194 growth in, 541 mediation, 192, 193

Index 909

methods of, 193 American Fund for Free Jurists, 735 overview, 192 American Fund for Public Service, rise of, 193 380–381 statistics, 192 American Law Institute (ALI), 90, 212, tort law, in, 99 236 Alschuler, Albert, 222 American Liberty League, 11, 105 AMA. See American Medical Association American Medical Association (AMA) Amalgamated Clothing Workers of ABA compared, 78 America, 327, 331 abortion, on, 238, 243 American Arbitration Association, 754 contraception, on, 243 American Bar Association (ABA) establishment of, 233 administrative state, on, 279–280 health care laws and, 255 admission to bar and, 89 health insurance, on, 254 African-Americans and, 79 American Society of International Law, case system and, 59, 61 728, 737, 754 conservative nature of, 108 American Telephone and Telegraph “Court-packing” plan, on, 298 Corporation (AT&T), 28, 621, 643, establishment of, 76 644, 648 ethics and, 81, 82 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), foreign aid and, 121 257–258, 353, 397 judges, consultation regarding, 83, 92 Americas Watch, 741 law school guidelines and, 63 Ames, James Barr, 60, 61, 88 legal aid and, 86 Amnesty International, 121, 736, 737, media and, 662–663 738, 740 New Deal and, 105 Amtrak, 604 restrictions by, 77–78 Anthony, Susan B., 378 Root Report, 78 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 756 American Birth Control Association, 244 Anti-Saloon League, 202 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Antitrust Division, 628, 629, 649 attorneys involved with, 102 Antitrust law Constitutionalism and, 386 agriculture and, 542–543, 555–556 criticism of, 401 Clayton Antitrust Act (See Clayton First Amendment cases, 200 Antitrust Act) historical background, 379–380 collective bargaining and, 324, 326 human rights organizations and, 740, Grange on monopolies, 537–538, 560 741 market economics and, 644–645 NAACP contrasted, 380, 381–382 natural monopolies, 27 police brutality and, 208–209 New Deal, during, 628–629 poverty law and, 368 1950s, during, 641–642 prisons, on, 219 1960s and 1970s, during, 643 religion cases and, 313 NIRA and, 628, 629 reproductive rights and, 265 Reagan, under, 643 test cases, 102, 380 rise of, 619 tuberculosis, on, 253 Sherman Antitrust Act (See Sherman women and venereal diseases, on, 252 Antitrust Act) women’s rights project, 383 solicitation by attorneys and, 124 American College of Obstetricians, 264 APA. See Administrative Procedure Act American Enterprise Institute, 738 Apportionment cases, 154 American Farm Bureau Federation, 546 Arbitration, 192–193. See also International American Federation of Labor (AFL), 106, commercial arbitration 320, 327, 329, 330, 336 Archer, Gleason, 62

910 Index

Archer Daniels Midland, 555–556 Baker, Newton, 447 Aristotle, 48, 49 Bakke case, 69 Armed forces. See Military and law Baldwin, Roger, 379–380 Armed Forces, U.S. Court of Appeals for, Ball, George, 744–745 442 Bankruptcy, 179–180 Army Corps of Engineers Banks environmental focus of, 516 deregulation of, 588–589 EPA, relationship with, 514 New Deal, regulation during, 629–630 navigation improvements, 486–487, Bar. See Legal profession 491, 499–500 Bar associations, 76–77, 83. See also Arnold, Thurman, 91, 105, 628–629, American Bar Association 661–662 Baseball, desegregation of, 413 Asbestos cases, 119, 186 Baumes, Caleb, 205 Ashcroft, John, 263 “Baumes Laws,” 205 Association, freedom of, 350 Bay of Pigs, 687 Association Against the Prohibition Bazelon, David, 22, 26 Amendment, 204 Beck, James M., 98, 105, 285 Association of American Law Schools Beck, John B., 235, 236 (AALS) Bell, Derrick, 71 admission to bar and, 89 Bell Labs, 643 case system and, 59, 61 Bellet, Pierre, 749 law school guidelines and, 63 Bender, Leslie, 57 republicanism and, 50 Bentham, Jeremy, 229 Association of Trial Lawyers of America, Bergman, Ingrid, 674 118, 386 Bergstrom, Randolph, 183, 185 Associationalism Berle, Adolph, 575 cartels and, 568–569 Bickel, Alexander, 40 economic theories behind, 567–568 Biddle, Francis, 412 government involvement in economy Bilingualism, 399–400 under, 568, 569 Bill of Rights, incorporation to states, 1950s, during, 575 154–155, 209, 218, 309–310 1980s, decline, during, 587, 590 Billings, Frederick, 93 rise of, 567 Binder, Guyora, 659 UCC and, 568 Bird, Kai, 727 World War II, during, 572 Birmingham riots, 431 Atlantic Alliance, 745 Birth control. See Contraception Atomic Energy Commission, 26 Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of AT&T. See American Telephone and 1935, 281, 295–296 Telegraph Corporation Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of Attorneys. See Legal profession 1937, 282, 301 Audubon Societies, 23, 498 Black, Hugo Auerbach, Jerold, 61 appointment of, 292 Austern, Thomas, 20 Brown v. Board of Education and, 419 Automobiles Carolene Products case, in, 293 advent of, 566 Gideon v. Wainwright, in, 677 fuel efﬁciency, 514 Korematsu case, in, 705 industry, rise of, 620–621 property rights, on, 369 religion cases and, 314 “Baby Bells,” 648 Roberts, on, 293–294 Bailey, F. Lee, 117 steel mills, on seizure of, 698 Baker, Ed, 53 Blacks. See African-Americans

Index 911

Block grants, 152 Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Blue Cross, 352 Enginemen, 350 Blue Shield, 352 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 348, “Blue Sky Laws,” 623, 631 412 Boeing, 590, 643 Brown, Joe, 657 Bogart, Humphrey, 673 Brown v. Board of Education, 419–423 Bogen, David, 670 African-Americans, impact on, 426 Bolton, John, 690 aftermath of, 422–423 Bona ﬁde occupational qualiﬁcations, “all deliberate speed,” 421 354 bibliographic essays, 837–842 Bonneville Power Administration, 11, civil rights movement, relationship 606 with, 426–428, 429 “Bonus Marchers,” 692 crystallization of opposition to, 430 Borden Company, 551 divisions within Court, 419 Boris, Eileen, 458, 460 gradualism in, 421–422 Boss Tweed, 76 historical background, 438–439 Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, 496 implementation of Bourdieu, Pierre, 731 federal courts, resistance in, 424 Bracero program, 346–347 lack of public support for, 425–426 Bradley, Joseph, 79 litigation, through, 423–424 Bradley Foundation, 91 problems in, 423, 439–440 Bradwell, Myra, 79, 103 judicial attitudes regarding, 420–421, Brandeis, Louis 439 Abrams case, in, 702 Justice Department and, 711 Commerce Clause, on, 296 legacy of, 432–433 “Court-packing” plan, on, 299 legal process theory and, 42 diversity jurisdiction, on, 301–302 NAACP and, 108, 423–424, 428 First Amendment and, 136 1960s, impact on, 149–150 labor standards, on, 332 overview, 419 minimum wage laws, on, 286 polarizing nature of, 425 mortgage debt relief, on, 291 propaganda war with Soviet Union and, New Deal and, 139, 276 711–712 NLRA, on, 297 public attention on, 425 Progressive, as, 98 public attitudes, effect on, 426 public interest movement and, 101, 102 pupil placement plans, 424–425 regulatory experimentalism, on, 614 unanimity, building of, 420 taxation, on, 306 violent reaction to, 430–431 Brando, Marlon, 656 Brownlow Committee, 278, 280 Braukman, Stacy, 460 Bryan, William Jennings, 654 Braun, Marcus, 447 Bryant, Anita, 469 Brennan, William J. Buchanan, James, 534 civil rights movement and, 108 Buck v. Bell, 245, 246, 703–704 judicial activism of, 154 Buergenthaler, Thomas, 737 Tenth Amendment, on, 163 Bundy, Harvey, 728 welfare, on, 371–372 Bundy, McGeorge Bretton Woods Agreements, 572–573, foreign policy establishment, in, 726, 577, 584, 732, 743 728, 729, 732, 733 Brewster, Kingman, 724, 728, 729, 732, free trade and, 745 733 human rights organizations and, 738 Brookings Institute, 455 Bundy, William, 726, 728 Brooks, Mel, 645 Bureau of Cooperative Marketing, 546

912 Index

Bureau of Economic Ornithology and Kyoto Protocol, on, 690 Mammalogy, 504 labor law, on, 356 Bureau of Immigration, 6, 446, 447, 448 9/11, on, 713 Bureau of Internal Revenue, 5, 14, 203. See Schiavo case and, 261 also Internal Revenue Service Social Security, on, 356 Bureau of Investigation, 200, 210. See also war and, 756 Federal Bureau of Investigation Bush, Jeb, 261 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 223, 224, 225, Bush v. Gore, 173–174 226 Bushman, Richard L., 523–524, 561 Bureau of Land Management, 518 Business judgment rule, 627 Bureau of Prisons Act, 210 Butler, Pierce, 276, 282, 307 Burger, Warren E. Byrnes, James F., 292, 412 abortion, on, 155 afﬁrmative action, on, 155, 434–435 Calabresi, Guido, 43, 44 Commerce Clause, on, 163 Caldwell, Lynton, 512 disparate impact discrimination, on, 435 Calley, William, 689–690 Eighth Amendment, on, 155 Caminetti, Anthony, 447 exclusionary rule, on, 162 Canada federalism and, 162–163 Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 with, Fourteenth Amendment, on, 162 496 gender and, 155 Inland Fisheries Treaty with, 496 race and, 435 Cannery and Agricultural Workers Union, right to counsel, on, 162 326 school desegregation, on, 434 Capital punishment state constitutional law, and rise of, African-Americans and, 407 167–168 Constitutionality of, 218 Tenth Amendment, on, 163–164 Court decisions, effect on public Warren Court contrasted, 435 attitudes, 426 Burr, Raymond, 655 NAACP and, 381 Burroughs, John, 499 Rehnquist Court on, 436–437 Burton, Harold H., 419 reinstatement of, 228–229 Bush, George H. W. Capone, Al, 203 civil rights laws, on, 171 Capper-Volstead Act of 1922, 546 conservative judges, appointment of, Cardozo, Benjamin 109 administrative state, on, 279 election of, 164 appointment of, 276 expansion of authority of national Commerce Clause, on, 296 government, 171 delegation of Congressional authority, foreign policy establishment and, 731 on, 281 judges, appointment of, 169 incorporation of Bill of Rights to states, rulemaking under, 30 on, 309 suburban political base and, 223 minimum wage laws, on, 286 Supreme Court, appointments to, 169, mortgage debt relief, on, 290 657 New Deal and, 291 Bush, George W. NLRA, on, 297 election of, 164, 173–174, 665 price regulation, on, 301 foreign policy establishment and, 731 products liability, on, 183 human rights and, 753 Progressive, as, 98 international affairs under, 719, 721, unemployment compensation, on, 307 756 Cargill, 556 judges, and selection of, 83, 91–92 Carlin, Jerome, 80

Index 913

Carnegie Foundation, 61, 78, 723 CERCLA. See Comprehensive Carolene Products case, 293, 388–389 Environmental Recovery, Cars. See Automobiles Compensation and Liability Act Carson, Rachel, 507–508, 556 Chapman, David J., 519 Cartels, 568–569 Charitable contributions by corporations, Carter, James Coolidge, 96 638, 645 Carter, James H., 753–754 Charter 77, 121 Carter, Jimmy Chase, George, 62 afﬁrmative action and, 354 Chauncey, George, 446 deregulation under, 28, 644 Chavez, Cesar, 556 economic decline under, 585 Chafee, Zechariah, Jr., 208 human rights organizations and, Cheney, Richard, 721, 753, 756 739–740 Chicago, University of, 44, 91, 663, 732, public interest movement and, 112 739, 741 rulemaking under, 29 Chicago Board of Options Exchange, 648 Carter, Robert, 102 “Chicago Seven,” 665 Carter, Stephen, 71 Child Labor Amendment, 302 Casablanca, 673–674, 675 Child labor laws, 332–333, 334–335 Case, Mary Anne, 469 Child Labor Tax Act, 134 Case method Children and Social Security, 340 appellate decisions, study of, 59–60 Children’s Bureau, 255, 340 critical legal studies and, 71 Choate, Joseph Hodges, 117 criticism of, 61–63, 70–72 Chodorow, Nancy, 56 feminist legal theory and, 70 CIO. See Congress of Industrial hypothetical problems, application to, Organizations 60 Citizens Communications Center, 25 importance of, 59 Civil Aeronautics Authority, 277 law schools, centrality of, 59 Civil Aeronautics Board, 28 legal realism and, 62–63 Civil Justice Reform Act of 1990, 193 legal science and, 87–89 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 438 overview, 59 Civil Rights Act of 1964 pluralism, and need for, 61 bilingualism and, 399 “pure law,” focus on, 60 complaints under, 353 race and, 70–71 disparate impact discrimination under, Socratic questioning, 60, 65 390, 435 spread of, 60–61, 64 EEOC and, 349 weaknesses of, 89 enactment of, 431 Castro, Fidel, 687, 732 gender discrimination and, 355, 465 Catholics, 400, 623, 672 impact of, 353–354 Cato Institute, 738 litigation under, 179 Cellar-Kefauver Amendments, 583 propaganda war with Soviet Union and, Center for the Study of Responsive Law, 712 23 public attitudes regarding, 440 Center on Social Welfare Policy and Law, Reagan on, 164 368–369 Civil rights laws. See also Discrimination Centers for Disease Control, 257 bibliographic essays, 811–813 Central Intelligence Agency Bush (GHWB) on, 171 Allende and, 737 Commerce Clause and, 151 establishment of, 145 Fourteenth Amendment and, 151 International Commission of Jurists and, New Deal, during, 308–309 735, 736 North, in, 413–414

914 Index

Civil rights laws (cont.) Clinton, Bill post-World War II period, during criminal law under, 226–227, 230 failure of Congress to enact, 418 election of, 164 progressiveness of Court, 418–419 environmental law, on, 515 Reagan on, 164–165, 171 forest management under, 518 Rehnquist Court on, 170–171 health care, on, 396, 650 rights “revolution” and, 389–390 impeachment of, 656, 665 Roosevelt (FDR) on, 406 International Criminal Court, on, 690 Truman on, 413, 416 Kyoto Protocol, on, 690 Civil rights movement Lewinsky affair and, 670 African decolonization and, 428 “New Democrat,” as, 223 Brown v. Board of Education, relationship rulemaking under, 30 with, 426–428, 429 Supreme Court, appointments to, 169 federalism and, 150–151 war and, 756 Greensboro sit-in demonstrations, 427 welfare, on, 396 judicial activism and, 433 Clover, Carol J., 674, 675 legal profession and, 108–109 Cloward, Richard, 368, 395 Montgomery bus boycott, 426, 427, 428 CNN, 665 1950s and, 428 Coase, Ronald, 42–43 propaganda war with Soviet Union and, COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget 712 Reconciliation Act), 467 race riots, impact of, 433–434 Cohen, Ben, 335 rise of, 427–428 Cohen, Felix, 37, 38, 40 Selma, March on, 432 Cold War Vietnam War, impact of, 433 African-Americans, impact on, 413 Civil Rights Section, 347 Communist Party during, 17–18 Civil Service Commission, 451, 457, 468 corporations, impact on, 636 Civil Works Administration, 273 espionage and, 17 Civilian Conservation Corps, 273, 308, federalism, impact on, 145 322, 509, 570, 693 free trade and, 743–745 Clark, Charles E., 89 human rights organizations during, 735 Clark, Jim, 432 law, role of, 686–687 Class actions 9/11 compared, 714 corporations, against, 640 propaganda war with Soviet Union disparate impact discrimination, 393 Brown v. Board of Education and, mass torts (See Tort law) 711–712 rights “revolution,” role in, 382 Civil Rights Act of 1964 and, 712 rise of, 180 civil rights movement and, 712 Classical legal theory, 35–36 importance of, 710 conservative nature of, 35–36 race and, 710–711 criticism of, 36 Reagan on, 709 overview, 35 Truman on, 709 popular culture and, 658–660 Coleman, William T., Jr., 80, 415 Clayton Antitrust Act, 326, 543, 642, 643 Collateralized mortgage obligations, Clean Air Act of 1963, 510 589 Clean Air Act of 1970, 26, 30, 510, 516 Collective bargaining, 324–331 Clean Water Act, 25 antitrust law and, 324, 326 “Clear and present danger” doctrine, 701 Due Process Clause and, 287–288 Cleveland, Grover, 100 fundamental right, as, 330–331 Cleveland Crime Survey, 207 gender and, 331 Cleveland Foundation, 207 miners, 327

Index 915

NRA and, 326–328 marriage, 463–464 overview, 323 Commons, John L., 334 race and, 331 Communist Party railroads and, 324–326 “ﬁfth column,” as, 709–710 textile workers, 327–328, 329 First Amendment and, 312–313, 389 Colleges. See Universities legal profession and, 107 Collier, John, 275 popular culture, in, 654 Colten, Craig, 511 prosecutions of, 710 Commerce, Department of, 744 Truman and, 17–18 Commerce Clause welfare rights movement and, 368 bibliographic essays, 810–811 Communitarianism Burger Court on, 163 criminal law, in, 228 child labor laws and, 302–303 rights “revolution” and, 400–401 civil rights laws and, 151 Comprehensive Environmental Recovery, conservative public interest groups and, Compensation and Liability Act 121 (CERCLA), 507, 516–517 corporations and, 632–633, 649 Comstock, Anthony, 243 direct versus indirect effect on commerce, Comstock Law, 201, 243, 449 294 ConAgra, 555 diversity jurisdiction and, 301–302 Confederation Congress, 527 dormant Commerce Clause, 304–305, Congress. See speciﬁc topic 417–418 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) environmental law under, 480 AFL and, 329, 330 FLSA and, 302, 303 legal profession and, 107 Hughes Court on, 296 mass mobilization by, 330 labor law and, 319, 327 railroads and, 326 local activity, regulation of, 295 rise of, 319, 320 marketing, regulation of, 300–301 textile workers and, 329 minimum wage laws and, 334 Congressional Black Caucus, 515 negative Commerce Clause, 142–143, Connally, John, 745 172 Connally Act, 282 New Deal, during, 142, 294 Connor, T. Eugene (“Bull”), 431 NIRA and, 295 Conrail, 604 NLRA and, 296–297, 300, 303 Conscription, 713 price regulation and, 300–301 Conservatism production attitudinal changes favoring, 159–160 commerce versus production, 294 constitutional theory, 161 regulation of, 303–304 criminal law and, 222–223 Railroad Retirement Act of 1934 and, cultural synthesis favoring, 160–161 292 foreign policy establishment and, 731, rate regulation and, 300–301 734 Rehnquist Court on, 169–171 fragmentation of, 169 stream of commerce doctrine, 294–295, human rights organizations and, 296 738–739 Taft Court on, 135–136 Republicans and, 159–161 World War II and, 697 rights “revolution” and, 385–386, 390 Commission on Training Camp Activities, think tanks, 738–739 447 welfare and, 396 Common law Consolidated Edison, 508–509 administrative state versus, 6–7, 8 Consolidated Omnibus Budget corporations and, 614 Reconciliation Act (COBRA), 467

916 Index

Constitution. See specific amendment or clause automobile industry, rise of, 620–621 Consumer movement, 22–23 banks, regulation of, 629–630 Consumer Products Safety Commission, bibliographic essays, 872–879 24 business judgment rule, 627 Contagious Diseases Act (UK), 251 charitable contributions by, 638, 645 Contraception class actions against, 640 abortion, relationship with, 243–244 Cold War, impact of, 636 AMA on, 243 Commerce Clause and, 632–633, 649 historical background, 243–244 competence of managers, 639 legalization of, 244 concentration of production and Warren Court on, 154 manufacturing, 616–617 Contract Clause consolidation of, 618–619 gold clause and, 289–290 consumer demand and, 617–618 mortgage debt relief and, 288–289, Delaware law, under, 619, 625–627 290–291 deregulation and, 643–644 Contract law derivative actions (See Derivative actions) collective bargaining and, 287–288 enabling statutes, 618–619 currency inflation and, 289–290 energy crises, effect of, 643 gold clause and, 289–290 equity law compared, 625–626 labor law and, 350 foreign goods, effect of influx of, minimum wage laws and, 284–287 642–643 mortgage debt relief and, 288–289, industry associations, 623 290–291 judicial deference to managerial New Deal and, 143 discretion, 636–637, 647 rate regulation and, 284 late Twentieth Century, during, sociological analysis of law and, 45 646–647, 650 Contributory negligence, 184–185 legal relationships, 618 Cook, Walter Wheeler, 63 market economics and managerialism, Cooley, Thomas M., 8, 77, 488 644 Coolidge, Calvin market regulation of, 614 agriculture, on, 546 mergers, 645 Hoover and, 568 motion picture industry, rise of, 623 Prohibition, enforcement of, 203 muckrakers and, 619–620 Cooper, James Fenimore, 656 national economy, development of, 616 Cooperative Marketing Act of 1926, 546 New Deal, during, 627–628, 632 Cooter, Robert, 68 New Jersey law, under, 618–619, 625 Corbin, Arthur, 62 1960s and 1970s, during, 582–583, Corcoran, Tommy, 105 642 Corporations overview, 650–652 administrative state and post-World War II period, during, ambivalence toward, 615 635–636 common law, 614 products liability, 639–640 complexity of problems facing, 614 public utilities, rise of, 621–622 late Twentieth Century, during, 649 radio, rise of, 621 multiple jurisdictions, problems with, resistance to government intervention, 614–615 622–623 overview, 613 securities (See Securities) states, role of, 614, 615 self-interested transactions, 627 uncertainty at origin of, 613–614 shareholder activism, 646 agriculture, in, 542 social responsibility movement, antitrust law (See Antitrust law) 645–646

Index 917

steel mills, seizure by Truman, 636 drug offenses, 225 telephones, rise of, 621 Due Process “revolution” in, 217 traditional legal remedies, impact on, exclusionary rule, 218, 229 617 failures of, 195 urbanization and, 617 FBI (See Federal Bureau of Investigation) Vietnam War, impact of, 642 federal criminal law, rise of, 201, 211 World War I, impact of, 620 federalization of protections, 218 World War II, impact of, 633–635 First Amendment and, 201, 217, 218 Correctional institutions. See Penal foreign countries compared, 222–223, institutions 224 Cory, Donald Webster, 451 government spending on, 221 Cott, Nancy, 448, 453, 457, 459, 462 health and medicine and, 266 Cotton Act of 1914, 543 immigration and, 208 Cotton Textile Institute, 327 incarceration Council of National Defense, 696 African-Americans, disparate impact Council on Foreign Relations on, 225–226 foreign policy establishment and, Hispanic-Americans, disparate impact 726–727, 728, 753, 754 on, 226 free trade and, 749 increase in, 223–224 human rights organizations and, 735 longer sentences, effect of, 224–225, Council on Legal Education for Professional 227 Responsibility, 66 increasing crime rates, effect of, 219–220 Counsel of Economic Advisors, 16 indigent persons, access to legal services, “Court-packing” plan, 12, 140, 285–286, 85–86 297–300, 694–695 Johnson, under, 211, 221 Court TV, 665, 667 judicial policymaking, 219 Courts. See speciﬁc court juries, exclusion of African-Americans Courts of Indian Offenses, 275 from, 209 Coverture, 445, 446, 466 juvenile crime, 218, 227–228 Cox, Archibald, 41, 739 Katzenbach Commission (See Cramton, Roger, 65 Katzenbach Commission) Cravath, Paul, 93, 124, 727 liberalism and, 211–212, 221–222 Criminal law, 195–231 Miranda v. Arizona (See Miranda v. abortion and, 242 Arizona) administrative state and, 195–196 mitigating factors, concept of, 206–207 African-Americans and, 406–407 Model Penal Code (See Model Penal behavioral versus moral view of, Code) 205–206, 214 NIRA and, 210 bibliographic essays, 792–795 Nixon, under, 221–222 Bill of Rights, incorporation to states, nonviolent crimes, treatment of, 206 209, 218 overview, 198–199, 231 capital punishment (See Capital penal institutions (See Penal institutions) punishment) police brutality, 208–209 Clinton, under, 226–227, 230 political centrality of, 197–198 coerced confessions, 209, 309–310 post-Word War II period, during, communitarianism in, 228 211–212 conservatism and, 222–223 preventive detention, 229 cost, increase in, 226 Progressives and, 199 crime commissions, 207–209 Prohibition (See Prohibition) decreasing crime rates, effect of, 224 public attitudes toward, 226, 227 drug courts, 230–231 Red Scare and, 199–201

918 Index

Criminal law (cont.) Daniels, Stephen, 191 rehabilitation, concept of, 196, Darrow, Clarence, 100, 107, 205, 214–215, 227 654 religion and, 218 Davis, James, 430 reproductive rights and, 264–265 Davis, John W., 98, 105, 726, 728 Republicans and, 221 DDT, 26, 507–508, 556 retribution, concept of, 196 Death. See End of life issues right to counsel, 209, 218, 310 Debs, Eugene, 100 rights “revolution,” impact of, 387 Declaratory Judgment Act, 381–382 Roosevelt (FDR), under, 209–210 Defense, Department of, 516 search and seizure, 310–311 Defense Environmental Restoration selective prosecution, 437 Program, 517 self-incrimination, 218, 310 Defense of Marriage Act, 468, 469 sex offender registration, 228 Delgado, Richard, 69, 71 shaming, 228 Democrats societal versus individual responsibility, African-Americans and, 149, 405–406 205, 206, 214, 222 fragmentation of, 158 socioeconomic changes, effect of, 223 New Deal and, 269–270 Tenth Amendment and, 201 1968 Democratic Convention, 665, “three strikes” laws, 229 737 uniqueness of American experience, “white primaries” and, 315–316, 196–197 407–409, 414, 708 venereal diseases and, 251–252 Department of. See specific department victims’ rights laws, 228 Depew, Chauncey, 93 Warren Court and, 198, 209, 212, Deportation, 448 216–218 Deregulation welfare and, 367 administrative state and, 27–28 Wickersham Commission (See agriculture, in, 557–558 Wickersham Commission) banks, 588–589 Critical legal studies, 50–55 Carter, under, 28, 644 case method and, 71 communication industry, in, 587 despair in, 54–55 corporations and, 643–644 economic analysis of law compared, 53 drawbacks of, 588 indeterminate nature of legal effect of, 587–588 decisionmaking and, 52–54 FCC and, 28 individualism verses altruism, 50–52 finance industry, in, 587 legacy of, 50 Ford, under, 28 legal process theory compared, 53 ICC and, 28 moral philosophy and, 54 OSHA and, 28 overview, 50 overview, 587 rules versus standards, 50–52 Reagan, under, 644 tensions within, 52 savings and loan associations, 588–589 Critical Materials Program, 507 transportation industry, in, 587 Cromwell, William Nelson, 95 Derivative actions Cruzan case, 260 attempts to limit, 637–638 Cummings, Homer S., 295 bond requirements, 637–638 Cunningham, Richard, 746 buying out shareholders, 638–639 Currency inflation, 289–290 Delaware, in, 627 late Twentieth Century, during, 647 Dairymen’s League, 551 Dever, William, 203 Dalkon Shield, 186 Dewey, John, 37

Index 919

Dewey, Thomas E., 84 Douglas, Stephen, 529 Dewson, Molly, 333 Douglas, William O. Dicey, Albert Venn appointment of, 292 administrative state and, 8, 26 Brown v. Board of Education and, 419 rule of law, on, 6–7, 13, 14 Progressive, as, 91 Dickens, Charles, 175 religion cases and, 314 Dill, James B., 95, 618 Roberts, on, 293–294 Dillingham Commission, 458 Vietnam War, on, 688 Dillon, John F., 505 Yale, at, 63 Dillon Round, 744 Dower, John, 707 Disabled persons Draft, 713 labor law and disabled workers, 322 Drinker, Henry S., 78 rights “revolution” and, 384, Drug courts, 230–231 396–397 Drug offenses, 225 Discovery, 181 Dryden, Steve, 746 Discrimination. See also Civil rights laws Dubler, Ariela, 448, 463, 464 afﬁrmative action (See Afﬁrmative action) Due Process Clause Civil Rights Act of 1964 (See Civil bibliographic essays, 809–810 Rights Act of 1964) classical legal theory and, 36 defense industry, banning discrimination collective bargaining and, 287–288 in, 708 criminal law, Due Process “revolution” disparate impact discrimination, in, 217 392–393, 435 delegation of Congressional authority employment discrimination (See and, 282 Employment discrimination) FLSA and, 287 Equal Protection Clause, gender incorporation to states, 309 discrimination and, 354 labor law and, 357 Fourteenth Amendment minimum wage laws and, 284–287 gender discrimination and, 349 mortgage debt relief and, 291 racial discrimination and, 433 price regulation and, 300 heterosexuality “regime” and gender public interest requirement, 284, discrimination, 465–466 295 homosexuals and gender discrimination, Railroad Retirement Act of 1934 and, 470 292 legal profession, in, 79–81 rate regulation and, 284, 300 organized labor, in, 323–324 Rehnquist Court on, 171 gender discrimination, 349 rights “revolution” and, 388 racial discrimination, 349–350 substantive due process strict scrutiny standard, 144 agriculture and, 538 Disparate impact discrimination, 392–393, New Deal and, 143 435 Duke Medical Center, 352–353 Diversity jurisdiction, 301–302 Dulles, Allen, 735 Dixon Jones, Mary, 241 Dulles, John Foster, 96, 726–727 “Dollar diplomacy,” 725–726 Dunn, Susan, 265 Domestic relations law. See Marriage Dunne, Dominick, 665 Domestic service, 343–344 DuPont, 641–642 Donovan, William J., 96 Dworkin, Ronald, 47, 48, 68 Dormant Commerce Clause, 304–305, 417–418 Eastman, Crystal, 102 Dorsey, George, 710–711 Eastwood, Clint, 656, 678 Douglas, Paul H., 339 Eberle, William, 745

920 Index

Economic analysis of law, 42–45 New Deal, during conservative nature of, 44–45 cartels, 568–569 critical legal studies compared, 53 government involvement in economy, distributional considerations, 43 568, 569 efficient allocation of resources, 43 overview, 570–571 internalization of costs, 42–43 1950s, during legal process theory compared, 44 associationalism and, 575 legal realism compared, 44 balance of trade, 577 popular culture and, 663–664 foreign borrowing, impact of, rational maximization of utility, 43–44 578–579 tort law and, 42 gold standard, 577 Economy Act, 452 innovation, 575–576 Economy and law, 563–612 middle class, rise of, 576 antitrust law (See Antitrust law) outflow of currency, 577–578 associationalism (See Associationalism) overview, 574, 579 attitudes in response of law to economic recovery of foreign economies, impact change, 599–605 of, 578 cost-driven change, 602–603 savings, 575 general attitude, 600–601 suburbs, relocation to, 576–577 indiscriminate support, 600 wages and prices, 574–575 inflation during 1970s and, 604–605 1960s, during modest slowing, 600–601 corporations, structural changes in, New Deal and, 603–604 582–583 overview, 599–600 deficit spending, 583 protectionism and, 601 depopulation of rural US, effect of, “stonewalling,” 600 582 system-wide change, to, 603–605 discount stores, 580 technological change, to, 601–603 foreign products, influx of, 580–581 bibliographic essays, 861–872 interstate highway system, impact of, contexts for response of law to economic 582 change, 605–610 loss of ability to compete, 581 agriculture, in, 607–608 organized labor, role of, 581 financial services industry, in, overview, 580 608–609 shopping malls, rise of, 581–582 infrastructure investment, 605–607 South and West, growth in, 582 regulatory investment, 607–609 1970s, during social circumstances, 609–610 energy crises, impact of, 584–585 corporations (See Corporations) floating exchange rates, 584 defining “law” for purposes of, gold standard, 583–584 611–612 inflation, 583–584 deregulation (See Deregulation) money supply, growth in, 583 forms of law, effect of, 595–599 overview, 585–586 formal and effective norms, 596–597 “stagflation,” 584–585 official action, 597–598 wage and price controls, 584 systematic presuppositions of law, 1980s, during 595–596 associationalism, decline of, 587, free trade (See Free trade) 590 International affairs and, 730, 732 collateralized mortgage obligations, Korean War, during, 574 589 minimum wage laws (See Minimum efficiency, improvements in, 588 wage laws) inflation, decline in, 586–587

Index 921

interest rates, 586–587 EEOC. See Equal Employment older industries, decline of, 590 Opportunity Commission 1990s, during Ehrenreich, Barbara, 460 economic structure, changed nature Eighteenth Amendment. See Prohibition of, 593–594 Eighth Amendment, 155, 218, 219, 385 financial services industry, 592–593 Eisenhower, Dwight D. foreign investment by US, 591 administrative state, and reform of, 22 foreign investment in US, 591–592 Brown v. Board of Education and, 422 free trade, relationship with standard Dulles and, 726 of living, 590–591 federalism and, 147 higher education, importance of, 592 government spending under, 146 “impatient economy,” 594 Herter and, 745 research and development, 592 industrial security program, 451–452 service industries, 592 Interstate Highway System and, 576 organized labor (See Organized labor) Korean War and, 700 overview, 563–565, 594–595, Little Rock crisis and, 422 610–611 “military-industrial complex,” on, 683, post-World War I period, during 699–700 aircraft industry, 566 scandals involving, 21 automobiles, advent of, 566 war and, 687 consumer products, rise of, 566 Warren, appointment of, 217, 420 consumer services, 566 Eisenstadt v. Baird, 244 discount stores, 567 Elections. See Primary elections; Voting economic structure, 566 rights oligarchies, 567 Eleventh Amendment, 162, 170 overview, 565 Eliot, Charles, 59, 61, 88 working class, composition of, Ellsworth, Henry, 532–533, 559, 561 566–567 Ely, John, 68 post-World War II period, during Emergency Banking Act of 1933, 272, 693 economic expansion, 573–574 Emergency Planning and Community economic supremacy of US, 573 Right-to-Know Act, 518 foreign countries, economic Emergency Price Control Act, 696 devastation of, 573 Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of securities (See Securities) 1936, 308 Social Security (See Social Security) Employment Act of 1946, 16, 395, 698 welfare (See Welfare) Employment discrimination World War II, during affirmative action (See Affirmative action) associationalism and, 572 African-Americans and, 354 gold standard, 572–573 bona fide occupational qualifications, 354 impact of, 572 Civil Rights Act of 1964 (See Civil organized labor, 572 Rights Act of 1964) overview, 571–572 disparate impact discrimination, Education 392–393, 435 law schools (See Law schools) EEOC (See Equal Employment legal education and thought (See Legal Opportunity Commission) education and thought) maternity and, 354–356 public schools (See Schools, public) pregnancy and, 354–355 rights “revolution” and, 379 Roosevelt (FDR) on, 412 teachers, NAACP and, 381 Employment Retirement Income Security universities (See Universities) Act (ERISA), 353, 467 Education, Department of, 152 Enabling statutes, 618–619

922 Index

End of life issues automobile fuel efficiency, 514 Cruzan case, 260 bibliographic essays, 850–856 decisionmaking for incapacitated colonial period, during, 476–477 patients, 261–262 Commerce Clause, under, 480 health care powers of attorney, 260, 262 “commons” component of private homosexuals and, 262 property, 474–475 living wills, 260 Constitution, under, 480–481 overview, 258–259 consumer movement compared to patient records, 263 environmental movement, 23 patients’ rights, 262–263 economics and, 519 privacy and, 263 efficiency movement and, 492–493 Quinlan case, 259–260 environmental impact statements, 512 Schiavo case, 260–261 environmental justice movement, 515 women and, 262 EPA (See Environmental Protection Endangered Species Act, 516, 518–519 Agency) Energy, Department of, 152, 514 exploration for energy sources, 514 Energy crises, 158–159, 584–585, 643, federal courts and, 480–481 732, 750 forest management, 518 Enforcement Act of 1870, 316 Fourteenth Amendment, impact of, 494 Engel, David, 188 geographic dimension of regulation, Engels, Friedrich, 710 515–516 English-only movement, 399 hazardous waste disposal (See Hazardous Entitlements. See Welfare waste disposal) Environment and law, 472–521 historical background, 475–476, administrative state and, 475 519–521 agriculture and, 556–557 household pollution, 514 air pollution, 509–510 inspection, state power of, 480 alternative development scenarios, 513 international affairs and, 495–496 antebellum period, during landfills, 510–511 adverse possession, 485 mill acts, 477–478 deforestation, 484–485 municipal governments, role of, infrastructure improvement, 486–487 493–494 management of, 490–491 National Environmental Policy Act of plant life, 487 1969 (See National Environmental rivers, 485–487 Policy Act of 1969) settlement and, 482–484 national government, expansion of role title to property, 484–486 of, 492–493, 502–503 urban environments, 487–490 natural resources and, 472–473, 475 wildlife, 478–479 “NIMBY” activism, 514–515 APA, under nonlegal scientific inquiry, role of, agency discretion, 493 473–474 alternative development scenarios, nuisance law and, 472, 475, 490 513 overview, 472, 519–521 environmental impact statements, post-Civil War period, during 512 agricultural policies, 497 historical background, 475 bird protection, 498, 503–504 importance of, 506 drainage, 505 military exemption, 507 fishery protection, 497 public comment and, 508, 516 forest management, 505 publication of actions, 506–507 livestock, 504 safeguard, as, 476 natural resources, access to, 497–498

Index 923

nurseries, 504–505 apportionment cases and, 154 overview, 491–492 Brown v. Board of Education and, 419 park systems, 492, 498–499 conscription and, 713 pest control, 504 gender discrimination and, 354 resource management, 496–497 legal process theory and, 42 rivers, 497, 499 marriage and, 466 scientific management, 500–502 public accommodation segregation and, technological change, impact of, 416, 417 494–495 restrictive covenants and, 415 waste management, 499–500 right to counsel and, 209 wildlife, 492, 497, 498, 503 school segregation and, 403, 410, 415 post-World War II period, during state taxation and, 293 overview, 506 welfare and, 375 preservationist movement, 508–509 women and, 155 “suburban” nature of Equal Rights Amendment, 465, 469 environmentalism, 509 Equity law and corporations, 625–626 waste management, 510–512 Erdman Act, 287 wilderness, conception of, 508 Erie Canal, 531 Progressives and, 492 Erie Railroad, 76 rights “revolution” and, 383–384, 397 ERISA. See Employment Retirement Roosevelt (TR) and, 481, 492, 496, Income Security Act 498–499, 502 Ernst, Morris, 102 scrap metal, 511–512 Ervin, Sam, 469 state police power, 479–480, 492 Eskridge, William, 450, 460 Takings Clause, under, 481 Espionage Act of 1917, 132, 136, 200, 701 territorial expansion and, 484–486 Estes, Billy Sol, 663 treaties, under, 482, 495–496 Eugenics, 245 water pollution, 493 European Convention on Human Rights, wildfires, 518 735 Environmental Defense Fund, 23, 25 European Court on Human Rights, 121 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ewick, Patricia, 669 cost-benefit analysis and, 30 Exclusionary rule, 162, 218, 229 establishment of, 24, 152, 513 Exxon Corporation, 503 gasoline, regulation of, 26 Ezekiel, Mordecai, 549 health care, role in, 257 purposes of, 513–514 “Fair employment,” 348–349 waste management, powers regarding, Fair Employment Practices Committee 511 (FEPC) Epidemics, 248 civil rights and, 357 Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, defense industry, and discrimination in, 466 412 Equal Employment Opportunity establishment of, 17 Commission (EEOC) gender discrimination and, 349 ADA and, 257 purposes of, 348–349 Brown v. Board of Education and, 149 racial discrimination and, 417 complaints with, 353 “right to work” and, 350 establishment of, 349 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) gender discrimination and, 465 African-Americans and, 335–336 historical background, 17 agricultural labor and, 347 Equal Protection Clause associationalism and, 568 affirmative action and, 68 boards under, 335

924 Index

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (cont.) Nazi saboteurs case and, 708 child labor under, 334–335 Prohibition and, 198 Commerce Clause and, 302, 303 Uniform Crime Reports, 220, 225 Constitutionality of, 335 Federal Bureau of Prisons, 210, 211 deﬁnitions under, 335 Federal Communications Commission domestic service and, 343, 344 (FCC) economic change, role of law in, 570, administrative state, as part of, 14 571 deregulation and, 28 expansion of protections under, 353 establishment of, 277 loopholes in, 335 judicial deference to, 18, 22 minimum wage under, 287, 334–335 public interest litigation and, 25 narrow construction of coverage of, 351, Federal courts, 127–174 356 bibliographic essays, 781–789 NLRA compared, 335 Brown v. Board of Education, resistance to overview, 320, 321, 357 implementation of, 424 race and, 335–336 diversity jurisdiction of, 301–302 Tenth Amendment and, 163 environmental law and, 480–481 women under, 334–335, 357 federalism and growth in authority of, Familialism in labor law, 342 131, 141–142 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), litigation, increasing distribution of, 355, 468 178–179 Family law. See Marriage New Deal, changing role in, 268 Family structure and welfare, 373–374 post-World War I period, during, 133 Fannie Mae. See Federal National Mortgage Republican appointments to, 169 Association rulemaking authority, 283–284 Farm Credit Act, 308 social problems, involvement in, Farm Credit Administration, 273, 155–156 553–554, 555, 569 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Farm labor, 345–348 (FDIC), 274, 554, 569, 629–630 Farm Loan Act, 543 Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1934, Farm Security Administration, 273, 345, 345 346 Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Farmers’ Alliance, 539 273 Farmers Home Administration, 554 Federal Employers’ Liability Act, 183, 185, Farmers’ Union, 545 318 Farming. See Agriculture and law Federal Farm Board, 271, 547, 548 Faubus, Orval, 422 Federal Home Loan Bank Board, 569 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation FCC. See Federal Communications (Freddie Mac), 589, 606 Commission Federal Housing Act, 568 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Federal Housing Administration, 275, FDIC. See Federal Deposit Insurance 456 Corporation Federal Housing Agency, 409 Federal Agricultural Improvement and Federal National Mortgage Association Reform Act, 557, 558 (Fannie Mae), 589, 606 Federal Aviation Administration, 29 Federal Power Act of 1935, 277 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Power Commission (FPC), 22, 25, homosexuals and, 450, 451, 457 274, 277, 508–509 Hoover in, 210–211 Federal Radio Commission, 7 Mann Act and, 447 Federal Register, 506, 507 media and, 656 Federal Reserve Board, 4, 583

Index 925

Federal Reserve System, 620 income tax, impact of, 131–132 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 89, 180, Johnson and, 150 181, 284 Kennedy and, 150 Federal Savings and Loan Insurance local values, decline of, 128–129 Corporation, 569 national government, and growth in Federal Trade Commission Act, 278–279, power of, 130, 140–141 543 New Deal, impact of, 138, 140, Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 144–145 agriculture and, 543, 555 1960s, during, 150, 151 associationalism and, 568 1970s, during, 158–159 corporate consolidation, effect on, 619 Nineteenth Amendment and, 132 criticism of, 23 NIRA, impact of, 138 establishment of, 4 Nixon and, 151–152 judicial deference to, 8 NLRA and, 140 New Deal and, 318 original intent and, 161–162 NLRB compared, 11, 275 overview, 127 political independence of, 278–279 personal versus economic liberty, professionalism of, 8–9 143–144, 147–149 revitalization of, 24 post-World War I period, during, scandals involving, 21 132–133 securities and, 274 practical evolution of, 129 Federal Water Pollution Control Act of Presidential authority, effect of increase 1948, 493, 503, 506, 509 in, 153 Federalism, 127–174 Prohibition and, 132 AAA, impact of, 138 Reagan and, 127, 165 administrative state, and growth of, Reconstruction, impact of, 130–131 130 Rehnquist Court and, 169–170, 172 American concept of, 127–128 Republicans and, 165–166 attempts to rebalance, 147 Roosevelt (FDR) and, 127, 138 bibliographic essays, 781–789 Social Security Act and, 140 Burger Court and, 162–163 state constitutional law, rise of, 167–168 Bush v. Gore and, 173–174 state governments centralization of public life, effect of, pressure from, 157 152–153 reform of, 156–157 civil rights movement and, 150–151 state law, continued role of, 156 Cold War, impact of, 145 states, role of, 137 current issues regarding, 172–173 Tenth Amendment (See Tenth current values of, 168–169 Amendment) decentralization, effect of, 166–167 welfare and, 361 dispute resolution regarding, 128 World War I, impact of, 132 dual federalism, 129 World War II, impact of, 145, 697 economic development, impact of, Federalist Society, 91 129–130 Feeley, Malcolm, 219 Eisenhower and, 147 Fellow servant rule, 182–183 federal courts, and growth in authority Females. See Women of, 131, 141–142 Feminist legal theory, 55–59 fundamental rights and, 143–144, case method and, 70 147–149 cultural feminism, 55–57 government spending, effect of, 153 equality, ideal of, 55 Great Depression, impact of, 137 maternal feminism, 55–57 historical background, 128 methodological commonality in, 58–59

926 Index

Feminist legal theory (cont.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) overview, 55 criticism of, 23 socioeconomics and, 57–58 delay in, 20 unique status of women and, 55 health care, role in, 257 FEPC. See Fair Employment Practices Footnote Four. See Carolene Products case Committee Ford, Gerald R. Field, David Dudley, 76 deregulation under, 28 Fifteenth Amendment, 315, 316, 409 free trade and, 746 Fifth Amendment inflation, on, 585 incorporation to states, 310 rulemaking under, 29 self-incrimination, 218, 310, 677 Ford, Henry, 620 Takings Clause (See Takings Clause) Ford Foundation Financial institutions. See Banks; Savings foreign policy establishment and, 721, and loan associations 727, 728, 729 First, Harry, 61 human rights and, 735, 738, 741, 753 First Amendment law schools and, 66 “clear and present danger” doctrine, 701 public interest movement and, 24, 25 Communist Party and, 312–313 Trilateral Commission and, 734 conservative public interest groups and, welfare rights movement and, 369 121 Ford Motor Company, 590, 620–621 criminal law and, 201, 217, 218 Foreign aid, role of law in, 721 group libel and, 48 Foreign policy establishment. See also hate speech, 398–399 International affairs and law incorporation to states, 201 autonomy of, 734 organized labor and, 313 changes in, 734–735 political dissenters and, 311–312 conservatism and, 731, 734 press, freedom of, 311 corporate bar and, 722–723 racial discrimination and, 433 elites in, 731, 733 Rehnquist Court on, 171, 172 energy crises, impact of, 732 religion and, 313–315 free trade and, 745–746 reproductive rights and, 243 historical background, 718 rights “revolution” and, 389, human rights organizations and, 390–391 742–743 solicitation by attorneys and, 124 idealism of, 733 Taft Court on, 136 ideological shift theory, 731 Vietnam War, during, 712–713 institutionalization of, 754–756 Warren Court on, 154 law, centrality of, 734 World War I, during, 700–701, law firms, role of, 723–724 702–703 law schools, role of, 729, 755 Fisk, Jim, 76 legal profession, role of, 95–96, Flag salute cases, 706–707 728–729, 732–733 Flexner Report, 78 legal tools, use of, 733–734, 755 FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act management of external conflicts, 756 Flying Tiger Line, 644 new generation, 752–754 Flynt, Larry, 667–668 1960s, decline during, 730, 754 FMLA. See Family and Medical Leave Act overview, 720, 721–722, 756–757 Folsom, “Big Jim,” 431 reformist policies, impact of, 731–732 Foltz, Clara Shortridge, 103 rise of industrial America, impact of, 722 Fonda, Henry, 675, 677 US colonialism and, 725 Food Administration, 545 Vietnam War, impact of, 732 Food and Drug Act, 619 Forest Service, 492, 516, 518, 544

Index 927

Forrestal, James, 457 retirement of, 154 Fortas, Abe, 105, 677 Roberts, on, 293–294 Four Freedoms, 416 Vinson, on, 420 401(k) plans, 650 Fraser, Donald, 737 403(b) plans, 650 Frazier-Lemke Debt Relief Act of 1934, Fourteenth Amendment 291 affirmative action and, 155, 436 Freddie Mac. See Federal Home Loan Burger Court on, 162 Mortgage Corporation civil rights laws and, 151 Free Exercise Clause, 313, 314 contract law and, 322 Free Soil Party, 528, 534 Due Process Clause (See Due Process Free speech. See First Amendment Clause) Free trade, 743–749 environmental law, impact on, 494 anti-dumping, 746–749 Equal Protection Clause (See Equal Cold War and, 744 Protection Clause) Ford and, 746 gender discrimination and, 349 foreign policy establishment and, Hughes Court on, 138 745–746 incorporation to states, 309 historical background, 743 organized labor and, 313 Johnson and, 745 property rights and, 369 Kennedy and, 744–745 racial discrimination and, 433 legal profession and, 746–749 redistricting cases and, 436 Nixon and, 745 Rehnquist Court on, 170, 172 overview, 720–721 Taft Court on, 136 standard of living, relationship with, veterans’ preferences and, 351 590–591 voting rights and, 315 State Department and, 743–746 welfare and, 361 Truman and, 744 women’s suffrage and, 378–379 Freedman, Estelle, 450 Fourth Amendment, 218, 265, 310 Freedom Riders, 427, 431 FPC. See Federal Power Commission Freedom to Farm Act. See Federal Fraenkel, Osmond, 102 Agricultural Improvement and Franco, Francisco, 695 Reform Act Frank, Jerome, 37, 62, 91, 549 Freund, Paul, 40 Frankfurter, Felix Fried, Charles, 47, 48 administrative state, on, 13 Friedman, Lawrence, 654, 668 APA, on, 19 Friedman, Milton, 585 appointment of, 292 Friends of the Earth, 23 Brown v. Board of Education and, 419, FTC. See Federal Trade Commission 420, 421 Fugitive Felon Law, 210 Bundy and, 728 Full Employment Act, 351–352 Communism, on, 710 Full Faith and Credit Clause, 463 crime commissions and, 207 Fuller, Lon flag salute cases, in, 706, 707 casebooks, on, 65 influence of, 104 contract law, on, 45 labor standards, on, 332 elective courses, on, 64 legal process theory and, 41 legal process theory and, 40 minimum wage laws, on, 286, 333 Fundamental rights, 143–144, 147–149 organized labor and, 107 Pearl Harbor attack, on, 704 Galanter, Marc, 46, 178 Progressive, as, 91 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 727 public interest movement and, 101, 102 Gardner, Bruce, 561

928 Index

Gardner, Erle Stanley, 655, 666 Grain Futures Act, 543 Garfield, James, 240 “Grandfather clauses,” 315 Garland Fund, 380–381 Grange Garner, John Nance, 299 agricultural cooperative programs and, Gates, Paul, 534 545 GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs agricultural marketing, on, 538–539 and Trade Farmers’ Alliance compared, 539 Gays. See Homosexuals legacy of, 544 Gender monopolies, on, 537–538, 560 sexuality, distinction from Gray, Fred, 256 women (See Women) Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, 567 Geneen, Harold, 583 Great Depression General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade agriculture, effect on, 548–549 (GATT), 519, 744, 745, 747–748 banking crisis, 272 General Land Office, 482–483, 485 federalism, impact on, 137 General Motors, 23, 330, 590, 620–621, Hoover and, 9, 138, 271–272, 548, 622, 641–642 692 Geneva Conventions, 715 New Deal (See New Deal) Geneva Protocol on Chemical Weapons, statistics, 271, 565–566 689 “Great Society” Geological Survey, 497 criminal law and, 211, 220, 221 Germany in World War II, 695 deficit spending and, 583 GI Bill government expenditures in, 151 African-Americans under, 461 law and society movement and, 663 benefits under, 351, 573, 574 overview, 150 foreign policy establishment and, 732 Greenberg, Jack, 102 homosexuals under, 357 Greensboro sit-in demonstrations, 427 middle class, effect on, 596 Greenspan, Alan, 598 women under, 456 Grisham, John, 666 GI Fiancees´ Act, 458 Griswold, Erwin, 40 Gideon, Clarence Earl, 676 Griswold v. Connecticut, 154, 244, 464 Gideon v. Wainwright, 86, 676–677 Guantanamo´ Bay, 715 Gilligan, Carol, 56 Guffey-Vinson Coal Conservation Act, 281, Ginnie Mae. See Government National 295–296, 327 Mortgage Association Guiteau, Charles, 240 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 80, 102, 383 Gulf and Western Corporation, 643 Giuliani, Rudolph, 84 Gulf of Tonkin incident, 681, 687 Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933, 273, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 688 569, 605, 628 Gun-Free School Zones Act, 170 Glendon, Mary Ann, 401 Gunther, John, 698 Global Trade Watch, 719 Guthrie, William D., 98 Gold clause, 289–290 Gold standard, 572–573, 577, 583–584 Hague Court of International Arbitration, Goldberg, Arthur J., 107 749 Goldin, Claudia, 452 Hamilton, David, 547 Goldman, Stan, 671 Hammett, Dashiell, 655 Goldwater, Barry, 220, 434 Hand, Learned, 98, 441 Gordon, Linda, 449 Handicapped persons. See Disabled persons Gould, Jay, 76 Handlin, Mary, 531 Government National Mortgage Handlin, Oscar, 531 Association (Ginnie Mae), 589, 606 Hanemann, W. Michael, 519

Index 929

Harding, Warren federal agencies, role of, 254–258 agriculture and, 546 HIV, 252–253 Hays Code and, 623 human medical research, 256–257 Hoover and, 568 immigration and, 248 Prohibition, enforcement of, 203 individuals, focus on treatment of, Supreme Court, appointments to, 133 249–251 Hart, Henry, 40 insanity defense and, 240–241 Hart, H. L. A., 47 involuntary sterilization, 245–247 Hart, William S., 656 Johnson on, 395, 396 Hart-Cellar Act, 458 law, relationship with Hartog, Hendrik, 446, 463 evolution of, 265–266 Hartz, Louis, 531 historical background, 233 Harvard Law School, 70, 729 malpractice, impact of, 237 Harvard system. See Case method scope of, 232–233 Hasday, Jill, 462, 466 usefulness of, 236 Hatch Act of 1887, 497, 542 licensing laws, 238 Hatch Act of 1939, 280 litigation, role of, 233, 250–251 Hate speech, 398–399 mandatory vaccination, 249 Hauptmann, Bruno, 654 media attention on, 239–240, 241 Hays, Samuel, 506 medical jurisprudence, 236 Hays, Will, 623 medical professionals, deference to, Hays Code, 672–673 235–236 Hazardous waste disposal morality and, 238 CERCLA and, 516–517 overview, 232, 234–235, 266–267 Defense Environmental Restoration piecemeal nature of law, 254 Program and, 517 privacy and, 258, 263 military and, 516 prostitution and, 251 RCRA and, 517–518 public health insurance, 16, 255 Superfund, 517 public health ofﬁcials, deference to, 233 Toxics Release Inventory and, 518 public perceptions regarding, 237–238 Health and Human Services, Department quarantines, 248–249 of, 257, 262 reproductive rights (See Reproductive Health and medicine, 232–267 rights) abortion (See Abortion) rights “revolution” and, 395, 396 abuses, disclosure of, 233–234 scientiﬁc advances in, 239 administrative state and, 247–248, social control and, 248 254–258 Truman on, 16, 255, 395, 396 adversarial process and, 239–240 tuberculosis, 253–254 AIDS, 252–253 Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 255–257 alcoholism and, 251 venereal diseases autonomy and, 234, 258 criminal law and, 251–252 bibliographic essays, 795–802 military and, 251, 447 bodily integrity and, 234 Wilson on civil liberties and, 234, 266 Health care powers of attorney, 260, 262 Clinton on, 396, 650 Health Insurance Portability and contraception (See Contraception) Accountability Act of 1996 criminal law and, 266 (HIPAA), 262 end of life issues (See End of life issues) Hegel, G. W. F., 48 epidemics, 248 Heinz, John, 744 eugenics and, 245 Helsinki Watch, 121 expert witnesses, use of, 244–245 Henreid, Paul, 674

930 Index

Heritage Foundation, 738, 739 classical legal theory, on, 36 Herter, Christian, 745 contract law, on, 285 Heterosexuality “regime.” See also environmental law, on, 473, 500, 501 Homosexuals fictionalization of, 657 African-Americans and, 460–462 First Amendment and, 136 bibliographic essays, 844–850 involuntary sterilization, on, 703 codification of heterosexual nature of New Deal and, 276 marriage, 466 Progressive, as, 98 coverture contrasted, 445, 446, 466 Schenck case, in, 701 direct benefits limited to men in, sociological analysis of law and, 45 452–453 taxation, on, 306 economic security of, 452 Home Owner’s Loan Corporation, 273 federal support of, 466–467 Home work, 343–344 federalized and bureaucratized regime, Homestead Act of 1862, 530, 532, as, 462–464 534–535 future prospects, 470–471 Homosexuals. See also Heterosexuality gender and sexuality, distinction of, “regime” 444–445 bibliographic essays, 844–850 gender discrimination and, 465–466 common definition of, 464 gendered regime, as, 458–459 Defense of Marriage Act, 468, 469 immigration and, 458 deportation of, 448 income tax and, 454–455 disproportionate legal response to, individual liberty and, 470 459–460 legal regime, as, 443 end of life issues and, 262 overview, 442–445, 464–465 FBI and, 450, 451, 457 privacy, and right of, 464 federal employees, 451, 468 private retirement plans and, 467 future prospects, 470–471 racialized regime, as, 460–462 gender discrimination and, 470 Social Security and, 453–454, 466–467 GI Bill and, 456 women, position of, 455–456 immigration and, 457–458 Higgs, Robert, 692 industrial security program, under, Highway Beautification Act, 511 451–452 Hill, Sam B., 296 lesbians Hill, T. Arnold, 337 military and, 460 HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and relative indifference of state toward, Accountability Act of 1996), 262 460 Hiroshima, 699 marriage of, 442–443, 468–470 Hispanic-Americans military and, 442–443, 450–451, 468 collective bargaining and, 331 rights “revolution” and, 384, 391 incarceration, disparate impact on, 226 sexual psychopaths, laws regarding, involuntary sterilization and, 461–462 449–450 legal profession, in, 113 sodomy laws, 468, 470 welfare and, 362–363 targeting by law enforcement, historical Hitler, Adolph, 137, 313, 694, 695 background of, 446, 447–448, 450 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), Veterans Administration and, 456–457 252–253 Hoover, Herbert Hofstadter, Richard, 538 agriculture and, 546, 547, 548, 549 Hogan, Frank, 84 associationalism and, 546, 568 Hohfeld, Wesley, 36 crime commissions and, 207, 220 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. Great Depression, response to, 9, 138, Abrams case, in, 702–703 271–272, 548, 692

Index 931

Herter and, 745 taxation, on, 306 Prohibition and, 204 Tenth Amendment, on, 139 Stimson and, 726 Human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV), Supreme Court, appointments to, 270, 252–253 276–277 Human Rights First, 752–753 U.S. Food Administration and, 545 Human rights organizations, 735–743 Hoover, J. Edgar, 200, 210, 656 Carter and, 739–740 Hoover Institute, 738 casebooks, 736–737 Horlick, Gary N., 753 Cold War, during, 735 Horwitz, Morton, 477, 478 conservatism and, 738–739 Housing foreign policy establishment and, restrictive covenants in, 409–410, 742–743 415–416 liberalism and, 740 segregation in, 415–416 Nixon and, 737 Housing and Rent Act of 1947, 698 philanthropy, importance of, 741–742 Housing and Urban Development, professionalization of, 741 Department of, 152 Reagan and, 740, 742 Housing Authority, 275, 409 Human Rights Watch, 121, 721, Houston, Charles Hamilton, 102, 108, 740–741, 743 338, 380, 411 Humphrey, Hubert, 434, 737 Howard University Law School, 79 Humphrey, William E., 8 Hudec, Robert, 747 Hunter, Nan, 470 Hughes, Charles Evans Hurricane Katrina, 521, 714 AAA, on, 139 Hurst, James Willard administrative state, on, 278 administrative state, on, 5, 615 African-Americans and, 311 agriculture, on, 522–524, 561 appointment of, 277 economy and law, on, 599 Commerce Clause, on, 296, 302–304 Husband and wife. See Marriage Contract Clause, on, 291 Hussein, Saddam, 714, 721 “Court-packing” plan, on, 297–298, Hutchins, Robert, 63 299 Hutchinson, Joseph, 37 currency inﬂation, on, 289, 290 delegation of Congressional authority, IBM, 590, 643 on, 281 ICC. See Interstate Commerce Commission federalism and, 140 Ickes, Harold, 107 Fourteenth Amendment, on, 138 IMF. See International Monetary Fund freedom of press, on, 311 Immigration freedom of speech, on, 311–313 administrative state and, 6 incorporation of Bill of Rights to states, agricultural labor and, 347 on, 309–310 criminal law and, 208 international affairs and, 96 health care and, 248 judicial deference to administrative heterosexuality “regime” and, 458 agencies, 7 homosexuals and, 457–458 minimum wage laws, on, 286, 334 marriage and, 448–449 New Deal and, 13, 138–139, 291, 292, prostitution and, 446 293 welfare and, 363 NIRA, on, 138–139 Immigration Act of 1903, 446 NLRA, on, 297 Immigration Act of 1907, 446 price regulation, on, 301 Immigration Act of 1918, 200 Railroad Retirement Act of 1934, on, Immigration and Naturalization Service, 292 20

932 Index

Imprisonment. See Incarceration economics and, 730, 732 Incarceration environmental law and, 495–496 African-Americans, disparate impact on, foreign aid, role of law in, 721 225–226 foreign policy establishment (See Foreign Hispanic-Americans, disparate impact policy establishment) on, 226 free trade (See Free trade) increase in, 223–224 globalization and, 720–721 longer sentences, effect of, 224–225, human rights organizations (See Human 227 rights organizations) Income tax international commercial arbitration (See administrative state, importance to, International commercial 4–5 arbitration) federalism, impact on, 131–132 Kennedy, under, 728, 730 heterosexuality “regime” and, 454–455 legal process and, 719 marriage and, 454–455, 467–468 legalization in, 718 withholding, impact of, 16 mode of production of law, importance Indian Health Service, 257 of, 719–720 Indian Reorganization Act, 275 New Deal, during, 142 Indigent persons. See also Poverty law Philippines, US colonialism in, 724–726 civil cases, access to legal services, 86 Roosevelt (FDR), under, 142, 282–283 criminal cases, access to legal services, rule-oriented behavior in, 718 85–86 sociological approach to, 718–719 Individual retirement accounts, 650 Taft, under, 725–726 Industrial security program, 451–452 transformation within, 720 Industry associations, 623 Wilson, under, 726 Infrastructure and administrative state, 5 International Association of Democratic Injunctions Jurists, 735, 736 labor law, in, 326 International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, New Deal and, 11–12 Iron Ship Builders, and Helpers of NLRB and, 11 America, 349–350 Inland Fisheries Treaty, 496 International Chamber of Commerce, 749, Insanity defense, 240–241 750, 751, 752 Insider trading, 630, 641 International commercial arbitration, Institute for Justice, 385 749–752 Inter-American Court on Human Rights, business school graduates, role of, 121 750–751 Interest equalization tax, 578 early marginal nature of, 749–750 Interior, Department of, 492, 504, 514 energy crises, impact of, 750 Intermediate scrutiny, 465 growth in caseload, 751–752 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) historical background, 749 discipline of attorneys by, 122 legal profession, role of, 750–751 growth of, 5 International Commission of Jurists homosexuals and, 467 human rights organizations and, NAACP and, 386 735–736, 737–738, 741 International affairs and law, 718–757 international commercial arbitration anti-Communism in, 729–730 and, 749 bibliographic essays, 898–901 Newman and, 753 bipartisanship in, 729–730 International Court of Arbitration, 749 Bush (GWB), under, 719, 721, 756 International Criminal Court, 121, 690, combination of forces inﬂuencing, 719 721, 756 “dollar diplomacy,” 725–726 International Joint Commission, 496

Index 933

International Labor Defense, 108 Japan in World War II, 695 International Ladies Garment Workers Japanese-Americans, internment of, 17, Union, 327, 331, 368 440, 704–706, 707 International Law Association, 753 Jaybird Democratic Association, 414 International Monetary Fund, 573, 598, Jefferson, Thomas, 482, 486, 527 721, 743, 755 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 313–315, 380, 389 International Trade Organization, 743 Jews in legal profession, 78, 80 Internet, 665–666 John M. Olin Foundation, 31, 91, 121 Interstate Commerce Act, 416, 417 Johns Hopkins Institute, 63 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Johnson, James Weldon, 380 criticism of, 23 Johnson, Lyndon B. deregulation and, 28 administrative state, and reform of, 22 establishment of, 3, 277 affirmative action, on, 393 judicial deference to, 7, 8 civil rights movement and, 150 jurisdiction of, 4 crime commissions and, 220 legal profession and, 77 criminal law under, 211, 221 New Deal and, 318 deficit spending under, 583, 597 nondelegation doctrine and, 7 federalism and, 150 professionalism of, 8 free trade and, 745 public interest litigation and, 25 “Great Society” (See “Great Society”) segregation and, 416, 417 health care, on, 395, 396 Interstate Highway Act of 1957, 147, 579 law and society movement, 663 Interstate highway system, 576 legal aid and, 87 Interstate Theft Act, 210 Legal Services Program and, 110 Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 631 political defeat of, 158 Investment Company Act of 1940, 569, Vietnam War and, 687–688 631 Voting Rights Act, on, 432 Involuntary servitude, 347–348 war and, 687–688 Iran-Contra affair, 665, 670–671, 688 “War on Poverty” (See “War on Poverty”) Iran hostage crisis, 159 Joint and several liability under CERCLA, Iranian Revolution, 585 517 Iraq War, 714, 715–716, 721, 743, 756 Joyce, James, 449 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service Judges ITT, 583 ABA consultation regarding, 83, 92 bar associations and, 83 “Jack the Ripper,” 241 media and, 656–657 Jackson, John, 747 merit selection, 83 Jackson, Robert H. Judges’ Bill, 133 appointment of, 292 Judicial Reorganization Act. See Brown v. Board of Education and, “Court-packing” plan 419–420, 421 Judicial review Commerce Clause, on, 303–304 legal process theory and, 41–42 flag salute cases, in, 707 legal realism and, 39 intergovernmental tax immunity, on, rulemaking, of, 26 306 Judiciary Act of 1789, 301 Korematsu case, in, 705–706 Juries Nuremberg Tribunal, on, 685, 686 decline of, 180–181 religion cases and, 314–315 exclusion of African-Americans from, Roberts, on, 293–294 209 school segregation, on, 415 Justice, Department of, 347, 357, 416, Jaffe, Louis, 40 628, 649

934 Index

Justice for Janitors campaign, 356 Koch, Robert, 239 Justiciability doctrine, 308 Korean War Juvenile crime, 218, 227–228 economy during, 574, 577, 636 Eisenhower and, 700 Kabaservice, Geoffrey, 733 inflation during, 574 Kafka, Franz, 664 9/11 compared, 714 Kagan, Robert A. steel mills, seizure during, 636, adversarial legalism, on, 182, 188, 190 698–699 health care, on, 190 Truman and, 687 litigation, on, 187 Korematsu case, 705–706 Kahan, Dan, 48 Kornhauser, Lewis, 194 Kahn, Alfred, 28 Kosovo conflict, 743, 756 Kahneman, Daniel, 53 Kowalski, Sharon, 262 Kant, Immanuel, 46–48 Ku Klux Klan, 405, 431, 432 Karst, Kenneth, 48 Kyoto Protocol, 690 Katzenbach, Nicholas, 220 Katzenbach Commission, 198, 212, Labor, Department of, 335, 346, 650 220–221, 226, 227 Labor Board, 105 Keating-Owen Child Labor Act, 302 Labor law, 319–358. See also Organized Keller, Morton, 547 labor Kelley, Florence, 101, 332, 333 administrative state and, 5–6 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 684–685 agricultural labor, 345–348 Kelman, Mark, 52, 53 assumptions regarding, 321 Kennan, George, 728 bibliographic essays, 813–823 Kennedy, Anthony, 169 bona fide occupational qualifications, Kennedy, Duncan, 50–52, 53, 54, 69, 71 354 Kennedy, Edward M., 28 Bracero program, 346–347 Kennedy, John F. Bush (GWB) on, 356 administrative state, and reform of, 20, child labor laws, 332–333 21–22 collective bargaining (See Collective assassination of, 157 Bargaining) Birmingham riots, on, 431 Commerce Clause and, 319, 327 civil rights movement and, 150, 712 contract law and, 350 FDA and, 257 demise of New Deal regime, 353 federalism and, 150 disabled workers, 322 free trade and, 744–745 domestic service, 343–344 interest equalization tax and, 578 Due Process Clause and, 357 international affairs under, 728, 730 “fair employment,” 348–349 tax cuts under, 597 familialism in, 342 war and, 687 farm labor, 345–348 Kennedy, Randall, 71 FLSA (See Fair Labor Standards Act) Kennedy, Robert F., 157 freedom of association, 350 Kerber, Linda, 465 gender, impact of, 320–321 Kessler-Harris, Alice, 452, 454, 461, 465 historical background, 320 Keynes, John Maynard, 323, 567, 587, 597 home work, 343–344 Kilpatrick, James J., 426 hours of work, 332 King, Carol Weiss, 102 ideological shifts in, 352 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 157, 429 injunctions in, 326 King, Rodney, 665, 671 labor standards (See also Fair Labor Kinsey, Alfred, 460 Standards Act) Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 738, 741 gender and, 331–335 Klarman, Michael, 209 overview, 323, 331

Index 935

maternity and, 354–356 case method (See Case method) migrant labor, 345–346 casebooks, changes in, 64–65 military service and, 351–352 clinical legal education, 65–66 NAACP and, 348 diversity in, 67–69 New Deal and, 274–275, 321–323, 351 elective courses, rise of, 64 NIRA and, 320, 323 foreign policy establishment, role in, NLRA (See National Labor Relations 729 Act) guidelines, 63–64 NLRB (See National Labor Relations law reviews, 66–67 Board) legal profession, relationship with, NRA and, 323, 326–328 89–90 overview, 319, 321, 356–358 multidisciplinary study, 91–92 pregnancy and, 354–355 policy courses, rise of, 64 private social insurance, 352 popular culture in, 657–658 professional employees and, 356 restrictions in, 78–79 race, impact of, 320–321 segregation in, 414, 415 railroads and, 324–326 selectivity in admissions, 66 Reagan on, 353 unaccredited proprietary schools, 61–62, “responsible unionism,” 324 64 “right to work,” 348, 350 women in, 67 sharecroppers, 346 Lawrence, Charles, 69 Social Security and, 320, 321 Lawyers. See Legal profession state intervention, impact of, 320 Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, structural shifts in, 352 752, 753 Taft-Hartley Act (See Taft-Hartley Act) League of Nations, 680, 684, 703, 726 welfare state, and development of, Leffingwell, Russell, 96 319–320 Legal aid, 85, 86 workfare and, 356 Legal Aid and Advice Act of 1949 (UK), “yellow dog” contracts, 287, 324, 326 86 Lacey Act of 1900, 503 Legal Defense Fund. See National Laffer, Arthur, 585, 586 Association for the Advancement of LaFollette, Robert M., 134–135 Colored People Lalive, Jean-Flavien, 735, 749 Legal education and thought, 34–72 Lalive, Pierre, 749 bibliographic essays, 762–771 Landis, James M. classical legal theory (See Classical legal administrative state and, 20, 22, 278 theory) New Deal and, 13 critical legal studies (See Critical legal Progressive, as, 91 studies) Landon, Alf, 286 economic analysis of law (See Economic Langdell, Christopher Columbus analysis of law) case method and, 59, 60 feminist legal theory (See Feminist legal legal philosophy and, 72 theory) legal science and, 88 “law and” approaches, 663–664 Language rights, 399–400 law reviews, 66–67 LaPiana, William, 61 law schools (See Law schools) Latinos. See Hispanic-Americans legal process theory (See Legal process Law Enforcement Assistance theory) Administration, 221, 222 legal realism (See Legal realism) Law firms. See Legal profession legal science, 87–89, 90–91 Law schools overview, 34–35, 59, 72 affirmative action in, 68–69 philosophical analysis of law (See African-Americans in, 67–68 Philosophical analysis of law)

936 Index

Legal education and thought (cont.) free trade and, 746–749 popular culture and, 657–658, 666–668 health care, access to services compared, sociological analysis of law (See 85 Sociological analysis of law) Hispanic-Americans in, 113 Legal process theory, 40–42 ideological framework of legal order, critical legal studies compared, 53 97 economic analysis of law compared, independence from clients, loss of, 44 123–124 judicial review and, 41–42 indigent persons, access to legal services legal realism compared, 40–41 civil cases, 86 overview, 40 criminal cases, 85–86 reasoned elaboration and, 41 institutions, 77 Legal profession, 73–126 international commercial arbitration, ABA (See American Bar Association) role in, 750–751 administrative state Jews in, 78, 80 regulations, challenging, 114–115 judges role in, 24–25, 32–33 ABA consultation regarding, 83, 92 African-Americans in, 79, 113 bar associations and, 83 alternative practice, 80–81 media and, 656–657 “American Rule,” 85 merit selection, 83 attorney fees, 85 law schools, relationship with, 89–90 bar associations, 76–77, 83 legal aid, 85, 86 bibliographic essays, 771–780 motion pictures, depiction of defense changes in practice of law, 113–114 attorneys in, 675–676 civil rights movement and, 108–109 New Deal, during competing professions and, 124–125 business attorneys, 105–106 competition, restraint of, 84–85 impact of, 104, 106 contingency fees, 85 overview, 104 control over work, loss of, 122–123 political motivation, 104–105 corporate counsel, 93–94 role of, 276 deal-making role NLRB and, 107 private sector, in, 94 organized labor and, 106–108 public sector, in, 94–95 overview, 73–75, 92, 125–126 discipline in, 81–82 post-Civil War period, during, 75–76, discrimination in, 79–81 92–93 elitism and rights “revolution,” 109–110 post-World War II period, during, 106 ethics in, 81, 99 poverty, legal advocacy regarding, ﬁrms 110–112, 360, 367–373 changes in, 115–116 private law versus public law, 97–98 corporate counsel and, 93–94 professionalism, threats to, 121–122 discrimination in, 80 Progressives in, 77, 91, 98 foreign policy establishment, role in, prosecutors 723–724 powers of, 84 growth of, 115 selection of, 83–84 instability in, 116 public interest movement, in (See Public international spread of, 116–117 interest movement) rise of, 93 railroads and, 100 statistics, 115 rights “revolution” and, 386 foreign countries compared, 96–97 self-regulation of, 122 foreign policy establishment, role in, solicitation by, 124 95–96, 728–729, 732–733 solo practitioners, 117, 118

Index 937

specialization in, 100–101, 117–119 fragmentation of, 158, 159 stabilizing nature of human rights organizations and, 740 private sector, in, 95 Liberty pubic sector, in, 95 federalism, personal versus economic State Department and, 729 liberty in, 143–144, 147–149 statistics, 79, 113 heterosexuality “regime” and, 470 Taft-Hartley Act and, 107 Taft Court on, 136 tort law, in (See Tort law) Lilienthal, David, 107 UK, access to services compared, 86–87 Lillich, Richard, 737 unpopular clients, representation of, 87 Lincoln, Abraham, 533, 534 welfare and, 111 Lindbergh, Anne, 210 women in, 79–80, 113 Lindbergh, Charles, 210 Legal realism, 35–40 Lindbergh kidnapping case, 654, 655, 662 case method and, 62–63 Lindsay, John, 728, 731, 732, 733 decline of, 39 Ling, James, 583 democracy and, 39 Lippard, George, 653 descriptive argument, 37 Literature and law, 664 economic analysis of law compared, 44 Litigation, 175–194 legacy of, 39–40 administrative process, impact on, 182 legal process theory compared, 40–41 adversarial legalism and, 181–182 legitimacy of judicial review and, 39 alternate dispute resolution, interaction New Deal and, 661 with, 193–194 normative argument, 37–39 bankruptcy cases, 179–180 particularism and, 37–38 bibliographic essays, 789–791 popular culture and, 660–664 Brown v. Board of Education, purposive adjudication and, 38 implementation of, 423–424 rights “revolution,” in, 386–387 Civil Rights Act of 1964, impact of, 179 rise of, 36–37 class actions (See Class actions) rule of law and, 39 cost-benefit analysis, 189 selection of policies and, 38–39 costs of, increase in, 181, 189 skepticism toward judicial opinions, 37 culture of total justice and, 188–189 UCC and, 38 decline in certain fields, 187 Legal science, 87–89, 90–91 defining, difficulty in, 177 Legal Services Corporation, 383, 650 discovery and, 181 Legal Services Program, 110, 111–112 diversity in types of actions, 176 Leigh, Monroe, 746, 753, 754 federal courts, increasing distribution to, Lend-Lease Act, 696 178–179 Leopold, Nathan, 205 health care, role in, 233, 250–251 Lesbians impact litigation, 383 military and, 460 juries, decline of, 180–181 relative indifference of state toward, 460 lawyer-dominated litigation, 181–182 Leuchtenberg, William, 692, 693 liability “explosion” and, 176, 186–187 Leventhal, Harold, 26 measuring rate of, difficulty in, Lewinsky, Monica, 670 175–176, 177, 178 Lewis, Anthony, 217, 677 NAACP and, 189, 423–424, 428–429 Lewis, John L., 323 negative attitudes toward, 176, 188 Liability “explosion,” 176, 186–187 NLRA, impact of, 179 Liberalism overview, 175, 194 backlash against, 157–158 perception of “explosion” in, 176–177, criminal law and, 211–212, 221–222 187–188 decentralization, effect of, 166 Prohibition, impact of, 179

938 Index

Litigation (cont.) March on Washington movement, 348 rights “revolution” (See Rights Margold, Nathan, 380 “revolution”) Marijuana Tax Act, 210 Securities and Exchange Act, impact of, Maritime Commission, 277 179 Marriage segregation, role in opposing, 379 ADC and, 341 social benefits arising from, 189–190 African-Americans and, 461 statistics, 177–178 codification of heterosexual nature of, trials, decline of, 180–181 466 Voting Rights Act of 1965, impact of, common law marriage, 463–464 179 direct benefits limited to men in, welfare versus tort system, 190 452–453 women’s suffrage, role in, 378–379 economic security of, 452 Little Rock crisis, 422–423 Equal Protection Clause and, 466 Litvinov Agreement, 283 federal support of, 466–467 Living wills, 260 homosexuals, of, 442–443, 468–470 Llewellyn, Karl immigrants, of, 448–449 case method, on, 62 income tax and, 454–455, 467–468 law, definition of, 611 privacy, and right of, 464 law reviews, on, 67 private retirement plans and, 467 legal realism and, 37, 38, 40 sexuality and, 449 UCC and, 89, 568 Social Security and, 453–454, 466–467 Lloyd, Henry D., 539 welfare, requirements for, 362 Local governments Marsh, George Perkins, 505 environmental law, role in, 493–494 Marsh, Norman S., 735 New Deal, role in, 269 Marshall, Bob, 508 Lochner case, 98, 332, 659 Marshall, Thurgood Lockwood, Belva, 103 legal practice of, 103 Loeb, Richard, 205 NAACP, in, 108, 380 Lopez, Gerald, 71 public interest movement, in, 102 Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 360 retirement of, 169 LTV, 583 school desegregation, on, 392 Lundeen, Ernest, 337 “white primary” cases and, 708 Lundeen Bill, 337 Marshall Plan, 573, 577, 597 Lynch, Michael, 670 Martin, Joanne, 191 Lynchings, 209, 407 Marx, Karl, 710 Lynd, Staughton, 355 Mass torts. See Tort law Maternity and employment discrimination, Macaulay, Stewart, 45–46 354–356 MacCrate, Robert, 66 Matsuda, Mari, 71 Macdonald, Dwight, 699 McBride, Sean, 735 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 49 McCaffrey, Edward, 455 Mack, Julian, 98 McCarran-Ferguson Act of 1945, 305 MacKinnon, Catharine, 57–58 McCarran-Walter Act, 457, 458 MacLean, Arthur, 67 McCarthy, Joseph, 709 Maine, sinking of, 681 McCarthyism, 428, 440, 709–710, 735 Malcolm, George, 725 McClain, Charles, 216 Mallon, Mary, 250–251 McCloy, John J. Malmgren, Harold, 745 foreign policy establishment, in, Malpractice, 185–186, 191, 237 727–728, 731 Mann Act, 201, 446–447 free trade and, 744–745

Index 939

human rights organizations and, 735 venereal diseases and, 251, 447 international commercial arbitration war and law (See War and law) and, 750 “Military-industrial complex,” 683, McCrary, G. W., 93 699–700 McIntosh, Wayne, 178 Mill, John Stuart, 55 McKinley, William, 724, 726 Miller, Jean Baker, 56 McLaurin, George, 414 Miller, Samuel, 494 McNary-Haugen Bills, 546, 552 Millikan, Max, 730 McReynolds, James Clark Miners, 327 delegation of Congressional authority, Minimum wage laws on, 282, 283 Commerce Clause and, 334 minimum wage laws, on, 285 Constitutionality of, 334 New Deal and, 276, 290 Due Process Clause and, 284–287 price regulation, on, 301 FLSA and, 287, 334–335 Means, Gardiner, 575 New Deal, during, 284–287 Media and law. See Popular culture and law Taft Court on, 133–134 Mediation, 192, 193 women and, 333–334 Medicaid, 255, 395 Minton, Sherman, 419, 421 Medical malpractice, 185–186, 191, 237 Miranda v. Arizona, 154, 162, 218, 229, Medicare, 255, 395, 594 677–678 Medicine. See Health and medicine Mitchell, Alice, 240–241 Meese, Edwin III, 161 Mitchell, Arthur W., 417 “Megan’s Laws,” 228 M’Naghten Rule, 240 Melamed, Douglas, 43, 44 Mnookin, Jennifer L., 662 Melville, Herman, 664 Mnookin, Robert, 194 Menendez, Eric, 665 Mobilization for Youth, 368 Menendez, Lyle, 665 Model Penal Code, 89, 198, 212–214, Menkel-Meadow, Carrie, 56 215–216, 227 Merrill Company, 119 Monnet, Jean, 744 Mexican American Legal Defense Fund, 25 Monopolies. See Antitrust law Mezey, Naomi, 661, 666, 667, 678 Monsanto, 558 Michelman, Frank, 47, 48, 49, 50 Montgomery, Ward & Company, 567 Michigan, University of, 69 Montgomery bus boycott, 426, 427, 428 Microsoft, 648–649 Moore, Paul, Jr., 733 Middle class, rise of, 576 Moore, Underhill, 63 Migrant labor, 345–346 Morgan, J.P., 726 Migrant Labor Agreement, 347 Morgenthau, Hans, 728 Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 503 Morgenthau, Henry, 298 Military and law Morrill Land Grant Act, 497, 532, 533, APA, exemption from, 507 534, 542 conscription, 713 Mortgage debt relief, 288–289, 290–291 GI Bill (See GI Bill) Moses, Robert, 606 hazardous waste disposal and, 516 Mothers’ pensions, 360–361, 362 homosexuals and, 442–443, 450–451, Motion pictures 468 defense attorneys, depiction of, 675–676 labor law and, 351–352 Gideon v. Wainwright, depiction of, 677 lesbians and, 460 industry, rise of, 623 military tribunals legal process, depiction of, 674–675 Nazi saboteurs case and, 708–709 legal system, inﬂuence on, 675 9/11 and, 709 Miranda v. Arizona, depiction of, 677, peaceful uses of military, 683 678

940 Index

Motion pictures (cont.) IRS and, 386 motion picture imagery and law, labor law and, 348 672–678 legal operations, separation of, 386 reconciliatory framework, 673 litigation and, 189, 423–424, 428–429 self-regulation of industry, 672–673 mass action and, 428–429 Motley, Constance, 102 New Deal, during, 406, 411 Motor Carrier Act of 1935, 278 poverty law and, 368 Motor vehicles. See Automobiles prisons and, 385 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 373–374 public school teachers and, 381 Muckrakers, 619–620 segregation and Muir, John, 499 desegregation efforts, 311, 410 Municipal governments overview, 149 environmental law, role in, 493–494 public schools, in, 384–385 New Deal, role in, 269 strategic planning, 380–381 Munro, Leslie, 735 universities, in, 381 Murphy, Frank test cases, 102, 108, 109–110, 379 appointment of, 292 voting rights and, 316 Attorney General, as, 316 white backlash against, 429–430 Korematsu case, in, 705 World War I, during, 403, 404 Pearl Harbor attack, on, 704 World War II, during, 412 religion cases and, 314 National Association of Counties, 157 Murray, Pauli, 102 National Association of Securities Dealers, Mussolini, Benito, 695 568 Mutual funds, 624 National Bank Act, 532 My Lai massacre, 689–690 National Bar Association, 79 National Bituminous Coal Commission, NAACP. See National Association for the 277, 281 Advancement of Colored People National Center for State Courts, 177 Nader, Ralph, 23, 24, 28, 112, 719 National Civic Federation, 96 NAFTA (North American Free Trade National Civil Liberties Union, 379 Agreement), 519 National Commission on Law Observance Nagasaki, 699 and Enforcement. See Wickersham Nash, Roderick, 476, 508 Commission National Air Pollution Control National Committee on Household Administration, 23 Employment, 344 National Association for the Advancement National Conference of State Legislators, of Colored People (NAACP) 157 ACLU contrasted, 380, 381–382 National Consumers League, 102, 332, 333 Alabama, in, 431 National Council on Legal Clinics, 66 alternative organizations, 430 National Defense Advisory Commission, anti-lynching legislation and, 209 349 attorneys involved with, 102 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Brown v. Board of Education and, 108, alternative development scenarios, 513 423–424, 428 environmental impact statements, 512 capital punishment and, 381 overview, 472, 476 centralized coordination of, 380 purposes of, 474 Communists and, 428 National Farm Bureau, 345 Constitutionalism and, 386 National Firearms Act, 210 gender discrimination, on, 349 National Governors Association, 157 harassment, protection from, 433 National Governors Council, 147 human rights organizations and, 740 National Grange of the Patrons of involuntary servitude and, 348, 357 Husbandry. See Grange

Index 941

National Highway Trafﬁc Safety National Laboratories, 516 Administration (NHTSA), 24, 26, National Lawyers Guild, 107–108 29 National League of Cities, 157 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) National Mediation Board, 325 antitrust law and, 628, 629 National Prison Project, 385 Commerce Clause and, 295 National Prohibition Enforcement Act. See Constitutionality of, 280–282, 693 Volstead Act criminal law and, 210 National Railroad Adjustment Board, 325 federalism, impact on, 138 National Recovery Administration (NRA) Hughes Court on, 138–139 administrative state, as part of, 9–10 labor law and, 320, 323 agricultural labor and, 346 legal profession and, 105 associationalism and, 568 purposes of, 273 collective bargaining and, 326–328 war analogy, 693 Constitutionality of, 12, 570 National Institutes of Health, 257 Court decisions regarding, 12 National Labor Board, 328–329 domestic service and, 343 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) economic change and, 605 associationalism and, 568 labor boards under, 11 Commerce Clause and, 296–297, 300, labor law and, 323, 326–328 303 organization of labor under, 327 Constitutionality of, 288, 330, 694 purposes of, 273 dormant Commerce Clause and, 305 SEC compared, 10 enactment of, 106 National Reporter System, 90 federalism and, 140 National Resources Planning Board, 15, FLSA compared, 335 342, 351 Hughes Court on, 297 National Security Act of 1947, 145 labor standards under, 331 National Security Advisor, 728 litigation, impact on, 179 National Security Council, 145 overview, 321 National War Labor Board, 6, 325 purposes of, 274–275, 329 National Welfare Rights Organization, 25, resistance to, 105 111, 367 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) National Women’s Party, 333, 349, 703 administrative state, as part of, 11 National Youth Administration, 322 agricultural labor and, 346 Native Americans and New Deal, 275–276 Congressional oversight, 18, 19 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Constitutionality of, 12 Organization), 573, 577 establishment of, 275, 277 Natural Gas Act of 1938, 277 FTC compared, 11 Natural monopolies, 27 independence of, 329 Natural Resources Defense Council, 23, 25 injunctions and, 11 Nazi saboteurs case, 708–709 late Twentieth Century, during, 649 Negative Commerce Clause, 142–143, 172 legal profession and, 107 Neier, Aryeh, 741, 742 narrow construction of coverage of, 351 Nesbit, Evelyn, 654, 669, 670 overview, 320 Neutrality Act of 1937, 695 practice before, 329–330 New Deal, 268–318. See also speciﬁc pre-Wagner Act Board, 329 program Republicans and, 352 administrative state during (See rule of law and, 355 Administrative state) Taft-Hartley Act, impact of, 350–351 African-Americans and (See test cases, 288 African-Americans) unfair labor practices and, 17 agriculture during (See Agriculture and World War II, during, 635 law)

942 Index

New Deal (cont.) political coalition supporting, 269–270 antitrust law during, 628–629 post-World War II period, survival into, associationalism and, 568 145–147 banks, regulation of, 629–630 preemption and, 142–143 bibliographic essays, 802–808 President Bill of rights, incorporation to states changing role of, 268 during, 309–310 growth of authority during, 141 civil liberties during, 308–309 rate regulation, 284 civil rights during, 308–309 recovery measures, 273 collective bargaining, 287–288 redevelopment measures, 275 Commerce Clause during, 142, 294 relief measures, 272–273 competing judicial philosophies resistance to, 11–13, 14–15 regarding, 291–294 spending power and, 307 contract law and, 143 states, role of, 269 corporations during, 627–628, 632 substantive due process and, 143 Court decisions regarding, 12 survival of, 13–14 criminal law and, 209–210 Taft Court and, 276 currency inﬂation, 289–290 taxpayer standing doctrine and, Democrats and, 269–270 307–308 economic change, role of law in, Tenth Amendment and, 142 570–571 voting rights during, 315–317 economic reform measures, 273–274 war analogy, 692–693, 698 federalism, impact on, 138, 140, welfare during, 363–367 144–145 New Left. See Liberalism gold clause and, 289–290 New Panama Canal Company, 95 historical background, 137–138 “New property” concept, 369–371 Hughes Court and, 13, 138–139, 291, New Right. See Conservatism 292, 293 New York Convention, 750 injunctions and, 11–12 New York Stock Exchange, 568, 623, 631 international affairs during, 142 Newlands Act, 492, 496 judicial authority, growth of, 141–142 Newman, Frank, 737–738, 752–753, 754 judicial resistance to, 290 NGOs. See Human rights organizations judiciary, changing role of, 268 NHTSA. See National Highway Trafﬁc justiciability doctrine and, 308 Safety Administration labor law and, 274–275, 321–323, 351 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 728 legal issues regarding, 276 9/11 legal profession during (See Legal bibliographic essays, 897–898 profession) Cold War compared, 714 legal realism and, 661 Guantanamo´ Bay, 715 local governments, role of, 269 historical context, in, 714–715 mechanisms for, 269 Korean War compared, 714 minimum wage laws, 284–287 military event, treatment as, 713–715 mortgage debt relief, 288–289, military tribunals and, 709 290–291 overview, 683 NAACP during, 406, 411 responses to, 714 national government, growth in power world reaction to US response, 715 of, 140–141, 268–269 1968 Democratic Convention, 665, 737 Native Americans and, 275 Nineteenth Amendment, 132, 254, 445, negative Commerce Clause and, 703 142–143 NIRA. See National Industrial Recovery overview, 268, 270, 317–318 Act

Index 943

Nixon, Richard M. Occupational Safety and Health Act, 353 block grants, 152 Occupational Safety and Health conservative judges, appointment of, Administration (OSHA) 109 deregulation and, 28 criminal law under, 221–222 establishment of, 24 deficit spending under, 583 health care, role in, 257 election of, 158 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 80, 162, 437–438 federalism and, 151–152 Office of Contract Compliance, 353 foreign policy establishment and, Office of Economic Opportunity, 25. See 731 also Legal Services Program free trade and, 745 Office of Education, 349 gold standard, abandonment of, 584 Office of Emergency Management, 696 government spending under, Office of Environmental Equity, 515 151–152 Office of Environmental Justice, 515 human rights organizations and, 737 Office of Information and Regulatory inflation, on, 585 Affairs, 29–30 Keynesianism, on, 732 Office of Management and Budget, 28 Miranda v. Arizona, on, 677 Office of Markets, 541 My Lai massacre, on, 690 Office of Price Administration (OPA), 15, quotas and, 354 18, 27, 696–697 Reagan contrasted, 165 Office of Trade Representative, 744, 745, resignation of, 158, 665, 739 746 revenue sharing, 152 Ohlin, Lloyd, 368 Richardson and, 728 Old age insurance, 338, 339–340 rulemaking under, 29 Oliphant, Herman, 63 Southern states and, 434 Olmstead, Alan, 555 Supreme Court, appointments to, 162, Olney, Richard, 100 164 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets wage and price controls under, 584 Act, 221 war and, 688 Open Society Institute, 743 Nizer, Louis, 117 Options, commoditization of, 648 NLRA. See National Labor Relations Act Organization of Petroleum Exporting NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board Countries (OPEC), 514, 584, 585, Nondelegation doctrine, 7 750 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Organized labor, 319–358. See also Labor See Human rights organizations law Norris-LaGuardia Act, 288, 326 bibliographic essays, 813–823 North, Douglass, 526 collective bargaining (See Collective North, Oliver, 670–671 Bargaining) North American Free Trade Agreement decline in power of, 355 (NAFTA), 519 discrimination in, 323–324 North Atlantic Treaty Organization gender discrimination, 349 (NATO), 573, 577 racial discrimination, 349–350 Northwest Ordinance, 485, 527, 528 First Amendment and, 313 NRA. See National Recovery FLSA (See Fair Labor Standards Act) Administration Fourteenth Amendment and, 313 Nuclear war, impact of threat of, 699–700 injunctions and, 326 Nuisance law and environment, 472, 475, late Twentieth Century, during, 490 649–650 Nuremberg Tribunal, 419, 685–686 legal profession and, 106–108 Nye, David E., 492 1960s, during, 581

944 Index

Organized labor (cont.) Philip McKenna Foundation, 31 NLRA (See National Labor Relations Philippines, US colonialism in, 724–726 Act) Philosophical analysis of law, 46–50 NLRB (See National Labor Relations Aristotelian school, 48–49 Board) Hegelian school, 48–49 NRA, organization under, 327 Kantian school, 46–48 overview, 356–358 overview, 46 Taft-Hartley Act (See Taft-Hartley Act) republicanism and, 49–50 World War II, during, 17, 572 Pigou, Arthur, 42 Original intent, 161–162 Pinchot, Gifford, 502 OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Pinochet, Augusto, 738, 741 Administration Piven, Frances Fox, 395 Planned Parenthood, 263 Pacific Legal Foundation, 121, 385 Pledge of Allegiance, 313 Pacific Railroad Act, 532 Plessy v. Ferguson, 379, 403, 439 Packer, Herbert L., 215 Poe, Edgar Allan, 653 Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921, 543 Police brutality, 208–209 Page Act, 446 Political parties. See specific party Palmer, A. Mitchell, 200 Poll taxes, 315–316, 414 Palmer Raids, 200 Pollak, Walter H., 208 Paltrow, Lynn, 265 Poor persons. See also Poverty law Paris, Treaty of (1783), 482 civil cases, access to legal services, 86 Parks, Rosa, 256 criminal cases, access to legal services, Pascoe, Peggy, 466, 469, 470 85–86 Pasteur, Louis, 239 Popular culture and law, 653–679 Patent Office, 532, 533 bibliographic essays, 879–888 Patterson, John, 431 classical legal theory and, 658–660 Pearl Harbor attack, 704 courtroom media coverage, 662–663 Peek, George, 693 economics and law, 663–664 Penal institutions FBI and, 656 decentralization, effect of, 197 fiction, in, 655–656, 666 Due Process “revolution” in, 217 film, use of in evidence, 662 Eighth Amendment and, 219 historical background, 653–655 “hands-off” doctrine, 218–219 Internet and, 665–666 importance of, 196–197 judges and, 656–657 NAACP and, 385 “law and” approaches, 663–664 prison labor, 230 law schools, in, 657–658 private prisons, 229–230 legal education and, 657–658, 666–668 Rehnquist Court on, 229 legal realism and, 660–664 rights “revolution” and, 385, 387 “lexitainment” industry, 654 Warren Court on, 229 literature and law, 664 Pennsylvania, University of, 70 mass media and, 664–665 Pensions, 4 media saturation, 655 Pentagon Papers case, 712 motion picture imagery, 672–678.(See Percival, Robert, 178 also Motion pictures) Perkins, Frances, 345 notorious cases, 668–672 Perry Mason, 655 overview, 653, 678–679 Personal Responsibility and Work public exposure to legal principles, 657 Opportunity Act of 1996, 356, segregation and, 413 387, 468 society and law, 663 Pfizer, 719 Supreme Court and, 656 Philadelphia Plan, 354 television imagery, 672–678

Index 945

Populists President’s Committee on Administrative decline of, 539–540 Management. See Brownlow legacy of, 540 Committee overview, 540–541, 560 President’s Committee on Economic rise of, 539 Security, 336, 339, 344 Posner, Michael, 742, 752–753 Press, freedom of, 311 Posner, Richard, 43, 44, 68, 72, 664 Pressman, Lee, 107 Posse Comitatus Act, 201 Preventive detention, 229 Post Office, 451, 457 Primary elections, 315–316, 407–409, Postal service, 616 414, 708 Pound, Roscoe Primus, Richard A., 707 administrative state, on, 14, 214, Prison Litigation Reform Act, 387 279–280 Prisons. See Penal institutions alternate dispute resolution and, 193 Privacy, right of classical legal theory, on, 36, 91 abortion and, 391 crime commissions and, 207 contraception and, 244, 391 criminal law, on, 214 health care and, 258, 263 New Deal and, 105 marriage and, 464 Poverty law Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, bibliographic essays, 823–828 387 Constitutional rights and, 369 Privileges and Immunities Clause, 293 failures of, 374–375 Process and Conformity Acts, 283 historical background, 359 Production Code Administration, legal advocacy, 110–112, 360, 672–673, 674 367–373 Products liability, 119, 183, 639–640 “new property” concept, 369–371 Professional employees and labor law, 356 other fields of law distinguished, Progressives 359 agriculture and (See Agriculture and law) overview, 359–360, 375–376 criminal law and, 199 policy framework, 359–360 legal profession, in, 77, 90–91, 98 political nature of, 359 post-World War I period, during, welfare (See Welfare) 134–135 welfare rights movement, 367–368 Taft Court, opposition to, 134–135 Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 69, 120–121, 164, Prohibition 435 criminal law and, 198 Preemption Act of 1841, 528 enforcement problems, 203–204 Preemption and New Deal, 142–143 failures of, 204–205 Pregnancy and employment federalism and, 132 discrimination, 354–355 historical background, 201–202 Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, legacy of, 204 355 litigation, impact on, 179 President. See also specific President nationalization of existing state law, 203 federalism, effect of increase in authority ratification of, 202–203 on, 153 repeal of, 143, 204 New Deal search and seizure and, 310–311 changing role in, 268 violence and, 204–205 growth of authority during, 141 Volstead Act (See Volstead Act) Taft-Hartley Act, powers under, 350 Property rights movement, 30–31 President’s Commission on Law Prosecutors Enforcement and the powers of, 84 Administration of Justice. See selection of, 83–84 Katzenbach Commission Prostitution, 446

946 Index

Protectionism, 601 overview, 403 Provisional Committee to Organize propaganda war with Soviet Union and, Colored Locomotive Firemen, 348 710–711 Public accommodations, segregation in, public attitudes regarding, 416, 416–418 440–441 Public assistance. See Welfare rights “revolution” and, 397–398 Public Citizen, 23, 719 segregation (See Segregation) Public health. See Health and medicine social attitudes, importance of, 440 Public Health Service, 255–257, 509, 511 sociopolitical changes, impact of, 415 Public interest movement, 101–103 state action and, 408–409 African-Americans and, 103 welfare and, 362–363, 373 commissions, role of, 101–102 Race riots, 220, 433–434 conservative groups, 120–121 Racketeer Inﬂuenced and Corrupt diversity of attorneys involved in, Organizations Act, 152 102–103 Radin, Margaret Jane, 48 late Twentieth Century, during, 650 Radio, 621 legal profession, role of, 25–26, 112 Railroad Administration, 325 liberal groups, 121 Railroad Brotherhoods, 341 overview, 23–24 Railroad Labor Act, 325 rise of, 101 Railroad Labor Board, 325 test cases, 102 Railroad Retirement Act of 1934, 292, women and, 103 341 Public schools. See Schools, public Railroad Retirement and Carrier Taxing Public utilities, 621–622 Act of 1937, 292 Public Utility Holding Company Act of Railroad retirement system, 341–342 1935, 106, 274, 279, 628 Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act of Public Works Administration, 273, 308 1938, 341 Pullman Company, 100 Railroads Pure Food and Drugs Act, 318 agriculture and, 529–530, 537–538 collective bargaining and, 324–326 Quarantines, 248–249 labor law and, 324–326 Quinlan case, 259–260 legal profession and, 100 Quotas, 354, 394 national economy, and development of, 616 Race and law, 403–441 Railway Labor Act of 1926, 106, 287–288, ADC and, 364, 365 318, 350 African-Americans (See Rains, Claude, 674 African-Americans) Randolph, A. Philip, 348, 412, 708 bibliographic essays, 830–844 Rauch, John, 500 Burger Court and, 435 Rawls, John, 47 case method and, 70–71 Rayburn, Sam, 21 collective bargaining and, 331 RCRA. See Resource Conservation and FLSA and, 335–336 Recovery Act Hispanic-Americans (See Reagan, Ronald Hispanic-Americans) agriculture and, 554 historical background, 438 antitrust law under, 643 Japanese-Americans, and internment of, civil rights laws, on, 164–165, 171 707 Cold War, on, 709 judicial decisions, limited impact of, conservative judges, appointment of, 439, 441 109 judicial reluctance regarding, 440 deregulation under, 644

Index 947

economic analysis of law and, 91 federalism and, 169–170, 172 economic policies, 586 First Amendment, on, 171, 172 election of, 164 Fourteenth Amendment, on, 170, 172 embrace of national government media and, 656 authority by, 165 negative Commerce Clause, on, 172 expansion of authority of national penal institutions, on, 229 government, 171 redistricting cases, in, 436, 437–438 failure to reshape judiciary, 169 school desegregation, on, 435–436 federalism and, 127, 165 selective prosecution, on, 437 foreign policy establishment and, 731 Takings Clause, on, 171 freedom, on, 32 Tenth Amendment, on, 164, 170 human rights organizations and, 740, tort law, on, 171 742 Reich, Charles, 369–372 Iran-Contra affair and, 670 Religion and law judges, appointment of, 169 criminal law and, 218 labor law, on, 353 First Amendment and, 313–315 Legal Services Program and, 110, 111 Warren Court on, 154 Meese and, 161 Remington, Frederick, 499 Nixon contrasted, 165 Reproductive rights, 241–247 policies of, 164–165 abortion (See Abortion) rights “revolution” and, 391 African-Americans and, 461–462 rulemaking under, 29 caesarian sections, 264 suburban political base and, 223 contraception Supreme Court, appointments to, 164, abortion, relationship with, 243–244 169 AMA on, 243 think tanks and, 739 historical background, 243–244 war and, 688 legalization of, 244 Reconstruction, 130–131 Warren Court on, 154 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), criminal law and, 264–265 11, 271, 308 eugenics and, 245 Rector, Ricky Ray, 226–227 First Amendment and, 243 Red Scare, 199–201, 699 importance of, 236–237 Redistricting cases, 154, 436, 437–438 involuntary sterilization, 245–247 Reed, Alfred Z., 61–62, 78 overview, 234, 241–242 Reed, Stanley F., 292, 415, 419 policing by medical profession, 263–264 Regulatory state. See Administrative state; rights “revolution” and, 391 speciﬁc agency substance abuse and, 264–265 Rehabilitation, concept of, 196, 214–215, Republicanism, 49–50 227 Republicans Rehnquist, William H. civil rights movement and, 109 abortion, on, 172 conservatism and, 159–161 afﬁrmative action, on, 436, 437–438 criminal law and, 221 Bush v. Gore, 173–174 failure to reshape judiciary, 169 capital punishment, on, 436–437 federal courts, appointments to, 169 Chief Justice, as, 164, 169 federalism and, 165–166 civil rights laws, on, 170–171 NLRB and, 352 Commerce Clause, on, 169–171 Southern states and, 434 Due Process Clause, on, 171 tort reform movement and, 191 Eleventh Amendment, on, 170 Resnick, Judith, 463 expansion of authority of national Resource Conservation and Recovery Act government, 171–172 (RCRA), 511, 517–518

948 Index

Restrictive covenants in housing, 409–410, legacy of, 388 415–416 legal profession, elitism and, 109–110 Retirement plans, 467, 650 legal realism in, 386–387 Retribution, concept of, 196 litigation, role of, 378–379 Revenue sharing, 152 moralistic analysis in, 391–392 RFC. See Reconstruction Finance noncitizens and, 390 Corporation overview, 377–378, 401–402 Rhode, Paul, 555 prisons and, 385, 387 Richards, David, 47 privacy, and right of, 391 Richardson, Elliot, 726, 728, 731, 733, race and, 397–398 739 reproductive rights and, 391 Richardson, Heather, 535, 536 survival of, 387–388 Richberg, Donald, 107 third-generation rights, 397 Right to counsel, 162, 209, 218, 310 tort reform and, 387 “Right to work,” 348, 350 trial attorneys and, 386 Rights “revolution,” 377–402 welfare and, 387, 395–396 administrative state and, 22–27, women and, 390, 398 382–383 Rivers and Harbors Acts, 497, 499 afﬁrmative action and, 390, 393–394 Roberts, Dorothy, 462 African-Americans and, 389–390, Roberts, Owen J. 397–398 appointment of, 138, 277 bibliographic essays 828–830 Commerce Clause, on, 303–304 bilingualism and, 399–400 “Court-packing” plan and, 140, Carolene Products analysis in, 388–391 297–298, 299 civil rights laws and, 389–390 delegation of Congressional authority, class actions, role of, 382 on, 282 collective values and, 400–401 Korematsu case, in, 705 communitarianism and, 400–401 minimum wage laws, on, 285–287 conservatism and, 385–386, 390 New Deal and, 138, 291, 292–293 Constitutionalism in, 386 NLRA, on, 297 criminal law, impact on, 387 price regulation, on, 301 criticism of, 400, 401 Railroad Retirement Act of 1934, on, declaratory judgments, role of, 292 381–382 retirement of, 293–294 demonstrations and, 387 Tenth Amendment, on, 139 disabled persons and, 384, 396–397 “white primary” cases, in, 408 Due Process Clause and, 388 Robertson, William Joseph, 93 education and, 379 Robinson-Patman Act, 568 environmental movement and, Rockefeller, David, 734, 745 383–384, 397 Rockefeller, John D., 745 expression, and freedom of, 391 Rockefeller, Nelson, 224 First Amendment and, 389, 390–391 Rockefeller Foundation, 723, 729 free market and, 391 Rocky Flats National Laboratory, 516 hate speech, 398–399 Rodell, Fred, 662 health care and, 395, 396 Rodgers, Daniel, 539 historical background, 388–389 Roe v. Wade, 155, 244, 426, 466 homosexuals and, 384, 391 Rome, Statute of, 690 ideological shift, impact of, 391 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 405, 691, 736 impact litigation, 383 Roosevelt, Franklin D. individualistic analysis in, 391–392 African-Americans and, 405, 411 institutions involved in, 378–385 agriculture and, 549, 561

Index 949

anti-lynching legislation and, 209 obscenity, on, 654 associationalism and, 568 Root and, 724 banking crisis and, 272 Root, Elihu civil rights laws, on, 406 Council of Foreign Relations and, 726 “Court-packing” plan, 12, 140, foreign policy establishment, in, 96, 285–286, 297–300, 694–695 724, 726 courts, on, 13 international commercial arbitration criminal law under, 209–210 and, 749 discrimination in defense industry, law schools, on, 62, 78 banning, 708 legal practice of, 117 domestic service, on, 344 Root Report, 78 election of, 272 Rosenberg, Ethel, 655 employment discrimination, on, 412 Rosenberg, Julius, 655 environmental law and, 493 Ross, H. Laurence, 194 exercise of authority, 141 Rostow, Eugene, 730 federalism and, 127, 138 Rostow, Walt, 730 FEPC and, 348, 412, 417 Rowe, James, 105 “First Hundred Days,” 9 Roxas, Manuel, 725 Four Freedoms, 416 Rubin, Edward, 219 Guffey-Vinson Coal Conservation Act, Rubin, Gayle, 444, 459, 460 on, 296 Rules Enabling Act of 1934, 283 infrastructure and, 5 Rural Electriﬁcation Administration, 275, international affairs under, 142, 308 282–283 Rutledge, Wiley, 292 Japanese-Americans, and internment of, Rwanda, UN Tribunal for, 121 704–705 judges, appointment of, 143 Sacco, Nicola, 654 Nazi saboteurs case, on, 708–709 Sacks, Albert, 40 New Deal (See New Deal) Safe Water Drinking Act, 30 Pearl Harbor attack, on, 704 Safety Appliance Act, 318 political rivals and, 14 Sandalow, Terrence, 68 prison construction and, 205 Sandel, Michael, 48 Prohibition and, 204 Sanders, Elizabeth, 545 rearmament under, 695 Sanford, Edward T., 201 RFC and, 11 Sanger, Margaret, 243 Schechter Poultry case, on, 295 Sanitary Commission, 494 seizure of plants by, 17 Sarah Scaife Foundation, 31 Stimson and, 726 Savings and loan associations Supreme Court, appointments to, 13, deregulation of, 588–589 270 1980s, crisis during, 589–590 Walter-Logan Bill and, 14, 105, 280 Scalia, Antonin, 169, 394, 678 war and, 690–691 Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference, welfare, on, 395 508 “white primary” cases, on, 409 Schaef, Anne, 56 World War I, effect of on policies, 692 Schechter Poultry case, 281, 295, 550, World War II 693 emergency declaration prior to, 696 Schenck, Charles, 700–701 prelude to, on, 695, 696 Schiavo case, 260–261 Roosevelt, Theodore Schlaﬂy, Phyllis, 469 environment and, 481, 492, 496, Schlag, Pierre, 658 498–499, 502 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 728

950 Index

Schools, public judicial resistance to, 279 desegregation of, 384–385, 392 late Twentieth Century, during, 647 Brown v. Board of Education (See Brown 1950s, during, 640–642 v. Board of Education) NRA compared, 10 Burger Court on, 434 powers of, 631 Rehnquist Court on, 435–436 scandals involving, 21 segregation in, 410 shareholder activism and, 646 teachers, NAACP and, 381 10b-5 actions, 641, 647 SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership World War II, during, 634–635 Conference Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Scott, Austin W., 89 anti-fraud act, as, 631 “Scottsboro Boys,” 108, 209, 217, 310, associationalism and, 569 406 disclosure requirements, 274 Search and seizure, 310–311 government oversight under, 630 Sears, Roebuck & Company, 567 insider trading under, 630 SEC. See Securities and Exchange litigation under, 179 Commission SEC authority under, 274, 640 Securities short swing profits under, 641 “Blue Sky Laws,” 623, 631 Sedition Act of 1918, 132, 136, 200, 702 bureaucratic agencies, rise of, 631 Segregation federalization of regulation, 631–632 baseball, desegregation of, 413 insider trading, 630, 641 Brown v. Board of Education (See Brown v. late Twentieth Century, regulation Board of Education) during, 647 cracks in Southern segregation, 413 mutual funds, 624 dormant Commerce Clause and, New Deal, regulation during, 630–632 417–418 new forms of, 647–648 Equal Protection Clause and, 403, 410, 1950s, regulation during, 640–642 415 options, commoditization of, 648 housing, in, 415–416 registration of, 631 ICC and, 416, 417 regulation of, 618 law schools, in, 414, 415 shareholder activism and, 646 litigation, role in opposing, 379 short swing profits, 641 NAACP and (See National Association states, regulation by, 632 for the Advancement of Colored stock exchanges, regulation by, 623–624 People) 10b-5 actions, 641, 647 North, in, 404–405 Securities Act of 1933 popular culture and, 413 associationalism and, 569 public accommodations, in, 416–418 disclosure requirements, 630–631 public schools, in, 410 FTC authority under, 274 Burger Court on, 434 government oversight under, 630 desegregation of, 384–385, 392 registration requirements, 274, 279, Rehnquist Court on, 435–436 630–631 transportation, in, 416–418 SEC authority under, 640 universities, in, 381, 410–411, 414–415 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) “white primaries,” 315–316, 407–409, administrative state, as part of, 10 414 associationalism and, 569 Selective prosecution, 437 Constitutionality of, 12 Self-incrimination, 218, 310, 677 Court decisions regarding, 13 Sellers, Charles, 531 deficiency letters, 14 Selma, March on, 432 discipline of attorneys by, 122 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act. See GI Bill establishment of, 274, 277 Seton, Ernest Thompson, 499

Index 951

Sex offender registration, 228 marriage and, 453–454, 466–467 Sharecroppers, 346 old age insurance, 338, 339–340 Shareholder activism, 646 overview, 336 Sharp, Harry, 245 survival of, 593–594 Sheindlin, Judy, 657 survivors insurance, 340, 364–365, 367 Sheppard-Tower Act, 254–255 unemployment insurance, 336, 338–339 Sherman Antitrust Act Social Security Act of 1935 agriculture and, 542–543 ADC established by, 363 classical legal theory and, 35 administrative state and, 10 collective bargaining and, 324 associationalism and, 568 Commerce Clause and, 305 conﬂict with other New Deal measures, corporate consolidation, effect on, 619 276 FTC enforcement, 555 confusing nature of, 369 judicial decisions regarding, 294 Constitutionality of, 12, 299 New Deal, during, 628 exemptions, 338, 461 “rule of reason,” 622 federalism and, 140 Sherry, Michael, 682, 696 gender and, 336, 339, 357 Sherwin, Richard, 653, 655 purposes of, 274 Shillady, John, 405 race and, 336 “Shirley Temple Clause,” 335 spending power and, 307 Siegel, Reva, 462 survivors insurance created by, 364 Sierra Club, 23, 25, 518 threshold requirements under, 364 Silbey, Jessica M., 662 women under, 452 Silbey, Susan S., 669 workfare and, 356 Silk, Leonard, 727 Social Security Board, 10, 274 Silk, Mark, 727 Social services. See Welfare Simpson, Nicole Brown, 671, 672 Socialist Party, 700, 701 Simpson, O. J., 665, 671–672 Sociological analysis of law, 45–46 Sinclair, Upton, 257, 537, 619–620 contract law and, 45 Singer, Joseph, 52 historical background, 45 Sixteenth Amendment, 4 liberal nature of, 46 Sixth Amendment, 218, 310, 663 methodology of, 45–46 Sloan, Alfred P., 620–621 overview, 45 Smith, Al, 204 popular culture and, 663 Smith, Reginald Heber, 85, 110 Sodomy laws, 468, 470 Smith Act, 710 Sohn, Louis, 736 Smith-Lever Act of 1914, 542, 545 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, 568, 597 Act of 1936, 308 Social Security, 336–342 Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, 511, ADC (See Aid to Dependent Children) 517 administrative state and, 337–338 Somerville, Siobhan, 461 African-American women and, 461 Soros, George, 719, 743, 756 alternative proposals, 336–337 South African Truth and Reconciliation Bush (GWB) on, 356 Commission, 121 children and, 340 Southern Christian Leadership Conference domestic service and, 344 (SCLC), 430, 431, 432 evolution of, 338 Southern Tenants Farmers’ Union, 346 exclusions from, 339 Soviet Union. See Cold War gender and, 336–337, 339 Spanish Civil War, 695 heterosexuality “regime” and, 453–454, Sparer, Edward, 368–369, 371 466–467 Speech, freedom of. See First Amendment labor law and, 320, 321 Speiser, Stuart, 119

952 Index

Spencer, Herbert, 36 religion cases and, 314 Spending power, 307 Roberts, on, 293–294 Stampp, Kenneth, 397 taxation, on, 307 Standard Oil Company, 284 Stookey, John, 178 State, Department of Storey, Moorﬁeld, 379 Brown v. Board of Education and, Strict liability 711–712 CERCLA, under, 517 civil rights movement and, 712 tort, in, 185 free trade and, 743–746 Strict scrutiny, 144, 217 legal profession and, 729 Substantive due process State-building, 1–33. See also agriculture and, 538 Administrative state New Deal and, 143 bibliographic essays, 759–761 Suburbs, relocation to, 576–577 consolidation, periods of, 2 Suffrage, 378–379, 703 courts, role of, 22 Sugar, Maurice, 107 domestic administration, 2 Summers, Hatton, 298 exceptionalism, 1 Sunkist, 555 lack of centralization in early Republic, Sunstein, Cass, 49, 50 1–2 Superfund, 517 legal profession, role of, 95 Supreme Court. See also speciﬁc Justice periods of, 2 institutional role of, 135 role of law in, 2–3 media and, 656 war, impact of (See War and law) Survivors insurance, 340, 364–365, 367 State constitutional law, 167–168 Sutherland, George States. See Federalism Commerce Clause, on, 296 Steel mills, seizure by Truman, 636, international affairs, on, 283 698–699 minimum wage laws, on, 333 Steffens, Lincoln, 620 New Deal and, 139–140, 276, 290 Sterilization, involuntary, 245–247, retirement of, 298 461–462, 703–704 SEC, on, 13 Stern, Carl S., 208 unemployment compensation, on, 307 Stern Family Foundation, 369 Swamp Lands Act of 1851, 486 Steuer, Max, 117 Sweatt, Heman, 414 Stevens, Robert, 61 Symbionese Liberation Army, 665 Stevenson, John, 753, 754 Stigler, George, 43 Taft, William Howard Stimson, Henry, 96, 692, 726 administrative state and, 270 Stock. See Securities African-Americans and, 136–137 Stock exchanges, 623–624 antitrust law and, 567 Stock Market Crash of 1929, 9, 547–548, Chief Justice, as, 133 565–566 child labor laws, on, 134 Stone, Harlan Fiske Commerce Clause, on, 135–136 Carolene Products case, in, 217, 388 death of, 138 Commerce Clause, on, 296 “dollar diplomacy,” 725–726 Dormant Commerce Clause, on, 304 First Amendment, on, 136 law schools, on, 78 freedom of speech, on, 311 legal philosophy and, 63 international affairs under, 725–726 minimum wage laws, on, 286 judicial philosophy of, 133 Nazi saboteurs case, in, 709 liberty, on, 136 New Deal and, 276, 292–293 minimum wage laws, on, 133–134 NLRA, on, 297 New Deal and, 276

Index 953

NWLB and, 6 environmental law and, 492 Philippines, and US colonialism in, justiciability doctrine and, 308 724–725 purposes of, 275 Progressives, opposition from, 134–135 war analogy, 693 school segregation, on, 410 Tenth Amendment. See also Federalism social values and judicial decisions, 134 Burger Court on, 163–164 Stimson and, 726 criminal law and, 201 Takings Clause, on, 133 dual federalism and, 129 taxation, on, 306 FLSA and, 163 Tenth Amendment, on, 164, 170 Hughes Court on, 139 Taft-Hartley Act New Deal and, 142 economic change, role of law in, 579 Rehnquist Court on, 170 impact of, 350–351 Taft Court on, 164, 170 legal profession and, 107 taxation and, 306–307 Presidential powers under, 350 Territorial expansion restrictions under, 635 agriculture and, 530, 531–532 “right to work” and, 348, 350 environmental law and, 484–486 unfair labor practices under, 17 Textile workers, 327–328, 329 Takings Clause Textile Workers Union, 328, 329 conservative public interest groups and, Thaler, Richard, 53 121 Thaw, Harry K., 654, 655, 668–670 environmental law under, 481 Think tanks, 738–739 Rehnquist Court on, 171 Third-generation rights, 397 Taft Court on, 133 Thirteenth Amendment, 319, 345, Tarbell, Ida, 620 347–348, 357, 700 Taxation Thomas, Clarence, 169, 657 federal taxation of state-regulated Thompson, Karen, 262 activity, 306–307 Thompson, William Hale, 203 Hughes Court on, 306 “Three strikes” laws, 229 income tax (See Income tax) Timmerman, George Bell, 424 interest equalization tax, 578 Title VII. See Civil Rights Act of 1964 intergovernmental tax immunity, Tocqueville, Alexis de 305–306 administrative state, on dangers of, 2, 32 IRS (See Internal Revenue Service) lack of centralized government, on, 1–2 Tenth Amendment and, 306–307 post-World War I state compared with Taxpayer standing doctrine, 307–308 views of, 3 Teachers, NAACP and, 381 Tokyo Round, 746, 747 Teachers Insurance and Annuity Tompkins, Daniel D., 478 Association, 624–625 Topographical Bureau, 482 Teitel, Rudi, 714 Tort law Telephones, 621, 648 alternate dispute resolution in, 99 Television imagery and law,. 672–678. See asbestos cases, 119, 186 also Motion pictures contributory negligence, 184–185 Temporary National Economic economic analysis of law and, 42 Commission, 628 fellow servant rule, 182–183 10b-5 actions, 641, 647 legal profession and tenBroek, Jacobus, 365–367, 368, 371 ethics and, 99 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) historical background, 98–99 administrative state, as part of, 11 organization of, 118 Constitutionality of, 12 overview, 98 economic change and, 606 specialization in, 118–119

954 Index

Tort law (cont.) Stimson and, 726 liability “explosion” in, 182 war and, 687 mass torts Trust Indenture Act of 1939, 569, 570, complexity of, 186 571, 631 concentration of law ﬁrms, 119–120 Trusts. See Antitrust law growth in, 119 Tuberculosis, 253–254 historical background, 118 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 496, 499, 617 overview, 118, 186 Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 255–257 problems in, 120 TVA. See Tennessee Valley Authority medical malpractice, 185–186, 191 Tversky, Amos, 53 products liability, 119, 183, 639–640 Twain, Mark, 664 Rehnquist Court on, 171 Twenty-First Amendment, 143, 204, 311 rights “revolution,” tort reform and, 387 Twenty-Fourth Amendment, 316 strict liability, 185 “Typhoid Mary,” 250–251 welfare versus, 190 Tort reform movement UCC. See Uniform Commercial Code historical background, 190–191 Umphrey, Martha Merrill, 668, 670 impact of, 191 Unemployed Councils, 337 overview, 190 Unemployment insurance, 307, 336, Republicans and, 191 338–339 Tourgee, Albion, 379 Unfair labor practices, 17 Townsend, Willard, 326 Unger, Roberto, 65 Townsend Movement, 337 Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 38, 89, Toxic waste disposal. See Hazardous waste 568 disposal Uniform Crime Reports, 210, 220, 225 Toxics Release Inventory, 518 Uniform Sales Act, 89 Trade Act of 1974, 746 Unilateralism in war, 714 Trade Agreements Act, 747 Unions. See Organized labor Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, 692 United Automobile Workers, 107, 349 Transportation, Department of, 152 United Electrical Workers, 349 Transportation, segregation in, 416–418 United Kingdom, access to legal services Treaties, environmental law under, 482, in, 86–87 495–496 United Mine Workers, 287, 323, 326, 327 Trials, decline of, 180–181 United Nations, 572, 685 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 118 United Nations Charter, 685 Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, United Nations Security Council, 687 606 United States Steel Corporation, 330, 622 Trilateral Commission, 734, 739, 740, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 744, 745 736 Truman, Harry S. Universities. See also speciﬁc university administrative state, and reform of, 22 hate speech and, 399 civil rights laws, on, 413, 416 segregation in, 381, 410–411, 414–415 Cold War, on, 709 Urban League, 337, 348, 366 Congressional oversight of U.S. Conference of Mayors, 157 administrative state and, 18 USA PATRIOT Act, 714 free trade and, 744 health care, on, 16, 255, 395, 396 Vaccination, mandatory, 249 Korean War and, 687 Van Devanter, Willis loyalty review boards and, 17 “Court-packing” plan, on, 299 post-World War II period, removal of New Deal and, 276 wartime controls during, 698 retirement of, 278, 298 steel mills, seizure of, 636, 698–699 unemployment compensation, on, 307

Index 955

Van Kleeck, Mary, 337 Wallach, Lori, 719 Van Orsdel, Josiah, 502 Walsh, Frank, 6 Van Susteren, Greta, 671 Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, 335 Vance, Cyrus, 724, 726, 728, 733 Walter-Logan Bill, 14–15, 19, 105, 280 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 76 Wapner, Joseph, 657 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 654 War and law. See also Military and law; Veidt, Conrad, 674 specific war Venereal diseases, 251–252, 447 bibliographic essays, 888–898 Versailles, Treaty of, 684, 695 centrality of, 682 Veterans Administration, 456–457, 461 defining “war” for purposes of, 681 Victims’ rights laws, 228 Eisenhower and, 687 Vidmar, Neil, 185 human rights and, 689 Vietnam War Kennedy and, 687 authorization for, 687–688 New Deal, war analogy, 692–693, 698 civil rights movement, impact on, 433 Nixon and, 688 conscription during, 713 nuclear war, impact of threat of, corporations, impact on, 642 699–700 deficit spending and, 583, 584 overview, 680, 716–717 end of, 158 pendulum concept, 680–681 First Amendment cases during, 712–713 post-World War II period, expansion of foreign policy establishment, impact on, governmental powers during, 698 732 preventing war through law fragmentation of liberalism and, 158 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 684–685 Pentagon Papers case, 712 League of Nations, 684 Vileisis, Ann, 474 Nuremberg Tribunal, 685–686 Vinson, Fred M. overview, 682–683 Brown v. Board of Education and, 419 United Nations, 685 death of, 420 Reagan and, 688 restrictive covenants, on, 415–416 relationship between, 682, 684 segregation in universities, on, 415 rights, impact on Violence Against Women Act, 170 Cold War, during, 709 Voice of America, 711 deference to Executive Branch, Volcker, Paul, 586–587, 597, 598 701–702 Volkswagen, 642 First Amendment, 700–701, Volstead Act, 202, 204, 310 702–703 Vorenberg, James, 220 flag salute cases, 706–707 Voting rights involuntary sterilization, 703 African-Americans and, 409 management of rights, 701 New Deal, during, 315–317 overview, 682, 683 women and, 378–379, 703 security versus rights, 706, 713 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 164, 179, 316, women’s suffrage, 703 432 World War II, during (see World War II) Wage and Hour Division, 335, 343 Roosevelt (FDR) and, 690–691 Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations sovereignty and, 716–717 Act state-building, impact on Waldron, Jeremy, 48 New Deal, expansion of governmental Walker, Jimmy, 203 powers during, 692–693, 698 Walker, Samuel, 208 overview, 682, 683 Wallace, George, 221, 431–432, 434, 440, post-World War II period, expansion 677 of governmental powers during, Wallace, Henry A., 549, 550 698

956 Index

War and law (cont.) Weber, Max, 45 World War I, expansion of Wechsler, Herbert governmental powers during, criminal law, on, 214, 215 691–692 fundamental rights, on, 148 World War II, expansion of legal process theory and, 40, 41–42 governmental powers during, Model Penal Code and, 89, 212, 696–697 213–214, 215, 216 time zone concept, 680–681 Warren Court, on, 213 tool of war, law as, 700 Weeks Act of 1914, 541 Truman and, 687 Weeks-McLean Act, 503 Twentieth Century, unique nature of, Weisberg, Robert, 659 681 Welfare, 359–376 unilateralism in, 714 ADC (See Aid to Dependent Children) War Brides Act, 458 African-Americans and, 362, 373 War crimes, 689 “Americanization” and, 363 War Food Administration, 15, 347 assimilation and, 363 War Industries Board, 693 bibliographic essays, 823–828 War Labor Board, 15, 17 “bill of rights” for recipients, 368, 395 “War on Drugs,” 224 Clinton on, 396 “War on Poverty,” 151, 255, 383, 740 Congressional reform of, 167 War Powers Act of 1941, 696 conservatism and, 396 War Powers Act of 1942, 696 Constitutional rights and, 369, 395–396 War Powers Act of 1973, 688 criminal law and, 367 War Production Board, 15, 16 Equal Protection Clause and, 375 Warren, Charles, 135, 164 families, assistance to, 362 Warren, Earl family structure and, 373–374 African-Americans and, 149 federalism and, 361 appointment of, 420 Fourteenth Amendment and, 361 apportionment cases, in, 154 gender and, 361–362 Bill of Rights, incorporation to states, Hispanic-Americans and, 362–363 154–155 historical background, 360 Brown v. Board of Education and, 420 immigration and, 363 Burger Court contrasted, 435 improved access to, 372 civil rights movement and, 108, 109 judicial decisions regarding, 371–373 conservative criticism of, 161, 162 legal profession and, 111 contraception, on, 154 marriage requirements, 362 criminal law and, 198, 209, 212, mothers’ pensions, 360–361, 362 216–218 New Deal, during, 363–367 First Amendment, on, 154 “new property” concept, 369–371 judicial activism of, 153–154 overview, 375–376 law and society movement, 663 Progressive Era, during, 360–363 media and, 663 race and, 362–363, 373 penal institutions, on, 229 reform of, 374 political background, 217 resentment toward, 373 religion, on, 154 rights “revolution” and, 387, 395–396 retirement of, 155 Roosevelt (FDR) on, 395 Washington Legal Foundation, 121 social problem, viewed as, 367 Water pollution, 493 state police power and, 361, 371–372 Watergate, 158, 665 tort system versus, 190 Watrous, George H., 93 welfare rights movement, 367–368 Weaver, Robert, 349 Wisconsin, reform in, 167

Index 957

Wellington, Harry, 40 feminist legal theory (See Feminist legal West, Mae, 14 theory) West, Nancy, 662 FLSA, under, 334–335, 357 West, Robin, 56 heterosexuality “regime,” position in, West Publishing Company, 90 455–456 Wheeler, Burton, 298, 299 labor standards and, 331–335 White, Byron, 393 law schools, in, 67 White, Edward D., 311 legal profession, in, 79–80, 113 White, Stanford, 654, 669 minimum wage laws and, 333–334 “White primaries,” 315–316, 407–409, public interest movement and, 103 414, 708 rights “revolution” and, 390, 398 White Slave Trafﬁc Act. See Mann Act Social Security and, 336–337, 339, 357, Whitman, James, 224 452 Whitney, Eli, 528 voting rights and, 378–379, 703 Wickard, Claude, 697 welfare and, 361–362 Wickersham, George W., 105, 207 Women’s Bureau, 333 Wickersham Commission, 207–209, 220, Women’s Organization for National 310 Prohibition Reform, 204 Wigmore, John Henry, 89 Women’s Trade Union League, 331 Wilderness Act, 508 Woodhull, Victoria, 243 Wilderness Society, 499, 508 Woodward, Isaac, 710 Williams, Edward Bennett, 117 Workers’ compensation, 4, 183–184 Williams, Joan, 58 Workfare, 356 Williston, Samuel, 89, 658 Works Progress Administration, 273, 322, Wilson, M. L., 549 452–453, 570 Wilson, Woodrow World Bank, 121, 721, 727, 743, 755 African-Americans and, 405 World Intellectual Property Organization, agriculture and, 545, 548 748 antitrust law and, 567 World Trade Center attacks. See9/11 corporations, on, 619 World Trade Organization (WTO) environmental law, on, 503 Bush (GWB) on, 756 exercise of authority, 132 foreign policy establishment and, 718, health care, on, 255 719, 720, 721, 755 infrastructure and, 5 free trade and, 748 international affairs under, 726 World War I League of Nations and, 680, 684 African-Americans, impact on, 404 Prohibition and, 202 corporations, impact on, 620 war, on, 684 expansion of governmental powers women’s suffrage, on, 703 during, 691–692 world vision, 690 federalism, impact on, 132 World War I and, 692 First Amendment cases during, Wisconsin, University of, 45 700–701, 702–703 Witte, Edwin, 336 involuntary sterilization, impact on, Women 703–704 ACLU women’s rights project, 383 war crimes in, 689 ADC and, 340–341 women’s suffrage, impact on, 703 Burger Court and, 155 World War II case method and, 70 African-Americans, impact on, collective bargaining and, 331 412–413, 707–708 end of life issues and, 262 Commerce Clause and, 697 Equal Protection Clause and, 155 corporations, impact on, 633–635

958 Index

World War II (cont.) prelude to, 695 domestic life, impact of expansion of reluctance regarding, 695–696 governmental powers on, 696–697 SEC during, 634–635 emergency declaration prior to, 696 war contracts, 15–16, 18 federalism, impact on, 145, 697 Wright, Cleo, 412 ﬂag salute cases, 706–707 WTO. See World Trade Organization Japanese-Americans, internment of, 17, 440, 704–706, 707 Yale Law School, 63, 729 judicial decisions during, 697 Yates, Jeff, 186 Lend-Lease Act, 696 “Yellow dog” contracts, 287, 324, 326 Nazi saboteurs case, 708–709 Yntema, Hessel, 63 NLRB during, 635 Yom Kippur War, 584 organized labor during, 17 Young, John, 693 Pearl Harbor attack, 704 Young, Marilyn, 714 postwar period, expansion of Young Women’s Christian Association, 344 governmental powers during, 698 Yugoslavia, UN Tribunal for, 121