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JER Vol. 12, No. 2 JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (Vol.12, No.2) 2009 Dept Of Education IUB, Pakistan EDITORIAL/ ADVISORY BOARD 1. Professor Dr. G.K.Verma Professor Emeritus, University of Manchester, UK 2. Professor Dr.William Bill Gulam Salford University, Manchester, UK 3. Professor Dr. Muhammad Rashid Dean, Faculty of Education, Preston University, Islamabad 4. Professor Dr. Harald Husemann Department of Education, Osnabrueck University, Germany 5. Professor Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chairman, Department of EPM Faculty of Education, AIOU, Islamabad 6. Professor Dr.Aytekin Isman Dean, Faculty Education, Sakarya University, Turkey 7. Dr. Badrul Khan Facilitator in E- Learning, Instructional Design and Technologies McWeadon University, Springfield, USA 8. Professor Dr. Ugur Demiray Dean, Faculty of Communication Sciences Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey 9. Dr .Joy Mylek Consultant, The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand 10. Professor Dr. Paul Kawachi Kurume City Fukuoka -830-0003 Japan 11. Professor Dr. Ahmad Farooq Mashadi Department of Education, BZU Multan 12. Dr.Irshad Hussain Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 13. Professor Dr. Ibrahim Khalid University of Education Lahore 1 JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (Vol.12, No.2) 2009 Dept Of Education IUB, Pakistan JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Vol.12 No. 2 2009 CONTENTS PAGE NO. Muslim Women’s Educational Status and Work Participation in India 5 Dr. Saima Siddiqi Low Rate of Literacy: A Dilemma of Sindh Province Dr. Parveen munshi & Tarique Bhatti 13 Perceptions of Students about Mathematics Learning at Grade-X 31 Shagufta Bibi Human Resource Management at Teacher Education Institutions in Pakistan: A Total Quality Perspective 48 Muhammad Dilshad & Prof. Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Iqbal Closing the Gap between Private and Government Undergraduate Medical Education Dr. Junaid Sarfraz Khan, Dr. Amal Ashraf , Nasreen 64 Ahmad & Shamshad Bano An appraisal of budget allocations made for Illiteracy reduction programmes in Pakistan Ashiq Hussain, Dr. Ibrahim Khalid & Azhar Mumtaz 74 Saadi The Effects Assisted Reading using the Reading Attainment System on Time to Completion and Comprehension for a Middle School Student with Learning Disabilities 86 Breanna Sherman, Tim F. McLaughlin, Kenneth Mark Derby & Gary Johnson Assessment of Multiple Intelligences among Young Adolescents in District Kohat, NWFP Maqsood Ahmed & Dr Ishtiaq Hussain 97 2 JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (Vol.12, No.2) 2009 Dept Of Education IUB, Pakistan Evaluation of In-Service Training Workshops for Secondary School Teachers in Science Subjects Under Science Education Project SEP-II 106 Sheikh Tariq Mahmood, Dr. Hamid Khan Niazi & Syed Makhdoom Ali The Present Condition and Teacher’s Understanding of Career Education in South Korea: Based on the SWOT Analysis 121 Chang Oh Ba Challenges of Information and Communication Technologies for Women 138 Assoc. Prof. Dr Emine Demiray A Study of the Attitude of Parents towards the Education of their Children at Pre-School Level 163 Ms. Farah Deeba & Ms. Asiya Hameed Comparative Study of the Performance of Secondary Schools Teachers Selected Through Public Service Commission and Departmental Selection Committee in NWFP 172 Arshad Ali, Arbab Khan Afridi & Amjad Reba Self Perceptions of Leadership Role of the Secondary Schools Heads, Towards Improvement of Standards of Education 180 Khair Muhammad Khan The Role of Psychological Needs in Processing the Causality Orientations 191 Nisbat Batool & Sarwat Sultan Analysis Of Learning Achievement In Reading Comprehension And Developing Teachers’ Attitude To Teach English As A Second Language At Secondary School Level 203 Muhammad Asif Nadeem, Hassan Danial Aslam & Munawar Hussain A Meta-analysis on Primary Teachers Mentoring 224 Dr. Muhammad Saeed 3 JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (Vol.12, No.2) 2009 Dept Of Education IUB, Pakistan Analysis of the Perceptual Disagreements among Parents and Teachers Regarding Positive Upshots of Sports Participation 239 Asif Jamil , Umar Ali Khan, Jalil-ur-Rehman & Noor Muhammad A Comparative Study of Instructional Supervision in Public and Private Schools of the Punjab Ms Anjum Naz, Dr. Riffat-un-Nisa Awan & Miss Abida 253 Nasreen Effects of Student-Centered Approach on the Abilities of Students in Private Secondary Schools in Pakistan 268 Kaka Jan Evaluation of writing competencies of primary level children in Punjab 285 Miss Sabiha Hameed Rahmani Developing Creative Writing Skills in Early Childhood: A Case Study from Pakistan 302 Nilofar Vazir & Shairoz Ismail Effective Leadership and Total Quality Management: A Case Study of an Elementary School in Pakistan 318 Dr. Uzma Quraishi & Farah Rahman Role of Heads of Teaching Departments in the Promotion of Communication at Postgraduate Level 333 Rahmat Ullah Shah, Umar Ali Khan & Zafar Khan 4 JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (Vol.12, No.2) 2009 Dept Of Education IUB, Pakistan Muslim Women’s Educational Status and Work Participation in India Dr. Saima Siddiqi * Abstract India is one of the least literate societies in the world. Within this broader picture of social disadvantage, the literacy level of Muslim men and women skewed towards the bottom. Women in Muslim communities face considerable challenges as citizens of India and as members of India’s largest minority. According to Government reports, Muslim women are among the poorest, educationally disenfranchised, economically vulnerable, politically marginalized group in the country. As for female literacy among the Muslim population, it is lowest among the female literacy rates of all other religious communities. The overwhelming majority of women reported themselves as not working. Among social groups, Muslim and upper caste women participate the least, as compared to others. Among Muslim women who report work participation, the largest proportion is in the wageworkers/employee category. The lack of social opportunities for Muslim women is a crucial issue needing urgent action. An improvement in literacy rates would directly influence Muslim women’s socio-economic and political status as citizens of India. Muslim women and men must collaborate with individuals and organizations that are committed to the realization of women’s human rights. It is essential to implement legislations that protect Muslim women’s rights. Keywords: literacy, Disadvantaged, Minority, Disenfranchised, Sex-ratio Introduction India is one of the least literate societies in the world. Within this broader picture of social disadvantage, the literacy levels of Muslim men and women are further skewed towards the bottom. Women in Muslim communities face considerable challenges as citizens of * Department of Education, AMU,Aligarh 5 JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (Vol.12, No.2) 2009 Dept Of Education IUB, Pakistan India and as members of India’s largest minority.Islam holds that woman is a human being and she has a soul similar to that of man. Thus, men and women were equal to each other in their origin, their abode as well as in their place of return and were as such entitled to similar and equal rights. But Islam came to India in a particular form, especially with purdah, which is synonymous with high status and respectability. Its enforcement became so pervasive that any woman found without a veil was ruled as shameless and outside of decent society (Upreti, 2000). According to government reports, Muslim women are among the poorest, educationally disenfranchised, economically vulnerable, politically marginalized group in the country. They are always oppressed and exploited. Their jobs, is to manage the house and rear the children. (Urmila , 1988). According to the 2001 census, Muslim constitutes 13.4 percent of India’s population. India has the second largest Muslim population in the world. Table 1 shows, population of Muslim is steadily increasing, as unadjusted growth rate would increase from 22.9 percent to 36 percent during 1981-2001. Sex ratio among Muslim population at national level is 936 which are just above the national average of 933 for all religions that is probably presents the position of women worsened considerably, a decline in the sex ratio due to absolute condition of health and survival for women. Table-1: Population and proportion of Muslim population by sex, sex ratio, percentage increase, India 1981-2001 Census Persons Males Females Sex Percentage Year ratio Increase 2001 138,188, 71,374, 66,814, 936 (1991- 240 134 106 2001)=36.0 1991 101,596, 52,631, 48,964, 930 (1981- 057 365 692 1991)=34.5 1981 75,512,4 38,989, 36,522. 937 (1971- 39 763 676 1981)=22.9 Source: Census of India 1981, 1991, 2001 . A comparison of adult literacy rates among India’s religious communities based on the 2001 Census in table-2 shows that Muslims fare the worst. With an overall adult literacy level of 59.13 6 JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (Vol.12, No.2) 2009 Dept Of Education IUB, Pakistan percent, it is far less than the literacy level among the Jains who have an overall level of 97.41 percent, the highest among all religious groups in the country. The Jain community not only has the highest overall literacy levels among all religious communities but also has the best female literacy level with 90.58 percent. All this and more is contained in a report on the “Status of Adult Literacy” in India, which has made use of the 2001 census data to do a religion-wise analysis too. National Literacy Mission, adult literacy in India basically means targeting those aged between 15 and 35 . The report says that the Muslim community’s adult
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