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Cambodia Status and Trends in Environmental Management and Options for Future Action

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Cambodia Status and Trends in Environmental Management and Options for Future Action Final Report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development Environmental Review: Cambodia Status and Trends in Environmental Management and Options for Future Action Including Interim Environmental Strategic Plan (IESP) And FAA 118/119 Assessment USAID Contract No. LAG-I-00-99-00013-00, Task Order No. 805 Submitted by: ARD-BIOFOR IQC Consortium 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 telephone: (802) 658-3890 fax: (802) 658-4247 email: [email protected] October 2001 Table of Contents Executive Summary.............................................................................................................. iii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................. vii 1. Purpose and Approach .................................................................................................. 1 2. The Cambodian Context................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Biophysical.................................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Socioeconomic............................................................................................................. 2 2.3 Value of Natural Resources to the Nation and Rural People ......................................... 3 3. Status and Trends in Natural Habitats and Agricultural Ecosystems......................... 5 3.1 Forests ......................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Freshwater Habitats...................................................................................................... 7 3.3 Coastal and Marine Habitats......................................................................................... 9 3.4 Agroecosystems ......................................................................................................... 10 4. ENR Planning and Management Framework ............................................................ 12 4.1 Government Institutions ............................................................................................. 12 4.2 Policy and Law .......................................................................................................... 15 4.3 Cambodia’s Involvement in International Conservation Conventions ......................... 17 4.4 Rural Communities and Minority Ethnic Groups........................................................ 18 4.5 Gender Roles in NRM................................................................................................ 18 5. Issues in Cambodia’s ENR Management and Governance........................................ 22 5.1 Land........................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 Forests ....................................................................................................................... 23 5.3 Harvest and Trade of Wildlife .................................................................................... 25 5.4 Fisheries..................................................................................................................... 26 5.5 Biodiversity................................................................................................................ 27 5.6 Pesticide Use.............................................................................................................. 28 5.7 Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods ............................................................................. 29 5.8 Regional and Transboundary Dimensions .................................................................. 32 5.9 Gender ....................................................................................................................... 32 6. Priority Actions to Improve ENR Management and Governance ............................. 34 6.1 Laws and Institutions ................................................................................................. 34 6.2 Improved Natural Resources and Land Governance ................................................... 35 6.3 CBNRM..................................................................................................................... 36 6.4 Protected Area System............................................................................................... 37 6.5 Environmental Education and Awareness................................................................... 38 6.6 Forest and Wildlife Law Enforcement........................................................................ 38 6.7 Private Sector............................................................................................................. 40 6.8 Ecotourism................................................................................................................. 41 6.9 Agriculture and Pest Management.............................................................................. 41 7. Current Donor and PVO Activities in Relevant Programming Areas....................... 43 7.1 Sustainable Forest Management and Conservation..................................................... 43 7.2 Freshwater and Fisheries............................................................................................ 44 7.3 Coastal and Marine .................................................................................................... 45 7.4 CBNRM..................................................................................................................... 46 7.5 Land........................................................................................................................... 47 USAID/Cambodia Environmental Review i 7.6 NRM Governance, Laws, and Institutions ...................................................................47 7.7 Environmental Education and Awareness....................................................................48 7.8 Wildlife Harvest and Trade .........................................................................................49 7.9 Integrated Pest Management .......................................................................................50 Appendices Appendix A. Key References Appendix B. Persons Interviewed Appendix C. Description of Field Visits Appendix D. Scope of Work Annexes 1. USAID/Cambodia Interim Environmental Strategic Plan (IESP) 2. Tropical Forests (FAA 118) and Biodiversity (FAA 119) Assessment for Cambodia USAID/Cambodia Environmental Review ii Executive Summary Purpose This assessment of environment and natural resources (ENR) in Cambodia was conducted for the purposes of: · Assessing the status of, and trends in Cambodia’s environment and renewable natural resources, particularly with respect to forests, inland waters, the coastal zone, and marine waters. These resources were evaluated in terms of their biodiversity, their use for subsistence and commercial purposes, governance issues related to their management, and how natural resources are related to rural livelihoods, poverty, and human rights. Agriculture was also assessed because of its dependence on natural resources and its role in directly supporting the vast majority of the Cambodian people; · Describing current and planned activities of donors and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in environment and natural resources management (NRM) while identifying potential USAID programming opportunities; · Identifying potential partners for USAID/Cambodia with respect to possible ENR programming; and · Formulating an Intermediate Result (IR) in the area of improved natural resources governance to be included in the Mission’s Strategic Objective (SO) 1, which is currently under review and will be revised over coming months. Findings Biodiversity Status Cambodia is a country with diverse terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats supporting a great variety of species, many of which are endangered and threatened regionally or globally. Remaining forest habitats, such as the dry dipterocarp forests in the north, are among the largest remaining expanses of this forest type left in the region and the wetlands within them provide habitat for a diversity of large water birds and mammals. Globally important species including tigers, clouded leopards, elephants, banteng (a type of wild cattle), sarus cranes, Siamese crocodiles and many more still inhabit the wilds of Cambodia. Likewise, the Mekong River and associated systems including the Tonle Sap (Great Lake) contain an abundance of fish and other aquatic species that provide an important food source for most Cambodians. Coastal systems of Cambodia are also diverse, including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds and other biodiverse ecosystems. Sadly, most of these resources are threatened by various combinations of habitat destruction and targeted persecution of those species with significant economic value. Most natural habitats are being degraded at a rapid rate, and no doubt many species are disappearing. Little data exists on the rate of loss or on the presence or absence of any but the most conspicuous species. Much more work needs to be done quickly to ensure the integrity of Cambodia’s ecosystems and the sustainable use of species that inhabit them. USAID/Cambodia Environmental Review iii Natural Resources Use and Management Cambodia’s forest, freshwater, and marine resources are being used
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